thiazoles profile

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	9256
CHEMBL ID	15605
CHEBI ID	43732
MeSH ID	M0021333

Synonym
EN300-22312
ccris 3205
einecs 206-021-3
fema no. 3615
brn 0103852
inchi=1/c3h3ns/c1-2-5-3-4-1/h1-3
1,3-thiazole
thiazole
LOM ,
thiazole, >=99%
tz
CHEBI:43732 ,
288-47-1
thiazole, 99%
THIAZOLES ,
5h-1,3-thiazole
CHEMBL15605
AKOS005146301
T0185
thiazol
A819630
320rcw8pef ,
4-27-00-00960 (beilstein handbook reference)
unii-320rcw8pef
FT-0631899
STL372725
thiazole [mi]
thiazole [fhfi]
BBL027512
DTXSID2059776
racemic thiazole
Q-100366
1,3-thiazole #
CS-W001237
mfcd00005315
fema 3615
Q413426
BCP27450
AMY5749
a thiazole
thiazole-
cb7853436

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Benzothiazoles are a part of the molecular structure of a large number of natural products, biocides, drugs, food flavors, and industrial chemicals. "	( Analysis of benzothiazole in Italian wines using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bellavia, V; Fanelli, R; Natangelo, M; Rotilio, D, 2000)	0.82

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Thiazolinobutazone was the less toxic (acute LD50) and the less ulcerogenic molecule of the two and, in contrast to phenylbutazone, was not antidiuretic."	( Pharmacological properties of thiazolinobutazone (LAS 11 871). III. General pharmacology, ulcerogenic effects and acute toxicity. Colombo, M; Márquez, M; Roberts, DJ, 1976)	0.26
" Furthermore, clear cytotoxic effects are observed by the chemiluminescent assay after 1 h exposure of trypsinized cells to toxic compounds."	( Application of the chemiluminescent assay to cytotoxicity test: detection of menadione-catalyzed H2O2 production by viable cells. Isshiki, K; Kubota, H; Nishimoto, F; Usuda, M; Yamashoji, S, 1992)	0.28
"The rationale for melanoma-specific antitumor agents containing phenolic amines is based in part on the ability of the enzyme tyrosinase to oxidize these prodrugs to toxic intermediates."	( Thymidylate synthase as a target enzyme for the melanoma-specific toxicity of 4-S-cysteaminylphenol and N-acetyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol. Bloomer, WD; Prezioso, JA; Wang, N, 1992)	0.28
" The suitability of both methods for evaluating the toxicity of candidate materials was demonstrated by resolution of the differences in the toxic effects of serial dilutions of a PVC extract on BHK21 and HT1080 cells."	( Novel quantitative methods for the determination of biomaterial cytotoxicity. Barbenel, JC; Courtney, JM; Grant, MH; Smith, MD, 1992)	0.28
" Furthermore, toxic effects of isolated hemolysin cloned in Escherichia coli onto a renal tubular cell line (LLC-PK1) was investigated by this method, showing reduced cellular viability of tubular cells after an incubation period of 10 to 20 min."	( Adherence to and cytotoxicity of Escherichia coli for eucaryotic cell lines quantified by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). Bohnet, S; Carstensen, O; Hacker, J; Kreft, B; Marre, R; Straube, E, 1992)	0.28
" In Purkinje fibers exposed to toxic concentrations of ouabain, R 56865 (1 microM) reduced the delayed after depolarization (DAD) amplitude and inhibited triggered activity."	( Investigation of electrophysiologic mechanisms for the antiarrhythmic actions of R 56865 in cardiac glycoside toxicity. Damiano, BP; Stump, GL; Yagel, SK, 1991)	0.28
"Primary cultured rat epidermal keratinocytes were used as an experimental model to detect oxidant-mediated adverse effects of dithranol (anthralin), a widely used antipsoriasis drug with tumor-promoting and skin-irritating properties."	( Dithranol-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultures of rat epidermal keratinocytes. I. The role of reactive oxygen species. Acosta, D; Hsieh, GC, 1991)	0.28
" Human recombinant IL-2 (HrIL-2) was toxic to LLC-PK."	( Interleukin-2 nephrotoxicity assessed in vitro. Cambridge, G; Hall, TJ; James, PR, 1991)	0.28
" General appearance, growth, food consumption, haematology, urine analysis and serum chemistry including determinations of enzyme activities, organ weights and macroscopic and microscopic pathology were used as criteria for adverse effects."	( [The subacute toxicity of glucosylthiazolidine-4-carbonic acid in rats]. Bleyl, DW; Kroh, L; Lewerenz, HJ; Macholz, R; Plass, R; Zeise, S, 1990)	0.28
" All agents chosen for these experiments represented classes of compounds known to be more toxic towards hypoxic cells than they are to aerobic cells."	( The differential hypoxic cytotoxicity of bioreductive agents determined in vitro by the MTT assay. Stephens, MA; Stratford, IJ, 1989)	0.28
" Administration of a toxic dose of precocene II (175 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats rapidly depleted hepatic GSH, produced histopathological changes in the liver, and induced increases in serum aminotransferase activity."	( Alteration of precocene II-induced hepatotoxicity by modulation of hepatic glutathione levels. Duddy, SK; Hsia, MT, 1989)	0.28
" The oral LD50 values of MBT (mg/kg) were as follows: (1) suspension in 5% gum arabic solution: 1558 for males and 1490 for females."	( [Toxicity of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in mice]. Kamata, E; Kaneko, T; Kobayashi, K; Kurokawa, Y; Naito, K; Ogawa, Y; Suzuki, S; Tobe, M, 1989)	0.28
" During the trial, no serious adverse effects occurred."	( Nizatidine, and H2-receptor antagonist: disposition and safety in the elderly. Bergstrom, RF; Callaghan, JT; Knadler, MP; Rubin, A, 1987)	0.27
" Adverse events were recorded without judgment of causality."	( Safety of nizatidine in clinical trials conducted in the USA and Europe. Cloud, ML, 1987)	0.27
" Tested as the hydrochloride, it was found to be of moderately high acute peroral toxicity with LD50 values in rabbits of 177 mg/kg (males) and 268 mg/kg (females), and in the rat 308 mg/kg (males) and 149 mg/kg (females)."	( The acute toxicity and mutagenic potential of 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone. Ballantyne, B; Myers, RC; Slesinski, RS, 1988)	0.27
" Overall, these studies show there is minimal, if any, risk of adverse effects associated with the use of Kathon CG 15 ppm active ingredient in a leave-on application."	( Human safety study of body lotion containing Kathon CG. Goodman, JJ; Morici, IJ; Moss, JN; Scarborough, NL; Schwartz, SR; Stern, E; Weiss, S, 1987)	0.27
" Five (26%) fentiazac-treated patients and four (21%) diclofenac sodium-treated patients reported adverse effects, mostly gastro-intestinal."	( The efficacy and safety of fentiazac and diclofenac sodium in peri-arthritis of the shoulder: a multi-centre, double-blind comparison. Kolarz, G; Mayrhofer, F; Scherak, O; Thumb, N, )	0.13
"Hymenoxon and helenalin are toxic sesquiterpene lactones present in the toxic range plants Hymenoxys odorata and Helenium microcephalum."	( Role of glutathione in the toxicity of the sesquiterpene lactones hymenoxon and helenalin. Hayes, MA; Kim, HL; Merrill, JC; Murray, CA; Safe, S, 1988)	0.27
" An improved method is described in which toxic APAP metabolites are generated by a purified and reconstituted cytochrome P-450 system, minimizing the amount of exogenous detoxification enzymes in the assay."	( Drug metabolite toxicity assessed in human lymphocytes with a purified, reconstituted cytochrome P-450 system. Cannon, M; Leeder, JS; Nakhooda, A; Spielberg, SP, 1988)	0.27
" When this oxidation was minimized by rapid manipulations or inhibited by ascorbic acid, cytotoxicity was reduced or eliminated, suggesting that the nitroso-derivative may be the toxic metabolite."	( Cytotoxicity of oxidative metabolites of procainamide. Jones, JE; Rubin, RL; Uetrecht, JP, 1987)	0.27
" trans-[PtCl2(NH3)-(misonidazole)] is more toxic than the cis isomer."	( Platinum complexes with one radiosensitizing ligand [PtCl2(NH3) (sensitizer)]: radiosensitization and toxicity studies in vitro. Adomat, H; Farrell, NP; Skov, KA, 1987)	0.27
" The method is based on the determination of the toxic dose (TD50) which causes a defined hearing loss in 50% of the animals tested."	( Quantitative evaluation of ototoxic side effects of furosemide, piretanide, bumetanide, azosemide and ozolinone in the cat--a new approach to the problem of ototoxicity. Göttl, KH; Klinke, R; Roesch, A, 1985)	0.27
" In this investigation, we have found that sensitivity to CHCl3 correlates with the capacity of the kidney to metabolize CHCl3 to the toxic metabolite phosgene (COCl2)."	( Strain and sex differences in chloroform-induced nephrotoxicity. Different rates of metabolism of chloroform to phosgene by the mouse kidney. George, JW; Pohl, LR; Satoh, H, )	0.13
" Monitoring of serum hepatic-enzyme concentrations is recommended for patients receiving NSAIDs from the indole, pyrazolone, and propionic acid classes since these agents have been associated with the greatest incidence of adverse hepatic reactions."	( Hepatic toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lewis, JH, )	0.13
" A low teratogenic and embryotoxic activity was established after a single treatment with I/2 LD50 on 13 th gestation day."	( [Experimental study of the teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of endodan]. Vergieva, T, 1984)	0.27
" The adverse effect on the gastrointestinal membrane was less with Compd."	( Studies on the anti-inflammatory activity and ulcerogenic adverse effect of thiazole derivatives, especially 2-amino-thiazoleacetic acid derivatives. Ando, K; Nagatomi, H, 1984)	0.27
" Pretreatment with phenobarbital enhanced the toxic response of renal cortical slices to CHCl3 in vitro as indicated by decreased p-aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium accumulation."	( Mechanism of chloroform nephrotoxicity. IV. Phenobarbital potentiation of in vitro chloroform metabolism and toxicity in rabbit kidneys. Bailie, MB; Hook, JB; Newton, JF; Smith, JH, 1984)	0.27
"The acute toxicity of diethyl 4-(benzothiazol-2-yl)benzylphosphonate (KB-944) was studied in mice, rats and dogs: In mice and rats, toxic symptoms such as deceleration of spontaneous movement, ataxic gait, disappearance of righting reflex, reduction in body temperature and suppression of breathing appeared following administration of a single dose of KB-944."	( Acute toxicity study of KB-944, a new calcium antagonist. Hirakawa, K; Iino, T; Nose, T; Ogino, F; Takebe, H; Unno, T, 1982)	0.26
" There were no further findings, even histopathologically, which showed any toxic effect of the drug."	( 1-month subacute oral toxicity study of KB-944, a new calcium antagonist, in beagles. Hirakawa, K; Iino, T; Nose, T; Ogino, F; Takebe, H; Unno, T, 1982)	0.26
" It was found that compounds with polar substituents at the 2 or 3 position of the ring system are less acutely toxic while maintaining antiinflammatory activity."	( Effect of structural change on acute toxicity and antiinflammatory activity in a series of imidazothiazoles and thiazolobenzimidazoles. Ariyan, ZS; Fogt, SW; Heilman, RD; Matthews, RJ; Powers, LJ; Rippin, DJ, 1981)	0.48
" Adverse events included nausea, circumoral paresthesia, elevated hepatic aminotransferase levels, and elevated triglyceride levels."	( A short-term study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. European-Australian Collaborative Ritonavir Study Group. Bouza, E; Carr, A; Danner, SA; Gonzales, J; Gudiol, F; Lehman, LM; Leonard, JM; Pintado, V; Raventos, A; Rubio, R, 1995)	0.29
" Tetrol and Monol have been shown to be toxic to mouse L1210 and P388 compared to the other hopanoids."	( Cytotoxic effects of several hopanoids on mouse leukemia L1210 and P388 cells. Chen, Z; Sato, M; Suzuki, Y; Washio, T, 1995)	0.29
"Ebrotidine 800 mg is as effective and safe as ranitidine 300 mg in healing duodenal ulcer, but ebrotidine appears to be superior in promoting the healing of duodenal ulceration in smokers."	( Efficacy and safety of ebrotidine compared with ranitidine in patients with duodenal ulcer. Butruk, E; Dzieniszewski, J; Gabryelewicz, A; Konturek, SJ; Marlicz, K; Marquez, M; Nowak, A; Ortiz, JA; Torres, J, 1995)	0.29
" Adverse events were observed in two patients on moguisteine, three on codeine 15 mg, and five on codeine 30 mg."	( The efficacy and safety of moguisteine in comparison with codeine phosphate in patients with chronic cough. Barnabè, R; Berni, F; Clini, V; Pirrelli, M; Pisani Ceretti, A; Robuschi, M; Rossi, M; Sestini, P; Tana, F; Vaghi, A, 1995)	0.29
" Two groups could be distinguished: PMA, EMT and MMC are one order of magnitude more toxic than MC, MN and MA."	( Cytotoxicity of mercury compounds in LLC-PK1, MDCK and human proximal tubular cells. Bohets, HH; D'Haese, PC; De Broe, ME; Dierickx, PJ; Nouwen, EJ; Van der Biest, I; Van Landeghem, GF; Van Thielen, MN, 1995)	0.29
" These results suggest that by binding beta-amyloid these compounds may prevent toxic interactions of the peptide with cells."	( Sulfated glycosaminoglycans and dyes attenuate the neurotoxic effects of beta-amyloid in rat PC12 cells. Hawtin, SR; Pollack, SJ; Sadler, II; Shearman, MS; Tailor, VJ, 1995)	0.29
"440 proved to be toxic against cells of two neuroblastoma cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner."	( Cytotoxicity of ether phospholipid BM 41.440 on neuroblastoma cells. Bock, I; Bruchelt, G; Girgert, R; Narr, R; Schweizer, P, 1995)	0.29
" Specific toxic changes were observed by electron microscopy in the mitochondria of Breast M25-SF within 1 h after treatment with more than 180 microM panaxytriol."	( A possible mechanism for the cytotoxicity of a polyacetylenic alcohol, panaxytriol: inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Katano, M; Matsunaga, H; Mori, M; Nagumo, F; Saita, T, 1995)	0.29
" Moreover, human monocytoid cell lines infected by HIV release endogenous toxic factors with comparable cellular actions."	( Prevention of HIV coat protein (gp120) toxicity in cortical cell cultures by riluzole. Bousseau, A; Couratier, P; Esclaire, F; Hugon, J; Sindou, P; Yardin, C, 1994)	0.29
" Citrinin was less toxic than ochratoxin A in all of the cell lines examined."	( Toxicity evaluation of the mycotoxins, citrinin and ochratoxin A, using several animal cell lines. Doi, E; Kitabatake, N; Trivedi, AB, 1993)	0.29
" Synthetic local anesthetics such as tetracaine and proparacaine were developed which were more potent and less toxic than cocaine, but still produced corneal epithelium defects if used chronically."	( Comparative toxicity of tetracaine, proparacaine and cocaine evaluated with primary cultures of rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Acosta, D; Grant, RL, 1994)	0.29
"The use of mercury in dental amalgam restorations has become the subject of political controversy despite its long history of safe clinical use, and alternative materials based on gallium and indium rather than mercury have been developed."	( Cytotoxicity of gallium and indium ions compared with mercuric ion. Chandler, JE; Ellender, G; Messer, HH, 1994)	0.29
" Also, cell morphology showed early toxic changes, such as cytoplasmic vacuolization and cell shrinking, and it should be included with such toxicity evaluations."	( Comparison of cell proliferation and toxicity assays using two cationic liposomes. Jääskeläinen, I; Lappalainen, K; Syrjänen, K; Syrjänen, S; Urtti, A, 1994)	0.29
" No serious adverse events were reported."	( Clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of moguisteine in patients with cough associated with chronic respiratory diseases. Allegra, L; Aversa, C; Cazzola, M; Clini, V; Dal Negro, R; Maiorano, V; Tana, F, 1993)	0.29
" The toxicity of BHTOOH was potentiated by glutathione depletion and inhibited by thiol compounds, indicating that BHTOOH is activated to a thiol-reactive, toxic intermediate."	( Role of quinone methide in the in vitro toxicity of the skin tumor promoter butylated hydroxytoluene hydroperoxide. Guyton, KZ; Kensler, TW; Thompson, JA, )	0.13
" Therefore, the purpose of this study was to address whether CsA is directly toxic to renal parenchymal cells in a primary culture system of rat renal cortical epithelial cells."	( An in vitro model of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. Acosta, D; Jiang, T, 1993)	0.29
" On the other hand, the target organ (the kidney or liver) and the toxic potency of 4-methylthiazoles were markedly altered with the type of substituents at the 2-position."	( Possible role of thioformamide as a proximate toxicant in the nephrotoxicity of thiabendazole and related thiazoles in glutathione-depleted mice: structure-toxicity and metabolic studies. Kawazoe, S; Mizutani, T; Yoshida, K, )	0.57
" Extracts of those formulations which contained both plasticizer and dibutyl tin dimaleate stabilizer were toxic to both cell lines in both assay methods."	( Poly(vinyl chloride) formulations: acute toxicity to cultured human cell lines. Barbenel, JC; Blass, CR; Courtney, JM; Grant, MH; Smith, MD, 1995)	0.29
" Spermine proved highly toxic and growth rates were reduced compared with controls when even ."	( Toxicity and growth-promoting potential of spermine when fed to chicks. Smith, TK; Sousadias, MG, 1995)	0.29
" The cytotoxicity of 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol and 26-hydroxycholesterol was also shown using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye reduction assay which confirmed that 26-hydroxycholesterol was more toxic than 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol."	( Toxicity of oxysterols to human monocyte-macrophages. Carpenter, KL; Clare, K; Hardwick, SJ; Mitchinson, MJ; Weeratunge, N, 1995)	0.29
"1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25(OH)2D3) has recently been reported to exert a toxic effect on both rat and human glioma cell lines."	( Cytotoxic effects of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and synthetic vitamin D3 analogues on a glioma cell line. Baudet, C; Binderup, L; Brachet, P; Chevalier, G; Naveilhan, P; Wion, D, 1996)	0.29
" Meloxicam was better tolerated in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with fewer GI adverse events in the meloxicam-treated group (30."	( A six-month double-blind trial to compare the efficacy and safety of meloxicam 7.5 mg daily and naproxen 750 mg daily in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Barceló, P; Bevis, PJ; Bluhmki, E; Distel, M; Le Loët, X; Schattenkirchner, M; Wojtulewski, JA, 1996)	0.29
" Twenty-eight per cent of patients experienced gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events, 21% musculoskeletal system disorders, 18% skin disorders and 15% respiratory disorders."	( A long-term study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of meloxicam therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Bluhmki, E; Degner, FL; Ghozlan, R; Huskisson, EC; Kurthen, R, 1996)	0.29
" The type and frequency of adverse events were comparable for the two drugs."	( A double-blind study to compare the efficacy and safety of meloxicam 15 mg with piroxicam 20 mg in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip. Bluhmki, E; Distel, M; Lindén, B, 1996)	0.29
" The most common adverse events were GI complaints of abdominal pain and dyspepsia."	( An open study to assess the safety and tolerability of meloxicam 15 mg in subjects with rheumatic disease and mild renal impairment. Bevis, PJ; Bird, HA; Lapham, G, 1996)	0.29
" This paper presents a global safety analysis of data from meloxicam clinical studies, focusing on gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events."	( Safety of meloxicam: a global analysis of clinical trials. Bluhmki, E; Distel, M; Fries, J; Mueller, C, 1996)	0.29
" In accordance with previous studies with the rat, p-methoxythiobenzamide was more toxic than thiobenzamide, and conversely p-chlorothiobenzamide was markedly less toxic as assessed by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity."	( Relative hepatotoxicity of 2-(substituted phenyl)thiazoles and substituted thiobenzamides in mice: evidence for the involvement of thiobenzamides as ring cleavage metabolites in the hepatotoxicity of 2-phenylthiazoles. Mizutani, T; Suzuki, K, 1996)	0.55
"In an attempt to understand the cause of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, the toxic effects of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides have been widely studied."	( Beta-amyloid-induced cell toxicity: enhancement of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide-dependent cell death. Hauser, N; Hertel, C; Kemp, JA; Schubenel, R; Seilheimer, B, 1996)	0.29
" We show that the toxic effect of this drug is relieved by low concentrations of thiamine (Th) and that the pyrimidine moiety of the Th molecule is responsible for growth inhibition release."	( Amiloride toxicity in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is released by thiamine and mutations in the thiamine-repressible gene car1. Edenharter, E; Fankhauser, H; Niederberger, C; Schweingruber, ME, 1996)	0.29
" The extract was relatively more toxic on P388 and Molt 4 cell lines at concentrations of 50 micrograms/ml and 100 micrograms/ml."	( In vitro cytotoxicity and immunomodulating property of Rhaphidophora korthalsii. Tan, BK; Wong, KT, 1996)	0.29
"Agents that interfere with the toxic effects of beta-amyloid protein may be therapeutically useful against Alzheimer's disease."	( Sulphated compounds attenuate beta-amyloid toxicity by inhibiting its association with cells. Pollack, SJ; Ragan, CI; Sadler, II; Shearman, MS; Smith, DW; Tailor, VJ, 1995)	0.29
" Here we investigated the toxic effect of CT105 peptide on the cultured mammalian cells."	( Neurotoxicity of a carboxyl-terminal fragment of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein. Kim, SH; Suh, YH, 1996)	0.29
"2 microM (MTT assay, 2-h incubation, EAT cells), 1 was the more toxic compound."	( Cytotoxicity and mode of action of aeroplysinin-1 and a related dienonefrom the sponge Aplysina aerophoba. Beekman, AC; Ebel, R; Konings, AW; Koulman, A; Pedersen, JA; Pras, N; Proksch, P; van Uden, W; Woerdenbag, HJ, 1996)	0.29
" Recently, there have been several reports that A beta has toxic effects on both cultured neurons and in the brain."	( A new compound (AZ36041) promotes the survival of the neurons and reduces neurotoxicity of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid protein. Aratake, H; Endo, T; Hasegawa, Y; Kitaguchi, N; Morikawa, A; Ogawa, K; Sugimoto, E, 1995)	0.29
" This finding was supported by the low incidence of adverse events."	( Evaluation of the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of meloxicam tablets in patients with osteoarthritis. Bevis, PJ; Bluhmki, E; Distel, M; Prouse, PJ, )	0.13
" Piroxicam and meloxicam suppositories were equally well tolerated, with no serious adverse events recorded in either treatment group."	( A comparison of the local tolerability, safety and efficacy of meloxicam and piroxicam suppositories in patients with osteoarthritis: a single-blind, randomized, multicentre study. Angelini, M; Carrabba, M; Cigarini, P; Galanti, A; Marini, MG; Paresce, E, 1995)	0.29
" Erythromycin estolate was the most toxic macrolide in all tests differing clearly from all the other macrolides studied."	( Cytotoxicity of macrolide antibiotics in a cultured human liver cell line. Tuominen, RK; Vainio, PJ; Viluksela, M, 1996)	0.29
" Large numbers of toxic compounds can be compared simultaneously, so that relative toxicities among different drugs and concentrations can be obtained, and be a guide for determining ICI dose, or as a reference for further in vivo testing."	( Using MTT viability assay to test the cytotoxicity of antibiotics and steroid to cultured porcine corneal endothelial cells. Chang, CH; Lin, CP; Tsai, MC; Wang, HZ, 1996)	0.29
" It is suggested that haemin may catalyse the transformation of these derivatives via an interaction with the endoperoxide bridge of the artemisinin derivative to produce free radicals or electrophilic intermediates that are toxic to neuronal cells."	( Enhanced in vitro neurotoxicity of artemisinin derivatives in the presence of haemin. Edwards, G; Fishwick, J; McLean, WG; Smith, SL; Ward, SA, 1997)	0.3
" Coumarin produced concentration-dependent toxic effects in rat and guinea-pig liver slices, whereas Cynomolgus monkey and human liver slices were relatively resistant, especially at low coumarin concentrations."	( Comparison of the toxicity of allyl alcohol, coumarin and menadione in precision-cut rat, guinea-pig, cynomolgus monkey and human liver slices. Beamand, JA; Lake, BG; Mistry, H; Price, RJ; Renwick, AB; Wield, PT, 1996)	0.29
" Several metabolites of KT have been reported in the literature of which the deacetylated metabolite, N-deacetyl ketoconazole (DAK), is the major metabolite which undergoes further metabolism by the flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) to form a potentially toxic dialdehyde."	( N-deacetyl ketoconazole-induced hepatotoxicity in a primary culture system of rat hepatocytes. Acosta, D; Rodriguez, RJ, 1997)	0.3
" Serious adverse events did not occur."	( Pramipexole as adjunct to haloperidol in schizophrenia. Safety and efficacy. Barnas, C; Heiden, A; Kasper, S; Laakmann, G; Pfolz, H; Volz, HP; Zeit, H, 1997)	0.3
" Within a series of helenalin esters, the acetate (2) and isobutyrate (3) were more toxic than helenalin itself (1)."	( Structure-cytotoxicity relationships of some helenanolide-type sesquiterpene lactones. Beekman, AC; Konings, AW; Pras, N; Schmidt, TJ; van Uden, W; Wikström, HV; Woerdenbag, HJ, 1997)	0.3
" The low expression of calcium binding proteins and the low expression of the GluR2 AMPA receptor subunit by vulnerable motor neurone groups may render them unduly susceptible to calcium-mediated toxic events following glutamate receptor activation."	( Glutamate, excitotoxicity and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ince, PG; Shaw, PJ, 1997)	0.3
" The air concentration at which such adverse effects can first be observed is presently a subject of controversy."	( Neurotoxicity of long-term low-level exposure to carbon disulphide: results of questionnaire, clinical neurological examination and neuropsychological testing. Angerer, J; Bickel, A; Claus, D; Drexler, H; Lehnert, G; Neundörfer, B; Reinhardt, F; Ulm, K, 1997)	0.3
" LD50 values for the oral route were indeterminable in all cases."	( Acute toxicity studies of ebrotidine. Grau, MT; Ortiz, JA; Romero, A; Sacristán, A; Villamayor, F, 1997)	0.3
" Probably due to its pharmacokinetics, ebrotidine was more toxic in dogs than in rats, since the most severe effects were the death or sacrifice in extremis of two dogs from the high dose group which had undergone rectal prolapse, while no deaths occurred in the rats."	( Subacute toxicity of ebrotidine in rats and dogs. Grau, MT; Ortiz, JA; Romero, A; Sacristán, A; Villamayor, F, 1997)	0.3
" The maximum toxic effect-free level was 50 mg/kg for both rats and dogs, which provides a wide safety margin with respect to the therapeutic dose."	( Chronic toxicity of ebrotidine in rats and dogs. Grau, MT; Ortiz, JA; Romero, A; Sacristán, A; Villamayor, F, 1997)	0.3
" Among the different doses used in both animal species, the maximum toxic effect-free dose was that of 25 mg/kg."	( Toxicity of ebrotidine on reproduction. Toxicity on fertility and general reproductive performance, embryo-fetal toxicity and peri- and postnatal toxicity. Grau, MT; Ortiz, JA; Romero, A; Sacristán, A; Villamayor, F, 1997)	0.3
" Results showed that a daily dose of 400 mg ebrotidine is effective and safe in the treatment of duodenal ulcers."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of ebrotidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. A multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study. Aldeguer, M; Chantar, C; Czajkowski, A; Gabryelewicz, A; Luca de Tena, F; Marlicz, K; Márquez, M; Ortiz, JA; Skrodzka, D; Torres, J, 1997)	0.3
" FK506 metabolites exhibit greater toxicity than the parent drug, while CsA metabolites are far less toxic than CsA itself."	( Implication of CYP 3A in the toxicity of cyclosporin G (CsG), cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 on rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Claude, JR; Duc, HT; Dutertre-Catella, H; Ellouk-Achard, S; Martin, C; Pham-Huy, C; Thevenin, M; Warnet, JM, 1997)	0.3
"Pramipexole was generally safe and well tolerated in this 10-week study."	( Safety and efficacy of pramipexole in early Parkinson disease. A randomized dose-ranging study. Parkinson Study Group. , 1997)	0.3
"Pramipexole is safe and effective as short-term monotherapy in patients with early PD who are not receiving levodopa."	( Safety and efficacy of pramipexole in early Parkinson disease. A randomized dose-ranging study. Parkinson Study Group. , 1997)	0.3
" Wild-type A beta 1-42 and its oxidized derivative carrying a methionine sulfoxide residue at position 35 showed the highest rate of fiber formation and exerted toxic activity in the MTT assay at very low nanomolar concentrations."	( The toxicity of the Alzheimer's beta-amyloid peptide correlates with a distinct fiber morphology. Bohrmann, B; Bondolfi, L; Döbeli, H; Müller, F; Seilheimer, B; Stüber, D, 1997)	0.3
" Nephrotoxicity is the main adverse effect of both compounds."	( Modulation of energy status and cytotoxicity induced by FK506 and cyclosporin A in a renal epithelial cell line. Claude, JR; Dutertre-Catella, H; Ellouk-Achard, S; Martin, C; Massicot, F; Pham-Huy, C; Rucay, P; Thevenin, M; Warnet, JM, 1997)	0.3
" Moreover, the in vitro IC50 values correlated with the in vivo LD50 values; these results were close to those obtained with established lines of human, murine, or fish cells."	( Toxicity assessment of 16 inorganic environmental pollutants by six bioassays. Bohatier, J; Groliere, CA; Guillot, J; Pepin, D; Sauvant, MP, 1997)	0.3
" Adverse experiences, predominantly lightheadedness and dizziness, were reported by subjects receiving doses of lubeluzole greater than or equal to 10 mg."	( The safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of lubeluzole (Prosynap) in healthy volunteers. Crabbé, R; Gheuens, J; Hantson, L; Tritsmans, L; Van Rooy, P, 1997)	0.3
" A screening assay has been developed based on protection of human liver-derived HepG2 cells against toxic damage."	( Screening of hepatoprotective plant components using a HepG2 cell cytotoxicity assay. Hughes, RD; McFarlane, IG; Thabrew, MI, 1997)	0.3
" The majority of adverse experiences were mild to moderate and resolved during treatment."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of the neuroprotective drug lubeluzole in patients with ischemic stroke. De Keyser, J; Franke, CL; Gheuens, J; Hantson, L; Schellens, RL; Tritsmans, L; Van de Velde, V; van Gorp, J; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, )	0.13
"By using nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells as a model for sympathetic neurons, we have recently shown that cholesterol oxides are toxic to cells of neural origin."	( Toxicity of cholesterol oxides on cultured neuroretinal cells. Chang, JY; Liu, LZ, 1998)	0.3
"These results suggest that, in addition to causing pathological changes in cells directly involved in atherosclerosis, cholesterol oxides may be toxic to cells derived from neuroretinas."	( Toxicity of cholesterol oxides on cultured neuroretinal cells. Chang, JY; Liu, LZ, 1998)	0.3
" Incubation of the cells with CP (2 mM and 10 mM) drastically attenuated the GSH and cysteine depletion caused by toxic concentrations of paracetamol (1 mM and 5 mM)."	( 2-Methyl-thiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid protects against paracetamol induced toxicity in human liver derived HepG2 cells. Rommelspacher, H; Włodek, L, 1997)	0.3
" Adverse effects include gastrointestinal and renal irritation such as nausea, vomiting and hemorrhagic gastroenteropathy."	( [Observations on the side effects after application of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in dogs]. Gassner, G; Schütt-Mast, I; Stephan, I, 1998)	0.3
" Adverse experiences were similar in all three treatment groups except that superficial thrombophlebitis was more frequent in the lubeluzole 10-mg group."	( Cardiovascular safety of lubeluzole (Prosynap(R)) in patients with ischemic stroke. Diener, HC; Haan, J; Hacke, W; Hantson, L; Hennerici, M; Lees, KR; Timmerhuis, T, )	0.13
" The method is rapid, precise, and lacks any toxic byproduct."	( In vitro correlation between two colorimetric assays and the pyruvic acid consumption by fibroblasts cultured to determine the sodium laurylsulfate cytotoxicity. Coiffard, C; Coiffard, LJ; De Roeck-Holtzhauer, Y; Rivalland, P; Verhulst, C, 1998)	0.3
" Adverse events were minor and similar between treatments."	( Coadministration of acetaminophen and troglitazone: pharmacokinetics and safety. Eastmond, R; Lettis, S; Young, MA, 1998)	0.3
" Evaluation of the profile of adverse events was the main aim of the trial, together with assessment of efficacy."	( Gastrointestinal tolerability of meloxicam compared to diclofenac in osteoarthritis patients. International MELISSA Study Group. Meloxicam Large-scale International Study Safety Assessment. Alegre, C; Baumelou, E; Bégaud, B; Dequeker, J; Hawkey, C; Isomäki, H; Kahan, A; Littlejohn, G; Mau, J; Papazoglou, S; Steinbrück, K, 1998)	0.3
" The incidence of adverse events was significantly lower in the meloxicam group (22."	( Improvement in gastrointestinal tolerability of the selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor, meloxicam, compared with piroxicam: results of the Safety and Efficacy Large-scale Evaluation of COX-inhibiting Therapies (SELECT) trial in osteoarthritis. Alegre, C; Baumelou, E; Bégaud, B; Dequeker, J; Hawkey, C; Isomäki, H; Kahan, A; Littlejohn, G; Mau, J; Papazoglou, S; Steinbrück, K, 1998)	0.3
" The free radical dependence of beta-amyloid-associated toxicity was confirmed by the ability of the free radical scavenger vitamin E to prevent the toxic effects of Abeta."	( The free radical antioxidant vitamin E protects cortical synaptosomal membranes from amyloid beta-peptide(25-35) toxicity but not from hydroxynonenal toxicity: relevance to the free radical hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Butterfield, DA; Drake, J; Green, M; Jordan, B; Koppal, T; Subramaniam, R; Yatin, S, 1998)	0.3
" Safety and tolerability were assessed on the basis of adverse events, vital signs, laboratory measurements, and ECG recordings."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerance of the non-ergoline dopamine agonist pramipexole in the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomised, multicentre study. Oertel, WH; Pinter, MM; Pogarell, O, 1999)	0.3
" The adverse event profile disclosed a high tolerability."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerance of the non-ergoline dopamine agonist pramipexole in the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomised, multicentre study. Oertel, WH; Pinter, MM; Pogarell, O, 1999)	0.3
" MMA, tested in the same range of concentration as the MMA found leached from acrylic resin in this study, was found to be toxic in the cell culture."	( Release of methyl methacrylate from heat-cured and autopolymerized resins: cytotoxicity testing related to residual monomer. Charoenworaluk, N; Kedjarune, U; Koontongkaew, S, 1999)	0.3
" However, rather than protecting cultured neurons against Abeta(1-40) toxicity, alphaB-crystallin actually increases the toxic effect."	( The molecular chaperone alphaB-crystallin enhances amyloid beta neurotoxicity. Boelens, WC; Bosman, GJ; de Jong, WW; Overkamp, PS; Reijnen-Aalbers, A; Renkawek, K; Stege, GJ; van Rijk, AF; Verschuure, P, 1999)	0.3
" In this study, the toxic effects of mitomycin-C on cultured porcine keratocytes and endothelial cells were estimated by MTT, 3H-thymidine uptake and cellular counting assay methods."	( Toxic effects of mitomycin-C on cultured corneal keratocytes and endothelial cells. Chen, CW; Hong, SJ; Huang, HT; Lin, CP; Wu, KY, 1999)	0.3
" At the end of the treatment we asked the parents if the children had presented any adverse events during the administration of the medication."	( [Effectiveness and safety of mebendazole compared to nitazoxanide in the treatment of Giardia lamblia in children]. Cruz del Castillo, AH; Rodríguez-García, R; Rodríguez-Guzmán, LM, )	0.13
" Previous studies have shown that combinations of dissimilar alloys may increase the risk of elemental release and adverse biological effects."	( Cytotoxicity of Au-based dental solders alone and on a substrate alloy. Lockwood, PE; Vuillème, MN; Wataha, JC; Zürcher, MH, 1999)	0.3
"Amino acids (AA) which were proposed as an alternative osmotically active agents in dialysates are toxic to human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC) due to disturbance of the antioxidant-oxidant balance in cells by reducing level of glutathione."	( In vitro effect of glutathione precursors on cytotoxicity of amino acids to human mesothelial cells. Grzybowski, AE, 1999)	0.3
"This article provides a systematic review of the frequency and severity of adverse gastrointestinal (GI) events among patients using meloxicam, a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)."	( Gastrointestinal safety profile of meloxicam: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Schoenfeld, P, 1999)	0.3
" For this latter cell type, the presence of WC almost doubled (at 25 microg Co/well) the toxic effects compared to pure Co, but this synergy between Co and WC only occurred if the particles were in close contact with the cells."	( In vitro cytotoxicity of various forms of cobalt for rat alveolar macrophages and type II pneumocytes. Demedts, M; Dinsdale, D; Hoet, PH; Nemery, B; Roesems, G, 2000)	0.31
" Cell viability testing using MTT and crystal violet staining methods supported the conclusion that polymerized CA-coated filter paper released substances that are toxic to cells, while wax-coated filter paper gave the same result as the control."	( Cytotoxicity of polymerized commercial cyanoacrylate adhesive on cultured human oral fibroblasts. Kedjarune, U; Thumwanit, V, 1999)	0.3
" However, when used in patients with renal insufficiency it may have life-threatening toxic effects known as allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS)."	( Nephrotoxic effects of allopurinol in dinitrofluorobenzene-sensitized mice: comparative studies on TEI-6720. Horiuchi, H; Kaneko, H; Kasahara, Y; Komoriya, K; Ohta, T; Ota, M, 1999)	0.3
" Elsewhere, the oxidative stress appears to be a side effect in HN2 toxicity only upon considering the inefficiency of several antioxidants."	( Protection from cytotoxic effects induced by the nitrogen mustard mechlorethamine on human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Baeza-Squiban, A; Jeulin, C; Marano, F; Rappeneau, S, 2000)	0.31
" These results suggest that an intermediate, which exhibits beta-sheet structure, may be responsible for the toxic properties of NAC and provides further evidence for the role of NAC in the pathogenesis of AD, PD and DLB."	( Toxicity of non-abeta component of Alzheimer's disease amyloid, and N-terminal fragments thereof, correlates to formation of beta-sheet structure and fibrils. Bodles, AM; Campbell, P; Guthrie, DJ; Harriott, P; Irvine, GB, 2000)	0.31
" Assessment of cell viability using colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays indicated that purified microcystin-LR induced toxic effect on KB and H-4-II-E cell lines after 96 h incubation at toxin concentrations greater than 18."	( Study on the cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR on cultured cells. Chong, MW; Fong, WF; Gu, KD; Lam, PK; Yang, M, 2000)	0.31
" As it is highly toxic and forms fibrillar aggregates typical of beta-amyloid, it is suitable as a model for testing inhibitors of aggregation and toxicity."	( Inhibition of toxicity in the beta-amyloid peptide fragment beta -(25-35) using N-methylated derivatives: a general strategy to prevent amyloid formation. Burke, RM; Doig, AJ; Hughes, E, 2000)	0.31
"Neurotoxicity of beta42 (20 microM) in cultured rat hippocampal neurons was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release methods as quantitative assays of cell death, and both methods indicated that propentofylline (PPF) had the ability to protect the neurons against the toxicity, although these two assay methods revealed different mechanisms for the toxic effect of beta42."	( Evaluation of neurotoxicity of alzheimer's amyloid beta protein (beta42) in cultured hippocampal cells and its prevention by propentofylline. Chiba, K; Koriyama, Y; Mohri, T; Yamazaki, M, 2000)	0.31
" beta 1-40, beta 25-35 and D-Ser26 beta 25-35 (all HCl salt forms), but not commercially available beta 1-40 (TFA salt form), take the beta-structure within few hours in PBS, form fibrils, exert toxic effects on hippocampal cultured neurons and suppresses MTT reduction activity of non-neuronal HeLa cells without cytotoxicity."	( [Neurotoxicity of beta-amyloid]. Kaneko, I; Kubo, T; Morimoto, K, 2000)	0.31
"Meloxicam is a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which may be associated with fewer adverse upper gastrointestinal events than other NSAIDs because it preferentially inhibits the inducible enzyme cyclo-oxygenase-2 relative to the constitutive isoform, cyclo-oxygenase-1."	( The incidence of adverse events and risk factors for upper gastrointestinal disorders associated with meloxicam use amongst 19,087 patients in general practice in England: cohort study. Biswas, P; Mann, RD; Martin, RM, 2000)	0.31
" We sent short questionnaires to all prescribers asking about adverse events experienced within 6 months of the first prescription."	( The incidence of adverse events and risk factors for upper gastrointestinal disorders associated with meloxicam use amongst 19,087 patients in general practice in England: cohort study. Biswas, P; Mann, RD; Martin, RM, 2000)	0.31
" (3) The relatively high sensitivity of the Neuro-2a cell line to the toxicity of ma-huang extracts suggests that the toxic principles were acting on neuronal cells."	( Cytotoxicity assessment of Ma-huang (Ephedra) under different conditions of preparation. Che, CT; Cheng, BW; Hsieh, DP; Lee, MK, 2000)	0.31
" Safety was assessed by evaluation of adverse events, vital signs, and laboratory data."	( Safety and efficacy of meloxicam in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a 12-week, double-blind, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled trial. The Meloxicam Osteoarthritis Investigators. Caldwell, J; Dalgin, P; Fleischmann, R; Hall, D; Roszko, P; Yocum, D, 2000)	0.31
"The incidence of all adverse events was lower at each dosage of meloxicam than for diclofenac but greater than for placebo."	( Safety and efficacy of meloxicam in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a 12-week, double-blind, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled trial. The Meloxicam Osteoarthritis Investigators. Caldwell, J; Dalgin, P; Fleischmann, R; Hall, D; Roszko, P; Yocum, D, 2000)	0.31
"Meloxicam is a safe and effective medication for the symptomatic treatment of OA."	( Safety and efficacy of meloxicam in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a 12-week, double-blind, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled trial. The Meloxicam Osteoarthritis Investigators. Caldwell, J; Dalgin, P; Fleischmann, R; Hall, D; Roszko, P; Yocum, D, 2000)	0.31
" Correlation between high particulate concentration and adverse effects on human populations has long been recognized, however, the toxicology of these adverse effects has not been clarified."	( Cytotoxicity of PM(2.5) and PM(2.5--10) ambient air pollutants assessed by the MTT and the Comet assays. Fang, M; Hsiao, WL; Mo, ZY; Shi, XM; Wang, F, 2000)	0.31
" Here we examine the effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on beta-amyloid (A beta) secretion and tau phosphorylation in SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells after exposure to oxidative stress inducing/cytotoxic compounds (H(2)O(2), UV light and toxic A beta peptides)."	( N-acetyl-L-cysteine protects SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells from oxidative stress and cell cytotoxicity: effects on beta-amyloid secretion and tau phosphorylation. Baysang, G; Brack, C; Brockhaus, M; Meier, F; Müller-Spahn, F; Olivieri, G; Stähelin, HB, 2001)	0.31
" CYP3A4 resulted in the cells being 211 times more toxic to aflatoxin B1 and 8-fold more toxic to aflatoxin G1 while CYP 2A6, CYP 3A5 and CYP 2E1 also produced observable effects."	( Increased cytotoxicity of food-borne mycotoxins toward human cell lines in vitro via enhanced cytochrome p450 expression using the MTT bioassay. Anderson, JG; Freshney, RI; Lewis, CW; Smith, JE, 1999)	0.3
"The toxic effects of beta-amyloid (A beta) (1-42), apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoforms, and apoE/A beta complexes were studied in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and fibroblasts using MTT reduction."	( Beta-VLDL protects against A beta(1-42) and apoE toxicity in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Cedazo-Mínguez, A; Cowburn, RF; Hüttinger, M, 2001)	0.31
"Paracetamole and codeine are safe alternative analgesics for analgesic intolerant patients."	( Safety of nimesulide, meloxicam and rofecoxib as alternative analgesics. Kalyoncu, AF; Karakaya, G, )	0.13
" This provides a source of excess FAs that enter potentially toxic pathways of nonoxidative metabolism leading to apoptosis of certain tissues."	( Lipotoxicity of beta-cells in obesity and in other causes of fatty acid spillover. Unger, RH; Zhou, YT, 2001)	0.31
"The cell viability assay using cultured cells is of great advantage to elucidate the biological effect of potentially toxic substances."	( Comparison of three in vitro assay systems used for assessing cytotoxic effect of heavy metals on cultured human keratinocytes. Hamada, T; Sasaguri, Y; Tokui, N; Yamamoto, O, 2001)	0.31
" The better GI tolerability of meloxicam was also suggested by fewer adverse GI events and no withdrawals due to adverse events compared with piroxicam."	( Endoscopic comparison of the gastroduodenal safety and the effects on arachidonic acid products between meloxicam and piroxicam in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Chang, DM; Hsieh, TC; Hsu, CT; Kuo, SY; Young, TH, 2001)	0.31
"Results suggest that preoperative administration of meloxicam is a safe and effective method of controlling postoperative pain for 20 hours in dogs undergoing abdominal surgery; the analgesic effects of meloxicam were comparable to those of ketoprofen and superior to those of butorphanol."	( Safety and efficacy of preoperative administration of meloxicam, compared with that of ketoprofen and butorphanol in dogs undergoing abdominal surgery. Foster, R; Mathews, KA; McDonell, W; Pettifer, G, 2001)	0.31
"Currently available oral agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus include a variety of compounds from 5 different pharmacologic classes with differing mechanisms of action, adverse effect profiles, and toxicities."	( Oral agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: pharmacology, toxicity, and treatment. Beattie, P; Harrigan, RA; Nathan, MS, 2001)	0.31
"Manganese (Mn) in excess is toxic to neurons of the globus pallidus, leading to a Parkinsonian-like syndrome."	( Manganese toxicity is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA fragmentation in rat primary striatal neurons. Malecki, EA, 2001)	0.31
" In order to characterize the hypotony mechanism, we compared the toxic effects of mitomycin-C on cultured rabbit ciliary process cells and trabecular meshwork cells."	( Toxic effects of mitomycin-C on cultured ciliary process cells and trabecular meshwork cells. Hong, SJ; Lai, YH; Wang, HZ; Wu, KY, 2001)	0.31
" To determine whether this difference can be translated into a therapeutic advantage to protect normal cells from adverse cytotoxicity caused by chemotherapy, we established cell model systems for ecdysone-inducible expression of p16(Ink4a), p21(Waf1), and p27(Kip1) in one CKI-responsive cell line (A431 human vulvar epidermoid carcinoma cells with functional Rb) and one CKI-unresponsive cell line (SiHa human cervical cancer cells with nonfunctional Rb)."	( Protection against chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKI) in CKI-responsive cells compared with CKI-unresponsive cells. Fan, Z; Schmidt, M, 2001)	0.31
" In these trials, adverse events were recorded, as were details of laboratory blood values, urine analysis, vital signs and electrocardiograms."	( Safety profile of pioglitazone. Belcher, G; Hanefeld, M, 2001)	0.31
" The lowest concentration of parathion tested (1 microg/ml) was toxic and there was no significant difference in cytotoxic effects among the three assays."	( In vitro cytotoxicity of the organophosphorus pesticide parathion to FG-9307 cells. Li, H; Zhang, S, 2001)	0.31
"The first thiazolidinedione derivative drug for diabetes, troglitazone, was found to cause fatal hepatotoxicity, although it was judged as safe during the clinical trial."	( [Evaluation of thiazolidinedione derivative drugs for safety]. Iwata, M; Kobayashi, M, 2001)	0.31
" Since that review, some new knowledge allows us to better predict that some structural moieties are more likely than others to form drug reactive metabolites that may be involved in causing toxic effects in humans."	( Structure toxicity relationships--how useful are they in predicting toxicities of new drugs? Nelson, SD, 2001)	0.31
" It has been postulated that one of the mechanisms by which beta-amyloid exerts its toxic effects is to produce oxidative stress."	( The role of the MAP-kinase superfamily in beta-amyloid toxicity. Daniels, WM; Hendricks, J; Salie, R; Taljaard, JJ, 2001)	0.31
"Troglitazone, an oral antidiabetic drug, was reported to cause adverse hepatic effects in certain individuals, leading to its withdrawal from the market."	( Formation of a novel quinone epoxide metabolite of troglitazone with cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells. Ikeda, T; Iwabuchi, H; Nakajima, M; Watanabe, T; Yamamoto, Y; Yamazaki, H; Yokoi, T, 2002)	0.31
" Comparison of the cytotoxicity data from testing 50 chemicals, with available human lethal concentrations for the same chemicals, revealed that the 72-h experimental IC(50)s are as accurate predictors of human toxicity as equivalent toxic blood concentrations derived from rodent LD(50)s."	( Subacute cytotoxicity testing with cultured human lung cells. Barile, FA; Cardona, DL; Yang, A, 2002)	0.31
" This combination of effects may be responsible for its low rate of general adverse events, low rate of persistent prolactin elevation, low incidence of weight gain, low liability for inducing movement disorders, low rate of syncope and induction of decreases in lipid profile."	( Ziprasidone: profile on safety. Goodnick, PJ, 2001)	0.31
"Psychopharmacology research aims to expand the therapeutic ratio between efficacy, on the one hand, and adverse events and safety, on the other."	( Psychotropic drugs and adverse events in the treatment of bipolar disorders revisited. McIntyre, RS, 2002)	0.31
" These results suggest that UCB is toxic to both astrocytes and neurons, although through distinct pathways."	( Rat cultured neuronal and glial cells respond differently to toxicity of unconjugated bilirubin. Brites, D; Rodrigues, CM; Silva, RF, 2002)	0.31
" The proportion of patients with one or more adverse events was similar across all three groups."	( Efficacy and safety of rosiglitazone plus metformin in Mexicans with type 2 diabetes. Antonio Barbosa, J; Berry, RA; Fanghänel-Salmón, G; Gómez-Perez, FJ; Gould, EM; Montes-Villarreal, J; Warsi, G, )	0.13
" We studied the effects of TRZ on the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) and acetaminophen (APAP) in rats, both of which exert their toxic effects through bioactivation associated with cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and 2E1 (CYP2E1)."	( Troglitazone enhances the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen by inducing CYP3A in rats. Kaneko, T; Li, J; Qin, LQ; Sato, A; Wang, PY; Wang, Y, 2002)	0.31
" Self-cured resin was the most toxic denture base material among the chemicals tested in all cultures."	( Cytotoxic effects of denture base materials on a permanent human oral epithelial cell line and on primary human oral fibroblasts in vitro. Chang, YC; Hu, CC; Huang, FM; Tai, KW, )	0.13
" The incidence of adverse events was similar in all treatment groups, although the incidences of weight increase, hypoglycaemia and oedema were higher among patients receiving insulin plus pioglitazone."	( Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone in type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled study in patients receiving stable insulin therapy. Einhorn, D; Glazer, NB; Hershon, K; Rosenstock, J; Yu, S, 2002)	0.31
" Compound III was less toxic than the other DHC derivatives in both cell cultures."	( Derivatives of dehydrocrotonin, a diterpene lactone isolated from Croton cajucara: cytotoxicity in rat cultured hepatocytes and in V79 cells. Durán, N; Haun, M; Melo, PS, 2002)	0.31
" Here, we show that a brief exposure to methylisothiazolinone, a widely used industrial and household biocide, is highly toxic to cultured neurons but not to glia."	( In vitro neurotoxicity of methylisothiazolinone, a commonly used industrial and household biocide, proceeds via a zinc and extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. Aizenman, E; Du, S; McLaughlin, B; Pal, S, 2002)	0.31
" MA is toxic to cultured human umbilical vein and calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells."	( Cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells are resistant to methylamine toxicity: no correlation to semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. Boor, PJ; Langford, SD; Trent, MB, 2001)	0.31
" Based on this method, a biologically-based mathematical model could be used to determine an equivalent external dose for a specific toxic end point."	( Improved method for in vitro assessment of dermal toxicity for volatile organic chemicals. McDougal, JN; Rogers, JV, 2002)	0.31
" It was found that composite resin Superfil was the most toxic restorative material among the chemicals tested."	( Cytotoxicity of resin-based restorative materials on human pulp cell cultures. Chang, YC; Huang, FM, 2002)	0.31
" In addition, we found that rosiglitazone, although less toxic in the study population, was cytotoxic to hepatocytes in some donors (EC(50)<100 microM)."	( Differential in vitro hepatotoxicity of troglitazone and rosiglitazone among cryopreserved human hepatocytes from 37 donors. Fackett, A; Hayden, MJ; Hewitt, NJ; Li, AP; Lloyd, S; Sakai, Y; Silber, PM, 2002)	0.31
" The profile and frequency of adverse events were similar in all treatment groups."	( Metabolic efficacy and safety of once-daily pioglitazone monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Göke, B; Scherbaum, WA, 2002)	0.31
" CB was the least toxic sealer amongst the chemicals tested."	( Cytotoxicity of dentine-bonding agents on human pulp cells in vitro. Chang, YC; Huang, FM, 2002)	0.31
" Both purified eugenol and beta-asarone protected PC-12 cells from the toxic effect of Abeta(1-40)."	( Rhizoma acori graminei and its active principles protect PC-12 cells from the toxic effect of amyloid-beta peptide. Irie, Y; Keung, WM, 2003)	0.32
" In contrast, when the cells were treated with this lactone in the initial plating and cultured for 96 h, t-DCTN was more toxic for all parameters analyzed: MTT and phosphatase activity (IC50 = 180 microM) and protein content (IC50 = 150 microM)."	( Cytotoxic effect of the diterpene lactone dehydrocrotonin from Croton cajucara on human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Aoyama, H; da Silva Melo, P; Durán, N; Ferreira, CV; Freire, AC; Haun, M, 2003)	0.32
"Among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective for relieving pain, but they are also associated with a high incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events."	( Do selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors eliminate the adverse events associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy? Devière, J, 2002)	0.31
" They have apparently safe cardiac safety profiles in both therapeutic and supra-therapeutic doses."	( Cardiotoxicity associated with intentional ziprasidone and bupropion overdose. Biswas, AK; Mayes, KL; Morris-Kukoski, CL; Zabrocki, LA, 2003)	0.32
" There is, however, uncertainty regarding differences in the adverse event profiles associated with each drug."	( Comparison of the risk of adverse events with pramipexole and ropinirole in patients with Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Etminan, M; Gill, S; Samii, A, 2003)	0.32
"To compare the adverse events of pramipexole and ropinirole as reported in the peer-reviewed medical literature."	( Comparison of the risk of adverse events with pramipexole and ropinirole in patients with Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Etminan, M; Gill, S; Samii, A, 2003)	0.32
" In the first analysis, we estimated the pooled relative risk (RR) of adverse events with either pramipexole or ropinirole as compared with levodopa."	( Comparison of the risk of adverse events with pramipexole and ropinirole in patients with Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Etminan, M; Gill, S; Samii, A, 2003)	0.32
" To investigate the potential toxic activity of betaA on endothelial cells (EC), two endothelial murine cell lines derived from heart and brain were exposed to betaA1-42 and the biologically active fragment betaA25-35 in the range from 5nM to 50 microM."	( Effect of beta-amyloid on endothelial cells: lack of direct toxicity, enhancement of MTT-induced cell death and intracellular accumulation. Forloni, G; Galbete, JL; Soriano, FX, 2003)	0.32
" They have apparently safe cardiac safety profiles in both therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses, but recently the Federal Drug Administration has issued a caution regarding ziprasidone use in combination with other drugs that are known to prolong the QTc interval."	( Cardiotoxicity associated with intentional ziprasidone and bupropion overdose. Biswas, AK; Mayes, KL; Morris-Kukoski, CL; Zabrocki, LA, 2003)	0.32
" This is because of their efficacy in the treatment of several psychiatric disorders, ease of administration, and absence of the well-known extrapyramidal adverse effects long-attributed to the standard dopamine blocking anti-psychotic medications."	( Atypical psychotropic medications and their adverse effects: a review for the African-American primary care physician. Bailey, RK, 2003)	0.32
" These results indicate that resin-modified GICs, such as Compoglass, Fuji II LC, ProTec CEM and GC Lining cements, are more toxic to pulp cells than conventional GICs."	( Cytotoxicity of conventional and modified glass ionomer cements. Chang, MC; Jeng, JH; Lan, WC; Lan, WH; Lee, YL; Lin, CP; Tseng, WY; Wang, TM, )	0.13
" Based on viability data, exposure to 50 mM HzN for 2 h is a marginally toxic dose while 75 mM is a significantly toxic dose."	( Involvement of apoptosis in hydrazine induced toxicity in rat primary hepatocytes. Frazier, JM; Hussain, SM, 2003)	0.32
" This is further supported by experimental data that demonstrate that troglitazone, alone among the thiazolidinediones, is toxic in hepatocyte cell culture."	( Hepatotoxicity of the thiazolidinediones. Chandramouli, J; Tolman, KG, 2003)	0.32
" In summary, the inhibitors that provided protection from toxic lymph appear to work at the membrane and are involved in limiting membrane peroxidation."	( The role of oxidant-mediated pathways in the cytotoxicity of endothelial cells exposed to mesenteric lymph from rats subjected to trauma-hemorrhagic shock. Dayal, S; Deitch, EA; Lu, Q; Lukose, B; Osband, AJ; Xu, DZ; Zaets, S, 2003)	0.32
" No adverse events were reported due to the use of meloxicam."	( Investigation on the clinical efficacy and safety of meloxicam (Metacam) in the treatment of non-infectious locomotor disorders in pigs. Friton, GM; Kleemann, R; Philipp, H; Schneider, T, )	0.13
"beta-Amyloid peptide (beta-AP) elicits a toxic effect on neurons in vitro and in vivo."	( Synergistic protection of PC12 cells from beta-amyloid toxicity by resveratrol and catechin. Conte, A; Pellegrini, S; Tagliazucchi, D, 2003)	0.32
" Safety and tolerability were evaluated by treatment-emergent adverse event reports, clinical laboratory test results (blood chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis), vital signs, and electrocardiograms."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of pramipexole in untreated and levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson's disease. Lu, CS; Mok, V; Shan, DE; Tsoi, TH; Wong, KS; Yang, CC, 2003)	0.32
"In healthy dogs, meloxicam appears to be safe with regard to adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract."	( Endoscopic evaluation of the gastroduodenal mucosa to determine the safety of short-term concurrent administration of meloxicam and dexamethasone in healthy dogs. Boston, SE; Kruth, SA; Moens, NM; Southorn, EP, 2003)	0.32
" These findings suggest that gp120 is toxic to neurons even in the absence of the virus and that the toxic mechanism involves primarily activation of CXCR4 receptor."	( The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and not the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediates gp120 neurotoxicity in cerebellar granule cells. Bachis, A; Mocchetti, I, 2004)	0.32
" Bioherador N was significantly less toxic than all the other alloys in the 72-hour conditioned group."	( Cytotoxicity of dental casting alloys after conditioning in distilled water. Al-Hiyasat, AS; Bashabsheh, OM; Darmani, H, )	0.13
"The herein described challenge with alternative drugs, meloxicam and nimesulide, is a safe tool for the management of NSAIDs-intolerant patients."	( Nimesulide and meloxicam are a safe alternative drugs for patients intolerant to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Bonadonna, P; Canonica, GW; Crivellaro, M; Dama, A; Passalacqua, G; Schiappoli, M; Senna, GE, 2003)	0.32
" Flowline specimens, either cured with Optilux 401 or Elipar Free Light, had no toxic effect on the cells, whereas the other groups were moderately toxic on the 2-day interval."	( Cytotoxicity of composite resins polymerized with different curing methods. Nalçaci, A; Oztan, MD; Yilmaz, S, 2004)	0.32
" The aim of this paper is to review literature about newer antipsychotics, focusing on their advantages in terms of efficacy and side effect profiles when compared to classical and older atypical antipsychotics, and to evaluate the efficacy of the different new antipsychotics when compared to one another."	( New antipsychotics and schizophrenia: a review on efficacy and side effects. Berardi, D; De Ronchi, D; Lorenzi, C; Serretti, A, 2004)	0.32
"50 mg/L) were the most toxic compounds tested and were detected at concentrations of 16 and 59 microg/L, respectively, in a closed-circuit recycling paper mill."	( Bioluminescence inhibition assays for toxicity screening of wood extractives and biocides in paper mill process waters. Barceló, D; Lacorte, S; Latorre, A; Rigol, A, 2004)	0.32
" One hundred twenty-seven subjects with history of adverse reaction to ASA/NSAIDs received oral challenges with nimesulide, 61 subjects were challenged with meloxicam, 51 subjects were challenged with rofecoxib, and 37 subjects were challenged with all three drugs."	( Safety of selective COX-2 inhibitors in aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-intolerant patients: comparison of nimesulide, meloxicam, and rofecoxib. Bavbek, S; Celik, G; Misirligil, Z; Mungan, D; Ozer, F, 2004)	0.32
" All patients with asthma tolerated rofecoxib without any adverse effects."	( Safety of selective COX-2 inhibitors in aspirin/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-intolerant patients: comparison of nimesulide, meloxicam, and rofecoxib. Bavbek, S; Celik, G; Misirligil, Z; Mungan, D; Ozer, F, 2004)	0.32
" The extract of Catuaba (Anemopaegma mirandum) prevented these toxic effects with the main active agents suggested to be cinchonains IIa and IIb."	( Potent protecting effects of Catuaba (Anemopaegma mirandum) extracts against hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity. Ando, M; Kawahara, N; Saito, Y; Satake, M; Sekita, S; Tokunaga, H; Uchino, T, 2004)	0.32
" The comparison with other bioassays showed that the SF-9 insect cell line could represent a further tool to screen for the toxic effects of fungal metabolites especially for beauvericin, gliotoxin, and zearalenone."	( Cytotoxicity of fungal metabolites to lepidopteran (Spodoptera frugiperda) cell line (SF-9). Fornelli, F; Logrieco, A; Minervini, F, 2004)	0.32
"Copper, though essential, is highly toxic when present in excess, as in Wilson disease, a genetic disorder of hepatic copper metabolism."	( In vitro assessment of copper-induced toxicity in the human hepatoma line, Hep G2. Choi, S; Roberts, EA; Sabean, M; Seth, R; Yang, S, 2004)	0.32
" However, the therapeutic potential of these antibodies in human AD patients is limited because of adverse inflammatory reactions and cerebral hemorrhaging associated with the treatments."	( Single chain variable fragments against beta-amyloid (Abeta) can inhibit Abeta aggregation and prevent abeta-induced neurotoxicity. Emadi, S; Goud, G; Liu, R; Lyubchenko, Y; McAllister, C; Schulz, P; Sierks, MR; Yuan, B; Zameer, A, 2004)	0.32
" Thirty-five subjects presented with gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs)."	( Double-blind study to evaluate efficacy and safety of meloxicam 7.5 mg and 15 mg versus mefenamic acid 1500 mg in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Baracat, EC; Barbosa, IC; Bedone, AJ; Camargos, A; Cortes, RJ; de Mello, NR; de Souza, RN; Martinez Alcala, FO; Rumi, DO; Tomaz, G; Velasco, JA, 2004)	0.32
" These results not only demonstrate that L929 cell growth inhibition bioassay may be useful to provide the comparative evaluation of toxicity of CPs in vitro, but also implicate that CP, DCP, TCP, in comparison with PCP, can induce L929 cell death by apoptosis, resulting in lower procarcinogensis, which may help to elucidate the molecular basis for the adverse health effects associated with CPs exposure."	( Cytotoxic effects of environmentally relevant chlorophenols on L929 cells and their mechanisms. Chen, J; Jiang, J; Yu, H; Zhang, F; Zhang, J, 2004)	0.32
" Current trends in the treatment of human breast cancer are with drug combinations that result in improved responses as well as the ability to use less toxic concentrations of the drugs."	( Inhibition of tumor-associated fatty acid synthase activity enhances vinorelbine (Navelbine)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptotic cell death in human breast cancer cells. Colomer, R; Lupu, R; Menendez, JA, 2004)	0.32
" Exposure of rat cortical neurons to excitotoxins at high, toxic concentrations showed a change in the c-fos mRNA expression profile from a transient expression to one of sustained elevated levels."	( c-fos mRNA expression in rat cortical neurons during glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Rogers, A; Schmuck, G; Scholz, G; Williams, DC, 2004)	0.32
" Indeed, entrapped colchicine indicated similar initial high toxic effect on cell viability in MCF-7 cell line and this effect became more dominant as colchicine continued to be released from microspheres in the same period."	( Prolonged cytotoxic effect of colchicine released from biodegradable microspheres. Gurhan, I; Hasirci, N; Muvaffak, A, 2004)	0.32
" The toxicity of these compounds against hepatoma cells (MH3924A) and, to a lesser extent, against mouse fibroblast (NIH 3T3) and cervix carcinoma (HeLa) cells was also enhanced, but they were not as toxic as dacarbazine (HeLa)."	( Alkylating benzamides with melanoma cytotoxicity. Bauder-Wüst, U; Eisenhut, M; Haberkorn, U; Mier, W; Mohammed, A; Schönsiegel, F; Wolf, M, 2004)	0.32
"We report the conformational and toxic properties of two novel fibril-forming prion amyloid sequences, GAVVGGLG (PrP(119-126)) and VVGGLGG (PrP(121-127))."	( Assemblages of prion fragments: novel model systems for understanding amyloid toxicity. Jayakumar, R; Murali, J; Satheeshkumar, KS, 2004)	0.32
" Because OTZ reduced the toxic effects of GDP on mesothelial cells, this compound may improve biocompatibility of peritoneal dialysis fluids."	( L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid reduces in vitro cytotoxicity of glucose degradation products. Breborowicz, A; Oreopoulos, D; Polubinska, A; Pyda, M; Witowski, J, 2004)	0.32
"Five new antipsychotic drugs introduced in the United States in the last decade offer physicians the ability to treat patients with schizophrenia and bipolar mania without the adverse effects of the first-generation antipsychotics."	( The promise of atypical antipsychotics: fewer side effects mean enhanced compliance and improved functioning. Citrome, L; Volavka, J, 2004)	0.32
" Although not uncommon, adverse events were mild and self-limited, and no deaths or serious adverse events were observed."	( Febuxostat (TMX-67), a novel, non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, is safe and decreases serum urate in healthy volunteers. Becker, MA; Hunt, B; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Kisicki, J; MacDonald, P; Mulford, D; Wu, J, 2004)	0.32
" A total of five adverse events were reported with all mild in severity."	( PK/PD and safety of a single dose of TMX-67 (febuxostat) in subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment. Hoshide, S; Hosoya, T; Ishikawa, T; Komoriya, K; Kubo, J; Ohno, I; Takahashi, Y; Tsuchimoto, M, 2004)	0.32
"Both solvents proved toxic at the same levels of concentrations of 1:100 and 1:400 (P>."	( Cytotoxicity evaluation of gutta-percha solvents: Chloroform and GP-Solvent (limonene). Kamolroongwarakul, R; Pewklieng, L; Suwannawong, SK; Vajrabhaya, LO, 2004)	0.32
" This study evaluated the potential bio-hazardous effects of TAFMAG, a natural fibrous silicate produced in China, in comparison with chrysotile, a typical toxic asbestos."	( Evaluation of cellular toxicity of TAFMAG, a natural substitute for asbestos from China. Hiroshi, Y; Kim, HJ; Kohyama, N; Lim, Y; Nam, HY; Shinohara, Y; Song, JS; Yun, HK, 2005)	0.33
" Mini-alphaA-crystallin also suppresses the toxic action of Abeta on rat pheochromocytoma (PC 12) cells."	( Inhibition of amyloid fibrillogenesis and toxicity by a peptide chaperone. Santhoshkumar, P; Sharma, KK, 2004)	0.32
" Safety parameters were assessed by evaluating the frequency of adverse events in the 3 groups."	( A randomized, double-blind clinical trial of two doses of meloxicam compared with naproxen in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: short- and long-term efficacy and safety results. Alessio, M; Artamonova, V; Baildam, E; Bandeira, M; Buoncompagni, A; Emminger, W; Falcini, F; Foeldvari, I; Gerloni, V; Hanft, G; Joos, R; Kone-Paut, I; Lenhardt, A; Martini, A; Mouy, R; Nikishina, I; Pachanov, ED; Prieur, AM; Ruperto, N; Schwarz, R; Shachbazian, Y; Sigmund, R; Simianer, S; Zulian, F, 2005)	0.33
" There were no differences in the frequency of adverse events or abnormal laboratory values between the 3 groups."	( A randomized, double-blind clinical trial of two doses of meloxicam compared with naproxen in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: short- and long-term efficacy and safety results. Alessio, M; Artamonova, V; Baildam, E; Bandeira, M; Buoncompagni, A; Emminger, W; Falcini, F; Foeldvari, I; Gerloni, V; Hanft, G; Joos, R; Kone-Paut, I; Lenhardt, A; Martini, A; Mouy, R; Nikishina, I; Pachanov, ED; Prieur, AM; Ruperto, N; Schwarz, R; Shachbazian, Y; Sigmund, R; Simianer, S; Zulian, F, 2005)	0.33
" Of the potential inhibitors tested, IL-4 downregulated the toxic action of microglia when applied to THP-1 cells either before stimulation or 24 h after stimulation."	( Modulation of human microglia and THP-1 cell toxicity by cytokines endogenous to the nervous system. Bissonnette, CJ; Klegeris, A; McGeer, PL, 2005)	0.33
" TCMTB was the most toxic compound evaluated in both the acute and chronic tests with EC50s of 15."	( Comparative aquatic toxicity evaluation of 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole and selected degradation products using Ceriodaphnia dubia. Drake, KD; Foster, GD; Maier, KJ; Nawrocki, ST; Watson, CF, 2005)	0.33
" Incidences of treatment-related adverse events were similar in the febuxostat and placebo groups."	( Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a twenty-eight-day, multicenter, phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response clinical trial examining safety and efficacy in patients with gout. Becker, MA; Eustace, D; Joseph-Ridge, N; MacDonald, PA; Palo, WA; Schumacher, HR; Vernillet, L; Wortmann, RL, 2005)	0.33
" Febuxostat therapy was safe and well tolerated."	( Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a twenty-eight-day, multicenter, phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response clinical trial examining safety and efficacy in patients with gout. Becker, MA; Eustace, D; Joseph-Ridge, N; MacDonald, PA; Palo, WA; Schumacher, HR; Vernillet, L; Wortmann, RL, 2005)	0.33
" They may exacerbate neuronal damage by secreting various toxic molecules."	( Chymotrypsin-like proteases contribute to human monocytic THP-1 cell as well as human microglial neurotoxicity. Klegeris, A; McGeer, PL, 2005)	0.33
" However, there are still significant adverse effects and toxicities with this class of medications."	( Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotic medications in children: does newer necessarily mean safer? Dubois, D, 2005)	0.33
"Continued research to evaluate adverse effects and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics compared with first-generation antipsychotics and each other is reviewed."	( Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotic medications in children: does newer necessarily mean safer? Dubois, D, 2005)	0.33
"While new atypical antipsychotic medications may have a safer therapeutic and overdose profile than first-generation antipsychotic medications, many adverse and toxic effects still need to be considered in therapeutic monitoring and overdose management."	( Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotic medications in children: does newer necessarily mean safer? Dubois, D, 2005)	0.33
"Among 240 patients in the safety analysis, repinotan was well-tolerated, with adverse events appearing more frequently in the highest dose group (2."	( The BRAINS study: safety, tolerability, and dose-finding of repinotan in acute stroke. Silver, FL; Simard, D; Teal, P, 2005)	0.33
"This study indicates that the incidence of adverse events was comparable with all doses of repinotan and placebo, and no safety issues were observed."	( The BRAINS study: safety, tolerability, and dose-finding of repinotan in acute stroke. Silver, FL; Simard, D; Teal, P, 2005)	0.33
" These data suggest that antioxidants may serve as 'Abeta targeting' therapies that suppress toxic protein aggregation rather than simply acting as downstream radical scavengers."	( Role of glutathione in intracellular amyloid-alpha precursor protein/carboxy-terminal fragment aggregation and associated cytotoxicity. Maezawa, I; Milatovic, D; Montine, KS; Montine, TJ; Nghiem, W; Vaisar, T; Woltjer, RL, 2005)	0.33
" These results suggest that donepezil exerts a neuroprotective effect by reducing the amount of the toxic form of Abeta fibrils in septal neuron cultures."	( Protective effect of donepezil against Abeta(1-40) neurotoxicity in rat septal neurons. Akasofu, S; Kimura, M; Ogura, H; Sawada, K, 2005)	0.33
" Adverse events were generally mild to moderate, and no subjects were discontinued from the study."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of intramuscular ziprasidone in healthy volunteers. Miceli, JJ; Swan, SK; Tensfeldt, TG; Wilner, KD, 2005)	0.33
" In worst-case laboratory conditions, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid and acetamiprid were exceptionally toxic to this predacious mirid."	( The intrinsic toxicity of several neonicotinoids to Lygus lineolaris and Hyaliodes vitripennis, a phytophagous and a predacious mirid. Bostanian, NJ; Hardman, JM; Racette, G; Ventard, E, 2005)	0.33
" A modified 'amyloid cascade' hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease states that prefibrillar oligomers, also called amyloid-beta-derived diffusible ligands or globular oligomers, are the responsible toxic agent."	( Interaction of human stefin B in the prefibrillar oligomeric form with membranes. Correlation with cellular toxicity. Anderluh, G; Ceru, S; Gutierrez-Aguirre, I; Kopitar-Jerala, N; Macek, P; Rabzelj, S; Turk, V; Zerovnik, E, 2005)	0.33
" In vitro, the toxic concentration 50% (TC50) of TNB, which induced cell death, was 16 microM following a 24-h exposure."	( Effects of 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene on cytotoxicity and metabolic activity of type I astrocytes of rats. Quails, CW; Reddy, G; Ritchey, JW; Saliki, JT; Stair, EL, )	0.13
"Free radicals generated in mitochondria play a crucial role in the toxic effects of cytokines upon insulin-producing cells."	( Importance of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase expression in insulin-producing cells for the toxicity of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines. Gurgul-Convey, E; Lenzen, S; Lortz, S; Tiedge, M, 2005)	0.33
" Drug-related adverse events were infrequent in all treatment arms."	( A phase I/II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study evaluating the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of ravuconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis. Conetta, B; Gupta, AK; Leonardi, C; Pierce, PF; Stoltz, RR, 2005)	0.33
" Silver nanoparticles were the most toxic while molybdenum trioxide (MoO(3)) nanoparticles were the least toxic."	( In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germline stem cells. Braydich-Stolle, L; Hofmann, MC; Hussain, S; Schlager, JJ, 2005)	0.33
" Following exposure to the toxic metal cytotoxicity was determined with the lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay (LDH), a protein assay, the neutral red assay and the methyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay."	( In vitro cytotoxicity assays: comparison of LDH, neutral red, MTT and protein assay in hepatoma cell lines following exposure to cadmium chloride. Fotakis, G; Timbrell, JA, 2006)	0.33
" Their use is frequently associated with dose-limiting adverse effects."	( Simple pharmacological test battery to assess efficacy and side effect profile of centrally acting muscle relaxant drugs. Berzsenyi, P; Farkas, S; Kárpáti, E; Kocsis, P; Tarnawa, I, )	0.13
" For detecting side effect liability (ataxia, sedation, impairment of voluntary motor functions), (1) the rota-rod test, (2) measurement of spontaneous motility, (3) the weight-lifting test and (4) the thiopental sleep test were used."	( Simple pharmacological test battery to assess efficacy and side effect profile of centrally acting muscle relaxant drugs. Berzsenyi, P; Farkas, S; Kárpáti, E; Kocsis, P; Tarnawa, I, )	0.13
"Therapeutic indices calculated from the results of these in vivo experiments for the clinically used muscle relaxants are in agreement with their adverse effect profiles in humans."	( Simple pharmacological test battery to assess efficacy and side effect profile of centrally acting muscle relaxant drugs. Berzsenyi, P; Farkas, S; Kárpáti, E; Kocsis, P; Tarnawa, I, )	0.13
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."	( An in vitro approach to detect metabolite toxicity due to CYP3A4-dependent bioactivation of xenobiotics. Grossi, P; Kanter, Rd; Monaci, S; Monshouwer, M; Turlizzi, E; Vignati, L, 2005)	0.33
" The tested antifoulants were highly toxic in both tests."	( Effects of three antifouling agents on algal communities and algal reproduction: mixture toxicity studies with TBT, Irgarol, and Sea-Nine. Arrhenius, A; Backhaus, T; Blanck, H; Grönvall, F; Junghans, M; Scholze, M, 2006)	0.33
" Febuxostat 80 mg once daily appears to be generally safe and well tolerated in mildly and moderately impaired hepatic function groups, and dose adjustment is not required in subjects with mild to moderate hepatic impairment."	( The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Mayer, MD; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)	0.33
" Cell counting showed a significant decrease in the number of MG-63 osteoblasts in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with Co(2+) more toxic than Cr(3+)."	( Effect of cobalt and chromium ions on human MG-63 osteoblasts in vitro: morphology, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress. Antoniou, J; Fleury, C; Huk, OL; Mwale, F; Petit, A; Tabrizian, M; Zukor, DJ, 2006)	0.33
" Ketoconazole, erythromycin estolate, retinoic acid, telithromycin and alpha-naphthyl-isothiocyanate were among the most toxic chemicals in both models, with an EC50 < 200 microM."	( Investigation of the hepatotoxicity profile of chemical entities using Liverbeads and WIF-B9 in vitro models. Bender, VE; Biagini, CP; Blazy, F; Boissel, E; Borde, F; Bouskila, M; Cassio, D; Chevalier, S; Mignot, A; Nicaise, L, 2006)	0.33
" As determined by Toxilight-cytotoxicity assay, the drug was only toxic to the cancer cells at 100 microM."	( Cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and their synergy with docosahexaenoic acid on the growth of human skin melanoma A-375 cells. Chiu, LC; Ooi, VE; Tong, KF, 2005)	0.33
" They are not only different in the strength of their toxic effects but also in a variety of physiological aspects."	( Cytotoxicity assessment of gliotoxin and penicillic acid in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Gräbsch, C; Herbarth, O; Loffhagen, N; Müller, A; Wichmann, G, 2006)	0.33
" Treatment-related adverse events were experienced by 43% of the patients administered GW660511X 200 mg and 44% of those dosed with placebo with headache the most commonly reported."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study to assess the efficacy and safety of dual ACE/NEP inhibitor GW660511X in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients. Danoff, TM; Johnson, AG; Pearce, GL, 2006)	0.33
" Only 2 patients discontinued MAS063DP due to an adverse event."	( A multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical study to examine the efficacy and safety of MAS063DP (Atopiclair) in the management of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in adults. Abramovits, W; Boguniewicz, M, 2006)	0.33
"MAS063DP cream was confirmed to be a safe and effective treatment for mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in adults."	( A multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical study to examine the efficacy and safety of MAS063DP (Atopiclair) in the management of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in adults. Abramovits, W; Boguniewicz, M, 2006)	0.33
" Assays were performed in treated cells to evaluate the ability of seeds to prevent the toxic effects of EtOH."	( Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seed extract prevents ethanol-induced toxicity and apoptosis in Chang liver cells. Anuradha, CV; Gunasekaran, P; Kaviarasan, S; Ramamurty, N; Varalakshmi, E, )	0.13
" Our data are consistent with increasing evidence that prefibrillar aggregates, compared to mature fibrils, are likely the more toxic species of the peptides."	( Increased susceptibility to amyloid toxicity in familial Alzheimer's fibroblasts. Baglioni, S; Bagnoli, S; Cecchi, C; Fiorillo, C; Liguri, G; Nacmias, B; Nosi, D; Pensalfini, A; Relini, A; Sorbi, S, 2007)	0.34
" The majority of adverse events were mild-to-moderate in intensity."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects. Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)	0.33
"The key pathogenic event in the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is believed to be the aggregation of the beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide into toxic oligomers."	( N-Methylated peptide inhibitors of beta-amyloid aggregation and toxicity. Optimization of the inhibitor structure. Amijee, H; Doig, AJ; Kokkoni, N; Mason, JM; Stott, K, 2006)	0.33
" Pramipexole was well tolerated: The most frequent adverse events with higher occurrence in the pramipexole group were nausea (19."	( Efficacy and safety of pramipexole in restless legs syndrome. Becker, PM; Cappola, JJ; Koester, J; Kushida, CA; Reess, J; Sethi, KD; Winkelman, JW, 2006)	0.33
"As rated by patients and by clinicians, pramipexole was efficacious and safe in reducing the symptoms of restless legs syndrome."	( Efficacy and safety of pramipexole in restless legs syndrome. Becker, PM; Cappola, JJ; Koester, J; Kushida, CA; Reess, J; Sethi, KD; Winkelman, JW, 2006)	0.33
"5 mg of meloxicam is a safe alternative treatment for ASA-hypersensitive asthma and/or NP patients with proven hypersensitivity via oral ASA challenges."	( Safety of meloxicam in aspirin-hypersensitive patients with asthma and/or nasal polyps. A challenge-proven study. Bavbek, S; Dursun, AB; Dursun, E; Eryilmaz, A; Misirligil, Z, 2007)	0.34
" This new impression material may represent a safe medical device for clinical and surgical applications."	( A new generation of sterile and radiopaque impression materials: an in vitro cytotoxicity study. Bortolini, S; Consolo, U; Coppi, C; Paolinelli Devincenzi, C; Tiozzo, R, 2007)	0.34
" These acridine dimers have demonstrated a narrow safe margin, as has adriamycin, but higher maximum tolerate dose (MTD) in comparison with that of adriamycin in ICR mice."	( Linker-modified triamine-linked acridine dimers: synthesis and cytotoxicity properties in vitro and in vivo. Chang, HO; Chang, LS; Chou, SY; Hsu, SC; Lee, YJ; Wang, SS; Yin, WK, 2007)	0.34
" No cardiovascular adverse event or significant increase of the QTc interval was observed."	( Effectiveness, tolerability, and safety of ziprasidone in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: results of a multi-centre observational trial. Domin, S; Kasper, S; Kudla, D; Lambert, M; Naber, D, 2007)	0.34
" Finally we show that Abeta is less toxic to N2a neuroblastoma cells when the peptide is previously incubated with the flavonoid fraction or EGb 761 during the fibril formation period."	( Protection by EGb 761 against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity: involvement of NF-kappaB, SIRT1, and MAPKs pathways and inhibition of amyloid fibril formation. Christen, Y; Garneau, P; Longpré, F; Ramassamy, C, 2006)	0.33
" The toxic effect of tacrine on hepatocytes was assayed by the reduction of methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and intracellular glutathione (GSH), as well as by albumin synthesis."	( Re-evaluation of tacrine hepatotoxicity using gel entrapped hepatocytes. Bader, A; Meng, Q; Ru, J; Schmitmeier, S; Shen, C; Zhang, G, 2007)	0.34
"To test in vitro whether gadolinium-based contrast agents induce fewer toxic effects on renal tubular cells than does an iodinated contrast medium at concentrations used for angiography."	( Cytotoxicity of iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents in renal tubular cells at angiographic concentrations: in vitro study. Grgic, A; Heckmann, MB; Heinrich, MC; Kohlbacher, S; Kuhlmann, MK; Scheer, M; Uder, M, 2007)	0.34
" Together with previous studies showing that cocaine suppresses BDNF expression, the present data suggest that the drug-induced reduction of BDNF productions may make neurons more vulnerable to cocaine's toxic effects and precipitate cocaine-induced central nervous system damages."	( RNA interference-mediated inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression increases cocaine's cytotoxicity in cultured cells. Feng, MJ; Yan, QS; Yan, SE, 2007)	0.34
" In order to evoke toxic effects, primary cultures were exposed to 150 munic acid (KA) for 24 h (hippocampus) or for 48 h (neocortex)."	( Neuroprotective effects of MTEP, a selective mGluR5 antagonists and neuropeptide Y on the kainate-induced toxicity in primary neuronal cultures. Domin, H; Kajta, M; Smiałowska, M, )	0.13
"Nerium oleander (No), is a toxic plant."	( Cytotoxic effects of leaf, stem and root extracts of Nerium oleander on leukemia cell lines and role of the p-glycoprotein in this effect. Akgün-Dar, K; Atasever, B; Carin, M; Kiliçaslan-Ayna, T; Kuruca, SE; Meriçli, F; Seyhan, VG; Turan, N, 2006)	0.33
"Metal oxides may hold, as nanosized particles, a toxic potential to human health and the environment that is not present in the bulk material."	( Nanoparticulate vanadium oxide potentiated vanadium toxicity in human lung cells. Adelhelm, C; Feldmann, C; Kern, K; Krug, HF; Schleh, C; Wörle-Knirsch, JM, 2007)	0.34
"The identification of a safe and reliable alternative for patients with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced urticaria/angioedema is a frequent problem for dermatologists and other practitioners."	( Safety of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and a basic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in Japanese patients with NSAID-induced urticaria and/or angioedema: Comparison of meloxicam, etodolac and tiaramide. Chiba, Y; Ikezawa, Z; Inomata, N; Kambara, T; Onoda, M; Osuna, H; Takeshita, Y; Yamaguchi, J, 2007)	0.34
"To evaluate adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in dogs."	( Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in dogs. Basílio, AC; Brandão, CV; Luna, SP; Machado, LP; Moutinho, FQ; Steagall, PV; Takahira, RK, 2007)	0.34
"Carprofen induced the lowest frequency of gastrointestinal adverse effects, followed by meloxicam."	( Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term oral administration of carprofen, etodolac, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, and meloxicam in dogs. Basílio, AC; Brandão, CV; Luna, SP; Machado, LP; Moutinho, FQ; Steagall, PV; Takahira, RK, 2007)	0.34
" This article speculates that cyclosporine eye drops would also be useful for any disease causing ectropion or eclabion of the eye as well as toxic epidermal necrolysis-related eye pathology (in particular corneal scarring)."	( A review of deferasirox, bortezomib, dasatinib, and cyclosporine eye drops: possible uses and known side effects in cutaneous medicine. Scheinfeld, N, 2007)	0.34
" Both RIPs resulted toxic for glial cells in culture by MTT test, killing 50% of microglia, the most sensitive cell type, at concentrations around 10(-14)M."	( In vitro and in vivo toxicity of type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins lanceolin and stenodactylin on glial and neuronal cells. Battelli, MG; Bolognesi, A; Contestabile, A; D'Alessandro, C; Farini, V; Monti, B; Polazzi, E; Stirpe, F, 2007)	0.34
" The synthetic peptide PrP(106-126) shares many characteristics with PrP(Sc) and is largely used to explore the toxic mechanisms underlying prion diseases."	( Prion protein aggregation and neurotoxicity in cortical neurons. Agostinho, P; Melo, JB; Oliveira, CR, 2007)	0.34
" These results suggest that rotenone-induced activation of ROS/PI3K/Akt pathway in THP-1 cells leads to the release of factors that are toxic to SH-SY5Y cells and have implications for the onset of Parkinson's disease."	( Rotenone-induced neurotoxicity of THP-1 cells requires production of reactive oxygen species and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Hu, JH; Zhu, XZ, 2007)	0.34
" We synthesized and purified DONGLU and tested its immunotoxicity, hypothesizing that DONGLU would be much less toxic to K562 cells compared with DON."	( Synthesis and characterization of deoxynivalenol glucuronide: its comparative immunotoxicity with deoxynivalenol. Cunnick, J; Hendrich, S; Murphy, P; Wu, X, 2007)	0.34
" These results suggest that large-sized, beta-sheet-rich insulin assemblies of both fibrillar and amorphous nature are toxic to pancreatic beta-cells."	( Cytotoxicity of insulin within its self-assembly and amyloidogenic pathways. Grudzielanek, S; Kapurniotu, A; Rehage, H; Shukla, A; Smirnovas, V; Tatarek-Nossol, M; Velkova, A; Winter, R, 2007)	0.34
" Outcome measures were taken at baseline, 6, and 12 months, and included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Clinical Global Impression (CGI-S) scale, the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) scores, treatment-emergent adverse events, body weight, and drug attitude."	( Effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of ziprasidone for treating schizophrenia patients undergoing usual care: a 12-month, open-label, flexible-dose, naturalistic observational trial. Gibel, A; Ratner, Y; Ritsner, MS; Yorkov, V, 2007)	0.34
"6%), adverse events (11."	( Effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of ziprasidone for treating schizophrenia patients undergoing usual care: a 12-month, open-label, flexible-dose, naturalistic observational trial. Gibel, A; Ratner, Y; Ritsner, MS; Yorkov, V, 2007)	0.34
" More active, stable and less toxic CPPs can be designed by optimizing the position and number of R, D-R, X and B residues."	( Cell-penetrating peptides as transporters for morpholino oligomers: effects of amino acid composition on intracellular delivery and cytotoxicity. Hassinger, JN; Iversen, PL; Lovejoy, CE; Moulton, HM; Nelson, MH; Wu, RP; Youngblood, DS, 2007)	0.34
" An alternative explanation is based on the observation that certain amyloid fibril morphologies are more toxic than others, indicating that not all amyloid fibrils are equally toxic."	( Surface structure of amyloid-beta fibrils contributes to cytotoxicity. Akagi, T; Takashima, A; Yoshiike, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Ionic beta-CDs were less toxic than the methylated derivatives."	( Cytotoxicity of different types of methylated beta-cyclodextrins and ionic derivatives. Bacskay, I; Feher, P; Fenyvesi, E; Fenyvesi, F; Kiss, T; Kocsan, R; Pasztor, N; Szabo, G; Szente, L; Varadi, J; Vecsernyes, M, 2007)	0.34
"Bevacizumab is not toxic to corneal cells of human origin in vitro at doses usually used for treatment of corneal neovascularization, which is 20-fold higher than that used for intravitreal application."	( Safety profile of bevacizumab on cultured human corneal cells. Aisenbrey, S; Bartz-Schmidt, KU; Spitzer, MS; Szurman, P; Tatar, O; Yoeruek, E, 2007)	0.34
" IC50 values produced by using the MTT test after a 48-hour incubation with 20 randomly-selected MEIC substances, correlated better with human oral LD50 values than with LC50 data, supporting this hypothesis."	( Prediction of acute toxicity in HPCT-1E3 hepatocytoma cells with liver-like transport activities. Honscha, W; Kneuer, C; Lakoma, C, 2007)	0.34
"The dental composites and their ethanolic extracts had adverse effects on the viability of Balb/C 3T3 fibroblasts."	( Cytotoxicity of dental composites and their leached components. Al-Hiyasat, AS; Darmani, H; Milhem, MM, 2007)	0.34
"In the filter diffusion test, freshly mixed Epiphany and AH Plus were rated severely toxic and RoekoSeal and EndoREZ nontoxic."	( Toxicity evaluation of root canal sealers in vitro. Bruzell, E; Lodiene, G; Morisbak, E; Ørstavik, D, 2008)	0.35
"The multi-methacrylate resin-based (Epiphany) root canal sealer was significantly more toxic to L-929 cells than the silicone-based Roeko Seal and the single methacrylate-based EndoREZ root canal sealers."	( Toxicity evaluation of root canal sealers in vitro. Bruzell, E; Lodiene, G; Morisbak, E; Ørstavik, D, 2008)	0.35
" Fortunately, however, in vivo the normal levels of these metals are much lower than those determined as toxic in vitro."	( Cytotoxicity of metal ions to human oligodendroglial cells and human gingival fibroblasts assessed by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Brunton, P; Issa, Y; Waters, CM; Watts, DC, 2008)	0.35
" Toxic mixtures of small aggregates from these hexapeptides bind to cell membranes and can be further internalized, as also observed for natural amyloid proteins."	( Amyloid toxicity is independent of polypeptide sequence, length and chirality. Dotti, CG; Esteras-Chopo, A; Kümmerer, N; López de la Paz, M; Pastor, MT; Schubert, V; Serrano, L, 2008)	0.35
"The results presented here underscore the potential of chemical permeation enhancers while providing valuable direction as to what classes and concentrations of compounds are of interest when searching for safe and effective additions to oral formulations."	( Safe and effective permeation enhancers for oral drug delivery. Karr, N; Mitragotri, S; Whitehead, K, 2008)	0.35
" The present study was designed to explore the toxic effect of 1-methylhydantoin on renal proximal tubular cells in vitro."	( 1-Methylhydantoin cytotoxicity on renal proximal tubular cells in vitro. Jiang, YS; Li, CZ; Liu, D; Liu, FY; Peng, YM; Yang, B, 2007)	0.34
" Treatment-emergent adverse events occurring during the pivotal trials revealed statistically significant NNH versus placebo (or placebo equivalent) for aripiprazole for headache (NNH = 20, 95% CI = 11 to 170) and nausea (NNH = 17, 95% CI = 11 to 38), for ziprasidone in the treatment of headache (NNH = 15, 95% CI = 8 to 703), and for olanzapine in treatment-emergent hypotension (NNH = 50, 95% CI = 30 to 154)."	( Comparison of intramuscular ziprasidone, olanzapine, or aripiprazole for agitation: a quantitative review of efficacy and safety. Citrome, L, 2007)	0.34
" Cytotoxicity of a series of chlorinated alkanes to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was observed at concentrations similar to those that have been shown previously to be toxic to fish."	( QSAR models for predicting in vivo aquatic toxicity of chlorinated alkanes to fish. Freidig, A; Murk, AJ; Rietjens, IM; Soffers, AE; van den Berg, H; Vervoort, J; Zvinavashe, E, 2008)	0.35
"Amyloid beta protein (Abeta), the central constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is known to exert toxic effects on cultured neurons."	( Panaxydol and panaxynol protect cultured cortical neurons against Abeta25-35-induced toxicity. Cai, JX; Fu, SL; Hang, Q; Jiang, XY; Lin, L; Lu, PL; Lu, Y; Nie, BM; Yang, LM, 2008)	0.35
"To test in vitro the null hypothesis that the toxic effect of different acrylic resins used in orthodontics cannot be reduced when a prior elution is performed."	( Cytotoxicity of two autopolymerized acrylic resins used in orthodontics. Lopes de Souza, MA; Macedo de Menezes, L; Minghelli Schmitt, V; Siqueira Gonçalves, T; Thomas, M, 2008)	0.35
" Furthermore, MTT assay indicated that all three poly(disulfide amine)s/pDNA polyplexes were significantly less toxic than bPEI/pDNA complexes."	( Novel biodegradable poly(disulfide amine)s for gene delivery with high efficiency and low cytotoxicity. Bull, DA; Chang, CW; Kim, SW; Ou, M; Wang, XL; Xu, R, 2008)	0.35
" Any intracameral application of a drug requires evaluation of the potential apoptotic and toxic effects."	( Toxic effects of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator on cultured human corneal endothelial cells. Bartz-Schmidt, KU; Biedermann, T; Grisanti, S; Lüke, M; Spitzer, MS; Szurman, P; Tatar, O; Yoeruek, E, 2008)	0.35
"These data suggest a dose-dependent toxic effect of rtPA on HCECs in vitro."	( Toxic effects of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator on cultured human corneal endothelial cells. Bartz-Schmidt, KU; Biedermann, T; Grisanti, S; Lüke, M; Spitzer, MS; Szurman, P; Tatar, O; Yoeruek, E, 2008)	0.35
" Gastrointestinal upset in 2/46 (4%) cats was the only adverse effect noted."	( Long-term safety, efficacy and palatability of oral meloxicam at 0.01-0.03 mg/kg for treatment of osteoarthritic pain in cats. Gunew, MN; Marshall, RD; Menrath, VH, 2008)	0.35
" The aim of this study was to quantify its effects on iron overload and the resulting downstream toxic effects in cultured T51B rat liver epithelial cells."	( Curcumin reduces the toxic effects of iron loading in rat liver epithelial cells. Kowdley, KV; Messner, DJ; Sivam, G, 2009)	0.35
" In contrast, desferoxamine blocked both iron uptake and toxic effects of iron at concentrations that depended on the FAC concentration."	( Curcumin reduces the toxic effects of iron loading in rat liver epithelial cells. Kowdley, KV; Messner, DJ; Sivam, G, 2009)	0.35
" However, it is undetectable in cultured hepatocyte monolayers in vitro at the equivalent toxic concentration in vivo."	( Investigation of rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rat hepatocytes maintained in gel entrapment culture. Cheng, X; Li, D; Meng, Q; Shen, C, 2009)	0.35
"The developing brain is very sensitive to damage by toxic agents, many of which only manifest in adulthood."	( Neurotoxicity of cadmium on immature hippocampus and a neuroprotective role for p38 MAPK. Cordova, FM; Costa, AP; Leal, RB; Oliveira, CS; Posser, T; Rigon, AP; Rocha, JB; Rossi, FM; Santos, DA; Silva, IG, 2008)	0.35
"Covalent binding of reactive electrophiles to cellular targets is a molecular interaction that has the potential to initiate severe adverse biological effects."	( Structure-activity relationships for hepatocyte toxicity and electrophilic reactivity of alpha,beta-unsaturated esters, acrylates and methacrylates. Chan, K; O'Brien, PJ, 2008)	0.35
"Covalent binding of reactive electrophiles to cellular targets is a molecular interaction that has the potential to initiate severe adverse biological effects."	( Application of structure-activity relationships to investigate the molecular mechanisms of hepatocyte toxicity and electrophilic reactivity of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes. Chan, K; O'Brien, PJ; Poon, R, 2008)	0.35
" Additionally, compound C, the only derivative with no nitro group, was least toxic to Hep-2, but exhibits toxicity to BHK21 cells and brine shrimp."	( Preliminary evaluation of the toxicity of some synthetic furan derivatives in two cell lines and Artemia salina. Amaro, MI; Avendaño, M; Charris, J; Monasterios, M, 2009)	0.35
" The aim of this study was to address the toxic effects of MnCl2 and MnSO4 on the immortalized rat brain microvessel endothelial cell line (RBE4) and to characterize toxic mechanism associated with exposure to Mn."	( Antioxidants prevent the cytotoxicity of manganese in RBE4 cells. Aschner, M; Au, C; Batoréu, MC; Marreilha dos Santos, AP; Milatovic, D; Santos, D, 2008)	0.35
" We demonstrate that both DF and meloxicam are toxic to renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells following 12 h of exposure, due to an increase in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be temporarily ameliorated by pre-incubation with uric acid (UA)."	( Diclofenac toxicity in Gyps vulture is associated with decreased uric acid excretion and not renal portal vasoconstriction. Naidoo, V; Swan, GE, 2009)	0.35
" Moreover, the role of particle properties in the toxic reaction remains to be fully understood."	( Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: the role of particle size, shape and composition. Liu, C; Xi, Z; Yang, D; Yang, H; Zhang, H, 2009)	0.35
" The misclassification of methylmercury and the potential environmental exposure to developmental toxic heavy metals promoted our investigation of whether the EST applicability domain covers cadmium and arsenic compounds."	( Embryotoxicity hazard assessment of cadmium and arsenic compounds using embryonic stem cells. Bremer, S; Hareng, L; Stummann, TC, 2008)	0.35
" In this study, we determined if subacute administration of the atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone altered the toxic effects of cocaine in mice."	( Administration of ziprasidone for 10 days increases cocaine toxicity in mice. Heard, K; Krier, S; Zahniser, NR, 2008)	0.35
" Masitinib was generally well tolerated, with mild (grade I) or moderate (grade II) diarrhea or vomiting as the most common adverse events."	( Masitinib is safe and effective for the treatment of canine mast cell tumors. Devauchelle, P; Dubreuil, P; Hahn, KA; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Leblanc, A; Legendre, A; Leventhal, PS; Moussy, A; Ogilvie, G; Oglivie, G; Palmerini, F; Powers, B; Rusk, T, )	0.13
"Masitinib is safe and effective at delaying tumor progression in dogs presenting with recurrent or nonresectable grade II or III nonmetastatic MCT."	( Masitinib is safe and effective for the treatment of canine mast cell tumors. Devauchelle, P; Dubreuil, P; Hahn, KA; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Leblanc, A; Legendre, A; Leventhal, PS; Moussy, A; Ogilvie, G; Oglivie, G; Palmerini, F; Powers, B; Rusk, T, )	0.13
" Recently, dasatinib dose optimisation in chronic-phase has reduced the incidence of such adverse events without modification of the efficacy, however, their optimal overall management can efficiently reduce their severity and minimize their impact on disease response."	( [Guidelines for the management of dasatinib (Sprycel)-induced side effects in chronic myelogenous leukemia and Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemias]. Bergeron, A; Cony-Makhoul, P; Corm, S; Dubruille, V; Nicolini, FE; Rea, D; Rigal-Huguet, F, 2008)	0.35
" According to the results, the Ru compound is not toxic but mutagenic, and it shows cytotoxic effect towards C6 rat glioma cells in 100 microM."	( Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of [Ru(phi)3]2+ evaluated by Ames/Salmonella and MTT methods. Alanyali, F; Artagan, O; Benkli, K; Cantürk, Z; Tunali, Y, 2009)	0.35
" Insomnia and somnolence were the only adverse events with an incidence >10% in pooled subjects."	( Long-term improvement in efficacy and safety after switching to ziprasidone in stable outpatients with schizophrenia. Loebel, A; O'Gorman, CJ; Simpson, GM; Yang, R, 2008)	0.35
" Nine out of 16 compounds were found toxic after direct exposure at 100muM while only three still induced toxicity on SH-SY5Y cells after BBB transport."	( New strategy for alerting central nervous system toxicity: Integration of blood-brain barrier toxicity and permeability in neurotoxicity assessment. Cecchelli, R; Culot, M; Diallo, H; Hallier-Vanuxeem, D; Landry, C; Prieto, P; Tähti, H, 2009)	0.35
" Thirteen subjects withdrew due to an adverse event."	( Febuxostat in the treatment of gout: 5-yr findings of the FOCUS efficacy and safety study. Becker, MA; Lademacher, C; Lloyd, E; MacDonald, PA; Schumacher, HR, 2009)	0.35
" A number of heavy metals have been associated with toxic effects to the peripheral or central auditory system."	( Hwanggunchungyitang prevents cadmium-induced ototoxicity through suppression of the activation of caspase-9 and extracellular signal-related kinase in auditory HEI-OC1 cells. An, HJ; Choi, IY; Hong, SH; Jeong, HJ; Kim, DH; Kim, HM; Kim, MC; Kim, NH; Kim, SJ; Lee, JH; Lee, JY; Moon, PD; Myung, NY; Park, RK; Shin, BG; So, HS; Um, JY, 2009)	0.35
" Short-term exposure of C3A cells to CYN (1-6 h) was shown to induce cytotoxicity at 24 h despite a washout and recovery incubation, demonstrating the protracted and apparently irreversible nature of CYN's toxic effects."	( Cytotoxicity screening for the cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin. Fanok, S; Froscio, SM; Humpage, AR, 2009)	0.35
" A steep decrease of the IC(50) values (and therefore increase in the toxic properties) is observed immediately already at low concentrations of the cationic surfactants."	( Determining the cytotoxicity of catanionic surfactant mixtures on HeLa cells. Heilmann, J; Kunz, W; Touraud, D; Vlachy, N, 2009)	0.35
"In addition to inhibiting the excitation conduction process in peripheral nerves, local anesthetics (LAs) cause toxic effects on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, neuromuscular junction, and cell metabolism."	( Cytotoxicity of local anesthetics in human neuronal cells. Blanck, TJ; Garavito-Aguilar, ZV; Patel, S; Perez-Castro, R; Recio-Pinto, E; Rosenberg, A; Xu, F; Zhang, J, 2009)	0.35
" Lidocaine, linked to the highest incidence of transient neurological symptoms, was not the most toxic LA, whereas bupivacaine, a drug causing a very low incidence of transient neurological symptoms, was the most toxic LA in our cell model."	( Cytotoxicity of local anesthetics in human neuronal cells. Blanck, TJ; Garavito-Aguilar, ZV; Patel, S; Perez-Castro, R; Recio-Pinto, E; Rosenberg, A; Xu, F; Zhang, J, 2009)	0.35
" Here, we review the clinical profile of dasatinib in imatinib-resistant and -intolerant patients and share clinical approaches for managing adverse events (AEs) to ensure maximum patient benefit."	( New dosing schedules of dasatinib for CML and adverse event management. Wong, SF, 2009)	0.35
" Overall adverse event rates (including cardiovascular adverse event rates), adjusted for 10-fold greater febuxostat than allopurinol exposure, did not differ significantly among treatment groups."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of successful longterm urate lowering with febuxostat or allopurinol in subjects with gout. Becker, MA; Lademacher, C; Lloyd, E; MacDonald, PA; Schumacher, HR, 2009)	0.35
" Moreover, D-ribosylated Tau aggregates were highly toxic to SHSY5Y cells and resulted in both apoptosis and necrosis."	( D-Ribosylated Tau forms globular aggregates with high cytotoxicity. Chen, L; He, R; Wang, X; Wei, Y, 2009)	0.35
" While this process could occur at the expense of NO production, NO alone does play a toxic role, with its production leading to the formation of the toxicant peroxynitrite."	( Nitric oxide-mediated toxicity in paraquat-exposed SH-SY5Y cells: a protective role of 7-nitroindazole. Bravo-San Pedro, JM; Fuentes, JM; González-Polo, RA; Morán, JM; Niso-Santano, M; Ortiz-Ortiz, MA; Soler, G, 2009)	0.35
"MTT assay results indicated that CdS QDs are more toxic than microsized CdS especially at concentrations below 40 microg/ml."	( Intracellular oxidative stress and cadmium ions release induce cytotoxicity of unmodified cadmium sulfide quantum dots. Bai, SS; Chen, JT; Li, J; Li, KG; Song, SY; Wang, YQ; Wen, X; Yu, Q, 2009)	0.35
" The toxic effects of four dilutions of Persica and CHX mouthwashes on KB, Saos-2, J744 A1, and gingival fibroblast cells were evaluated by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay."	( Cytotoxicity evaluation of Persica mouthwash on cultured human and mouse cell lines in the presence and absence of fetal calf serum. Mohammadi, M; Mozaffari, B; Rajabalian, S, )	0.13
"Our results indicate that both Persica and CHX mouthwashes are toxic to macrophage, epithelial, fibroblast, and osteoblast cells in a concentration-dependent manner."	( Cytotoxicity evaluation of Persica mouthwash on cultured human and mouse cell lines in the presence and absence of fetal calf serum. Mohammadi, M; Mozaffari, B; Rajabalian, S, )	0.13
" Safety evaluations included adverse event monitoring, electrocardiography, and standard laboratory assessments."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of ziprasidone in subpopulations of patients with bipolar mania. Horne, RL; Keck, PE; Loebel, AD; Versiani, M; Warrington, L, 2009)	0.35
"Almost all adverse events (98%) were mild to moderate in severity."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of ziprasidone in subpopulations of patients with bipolar mania. Horne, RL; Keck, PE; Loebel, AD; Versiani, M; Warrington, L, 2009)	0.35
" Formaldehyde was found to be the compound most toxic to mES cells compared to benzene homologues."	( An effort to test the embryotoxicity of benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde to murine embryonic stem cells using airborne exposure technique. Shen, S; Yuan, L; Zeng, S, 2009)	0.35
" Taken together, these data suggest that by restraining Abeta(1-42) toxic tri/tetrameric oligomers, DHA may limit amyloidogenic neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease."	( Mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid-induced inhibition of in vitro Abeta1-42 fibrillation and Abeta1-42-induced toxicity in SH-S5Y5 cells. Hashimoto, M; Hossain, S; Katakura, M; Miwa, K; Shido, O; Shimada, T, 2009)	0.35
"This study for the first time, clearly demonstrated the significantly less toxic effect of MA at a comparable dose of EDTA, suggesting its potential for use as root canal irrigant."	( A comparative in vitro evaluation of cytotoxic effects of EDTA and maleic acid: root canal irrigants. Ballal, NV; Bhat, S; Kundabala, M; Rao, BS; Rao, N, 2009)	0.35
" The highest body burden has been found in toddlers and infants, due to their exposure through breast milk and house dust, and the current concern for potential adverse health effects of PBDEs relates to their developmental neurotoxicity."	( Low concentrations of the brominated flame retardants BDE-47 and BDE-99 induce synergistic oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells. Alinovi, R; Caglieri, A; Costa, LG; Giordano, G; Goldoni, M; Mutti, A; Pellacani, C; Pinelli, S; Poli, D; Tagliaferri, S, 2010)	0.36
" Silencing of MYST1 reduced acetylation of H4K16 and induced sensitivity to As(III) and to its more toxic metabolite monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) at doses relevant to high environmental human exposures."	( Acetylated H4K16 by MYST1 protects UROtsa cells from arsenic toxicity and is decreased following chronic arsenic exposure. Aleshin, M; Burlingame, A; Chu, F; Jo, WJ; Ren, X; Smith, MT; Vulpe, CD; Wintz, H; Zhang, L, 2009)	0.35
"The data suggest that there is a safe therapeutic window whereby PDT can inactivate endodontic pathogens without affecting host cell viability."	( Endodontic antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: safety assessment in mammalian cell cultures. Battaglino, RA; Fontana, CR; Kent, R; Morse, LR; Pagonis, TC; Soukos, NS; Xu, Y; Young, MJ, 2009)	0.35
"To demonstrate how baseline toxicity can be separated from other more specific modes of toxic action and to address possible pitfals when dealing with hydrophobic substances, the four isothiazol-3-one biocides N-methylisothiazol-3-one (MIT), 5-chloro-N-methylisothiazol-3-one (CIT), N-octylisothiazol-3-one (OIT), and 4,5-dichloro-N-octylisothiazol-3-one (DCOIT) as an example for reactive electrophilic xenobiotics were tested for their cytotoxic effects on the human hepatoblastoma cell line Hep G2, on the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri, and on the limnic green alga Scenedesmus vacuolatus."	( Analyzing cytotoxic effects of selected isothiazol-3-one biocides using the toxic ratio concept and structure-activity relationship considerations. Abdulkarim, S; Arning, J; Böschen, A; Bottin-Weber, U; Jastorff, B; Matzke, M; Nehen, F; Ranke, J; Stolte, S, 2009)	0.35
" The toxic effect of this compound was similar in control cells irrespective of the mtDNA background."	( The background of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup J increases the sensitivity of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy cells to 2,5-hexanedione toxicity. Achilli, A; Barbieri, A; Carelli, V; Ghelli, A; Iommarini, L; Mattioli, S; Pala, M; Porcelli, AM; Rugolo, M; Torroni, A; Vidoni, S; Zanna, C, 2009)	0.35
" Edoxaban is safe and well tolerated with no dose-dependent increases in adverse events."	( Clinical safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban in healthy volunteers. Kojima, M; Kunitada, S; Masumoto, H; Mendell-Harary, J; Ogata, K; Oguma, T; Tachibana, M, 2010)	0.36
" Treatment with antipsychotics in this limited pilot trial did not improve the number of days alive without delirium or coma, nor did it increase adverse outcomes."	( Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for intensive care unit delirium: the MIND randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Bernard, GR; Canonico, AE; Carson, SS; Dittus, RS; Ely, EW; Girard, TD; Meltzer, HY; Pandharipande, PP; Pun, BT; Schmidt, GA; Shintani, AK; Thompson, JL; Wright, PE, 2010)	0.36
" The most common suspected adverse events were nausea, vomiting, rash, diarrhoea, peripheral oedema, anaemia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, pyrexia, neutropenia, asthenia, leucopenia, and abdominal pain, and most were of grades 1-2 severity."	( Safety and activity of masitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Deplanque, G; Hammel, P; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Levy, P; Mitry, E; Mornex, F; Moussy, A; Raymond, E; Rougier, P; Seitz, JF, 2010)	0.36
" Safety assessments included blinded adjudication of each cardiovascular (CV) adverse event (AE) and death."	( The urate-lowering efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of the hyperuricemia of gout: the CONFIRMS trial. Becker, MA; Espinoza, LR; Lademacher, C; Lloyd, E; MacDonald, P; Schumacher, HR; Wells, AF, 2010)	0.36
" CHX had a dose-dependent toxic effect on the MDPC-23 cells."	( Toxicity of chlorhexidine on odontoblast-like cells. Aranha, AM; Costa, CA; Giro, EM; Hebling, J; Lessa, FC; Nogueira, I, )	0.13
"05), while exposure to CHX for 60 s with a 24-h recovery period was the most toxic to the cells (p<0."	( Toxicity of chlorhexidine on odontoblast-like cells. Aranha, AM; Costa, CA; Giro, EM; Hebling, J; Lessa, FC; Nogueira, I, )	0.13
" Ziprasidone, a combined serotonin and dopamine receptor antagonist, is a second-generation antipsychotic agent with a lower incidence of extrapyramidal motor symptoms and prolactin elevation and a safer profile of adverse effects on plasma lipids, glucose levels, and body weight than other antipsychotics."	( Safety of the electroconvulsive therapy-ziprasidone combination. Florakis, A; Markatou, M; Masdrakis, VG; Oulis, P; Tzanoulinos, G, 2010)	0.36
" Although the adverse effects of amorphous silica ENP may be negligible, contamination by bacterium products may enhance the toxic potential of these so-called safe products."	( Endotoxin promotes adverse effects of amorphous silica nanoparticles on lung epithelial cells in vitro. Shi, Y; Wang, F; Wang, H; Yadav, S, 2010)	0.36
"AH Plus root canal sealer was significantly more toxic to L-929 cells than MTA and iRoot SP."	( Ex vivo cytotoxicity of a new calcium silicate-based canal filling material. Li, Z; Peng, B; Zhang, W, 2010)	0.36
" However, most of the toxic mechanisms remain illusive."	( The roles of the thioredoxin system and peroxiredoxins in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion-induced cytotoxicity in rat pheochromocytoma cells. Chen, VT; Huang, CL; Huang, NK; Lee, YC; Liao, WC, 2010)	0.36
" In the LDH-leakage assay, (8 R)-2-[(methacroyl)oxy]eremophil-7(11)-en-12,8-olide (2) was the most toxic eremophilane."	( Differential and stereoselective in vitro cytotoxicity of eremophilane sesquiterpenes of Petasites hybridus rhizomes in rat hepatocytes. Bauer, R; Bodensieck, A; Danesch, U; Gaunitz, F; Gebhardt, R, 2011)	0.37
" Amyloid fibrils formed from IAPP, intermediates generated in the assembly of IAPP amyloid, or both are toxic to β-cells, suggesting that islet amyloid formation may contribute to the pathology of type 2 diabetes."	( The flavanol (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate inhibits amyloid formation by islet amyloid polypeptide, disaggregates amyloid fibrils, and protects cultured cells against IAPP-induced toxicity. Abedini, A; Meng, F; Plesner, A; Raleigh, DP; Verchere, CB, 2010)	0.36
"5, and 5mg/kg/day) administration caused no observable adverse effects."	( Two models for weight gain and hyperphagia as side effects of atypical antipsychotics in male rats: validation with olanzapine and ziprasidone. Harada, K; Irie, M; Kayama, Y; Kondo, Y; Matsuoka, N; Mihara, T; Ni, K; Shobo, M; Yamada, H, 2011)	0.37
" Although these agents are normally safe and effective, they can cause side effects that lead to intolerance and necessitate switching to an alternative treatment."	( Management of adverse events associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Deininger, M; Hochhaus, A; Jabbour, E, 2011)	0.37
" In clinical trials of dasatinib, the adverse events that arise during therapy are mostly mild to moderate in severity and are usually reversible and manageable with appropriate intervention."	( Dasatinib, a multikinase inhibitor: therapy, safety, and appropriate management of adverse events. Shayani, S, 2010)	0.36
"5 mg meloxicam is a safe alternative for ASA/NSAID-intolerant UR/AE patients."	( Safety of meloxicam in patients with aspirin/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced urticaria and angioedema. Aydin, O; Bavbek, S; Demirel, YS; Göksel, O; Misirligil, Z, 2010)	0.36
" The results of the present study suggests that immunization with non-toxic Abeta derivative may offer a safer therapeutic approach to AD, instead of using toxic Abeta fibrils."	( I32E and V36K double mutation in beta2-sheet abrogates amyloid beta peptide toxicity. Bandopadhyay, D; Mishra, PK; Subramanian, S, 2010)	0.36
" The most common adverse events in the clinical trials were somnolence (broadly defined), akathisia, nausea, parkinsonism and agitation."	( Lurasidone for schizophrenia: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved second-generation antipsychotic. Citrome, L, 2011)	0.37
" Doses above 80 mg/day do not appear to confer added benefit and may be associated with a dose-related increase in certain adverse reactions."	( Lurasidone for schizophrenia: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved second-generation antipsychotic. Citrome, L, 2011)	0.37
" Secondary endpoints included thromboembolic events, biomarkers of thrombus formation and all adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety of edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, in Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Chen, SA; Chung, N; Chung, WS; Jeon, HK; Lai, WT; Lee, TH; Lien, LM; Tse, HF, 2011)	0.37
" However, long-term adverse effects are not yet completely investigated."	( Mirabegron: a safety review. Chancellor, M; Tyagi, P; Tyagi, V, 2011)	0.37
" The most commonly reported toxic effects of mirabegron are gastrointestinal adverse events and headache."	( Mirabegron: a safety review. Chancellor, M; Tyagi, P; Tyagi, V, 2011)	0.37
"There is still a clinical need for a well-tolerated and safe iron chelator for the treatment of transfusional iron overload."	( A phase 1 dose-escalation study: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of FBS0701, a novel oral iron chelator for the treatment of transfusional iron overload. Chirnomas, D; Harmatz, P; Kramer, W; Kwiatkowski, JL; Neufeld, EJ; Porter, JB; Rienhoff, HY; Tapper, A; Tay, L; Vichinsky, E; Viprakasit, V, 2011)	0.37
" There were no serious adverse events associated with the drug."	( A phase 1 dose-escalation study: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of FBS0701, a novel oral iron chelator for the treatment of transfusional iron overload. Chirnomas, D; Harmatz, P; Kramer, W; Kwiatkowski, JL; Neufeld, EJ; Porter, JB; Rienhoff, HY; Tapper, A; Tay, L; Vichinsky, E; Viprakasit, V, 2011)	0.37
" Although various surface modifications are being done for making these nonbiodegradable nanoparticles more biocompatible, their toxic potential is still a major concern."	( Concentration-dependent toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles mediated by increased oxidative stress. Abdin, M; Ahmed, FJ; Dinda, AK; Maitra, A; Naqvi, S; Prashant, C; Samim, M, 2010)	0.36
" Therefore, we concluded that the imaging agent is a safe and stable probe which remains in the large intestine without systemic exposure."	( A potential of peanut agglutinin-immobilized fluorescent nanospheres as a safe candidate of diagnostic drugs for colonoscopy. Gore, JC; Higashino, H; Hiwatari, K; Kataoka, M; Kimura, R; Kumagai, H; Masaoka, Y; Nakamura, K; Pham, W; Sakuma, S; Tachikawa, H; Yamashita, S; Yano, T, 2011)	0.37
"Nephrotic syndrome, with or without concomitant tubulointerstitial nephritis, is a rare renal adverse effect of NSAIDs."	( Safe administration of celecoxib to a patient with repeated episodes of nephrotic syndrome induced by NSAIDs. Knotek, M; Ljubanovic, D; Mihovilovic, K, 2011)	0.37
"The objective of this study was to determine if healthy cats can tolerate administration of masitinib without clinically relevant adverse effects."	( Safety of masitinib mesylate in healthy cats. Cohen, N; Daly, M; Hermine, O; Moussy, A; Nabity, M; Sheppard, S; Wilson, H, )	0.13
" An increase in serum creatinine concentration and adverse gastrointestinal effects were noted in some cats."	( Safety of masitinib mesylate in healthy cats. Cohen, N; Daly, M; Hermine, O; Moussy, A; Nabity, M; Sheppard, S; Wilson, H, )	0.13
" Moreover, TF abrogates the toxicity of preformed Aβ oligomers and fibrils, indicating that TF and other biflavonoids may also reduce the toxicity of toxic Aβ species."	( Biflavonoids are superior to monoflavonoids in inhibiting amyloid-β toxicity and fibrillogenesis via accumulation of nontoxic oligomer-like structures. Chi, EY; Jin, HG; Park, IS; Sharoar, MG; Shin, SY; Thapa, A; Woo, ER, 2011)	0.37
" Aβ1-42 E22Δ was less toxic than Aβ1-42 wt, but it significantly decreased neurite outgrowth per cell in neuronal primary cultures."	( The Osaka FAD mutation E22Δ leads to the formation of a previously unknown type of amyloid β fibrils and modulates Aβ neurotoxicity. Finder, VH; Glockshuber, R; Nitsch, RM; Ovchinnikova, OY; Vodopivec, I, 2011)	0.37
"The scanning process was feasible and acceptable with no adverse events or safety concerns."	( Using positron emission tomography and Carbon 11-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B to image Brain Fibrillar β-amyloid in adults with down syndrome: safety, acceptability, and feasibility. Aigbirhio, FI; Baron, JC; Canales, R; D'Abrera, JC; Fryer, TD; Holland, AJ; Hong, YT; Landt, J; Menon, DK; Zaman, SH, 2011)	0.37
" Safety measures included adverse event (AE) reporting and administration of the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)."	( Switching from quetiapine to ziprasidone: a sixteen-week, open-label, multicenter study evaluating the effectiveness and safety of ziprasidone in outpatient subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Bachinsky, M; Cavus, I; Chappell, P; Glue, P; Karayal, ON; Kolluri, S; Stewart, M, 2011)	0.37
"To compare the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release (SR) buprenorphine following SC administration and buprenorphine following oral transmucosal (OTM) administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy."	( Comparison of the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride following subcutaneous administration and buprenorphine hydrochloride following oral transmucosal administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Catbagan, DL; Mama, KR; Mich, PM; Quimby, JM; Rychel, JK, 2011)	0.37
"In cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy, SC administration of a preoperative dose of SR buprenorphine appeared to have comparable efficacy and adverse effect profile as that of twice-daily OTM administration of buprenorphine before and after surgery."	( Comparison of the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride following subcutaneous administration and buprenorphine hydrochloride following oral transmucosal administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Catbagan, DL; Mama, KR; Mich, PM; Quimby, JM; Rychel, JK, 2011)	0.37
" However, there are concerns regarding the initiation of possible NP-mediated adverse events in AD, thus demanding the use of precisely assembled nanoconstructs from biocompatible materials."	( Nanotechnologies for Alzheimer's disease: diagnosis, therapy, and safety issues. Andrieux, K; Brambilla, D; Couvreur, P; Hashemi, SH; Le Droumaguet, B; Moghimi, SM; Nicolas, J; Wu, LP, 2011)	0.37
" Dasatinib was well-tolerated, with only 6 patients (13%) with drug-related grade 3-4 adverse events and 3 (6%) with grade 3 adverse events."	( Once-daily dasatinib: expansion of phase II study evaluating safety and efficacy of dasatinib in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Carducci, MA; Culine, S; Fizazi, K; Gross, ME; Hudes, G; Massard, C; Paliwal, P; Posadas, EM; Sternberg, CN; Trudel, GC; Wilding, G; Yu, EY, 2011)	0.37
" Thus, the vascular endothelium can be in contact with them and can suffer from their toxic effects."	( Influence of carboxylic acid functionalization on the cytotoxic effects induced by single wall carbon nanotubes on human endothelial cells (HUVEC). Cameán, AM; Grilo, A; Gutiérrez-Praena, D; Jos, A; Pichardo, S; Sánchez, E, 2011)	0.37
" Dasatinib, at the recommended dose of 100mg/day, is effective and safe also in unselected elderly subjects."	( Dasatinib is safe and effective in unselected chronic myeloid leukaemia elderly patients resistant/intolerant to imatinib. Abruzzese, E; Alimena, G; Annunziata, M; Binotto, G; Breccia, M; Castagnetti, F; Cavazzini, F; Crisà, E; Fava, C; Feo, C; Gozzini, A; Latagliata, R; Luciano, L; Montefusco, E; Musto, P; Occhini, U; Pregno, P; Rossi, AR; Rosti, G; Santini, V; Sorà, F; Stagno, F; Tiribelli, M; Ulisciani, S; Vigneri, P, 2011)	0.37
" Allopurinol is efficacious and safe in most patients, but intolerance is estimated to occur in up to 10% of treated patients."	( Safety and efficacy of febuxostat treatment in subjects with gout and severe allopurinol adverse reactions. Chohan, S, 2011)	0.37
"The results of this study indicated that cell viability recorded by the 45S5 bioglass paste group did not differ significantly from those of the Caviton, glass ionomer or superseal, moreover pulpal cells microscopic analysis revealed that 45S5 bioglass elicited minimal toxic effect."	( Cytotoxicity of 45S5 bioglass paste used for dentine hypersensitivity treatment. Bakry, AS; Kasugai, S; Ohya, K; Otsuki, M; Tagami, J; Tamura, Y, 2011)	0.37
" SB-649868 was well tolerated at all doses in this study population, with mechanism-related adverse events (e."	( Phase I studies on the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SB-649868, a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist. Alexander, R; Bettica, P; Gomeni, R; Nucci, G; Pyke, C; Ratti, E; Squassante, L; Zamuner, S, 2012)	0.38
" In H2O2 plus quercetin co-treated groups, both 75 and 100 μM quercetin attenuated toxic effect of H2O2 by 15%."	( Quercetin both partially attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity and decreases viability of rat glial cells. Durmaz, R; Kabadere, S; Oztopcu-Vatan, P; Uyar, R, 2011)	0.37
" However, little is known about the toxic effect of BQ components on endothelial cells that play important roles for angiogenesis, carcinogenesis, tissue fibrosis, and cardiovascular diseases."	( Arecoline induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity to human endothelial cells. Chang, JZ; Chang, MC; Chi, LY; Hsu, ML; Jeng, JH; Su, CY; Tseng, SK; Tseng, WY; Yeung, SY, 2012)	0.38
" In order to promote the safe development of nanotechnology, it is essential to assess the potential adverse health consequences associated with human exposure."	( A study of the mechanism of in vitro cytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles using catfish primary hepatocytes and human HepG2 cells. Aker, WG; Hwang, HM; Tchounwou, PB; Wang, Y; Yedjou, CG; Yu, H, 2011)	0.37
"7%); the proportion who discontinued due to adverse events was similar (10."	( Double-blind comparison of the safety and efficacy of lurasidone and ziprasidone in clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Cucchiaro, J; Loebel, A; Ogasa, M; Potkin, SG, 2011)	0.37
" The incidence rate of adverse drug reactions was 11."	( A long-term study of acotiamide in patients with functional dyspepsia: results from an open-label phase III trial in Japan on efficacy, safety and pattern of administration. Akiho, H; Hongo, M; Matsueda, K; Ushijima, S, 2011)	0.37
" The validation of sensitive, alternative methods for the early identification of toxic effects is as important as restrictions on the use of animals."	( A comparison of BGM and LLC-PK1 cells for the evaluation of nephrotoxicity. Dutra, EC; García-Fernández, AJ; Hernández-García, A; Martínez-López, E; Romero, D; Tagliati, CA, 2012)	0.38
" The presence of propolis with TCDD modulated its toxic effects on primary hepatocytes cultures."	( Propolis protects against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced toxicity in rat hepatocytes. Geyikoglu, F; Türkez, H; Yousef, MI, 2012)	0.38
" Their ability to hinder the toxic effect of Aβ(25-35) in vivo was studied by monitoring the viability of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and the prevention of superoxide anion radical release from BV2 microglial cells."	( Inhibition of amyloid peptide fragment Aβ25-35 fibrillogenesis and toxicity by N-terminal β-amino acid-containing esapeptides: is taurine moiety essential for in vivo effects? Chiaraluce, R; Consalvi, V; Giordano, C; Masci, A; Masi, A; Mosca, L; Pasquo, A; Sansone, A, 2012)	0.38
" Rates of adverse events (AEs) were low."	( Women with gout: efficacy and safety of urate-lowering with febuxostat and allopurinol. Becker, MA; Chefo, S; Chohan, S; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA, 2012)	0.38
"Results obtained after 48 hours showed no toxic effect of titanium compared to control group."	( In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of permanent prosthetic materials. Bukelskiene, V; Juciute, R; Puriene, A; Rutkunas, V; Sabaliauskas, V; Trumpaite-Vanagiene, R, 2011)	0.37
" Regulatory health risk assessment of such particles has become mandatory for the safe use of nanomaterials in consumer products and medicines; including the potential effects on reproduction and fertility, are relevant for this risk evaluation."	( Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles in testicular cells. Asare, N; Brunborg, G; Instanes, C; Kruszewski, M; Refsnes, M; Sandberg, WJ; Schwarze, P, 2012)	0.38
" These data suggest a mechanism of action for Mel, inhibition of assembly of toxic polymers and protection of neurons from their effect."	( Effect of melatonin on α-synuclein self-assembly and cytotoxicity. Ikeda, T; Mochizuki, H; Nihira, T; Ono, K; Takasaki, J; Teplow, DB; Yamada, M, 2012)	0.38
"The acetogenin, annonacin, from the tropical annonaceous plant Annona muricata, is a lipophilic, mitochondrial complex I inhibitor reported to be more toxic than rotenone to mesencephalic neurons."	( Annonacin in Asimina triloba fruit: implication for neurotoxicity. Champy, P; Hetman, M; Litvan, I; Luzzio, FA; Potts, LF; Smith, SC, 2012)	0.38
"Pawpaw fruit contains a high concentration of annonacin, which is toxic to cortical neurons."	( Annonacin in Asimina triloba fruit: implication for neurotoxicity. Champy, P; Hetman, M; Litvan, I; Luzzio, FA; Potts, LF; Smith, SC, 2012)	0.38
"Despite an increasing incidence of gout in older age patients with multiple metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities, there are limited data addressing whether currently available urate-lowering therapy is comparably effective and safe in older (≥65 years of age) versus younger (<65 years of age) patients."	( Treating hyperuricemia of gout: safety and efficacy of febuxostat and allopurinol in older versus younger subjects. Becker, MA; Gunawardhana, L; Hunt, B; MacDonald, PA, 2011)	0.37
" In this study we compared the effects of CB1 and CB2 receptor-selective ligands, the endocannabinoid anandamide and the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol, against oxidative stress and the toxic hallmark Alzheimer's protein, β-amyloid (Aβ) in neuronal cell lines."	( Contrasting protective effects of cannabinoids against oxidative stress and amyloid-β evoked neurotoxicity in vitro. Harvey, BS; Mååg, JL; Musgrave, IF; Ohlsson, KS; Smid, SD, 2012)	0.38
" There were no drug-related serious adverse events."	( A phase 2 study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacodynamics of FBS0701, a novel oral iron chelator, in transfusional iron overload. Aydinok, Y; Forni, GL; Galanello, R; Grace, RF; Harmatz, P; Jones, A; Neufeld, EJ; Peppe, J; Piga, A; Porter, JB; Rienhoff, HY; Shah, FT; Viprakasit, V; Wood, JC, 2012)	0.38
"The increasing use of nanomaterials in consumer products highlights the importance of understanding their potential toxic effects."	( Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells. Bellucci, S; Buresti, G; Casciardi, S; Cavallo, D; Ciervo, A; Fanizza, C; Fresegna, AM; Iavicoli, S; Maiello, R; Marcelloni, AM; Paba, E; Tombolini, F; Ursini, CL, 2012)	0.38
" In this study, we evaluated the toxic effects of three of our most effective 2-aminoimidazole compounds (dihydrosventrin, RA, and SPAR) using a rapid pipeline that combines a series of assays."	( Evaluation of the toxicity of 2-aminoimidazole antibiofilm agents using both cellular and model organism systems. Cavanagh, J; Mathies, LD; Melander, C; Piper, A; Richards, JJ; Rogers, SA; Stowe, SD; Thompson, R; Tucker, AT, 2012)	0.38
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( African American patients with gout: efficacy and safety of febuxostat vs allopurinol. Chefo, S; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA; Wells, AF, 2012)	0.38
" GSH is also an important indicator of detoxification processes and the redox status of cells and due to its protective role, depletion of GSH ultimately leads to adverse effects."	( In vitro bioassay for reactive toxicity towards proteins implemented for water quality monitoring. Escher, BI; Glenn, E; Tang, JY; Thoen, H, 2012)	0.38
" Workup demonstrated pleuropericardial effusion that turned out to be a side effect of this new investigational drug."	( New drugs in medical oncology: new difficulties to distinguish drug-induced side effects from cancer complications: a case-report. Baurain, JF; Humblet, Y; Machiels, JP; Mano, M; Mazzeo, F; Seront, E; Sterckx, M, )	0.13
" Yet, THF showed an intermediate cytotoxicity when compared with the other solvents, being less toxic than phosphate monomer and similar to 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate."	( Tetrahydrofuran as solvent in dental adhesives: cytotoxicity and dentin bond stability. de Carvalho, RV; de Moraes, RR; Fernández, MR; Fontes, ST; Ogliari, FA; Pinto, MB; Piva, E, 2013)	0.39
"It is difficult task to measure precisely the toxic effect of beta-amyloid (Aβ 1-42) peptides and also the protective effect of novel drug candidates against Aβ-peptides."	( A novel method for the rapid determination of beta-amyloid toxicity on acute hippocampal slices using MTT and LDH assays. Datki, Z; Hunya, A; Mozes, E; Penke, B; Posa, A, 2012)	0.38
" Outcome measures included adverse events (AEs), vital signs, ECG, and laboratory tests."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of lurasidone in schizophrenia: a 12-month, double-blind, active-controlled study. Citrome, L; Cucchiaro, J; Loebel, A; Phillips, D; Sarma, K; Silva, R; Tsuchiya, S, 2012)	0.38
" Conversely, known activators of autophagy, such as lithium and rapamycin, displayed neuroprotection against this toxic compound."	( Role of autophagy inhibitors and inducers in modulating the toxicity of trimethyltin in neuronal cell cultures. Biagioni, F; Fabrizi, C; Fornai, F; Fumagalli, L; Lenzi, P; Pompili, E; Somma, F, 2012)	0.38
" The toxic β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates that form in AD can induce the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and proinflammatory cytokines."	( A multifunctional peptide rescues memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice by inhibiting Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity and increasing microglial phagocytosis. Liu, RT; Wang, L; Wang, SW; Wang, YJ; Xue, D; Yang, Y; Zhang, R; Zhao, M; Zhao, Y, 2012)	0.38
" To assess safety, we measured drug-related adverse events, weight, lipid variables, prolactin, and corrected QT (QTc) interval."	( Efficacy and safety of ziprasidone in the treatment of first-episode psychosis: an 8-week, open-label, multicenter trial. Chung, YC; Huang, GB; Kim, MG; Lee, KH; Park, TW; Yang, JC; Zhao, T, 2012)	0.38
" Overall, the present study shows that the administration of ME ameliorates the antioxidant status as well as protects against the toxic effects of ethanol in rats, thereby suggesting its use as an effective botanical supplement for hepatoprotection."	( Amelioration of alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats by Acorus calamus. Ilaiyaraja, N; Khanum, F, 2011)	0.37
"0 mg/dL at the final visit, overall and by renal function status, percent change in sUA from baseline to final visit, flare rates, and rates of adverse events (AEs)."	( The efficacy and safety of febuxostat for urate lowering in gout patients ≥65 years of age. Hunt, B; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA, 2012)	0.38
" Furthermore, carboplatin provokes a significant GBM cell kill at concentrations that are not toxic to normal brain."	( An evaluation of the safety and feasibility of convection-enhanced delivery of carboplatin into the white matter as a potential treatment for high-grade glioma. Bienemann, A; Castrique, E; Cox, A; Gill, S; McLeod, C; Pugh, J; Taylor, H; White, E; Wyatt, M, 2012)	0.38
" The missing links on the pathway to Aβ oligomerization, fibril formation, and neurotoxicity in AD remain the identity of the toxic Aβ species and mechanism(s) of their toxicity."	( Establishing the links between Aβ aggregation and cytotoxicity in vitro using biophysical approaches. Jan, A; Lashuel, HA, 2012)	0.38
" Nominal concentrations were verified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and methods were assessed for their suitability to detect reliably adverse effects due to particle exposure."	( Effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles to fish and mammalian cell lines: An assessment of cytotoxicity and methodology. Conde, E; Fernández, M; Fernández-Cruz, ML; Flores, JC; Navas, JM; Ramírez-Fernández, MB; Rosenkranz, P, 2012)	0.38
" Besides, we found that curcumin is able not only to inhibit the formation of Al(III)-induced Aβ₄₂ fibrillation, but also to form the Al(III)-curcumin complexes which in turn can remold the preformed, mature, ordered Aβ₄₂ fibrils into the low toxic amorphous aggregates."	( Inhibitory effect of curcumin on the Al(III)-induced Aβ₄₂ aggregation and neurotoxicity in vitro. Jiang, T; Pan, LF; Zhang, YH; Zhi, XL; Zhou, P, 2012)	0.38
"001), whereas none of three was toxic to L929 cells (p > 0."	( Cytotoxic effects of denture adhesives on primary human oral keratinocytes, fibroblasts and permanent L929 cell lines. Chen, F; Cheng, X; Wu, T, 2014)	0.4
"Denture adhesives are toxic to the primary HOKs and HOFs cultures, whereas non-toxic to L929 cells."	( Cytotoxic effects of denture adhesives on primary human oral keratinocytes, fibroblasts and permanent L929 cell lines. Chen, F; Cheng, X; Wu, T, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events were assessed and graded before treatment and four times after treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide, albendazole, and nitazoxanide-albendazole against Trichuris trichiura infection: a randomized controlled trial. Albonico, M; Ali, SM; Alles, R; Ame, SM; Hattendorf, J; Keiser, J; Speich, B; Utzinger, J, 2012)	0.38
" Children receiving nitazoxanide had significantly more adverse events compared to placebo recipients."	( Efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide, albendazole, and nitazoxanide-albendazole against Trichuris trichiura infection: a randomized controlled trial. Albonico, M; Ali, SM; Alles, R; Ame, SM; Hattendorf, J; Keiser, J; Speich, B; Utzinger, J, 2012)	0.38
" Cell growth was analyzed with an inverted light microscope, photomicrographs were obtained, and the results were recorded as response rates based on modifications of the parameters of Stanford according to the size of diffusion halo of toxic substances."	( Cytotoxicity of esthetic, metallic, and nickel-free orthodontic brackets: cellular behavior and viability. De Menezes, LM; Freitas, MP; Luz, TB; Machado, DC; Marinowic, DR; Oshima, HM; Retamoso, LB, 2012)	0.38
" Higher doses were associated with dose-dependent adverse effects typical of class of drugs."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of single and multiple oral doses of meloxicam in adult horses. Boston, R; Edwards, S; Lievaart, J; Noble, G; Pippia, J; Raidal, SL, )	0.13
" In this context, newer SGAs were developed to further improve the adverse effect burden of available agents."	( Body weight and metabolic adverse effects of asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone and paliperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. Correll, CU; De Hert, M; Detraux, J; Sweers, K; van Winkel, R; Yu, W, 2012)	0.38
" Edoxaban 60 mg administered 24 h post-warfarin appeared to be safe and well tolerated."	( A randomized trial of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, following a switch from warfarin. Mendell, J; Noveck, RJ; Shi, M, 2013)	0.39
"In this study of healthy subjects, edoxaban administered 24 h after the last dose of warfarin was safe and well tolerated with transient increases across the various coagulation assays above post-warfarin baseline levels."	( A randomized trial of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, following a switch from warfarin. Mendell, J; Noveck, RJ; Shi, M, 2013)	0.39
" Thiamethoxam was much less toxic than insecticides previously tested."	( Toxicity of thiamethoxam and mixtures of chlorantraniliprole plus acetamiprid, esfenvalerate, or thiamethoxam to neonates of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Jones, MM; Robertson, JL; Weinzierl, RA, 2012)	0.38
" There were no deaths, no serious adverse events, and no subject withdrawals due to an adverse event."	( A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single- and multiple-ascending oral dose study to assess the safety and tolerability of LFF571 in healthy volunteers. Grunenberg, N; Leeds, JA; Pertel, P; Praestgaard, J; Ting, LS; Yang, JC, 2012)	0.38
" The cytotoxicity test of serial phenol dilution by bovine dentin disc was done to determine a standard toxic material, and the test of this proper phenol by using various millipore combinations was performed to find the suitable dentin substitute."	( Cytotoxicity test of dentin bonding agents using millipore filters as dentin substitutes in a dentin barrier test. Kim, KM; Kim, KN; Kim, MJ; Lee, YK, 2013)	0.39
"05 % was selected as the standard toxic material."	( Cytotoxicity test of dentin bonding agents using millipore filters as dentin substitutes in a dentin barrier test. Kim, KM; Kim, KN; Kim, MJ; Lee, YK, 2013)	0.39
" We previously identified the toxic conformer of Aβ42 with a turn at positions 22 and 23 ("toxic turn") by solid-state NMR and demonstrated that a monoclonal antibody (11A1) against the toxic turn in Aβ42 mainly detected the oligomer in the brains of AD patients."	( Toxicity in rat primary neurons through the cellular oxidative stress induced by the turn formation at positions 22 and 23 of Aβ42. Akaike, A; Irie, K; Izumi, Y; Izuo, N; Kume, T; Murakami, K; Sato, M, 2012)	0.38
"COX-2 inhibitors are safe alternatives in patients with cross-reactive non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) hypersensitivity."	( Are drug provocation tests still necessary to test the safety of COX-2 inhibitors in patients with cross-reactive NSAID hypersensitivity? Aydın, Ö; Çelik, GE; Demirel, YS; Erkekol, FÖ; Mısırlıgil, Z, )	0.13
"This study included the retrospective analysis of cases with cross-reactive NSAID hypersensitivity who underwent DPTs with COX-2 inhibitors in order to find safe alternatives."	( Are drug provocation tests still necessary to test the safety of COX-2 inhibitors in patients with cross-reactive NSAID hypersensitivity? Aydın, Ö; Çelik, GE; Demirel, YS; Erkekol, FÖ; Mısırlıgil, Z, )	0.13
"Our results suggest to follow the traditional DPT method to introduce COX-2 inhibitors for finding safe alternatives in all patients with cross-reactive NSAID hypersensitivity before prescription as uncertainty of any predictive factor for a positive response continues."	( Are drug provocation tests still necessary to test the safety of COX-2 inhibitors in patients with cross-reactive NSAID hypersensitivity? Aydın, Ö; Çelik, GE; Demirel, YS; Erkekol, FÖ; Mısırlıgil, Z, )	0.13
" coli against the toxic effects of pyochelin by reducing ROS."	( Catecholate siderophores protect bacteria from pyochelin toxicity. Adler, C; Clardy, J; Corbalán, NS; de Cristóbal, RE; Kolter, R; Pomares, MF; Seyedsayamdost, MR; Vincent, PA, 2012)	0.38
"Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are used for their biocide potential however they were also shown to be highly toxic to mammalian cells."	( Genotoxic effects of copper oxide nanoparticles in Neuro 2A cell cultures. de Oliveira Franco Rossetto, AL; Gerson Matias, W; Henning da Costa, C; Pedroso Melegari, S; Perreault, F; Popovic, R, 2012)	0.38
" Even with a short environmental half-life, this compound can cause toxic effects on marine organisms."	( Preliminary evaluation of the toxic effects of the antifouling biocide Sea-Nine 211™ in the soft coral Sarcophyton cf. glaucum (Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) based on PAM fluorometry and biomarkers. Calado, R; Cima, F; Ferrari, G; Ferreira, NG; Loureiro, S; Rocha, RJ; Serôdio, J, 2013)	0.39
" MIP-2γ overexpression in astrocytes enhanced the neuronal toxicity of glutamate by decreasing GLT-1 activity, but MIP-2γ itself was not toxic to neurons."	( The chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2γ, reduces the expression of glutamate transporter-1 on astrocytes and increases neuronal sensitivity to glutamate excitotoxicity. Fang, J; Han, D; Hong, J; Tan, Q; Tian, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Rat and dog area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) exposures to M1 at preclinical no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) doses were 2-42-fold higher than human, indicating M1 was not a disproportionate metabolite, as defined by International Committee on Harmonization (ICH) M3(R2) guidance."	( Activity-based exposure comparisons among humans and nonclinical safety testing species in an extensively metabolized drug candidate. Akrami, A; Deane, MR; Emery, MG; Hickman, D; Skiles, GL; Slatter, JG; Subramanian, R; Zhang, X; Zhu, X, 2013)	0.39
"Ziprasidone appeared well tolerated; most adverse events were of mild or moderate severity."	( Long-term safety of ziprasidone in schizophrenic patients: an open trial. Piazzi, G; Sciarretta, A, 2012)	0.38
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), most mild to moderate in severity, included headache (13."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of iloperidone: results from a 25-week, open-label extension trial. Cutler, AJ; Kalali, AH; Kunovac, J; Mattingly, GW; Meng, X, 2013)	0.39
" Preventing the initial aggregation event of IAPP is one strategy for slowing, and possibly preventing, the toxic effects of IAPP oligomeric intermediates."	( IAPP aggregation and cellular toxicity are inhibited by 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. Bruno, E; Kao, PY; Moffet, DA; Nogaj, LA; Pereira, C; Roman, KP; Takiguchi, M, 2013)	0.39
" However, no post-marketing data analysis has investigated these drug-associated adverse event reports."	( Cardiovascular thromboembolic events associated with febuxostat: investigation of cases from the FDA adverse event reporting system database. Bottorff, MB; Gandhi, PK; Gentry, WM, 2013)	0.39
"Reports listing uloric and febuxostat as the suspect drug and cardiovascular thromboembolic events (combined in a single term based on adverse event reports of myocardial infarction, stroke, among others) as the adverse event were extracted from the drug's approval date through the fourth quarter of 2011."	( Cardiovascular thromboembolic events associated with febuxostat: investigation of cases from the FDA adverse event reporting system database. Bottorff, MB; Gandhi, PK; Gentry, WM, 2013)	0.39
" AERS is not capable of establishing the causal link and detecting the true frequency of an adverse event associated with a drug."	( Cardiovascular thromboembolic events associated with febuxostat: investigation of cases from the FDA adverse event reporting system database. Bottorff, MB; Gandhi, PK; Gentry, WM, 2013)	0.39
" The hematologic/cytogenetic response, progression-free-survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and adverse effects (AE) of the pts were assessed."	( [Study on efficiency and safety of dasatinib in Chinese patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia who are resistant or intolerant to imatinib]. Hu, JD; Huang, XJ; Jin, J; Li, JY; Liu, T; Meng, FY; Shen, ZX; Wang, JM; Wang, JX; Wu, DP, 2012)	0.38
" Most common adverse events (AE) were any grade nausea (58%), hand-foot syndrome (44%), diarrhea (33%), fatigue (33%), vomiting (31%), and asthenia (31%)."	( Dasatinib plus capecitabine for advanced breast cancer: safety and efficacy in phase I study CA180004. Atzori, F; Cortes, J; Geese, WJ; Gradishar, WJ; Rybicki, A; Somlo, G; Specht, JM; Strauss, LC; Sy, O; Vahdat, LT, 2013)	0.39
"Lurasidone 80 mg and 160 mg doses administered once-daily in the evening, were safe and effective treatments for subjects with acute schizophrenia, with increased response rates observed at the higher dose."	( Efficacy and safety of lurasidone 80 mg/day and 160 mg/day in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled trial. Cucchiaro, J; Hsu, C; Kalali, AH; Loebel, A; Pikalov, A; Potkin, SG; Sarma, K; Xu, L, 2013)	0.39
"The pharmacokinetics of meloxicam will be different in foals compared with adult horses, and foals could be at increased risk for adverse drug effects."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of oral administration of meloxicam to foals. Boston, R; Edwards, S; Noble, GK; Pippia, J; Raidal, SL, )	0.13
" In contrast to findings for other NSAIDs, foals appeared more resilient to the adverse effects of this drug than was observed in adult horses."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of oral administration of meloxicam to foals. Boston, R; Edwards, S; Noble, GK; Pippia, J; Raidal, SL, )	0.13
" Based on publically available data for product formulations and our results, we were able to establish that cleaning products and sunscreens likely contain BIT at concentrations similar to or less than our calculated maximal safe concentrations and that exposures are unlikely to induce skin sensitization in most users."	( Estimation of the safe use concentrations of the preservative 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) in consumer cleaning products and sunscreens. Keenan, JJ; Nelson, ML; Novick, RM; Paustenbach, DJ; Unice, KM, 2013)	0.39
"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an effective and common treatment for chronic pain disorders, but long-term use is associated with risk of potentially life-threatening gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety and efficacy of long-term esomeprazole 20 mg in Japanese patients with a history of peptic ulcer receiving daily non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Kinoshita, Y; Miwa, H; Sugano, K; Takeuchi, T, 2013)	0.39
" This review discusses the potential impact of treatment-, patient-, and disease-related characteristics on the emergence of adverse events during TKI therapy, with a focus on the underlying mechanisms believed to be responsible for a number of important adverse events associated with these agents and what implications they may have for treatment choice, particularly in the setting of first-line treatment."	( Treatment-, patient-, and disease-related factors and the emergence of adverse events with tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Irvine, E; Williams, C, 2013)	0.39
" No treatment-emergent adverse event (AE) of glaucoma was reported."	( Randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study to assess the ocular safety of mirabegron in healthy volunteers. Hantsbarger, G; Lewis, RA; Martin, NE; Novack, GD; Rasmussen, S; Sheth, N; Swearingen, D; Vogel, R, 2013)	0.39
"Mirabegron 100 mg orally once daily for 8 weeks of treatment does not increase the IOP, and was generally safe and well tolerated."	( Randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study to assess the ocular safety of mirabegron in healthy volunteers. Hantsbarger, G; Lewis, RA; Martin, NE; Novack, GD; Rasmussen, S; Sheth, N; Swearingen, D; Vogel, R, 2013)	0.39
"This study aimed to examine the risk difference (RD) in the discontinuation due to adverse events, akathisia, overall extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), reported-somnolence, and 7% or greater weight gain between ziprasidone monotherapy and placebo in the acute treatment of bipolar depression (BPD), bipolar mania (BPM), and schizophrenia."	( Risk for adverse events and discontinuation due to adverse events of ziprasidone monotherapy relative to placebo in the acute treatment of bipolar depression, mania, and schizophrenia. Calabrese, JR; Gao, K; Karayal, ON; Kolluri, S; Pappadopulos, E, 2013)	0.39
"The RD in discontinuation due to adverse events or 7% or greater weight gain between ziprasidone and placebo was not significant in all 3 psychiatric conditions."	( Risk for adverse events and discontinuation due to adverse events of ziprasidone monotherapy relative to placebo in the acute treatment of bipolar depression, mania, and schizophrenia. Calabrese, JR; Gao, K; Karayal, ON; Kolluri, S; Pappadopulos, E, 2013)	0.39
"Ziprasidone was associated with significant differential adverse effects relative to placebo in BPM, BPD, and schizophrenia with no significant difference in weight gain in all 3 groups."	( Risk for adverse events and discontinuation due to adverse events of ziprasidone monotherapy relative to placebo in the acute treatment of bipolar depression, mania, and schizophrenia. Calabrese, JR; Gao, K; Karayal, ON; Kolluri, S; Pappadopulos, E, 2013)	0.39
" (2) The drug-related adverse events were mostly grade 1/2 and were well-tolerated."	( [Preliminary comparison of efficacy and safety of dasatinib and imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia]. Hu, JD; Huang, XJ; Shen, ZX; Wang, JX; Zhou, L, 2013)	0.39
"Dasatinib is an effective and safe therapy option and can be used as first-line therapy for newly diagnosed CML-CP patients."	( [Preliminary comparison of efficacy and safety of dasatinib and imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia]. Hu, JD; Huang, XJ; Shen, ZX; Wang, JX; Zhou, L, 2013)	0.39
" The MTT assay and the neutral red assay are more sensitive in detecting the adverse effect to 16HBE cells done by DEP extracts compared to the LDH assay and the protein assay."	( [Comparison of four cytotoxicity assays for determining the acute toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate extracts]. Duan, H; Jia, Q; Li, X; Niu, Y; Wang, X; Zhang, Z; Zheng, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Diabetics and non-diabetics reported self-limiting diarrhoea and URIs as the most common adverse events."	( Diabetes and gout: efficacy and safety of febuxostat and allopurinol. Becker, MA; Hunt, BJ; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA, 2013)	0.39
"Despite higher co-morbidity rates in diabetic patients, febuxostat and allopurinol were safe in both groups at the doses tested."	( Diabetes and gout: efficacy and safety of febuxostat and allopurinol. Becker, MA; Hunt, BJ; Jackson, RL; MacDonald, PA, 2013)	0.39
" The safety analysis included adverse event (AE) reporting, laboratory assessments, ECG, postvoid residual volume and vital signs (blood pressure, pulse rate)."	( Mirabegron for the treatment of overactive bladder: a prespecified pooled efficacy analysis and pooled safety analysis of three randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III studies. Angulo, JC; Blauwet, MB; Cambronero, J; Dorrepaal, C; Herschorn, S; Khullar, V; Martin, NE; Nitti, VW; Siddiqui, E; van Kerrebroeck, P, 2013)	0.39
" The TODAY clinical trial assessed severe adverse events (SAEs) and targeted nonsevere adverse events (AEs) before and after treatment failure, which was the primary outcome (PO)."	( Safety and tolerability of the treatment of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY experience. , 2013)	0.39
"The TODAY study represents extensive experience managing type 2 diabetes in youth and found that the three treatment approaches were generally safe and well tolerated."	( Safety and tolerability of the treatment of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY experience. , 2013)	0.39
" We evaluated adverse events and vital signs."	( Urodynamics and safety of the β₃-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron in males with lower urinary tract symptoms and bladder outlet obstruction. Fakhoury, A; He, W; Martin, NE; Mitcheson, DH; Nitti, VW; Rosenberg, S, 2013)	0.39
" The incidence of adverse events was similar for mirabegron and placebo."	( Urodynamics and safety of the β₃-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron in males with lower urinary tract symptoms and bladder outlet obstruction. Fakhoury, A; He, W; Martin, NE; Mitcheson, DH; Nitti, VW; Rosenberg, S, 2013)	0.39
" These results indicate that the simultaneous presence of low doses of mycotoxins in food commodities and diet may be more toxic than predicted from the mycotoxins alone."	( New insights into mycotoxin mixtures: the toxicity of low doses of Type B trichothecenes on intestinal epithelial cells is synergistic. Abiola, FA; Abrami, R; Alassane-Kpembi, I; Gauthier, T; Kolf-Clauw, M; Oswald, IP; Puel, O, 2013)	0.39
" Statistically significant improvements vs placebo were demonstrated by mirabegron 50 mg in all patient-reported outcome scales with no increase in the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events vs placebo."	( A phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study to assess the efficacy and safety of the β₃ adrenoceptor agonist, mirabegron, in patients with symptoms of overactive bladder. Barkin, J; Castro-Diaz, D; Espuna-Pons, M; Frankel, JM; Gousse, AE; Gunther, A; Herschorn, S; Martin, N; Stölzel, M; Van Kerrebroeck, P, 2013)	0.39
" sylvaticus mushroom has no cytotoxic effects, suggesting its use safe for human consumption."	( Cytotoxicity of Agaricus sylvaticus in non-tumor cells (NIH/3T3) and tumor (OSCC-3) using tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Marques Brito, L; Novaes, MR; Orsine, JV; Santos Almeida, Mde F; Silva, RC, )	0.13
"This meta-analysis indicates that mirabegron to be an effective and safe treatment for OAB symptoms with a low occurrence of side effects."	( The efficacy and safety of mirabegron in treating OAB: a systematic review and meta-analysis of phase III trials. Cui, Y; Yan, H; Yang, C; Zhang, Y; Zong, H, 2014)	0.4
" There was one serious adverse event, which was not considered to be treatment related."	( Safety and efficacy of faldaprevir with pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in Japanese patients with chronic genotype-1 hepatitis C infection. Kuboki, M; Nishiguchi, S; Omata, M; Sakai, Y; Sakamoto, W; Steinmann, G; Tsuda, Y; Tsunematsu, S; Urano, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Safety assessments included weight and body mass index (BMI), adverse events (AEs), vital signs, laboratory measures, electrocardiograms, and movement disorder ratings."	( Efficacy, long-term safety, and tolerability of ziprasidone in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Cavuş, I; DelBello, MP; Findling, RL; Gundapaneni, BK; Pappadopulos, E; Schwartz, JH; Vanderburg, DG, 2013)	0.39
" This report describes the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) spontaneously reported during early postmarketing phase vigilance from the time of its commercial launch in Japan."	( Postmarketing safety experience with edoxaban in Japan for thromboprophylaxis following major orthopedic surgery. Hirayama, C; Hotoda, H; Kuroda, Y; Nishikawa, Y; Nishiwaki, A, 2013)	0.39
" The most common adverse events (AEs) observed with mirabegron in clinical trials of up to 12 months were hypertension, nasopharyngitis, and urinary tract infection."	( Mirabegron in overactive bladder: a review of efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Cardozo, L; Chapple, CR; Michel, MC; Nitti, VW; Siddiqui, E, 2014)	0.4
" These mutations are believed to result in a "gain of toxic function", leading to neuronal degeneration."	( Disulfide scrambling in superoxide dismutase 1 reduces its cytotoxic effect in cultured cells and promotes protein aggregation. Johansson, AS; Leinartaitė, L, 2013)	0.39
"Clinically effective anti-cancer drugs have to tread a narrow line between selective cytotoxicity on tumor cells and tolerable adverse effects against healthy tissues."	( Borrelidin has limited anti-cancer effects in bcl-2 overexpressing breast cancer and leukemia cells and reveals toxicity in non-malignant breast epithelial cells. Brüning, A; Gafiuc, D; Mylonas, I; Weiß, M, 2014)	0.4
" This review included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) studying changes in symptoms (micturition frequency, incontinence, and urgency urinary incontinence [UUI] episodes) and incidence of the most frequently reported adverse events (dry mouth, constipation) associated with current OAB medications."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of medical treatments for the management of overactive bladder: a systematic literature review and mixed treatment comparison. Aballea, S; Desroziers, K; Hakimi, Z; Maman, K; Nazir, J; Neine, ME; Odeyemi, I; Siddiqui, E, 2014)	0.4
"Mirabegron 50 mg had similar efficacy to most antimuscarinics and lower incidence of dry mouth, the most common adverse event reported with antimuscarinics and one of the main causes of discontinuation of treatment."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of medical treatments for the management of overactive bladder: a systematic literature review and mixed treatment comparison. Aballea, S; Desroziers, K; Hakimi, Z; Maman, K; Nazir, J; Neine, ME; Odeyemi, I; Siddiqui, E, 2014)	0.4
" However, the cellular compartment facilitating the conversion of monomeric Aβ to aggregated toxic Aβ species remains unknown."	( Membrane-anchored Aβ accelerates amyloid formation and exacerbates amyloid-associated toxicity in mice. Baumann, F; Bühler, A; Höflinger, P; Jeffrey, M; Jucker, M; McGovern, G; Nagarathinam, A; Schäfer, C; Staufenbiel, M, 2013)	0.39
" Our results suggest that compound 4b, which is composed of a 2-amino-thiazole attached to a decyl group and an ethyl ester moiety, is a particularly safe and effective alternative amoebicidal agent."	( Synthesis of thiazole derivatives and evaluation of their antiamoebic activity and cytotoxicity. Endo, T; Maseda, H; Omasa, T; Shirai, A, 2013)	0.39
" The patients' comorbidities and concomitant medications may contribute to the risk of adverse drug reactions with anti-gout therapies."	( Safety profile of anti-gout agents: an update. Stamp, LK, 2014)	0.4
" Allopurinol and febuxostat have similar adverse effect profiles."	( Safety profile of anti-gout agents: an update. Stamp, LK, 2014)	0.4
"In general, treatments for gout are well tolerated, although clinicians must keep in mind the potential for drug interactions and the contribution of comorbidities to the potential for adverse effects with gout therapies."	( Safety profile of anti-gout agents: an update. Stamp, LK, 2014)	0.4
"The composites of mesostructured iron oxyhydroxide and/or commercial synthetic zeolite were investigated for use in the removal of toxic heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead and arsenic, from aqueous solution."	( Modified composites based on mesostructured iron oxyhydroxide and synthetic minerals: a potential material for the treatment of various toxic heavy metals and its toxicity. An, B; Choi, JW; Chung, SG; Kim, SB; Lee, SH; Ryu, JC; Song, MK, 2014)	0.4
" are toxic and hold a significant genotoxic efficacy at nanomolar concentrations."	( Mycotoxins' activity at toxic and sub-toxic concentrations: differential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of single and combined administration of sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A and citrinin on the hepatocellular cancer cell line Hep3B. Anninou, N; Chatzaki, E; Papachristou, F; Pitiakoudis, M; Simopoulos, C, 2014)	0.4
"This study evaluated the potential adverse effects of butenolide, a promising antifouling compound, using the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), a model fish for marine ecotoxicology."	( Comparative safety of the antifouling compound butenolide and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) to the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Au, DW; Chen, L; Gao, Z; Qian, PY; Xu, Y; Ye, R, 2014)	0.4
"0 mg/dL), estimated glomerular filtration rates in allografts, and adverse events were retrospectively analyzed in the FX, NFX, and NPTHU groups."	( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of hyperuricemia in stable kidney transplant recipients. Hara, T; Hayashida, Y; Inui, M; Kakehi, Y; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishijima, Y; Nishiyama, A; Sofue, T; Ueda, N, 2014)	0.4
" None of the patients in the FX group experienced any severe adverse effects, such as pancytopenia or attacks of gout, throughout the entire study period."	( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of hyperuricemia in stable kidney transplant recipients. Hara, T; Hayashida, Y; Inui, M; Kakehi, Y; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishijima, Y; Nishiyama, A; Sofue, T; Ueda, N, 2014)	0.4
"Treatment with febuxostat sufficiently lowered uric acid levels without severe adverse effects in stable kidney transplant recipients with PTHU."	( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of hyperuricemia in stable kidney transplant recipients. Hara, T; Hayashida, Y; Inui, M; Kakehi, Y; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishijima, Y; Nishiyama, A; Sofue, T; Ueda, N, 2014)	0.4
" Safety assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), blood pressure, pulse rate, postvoid residual (PVR) volume, and laboratory and electrocardiography (ECG) parameters."	( Combination treatment with mirabegron and solifenacin in patients with overactive bladder: efficacy and safety results from a randomised, double-blind, dose-ranging, phase 2 study (Symphony). Abrams, P; Kay, R; Kelleher, C; Martina, R; Newgreen, D; Paireddy, A; Rechberger, T; Ridder, A; Staskin, D; van Maanen, R, 2015)	0.42
" All patients were maintained on febuxostat without serious adverse events, except for 1 patient, who discontinued febuxostat because of numbness in the arms."	( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase for the treatment of hyperuricemia in kidney transplant recipients. Fuchinoue, S; Nakajima, I; Teraoka, S; Tojimbara, T; Yashima, J, 2014)	0.4
"Both the QMix™ and NaOCl solutions were toxic to human bone marrow MSCs."	( Cytotoxicity of QMix™ endodontic irrigating solution on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Aldahmash, AM; Alkahtani, A; Alkahtany, SM; Anil, S; Elsafadi, MA; Mahmood, A, 2014)	0.4
" Additional adverse events were recorded throughout the study."	( Safety and efficacy of edoxaban in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Abe, K; Fuji, T; Fujita, S; Kawai, Y; Kimura, T; Kiuchi, Y; Nakamura, M; Tachibana, S, 2014)	0.4
" The incidence of adverse events was 72."	( Safety and efficacy of edoxaban in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Abe, K; Fuji, T; Fujita, S; Kawai, Y; Kimura, T; Kiuchi, Y; Nakamura, M; Tachibana, S, 2014)	0.4
" Safety variables included the incidence and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), vital signs and electrocardiogram data."	( Safety and tolerability of the β3 -adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron, for the treatment of overactive bladder: results of a prospective pooled analysis of three 12-week randomised Phase III trials and of a 1-year randomised Phase III trial. Auerbach, S; Blauwet, MB; Chapple, CR; Herschorn, S; Milsom, I; Nitti, VW; Radziszewski, P; Walters, C, 2014)	0.4
"Mirabegron (25, 50 or 100 mg qd) was safe and well-tolerated in patients with OAB over 12-week (n = 2736) and 1-year (n = 1632) periods."	( Safety and tolerability of the β3 -adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron, for the treatment of overactive bladder: results of a prospective pooled analysis of three 12-week randomised Phase III trials and of a 1-year randomised Phase III trial. Auerbach, S; Blauwet, MB; Chapple, CR; Herschorn, S; Milsom, I; Nitti, VW; Radziszewski, P; Walters, C, 2014)	0.4
" We also demonstrate that GSK356278 enhances performance in a model of executive function in cynomolgus macaques with no adverse effects, a therapeutic profile that supports further evaluation of GSK356278 in a clinical setting."	( GSK356278, a potent, selective, brain-penetrant phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that demonstrates anxiolytic and cognition-enhancing effects without inducing side effects in preclinical species. Arban, R; Cavallini, P; Davies, CH; Davis, TG; Gray, FA; Montanari, D; Negri, M; Poffe, A; Rutter, AR; Schneck, J; Vicentini, E; Wren, PB, 2014)	0.4
" In particular, muco-cutaneous side effects represent the most frequent non-hematological adverse events."	( Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: muco-cutaneous side effects at the microscope. Brazzelli, V; Croci, G; Grasso, V; Vassallo, C, 2014)	0.4
"The primary aim of the present study was to assess the possible associations between dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic system-related genes and adverse events after antipsychotic treatment in paranoid schizophrenia patients."	( Pharmacogenetics of adverse events in schizophrenia treatment: comparison study of ziprasidone, olanzapine and perazine. Beszlej, A; Bienkowski, P; Frydecka, D; Grzywacz, A; Mierzejewski, P; Samochowiec, A; Samochowiec, J; Trześniowska-Drukała, B; Tybura, P, 2014)	0.4
" However, a major challenge in treating patients with HU is the adverse effects caused by urate-lowering drugs used to treat CKD."	( Safety, efficacy and renal effect of febuxostat in patients with moderate-to-severe kidney dysfunction. Hosoya, T; Kimura, K; Ohno, I; Shibagaki, Y, 2014)	0.4
"Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is a controversial ophthalmic preservative because of its prominent side-effect profile."	( Mechanisms of benzalkonium chloride toxicity in a human trabecular meshwork cell line and the protective role of preservative-free tafluprost. Chang, C; Hutnik, CM; Kagan, DB; Liu, H; Zhang, AQ, 2015)	0.42
" Tafluprost is both safe and cytoprotective against BAK for these HTMC."	( Mechanisms of benzalkonium chloride toxicity in a human trabecular meshwork cell line and the protective role of preservative-free tafluprost. Chang, C; Hutnik, CM; Kagan, DB; Liu, H; Zhang, AQ, 2015)	0.42
" When the possibility of poor compliance and the potential adverse effects of misoprostol are considered, rebamipide appears to be a clinically effective and safe alternative."	( Preventive efficacy and safety of rebamipide in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced mucosal toxicity. Cho, CS; Kang, YM; Kim, JH; Kim, SK; Lee, DH; Lee, SK; Lee, ST; Lee, YC; Park, SH; Park, W; Park, YW; Rew, JS; Yoo, WH, 2014)	0.4
" In a cell-based model, sunitinib reduced CDK5 phosphorylation (pCDK5), calpain-dependent p35/p25 conversion and protected neuronal cells from the toxic effects of gp120."	( Neuroprotective effects of the anti-cancer drug sunitinib in models of HIV neurotoxicity suggests potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Crews, LA; Gonzales, T; Kouznetsova, VL; Masliah, E; Overk, CR; Patrick, C; Paulino, A; Price, D; Rockenstein, E; Stocking, E; Tsigelny, IF; Wrasidlo, W, 2014)	0.4
" Tier II evaluation by spray of pesticides at their field recommended doses on potted mustard plants showed monocrotophos as the highly toxic insecticide with 100% mortality even with 1h of exposure followed by thiamethoxam, dichlorvos, profenofos and chlorpyriphos which are not to be recommended for use in pollinator attractive flowering plants."	( Evaluation of pesticide toxicity at their field recommended doses to honeybees, Apis cerana and A. mellifera through laboratory, semi-field and field studies. Bhatt, JC; Jain, SK; Sah, K; Stanley, J; Sushil, SN, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse events were not significantly different between acotiamide and placebo groups."	( Efficacy and safety of acotiamide for the treatment of functional dyspepsia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Deng, J; Fan, J; Guo, Q; Tan, S; Wan, C; Xiao, G; Xie, X; Zhu, Y, 2014)	0.4
"Acotiamide has the potential to improve the symptoms of patients with FD, particularly of patients with PDS, without major adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of acotiamide for the treatment of functional dyspepsia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Deng, J; Fan, J; Guo, Q; Tan, S; Wan, C; Xiao, G; Xie, X; Zhu, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events of febuxostat were defined as more than twofold increases in Common Terminology Criteria for adverse events scores from baseline."	( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in elderly female patients. Hayashi, H; Hayashi, T; Hikosaka, S; Mizuno, T; Murase, M; Nagamatsu, T; Shimabukuro, Y; Takahashi, K; Yamada, S; Yuzawa, Y, 2014)	0.4
" There were no significant differences in adverse events between the 2 groups."	( Efficacy and safety of febuxostat in elderly female patients. Hayashi, H; Hayashi, T; Hikosaka, S; Mizuno, T; Murase, M; Nagamatsu, T; Shimabukuro, Y; Takahashi, K; Yamada, S; Yuzawa, Y, 2014)	0.4
" We used recombinant technology and enzyme inactivation to demonstrate the capacity of omeprazole to inactivate giardial triosephosphate isomerase, with no adverse effects on its human counterpart."	( Giardial triosephosphate isomerase as possible target of the cytotoxic effect of omeprazole in Giardia lamblia. Castillo-Villanueva, A; de la Mora-de la Mora, I; Enríquez-Flores, S; Figueroa-Salazar, R; García-Torres, I; Gómez-Manzo, S; Gutiérrez-Castrellón, P; Hernández-Alcántara, G; López-Velázquez, G; Marcial-Quino, J; Méndez, ST; Oria-Hernández, J; Reyes-Vivas, H; Torres-Arroyo, A; Vanoye-Carlo, A; Yépez-Mulia, L, 2014)	0.4
"To investigate the prevalence of xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors prescription at admission and discharge in elderly hospital in-patients, to analyze the appropriateness of their use in relation to evidence-based indications, to evaluate the predictors of inappropriate prescription at discharge and the association with adverse events 3 months after hospital discharge."	( Inappropriate prescription of allopurinol and febuxostat and risk of adverse events in the elderly: results from the REPOSI registry. Brucato, AL; Corrao, S; Di Corato, P; Djade, CD; Franchi, C; Ghidoni, S; Mannucci, PM; Marcucci, M; Marengoni, A; Nobili, A; Pasina, L; Salerno, F; Tettamanti, M, 2014)	0.4
" Prescription of XO inhibitors was associated with a higher risk of adverse clinical events in univariate and multivariate analysis."	( Inappropriate prescription of allopurinol and febuxostat and risk of adverse events in the elderly: results from the REPOSI registry. Brucato, AL; Corrao, S; Di Corato, P; Djade, CD; Franchi, C; Ghidoni, S; Mannucci, PM; Marcucci, M; Marengoni, A; Nobili, A; Pasina, L; Salerno, F; Tettamanti, M, 2014)	0.4
" Cell cytotoxicity assays suggest no adverse impact of both mature and fragmented crystallin fibrils on cell viability of Hec-1a endometrial cells."	( Stability and cytotoxicity of crystallin amyloid nanofibrils. Gerrard, JA; Healy, J; Kaur, M; Lassé, M; Puskar, L; Sasso, L; Tobin, MJ; Valery, C; Vasudevamurthy, M, 2014)	0.4

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" A comparison of the pharmacokinetic and metabolic behaviour of piprozoline in rats, dogs and humans showed that it was similar in all three species."	( [Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of piprozoline in the rat, dog and man. 1. Studies with the radioactively-labeled substance]. Bode, R; Hodenberg, AV; Poisson, A; Schauerte, E; Vollmer, KO, 1977)	0.26
" In all cases, metabolite I was eliminated from the plasma with a half-life of approx."	( [Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of piprozoline in rat, dog and man. 3rd communication: Determination of piprozoline and metabolite I in plasma and urine (author's transl)]. Ehret, I; Gladigau, V, 1977)	0.26
" Biochemical and pharmacokinetic studies suggest that the selective toxicity of the new series of drugs towards filarial parasites is most likely preferential drug uptake by the pathogen."	( Activity, mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics of 2-tert-butylbenzothiazole and CGP 6140 (amocarzine) antifilarial drugs. Davies, KP; Köhler, P; Zahner, H, 1992)	0.28
" After oral dosing, Cmax was 127 micrograms/ml for normal rats and 144 micrograms/ml for diabetic rats."	( Pharmacokinetics of zopolrestat, a carboxylic acid aldose reductase inhibitor, in normal and diabetic rats. Inskeep, PB; Reed, AE; Ronfeld, RA, 1991)	0.28
"Based on previous animal and on preliminary human results a further human study was performed in order to confirm the relevant pharmacokinetic parameters and the lack of accumulation of letosteine after repeated administrations."	( Pharmacokinetic study of 14C-letosteine in man after oral intake and steady-state. Donath, A; Llull, JB; Schifflers, MH; Wermeille, M, 1991)	0.28
" These pharmacodynamic findings correlated with the pharmacokinetic properties of miloxicam."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of miloxicam in the horse. Busch, U; Higgins, AJ; Lees, P; Pugh, KE; Sedgwick, AD, )	0.13
"Several pharmacokinetic parameters for SK&F 86002 [6-(4'-fluorophenyl)-5-(4'-pyridyl)-2,3-dihydroimidazo(2,1-b)-thia zole] and its metabolites (sulfoxide, sulfone) were measured in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats after iv (5 mg/kg) and a wide range (10-80 mg/kg) of oral doses of SK&F 86002."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of SK&F 86002 in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Dent, J; Dewey, R; Eckardt, R; Keohane, D; Mico, B; Newton, JF; Yodis, LP, )	0.13
" Elimination half-life in the elderly patients with renal insufficiency was significantly prolonged compared to the elderly patients with normal renal function and the young volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of famotidine in elderly patients with and without renal insufficiency and in healthy young volunteers. Fujiyama, S; Imai, Y; Inotsume, N; Matsui, H; Nakano, M; Nishimura, M; Sagara, K; Sato, T, 1989)	0.28
" Concomitant famotidine administration did not alter any of the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline (AUC0- infinity; 38."	( Cimetidine versus famotidine: the effect on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats. Ferguson, RK; Mojaverian, P; Rocci, ML; Saccar, CL; Vlasses, PH, )	0.13
" Knowledge of its pharmacokinetic properties and metabolism is scanty."	( Pharmacokinetics of famotidine in man. Klotz, U; Kroemer, H, 1987)	0.27
" Both drugs have a similar pharmacokinetic profile."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral nizatidine. Matsumoto, C; McMahon, FG; Offen, WW; Regel, G; Ryan, J; Vargas, R, 1988)	0.27
" A 7 to 10 fold prolongation of famotidine's elimination half-life (27."	( Pharmacokinetics and dynamics of famotidine in patients with renal failure. Gladziwa, U; Glöckner, WM; Klotz, U; Krishna, DR; Mann, H; Schmitt, H, 1988)	0.27
" The plasma levels and urinary excretion of intact fostedil were measured, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug were defined."	( Pharmacokinetics of fostedil, a new calcium antagonist, in beagle dogs following oral and intravenous administration. Bopp, BA; Thomas, EW, 1984)	0.27
" The drug, rapidly absorbed by the gastrointestinal system, shows a long maintenance in the body, with a long half-life in both animal species."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentiazac in rats and monkeys. Bianchi, E; De Marchi, G; Giachetti, C; Gomarasca, P; Mondino, A; Segre, G; Silvestri, S; Zanolo, G, 1981)	0.26
" The mean terminal phase elimination half-life was reduced from 19."	( The effect of cholestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), in man. Busch, U; Heinzel, G; Narjes, H, 1995)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic studies on pidotimod ((R)-3-[(S)-(5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl) carbonyl]-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, PGT/1A, CAS 121808-62-6) a new biological response modifier, following intravenous, intramuscular or oral administrations in rats and dogs are reported in this paper."	( Pharmacokinetics of pidotimod in rats and dogs. Coppi, G; Silingardi, S, 1994)	0.29
"Pidotimod ((R)-3-[(S)-(5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinyl) carbonyl]-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, PGT/1A, CAS 121808-62-6), a new biological response modifier, was investigated in 3 different pharmacokinetic experiments in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of pidotimod in humans. Coppi, G; Mailland, F; Silingardi, S, 1994)	0.29
" No differences in absorption, excretion and pharmacokinetic parameters was evident between old volunteers and the youngs of a previous work."	( Pharmacokinetics of pidotimod in elderly volunteers and in renal failure patients. Biffi, M; Coppi, G; Mailland, F; Silingardi, S; Spotti, D, 1994)	0.29
" In a 2-week multiple dose study, the mean steady-state minimum and maximum plasma concentrations, Cmin and Cmax, were 91."	( Pharmacokinetics of the aldose reductase inhibitor, zopolrestat, in humans. Gerber, N; Inskeep, PB; Peterson, MJ; Ronfeld, RA, 1994)	0.29
" In clinical settings, the magnitude of the pharmacokinetic difference may warrant dose adjustment to avoid toxic effects of FT when administered with CM."	( Effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of fentiazac in rats. Kweon, DS; Lee, MH; Shim, CK, 1993)	0.29
" These top candidates were then evaluated for their activity in vivo, and their pharmacokinetic behavior in various animal models was explored."	( Structure-activity relationship within a series of pyrazolidinone antibacterial agents. 2. Effect of side-chain modification on in vitro activity and pharmacokinetic parameters. Counter, FT; Draheim, SE; Eudaly, JA; Kasher, JS; Pike, AJ; Ternansky, RJ, 1993)	0.29
" The terminal half-life (7."	( Pharmacokinetic study of fentiazac and its main metabolite hydroxyfentiazac in the elderly. Akbaraly, JP; Beck, H; Campistron, G; Coulais, Y; Grislain, L; Houin, G; Lapeyre, C; Rochas, MA; Tufenkji, AE, 1993)	0.29
" Its pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by a prolonged and almost complete absorption and the drug is > 99."	( A review of the clinical pharmacokinetics of meloxicam. Busch, U; Roth, W; Türck, D, 1996)	0.29
" MRT and tmax were also unchanged, while the elimination rate constant was decreased slightly by 12%, which is of no therapeutic relevance."	( The effect of meloxicam on the pharmacokinetics of beta-acetyl-digoxin. Degner, FL; Heinzel, G; Narjes, H; Türck, D, 1995)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of azosemide were not significantly different between the two groups of rats except t(1/2), MRT, and V(ss)."	( Effect of a hepatoprotective agent, YH-439, on the pharmacokinetics of furosemide and azosemide in rats. Kim, ND; Kim, SH; Lee, JW; Lee, MG; Park, KJ; Yoon, WH, 1996)	0.29
" Dose-proportionality was demonstrated with respect to Cmax (maximum plasma concentration) and AUC (extrapolated area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero time to infinity) over a range of 5-30 mg."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of meloxicam after i.m. administration. Busch, U; Heinzel, G; Narjes, H; Nehmiz, G; Türck, D, 1996)	0.29
"The pharmacodynamic properties of meloxicam, a new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), that go beyond those typical of an NSAID were examined."	( General pharmacology of meloxicam--Part II: Effects on blood pressure, blood flow, heart rate, ECG, respiratory minute volume and interactions with paracetamol, pirenzepine, chlorthalidone, phenprocoumon and tolbutamide. Engelhardt, G; Homma, D; Schlegel, K; Schnitzler, C; Utzmann, R, 1996)	0.29
" Thus, for later moguisteine pharmacokinetic evaluations the investigation of the plasma concentration-time curve and the urinary excretion of the sole racemic M1 through non-stereospecific analytical methods may suffice in most cases."	( Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of moguisteine metabolites in healthy subjects. Bernareggi, A; Carlesi, RM; Castoldi, D; Ceserani, R; Crema, A; Ratti, D; Ratti, E; Renoldi, MI; Tognella, S, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after haemodialysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in patients with end-stage renal failure on haemodialysis: a comparison with healthy volunteers. Heinzel, G; Höffler, D; Narjes, HH; Nehmiz, G; Schwarz, A; Türck, D, 1996)	0.29
" This was observed in association with raised free Cmax (5."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in patients with end-stage renal failure on haemodialysis: a comparison with healthy volunteers. Heinzel, G; Höffler, D; Narjes, HH; Nehmiz, G; Schwarz, A; Türck, D, 1996)	0.29
"Meloxicam has displayed a pharmacokinetic profile in end-stage renal failure which is similar to that observed for other highly protein bound nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in patients with end-stage renal failure on haemodialysis: a comparison with healthy volunteers. Heinzel, G; Höffler, D; Narjes, HH; Nehmiz, G; Schwarz, A; Türck, D, 1996)	0.29
" Meloxicam plasma concentrations were determined from blood samples taken during the study and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated according to noncompartmental methods."	( Meloxicam pharmacokinetics in renal impairment. Bevis, PJ; Boulton-Jones, JM; Geddes, CG; Heinzel, G; Nehmiz, G; Türck, D, 1997)	0.3
"Subjects with no or mild renal impairment showed similar pharmacokinetic profiles (geometric mean AUCSS (%gCV) 55 (33%) vs 55 (38%) micrograms ml-1 h)."	( Meloxicam pharmacokinetics in renal impairment. Bevis, PJ; Boulton-Jones, JM; Geddes, CG; Heinzel, G; Nehmiz, G; Türck, D, 1997)	0.3
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction of oral meloxicam with intravenous (i."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction of meloxicam with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Degner, FL; Hübner, G; Rau, R; Sander, O; Türck, D, 1997)	0.3
"The tolerability and safety of ebrotidine (N-[(E)-[[2-[[[2-[(diaminomethylene)amino]-4-thiazolyl]methyl] thio]ethyl]amino]methylene]-4-bromo-benzenesulfonamide, CAS 100981-43-9, FI-3542) and its basic pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after its oral administration to healthy volunteers."	( Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of ebrotidine in healthy subjects given single and repeated oral doses. Albet, C; Badenas, JM; Farré, M; Herrero, E; Márquez, M; Ortiz, JA; Roset, PN; Ugena, B, 1997)	0.3
"The safety of ebrotidine (N-[(E)-[[2-[[[2-[(diaminomethylene)amino]-4- thiazolyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]amino] methylene]-4-bromo-benzenesulfonamide, CAS 100981-43-9, FI-3542), a new H2-receptor antagonist with gastroprotective activity, was assessed and its main pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in order to establish the dose linearity after the repeated administration of three different dose levels."	( Pharmacokinetic study of ebrotidine administered in multiple doses to healthy volunteers for 4 days. Albet, C; Carcas, AJ; Esteban, C; Frías, J; Márquez, M; Ortiz, JA; Sánchez-García, P; Torres, J, 1997)	0.3
"Several clinical pharmacokinetic studies of ebrotidine (N-[(E)-[[2-[[[2-[(diaminomethylene)amino]-4-thiazolyl] methyl]thio]ethyl]amino]methylene]-4-bromo-benzenesulfonamide, CAS 100981-43-9, FI-3542) administered by oral route in single and multiple doses to healthy volunteers have been performed."	( Pharmacokinetics of ebrotidine in healthy volunteers. A summary. Albet, C; Herrero, E; Márquez, M; Ortiz, JA; Pérez, JA; Rozman, E, 1997)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetic properties of pramipexole at steady-state concentrations were studied in 16 healthy men and women at four dose levels throughout the range recommended for Parkinson's patients."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetic properties of pramipexole in healthy volunteers. Ichhpurani, AK; Peters, GR; Sisson, TL; Wright, CE, 1997)	0.3
" administration of YJA-20379-1, 10-50 mg/kg, to rats, the pharmacokinetic parameters of YJA-20379-1 were dose-independent, however, they were dose-dependent in rabbits."	( Stability, blood partition, and pharmacokinetics of a new reversible proton pump inhibitor, YJA-20379-1. Chang, MS; Choi, WS; Han, KS; Kim, SH; Lee, MG, 1997)	0.3
" Ziprasidone had a significant effect on area under the curve (AUC0-infinity), maximum serum concentration, and half-life (analysis of variance all p<0."	( The effect of timing of a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel atypical antipsychotic agent ziprasidone. Allard, S; Hamelin, BA; Laplante, L; LeBel, M; Miceli, J; Tremblay, J; Wilner, KD, )	0.13
" The drug's longer half-life under fasting conditions may reflect dissolution-limited absorption, although this could not be directly assessed."	( The effect of timing of a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel atypical antipsychotic agent ziprasidone. Allard, S; Hamelin, BA; Laplante, L; LeBel, M; Miceli, J; Tremblay, J; Wilner, KD, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates [Cl/F (apparent oral clearance), AUC0-24 (area under plasma concentration-time curve), and ratio of AUC for troglitazone to Metabolite 1 and to Metabolite 3] obtained from 84 healthy volunteers and 171 patients with Type II diabetes in 8 studies were analyzed using a graphical method (for race and smoking) or a weighted ANCOVA model incorporating gender, health status (healthy vs Type II diabetes), and formulation as main effects; age, age-by-gender interaction, and body weight as continuous covariates."	( Meta-analysis of steady-state pharmacokinetics of troglitazone and its metabolites. Abel, R; Alvey, CW; Koup, JR; Loi, CM; Randinitis, EJ; Young, MA, 1997)	0.3
" Mean day 15 pharmacokinetic parameter values for metabolite 1 and metabolite 3 were similar in the two groups."	( Lack of effect of type II diabetes on the pharmacokinetics of troglitazone in a multiple-dose study. Kazierad, DJ; Koup, JR; Loi, CM; Randinitis, EJ; Sedman, AJ; Vassos, AB, 1997)	0.3
" Exploratory pharmacokinetic studies with Ro 25-6833 and five related cephalosporins were performed following intravenous administration to rats, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys."	( Animal pharmacokinetics and interspecies scaling of Ro 25-6833 and related (lactamylvinyl)cephalosporins. Heizmann, P; Lave, T; Meyer, J; Richter, WF; Starke, V, 1998)	0.3
" Mean values for maximum concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 hours (AUC0-24) of digoxin on day 10 were similar to those on day 20."	( Effect of troglitazone on steady-state pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Knowlton, PW; Koup, JR; Loi, CM; Randinitis, EJ; Sedman, AJ; Stern, R; Vassos, AB, 1998)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetic profile of the new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam was investigated in a number of animal species, including mice, rats, dogs, mini-pigs, and baboons, after administration of [14C]meloxicam."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in animals and the relevance to humans. Baierl, J; Busch, U; Heinzel, G; Huber, C; Roth, W; Schmaus, H; Schmid, J, 1998)	0.3
" The proposed method was applied to the pharmacokinetic studies of an active metabolite and open-ring metabolites after oral administration of a penem antibiotic, FCE22891, in dogs."	( Simultaneous determination of an active metabolite and open-ring metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic studies of a penem antibiotic, FCE22891, in dogs. Banno, K; Imado, N; Maki, T; Matsuoka, M; Sato, T, 1998)	0.3
" Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies of DN-108 were done."	( Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies of the newly synthesized thiazolidinedione derivative 5-(4-(1-phenyl-1-cyclopropanecarbonylamino)benzyl)-thiazolidine-2 ,4-dio ne. Hayashibe, M; Ino, Y; Kurumi, M; Matsuzaki, Y; Muta, Y; Nomura, Y; Suzuki, S; Ueda, N, 1998)	0.3
" No statistically or clinically relevant differences were observed in maximum concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), or elimination half-life of troglitazone, its two main metabolites, and acetaminophen or in acetaminophen urinary sulfate excretion, although there was a slight decrease in acetaminophen glucuronide excretion during administration with troglitazone."	( Coadministration of acetaminophen and troglitazone: pharmacokinetics and safety. Eastmond, R; Lettis, S; Young, MA, 1998)	0.3
" Following the infusion, plasma lubeluzole concentrations decayed biphasically, with a mean distribution half-life (t1/2alpha) of 30 to 65 minutes and a mean terminal half-life (t1/2beta) of 15 to 24 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics of lubeluzole (Prosynap) after single intravenous doses in healthy subjects. Crabbe, R; Hantson, L; Heykants, J; Van de Velde, V; Van Osselaer, N; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, 1998)	0.3
" In a 1-year, multiple-dose, pharmacokinetic study, systemic exposure increased with increasing dose (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day), and there were no consistent changes in exposure with multiple dosing."	( Bioavailability, multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, and biotransformation of the aldose reductase inhibitor zopolrestat in dogs. Davenport, CJ; Hoffmaster, KA; Inskeep, PB; Schneider, RP, 1998)	0.3
" Plasma concentrations of troglitazone and its metabolites were measured and standard pharmacokinetic parameters derived."	( Pharmacokinetics of troglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, in patients with hepatic insufficiency. Ott, P; Ranek, L; Young, MA, 1998)	0.3
" There were reductions in the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) of troglitazone to 61% of the normal group in the severe group for troglitazone, and twofold increases in sulphate metabolite Cmax in the moderate and severe groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of troglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist, in patients with hepatic insufficiency. Ott, P; Ranek, L; Young, MA, 1998)	0.3
" Meloxicam has a plasma half-life of approximately 20 hours, making it convenient for once-daily administration."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of meloxicam. A cyclo-oxygenase-2 preferential nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Davies, NM; Skjodt, NM, 1999)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic profiles of EE and NE were determined on day 21 of the second and third cycles."	( Effect of troglitazone on the pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive agent. Knowlton, P; Koup, JR; Loi, CM; Sedman, AJ; Stern, R; Vassos, AB, 1999)	0.3
" Meloxicam is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and has an elimination half-life of 24 hours in the dog."	( [Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects of the non-inflammatory non-steroidal agent meloxicam in dogs]. Hörstermann, D; Poulsen Nautrup, B, 1999)	0.3
"In 13 subjects with ALS, we studied the safety and pharmacokinetic properties of Procysteine, a cysteine prodrug that increases levels of intracellular glutathione."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmaco-dynamics of Procysteine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brown, RH; Cudkowicz, ME; Ellis, T; Gwilt, PR; Hayden, DL; Sexton, PM; Whalen, J, 1999)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetic behavior of three iron chelators based on the desferrithiocin (DFT) pharmacophore, (S)-4, 5-dihydro-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid (desmethyldesferrithiocin, DMDFT, 2); (S)-4,5-dihydro-2-(2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid [4-(S)-hydroxydesazaDMDFT, 3); and (R)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxazolinecarboxylic acid, the oxazoline analog of desazaDMDFT, 4, is described."	( Pharmacokinetics of orally administered desferrithiocin analogs in cebus apella primates. Bergeron, RJ; Weimar, WR; Wiegand, J, 1999)	0.3
"34) or time to peak concentration compared with nifedipine alone."	( Rosiglitazone has no clinically significant effect on nifedipine pharmacokinetics. Finnerty, D; Freed, MI; Harris, RZ; Inglis, AM; Jorkasky, DK; Miller, AK; Patterson, S; Thompson, KA, 1999)	0.3
"This Phase I study was performed to evaluate the tolerability and pharmacokinetic behavior of MKT-077, a water soluble rhodacyanine dye analogue, which partitions into tumor cell mitochondria where it is thought to act as a metabolic poison, leading to G1 arrest and apoptosis."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the mitochondrial-specific rhodacyanine dye analog MKT 077. Baker, SD; Britten, CD; Collins, W; Cramer, J; Eckhardt, SG; Rothenberg, M; Rowinsky, EK; Smetzer, L; Smith, L; Stephenson, J; Von Hoff, DD; Weiss, GR, 2000)	0.31
" Mean Cmax and AUC(0,12 h) increased with increasing dose, with apparent dose-proportionality between the 20 and 60 mg dose levels."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone under non-fasting conditions in healthy male volunteers. Apseloff, G; Gerber, N; Hansen, RA; Johnson, AC; Miceli, JJ; Wilner, KD, 2000)	0.31
"Ziprasidone is characterized by a predictable pharmacokinetic profile resulting in symptoms that reflect its pharmacological action."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone under non-fasting conditions in healthy male volunteers. Apseloff, G; Gerber, N; Hansen, RA; Johnson, AC; Miceli, JJ; Wilner, KD, 2000)	0.31
" The resulting data were used to derive pharmacokinetic parameters of ziprasidone in each age and gender group."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy young and elderly volunteers. Baris, B; Colburn, WA; Hansen, RA; Smolarek, TA; Tensfeldt, TG; Turncliff, RZ; Wilner, KD, 2000)	0.31
" Assessment of gender effects by analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences in Cmax (85 vs."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy young and elderly volunteers. Baris, B; Colburn, WA; Hansen, RA; Smolarek, TA; Tensfeldt, TG; Turncliff, RZ; Wilner, KD, 2000)	0.31
" On day 5 there were no statistically significant differences in the Cmax or tmax for ziprasidone between the two groups."	( The pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in subjects with normal and impaired hepatic function. Anderson, KE; Anziano, RJ; Bauer, LA; Carithens, RL; Everson, G; Johnson, A; Lasseter, KC; Smolarek, TA; Turncliff, RZ; Wilner, KD, 2000)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic variables were determined from multiple venous blood samples collected on days 1 and 8 (haemodialysis day for subjects with severe renal impairment)."	( The pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Anziano, RJ; Aweeka, F; Horton, M; Jayesekara, D; Lambrecht, L; Sherwood, J; Smolarek, TA; Swan, S; Turncliff, RZ; Wilner, KD, 2000)	0.31
" These were assayed for ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel and the resulting data used to derive pharmacokinetic data for these steroids."	( Ziprasidone and the pharmacokinetics of a combined oral contraceptive. Anziano, RJ; Harness, J; Holt, PR; Muirhead, GJ; Oliver, S, 2000)	0.31
"The mean AUC(0,24 h), Cmax and tmax for ethinyloestradiol and the mean AUC(0, 24 h) and Cmax for levonorgestrel during ziprasidone co-administration were not statistically significantly different from corresponding values occurring during placebo co-administration."	( Ziprasidone and the pharmacokinetics of a combined oral contraceptive. Anziano, RJ; Harness, J; Holt, PR; Muirhead, GJ; Oliver, S, 2000)	0.31
"The findings of this study suggest that, based on pharmacokinetic and tolerability data, ziprasidone may be co-administered with ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel without loss of contraceptive efficacy or increased risk of adverse events."	( Ziprasidone and the pharmacokinetics of a combined oral contraceptive. Anziano, RJ; Harness, J; Holt, PR; Muirhead, GJ; Oliver, S, 2000)	0.31
"The administration of cimetidine increased the ziprasidone AUC(0,infinity) by 6% but there were no statistically significant differences in Cmax, tmax or lambda(z) between the ziprasidone+cimetidine group and the ziprasidone group."	( The pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy volunteers treated with cimetidine or antacid. Folger, CJ; Geoffroy, P; Hansen, RA; Wilner, KD, 2000)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic data were obtained on days 3 and 28."	( The effect of carbamazepine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy volunteers. Anziano, RJ; Hansen, RA; Laurent, A; Miceli, JJ; Robarge, L, 2000)	0.31
" Carbamazepine administration to group 1 was associated with modest reductions in ziprasidone exposure, with mean decreases in ziprasidone AUC(0,12 h) and Cmax values of 36% and 27%, respectively, on day 28 compared with day 3 (P<0."	( The effect of carbamazepine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy volunteers. Anziano, RJ; Hansen, RA; Laurent, A; Miceli, JJ; Robarge, L, 2000)	0.31
" Ziprasidone pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between placebo and ketoconazole administration periods."	( The effects of ketoconazole on ziprasidone pharmacokinetics--a placebo-controlled crossover study in healthy volunteers. Laurent, A; Miceli, JJ; Morse, T; Robarge, L; Smith, M, 2000)	0.31
" Mean Cmax increased by 34%, from 89 ng ml(-1) to 119 ng ml(-1), respectively."	( The effects of ketoconazole on ziprasidone pharmacokinetics--a placebo-controlled crossover study in healthy volunteers. Laurent, A; Miceli, JJ; Morse, T; Robarge, L; Smith, M, 2000)	0.31
" The pharmacodynamic model that best fitted the platelet aggregation was a sigmoid Emax model."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TS-943 for selective nonpeptide platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist in normal healthy subjects. Akimoto, M; Furuya, A; Higuchi, S; Jingu, S; Kato, N; Ogata, H; Suwa, T, 2000)	0.31
"Area-moment analysis was used to calculate pharmacokinetic variables."	( Pharmacokinetics of the insulin-sensitizing agent troglitazone in cats. Boudinot, FD; Ferguson, DC; Hoenig, M; Michels, GM, 2000)	0.31
" The terminal half-life (t(1/2)) values ranged between 9 and 31 h on day 1 and between 7 and 18 h on day 14."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of S 17092, a new orally active prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor, in elderly healthy volunteers. A phase I study. De Nanteuil, G; Guez, D; Heidet, V; Jochemsen, R; Morain, P; Robin, JL, 2000)	0.31
"The terminal half-life of sabeluzole was significantly prolonged in subjects with severe hepatic dysfunction vs healthy subjects (respectively 39."	( Pharmacokinetics of sabeluzole and dextromethorphan oxidation capacity in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction and healthy volunteers. Blin, O; Bouhours, P; Lacarelle, B; Le Moing, JP; Levron, JC; Micallef, J; Nataf, MB; Pageaux, GP, 2001)	0.31
" Lack of pharmacokinetic effect was prospectively defined as 90% CI for the point estimate (PE) of the ratio (RSG + OC):(P + OC) contained within a 20% equivalence range for both ethinylestradiol and norethindrone (analyzed by ANOVA)."	( Lack of effect of rosiglitazone on the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives in healthy female volunteers. Culkin, KT; Finnerty, D; Freed, MI; Inglis, AM; Jorkasky, DK; Miller, AK; Patterson, SD, 2001)	0.31
"Rosiglitazone absorption [as measured with peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to peak concentration (Tmax)] was unaffected by acarbose."	( The effect of acarbose on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone. Culkin, KT; Freed, MI; Inglis, AM; Jorkasky, DK; Miller, AK, 2001)	0.31
" The half-life is about 9 hours but two active metabolites mainly contribute to the extended glucose-lowering effects."	( Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of pioglitazone. Hanefeld, M, 2001)	0.31
" The study was also extended to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of a newer formulation of meloxicam gel after topical application on depilated skin of rats."	( Comparison of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of meloxicam gel with diclofenac and piroxicam gels in animal models: pharmacokinetic parameters after topical application. Bansal, P; Bhardwaj, RK; Gupta, SK; Jaiswal, J; Velpandian, T, )	0.13
"For the pharmacokinetic study, a single, 600-mg dose of either controlled-release LA (CRLA) or quick-release LA (QRLA) was administered orally to 12 normal human subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and fructosamine-lowering effect of a novel, controlled-release formulation of alpha-lipoic acid. Evans, JL; Gavin, LA; Goldfine, ID; Heymann, CJ, )	0.13
"05) were observed for any of the calculated rosiglitazone pharmacokinetic parameters in the two treatment groups."	( Lack of effect of sucralfate on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone. Babu, AP; Katneni, K; Mullangi, R; Naidu, MU; Rajagopalan, R; Rani, UP; Rao, MN; Ravikanth, B; Srinivas, NR, 2002)	0.31
" The objectives of this phase IA study were to assess the tolerability and to determine the pharmacokinetic linearity of T and TG after single oral administration of increasing doses of N with and without food in healthy volunteer subjects."	( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man using single ascending oral doses. Allemon, AM; De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Stockis, A, 2002)	0.31
" Tmax was not significantly modified."	( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man during 7 days dosing with 0.5 g and 1 g b.i.d. De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Rosillon, D; Stockis, A, 2002)	0.31
" The pharmacodynamic model that best fitted platelet aggregation was an inhibitory sigmoid Emax model."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of TS-943, a selective non-peptide platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) receptor antagonist, using a nonlinear mixed effect model in dogs. Akimoto, M; Furuya, A; Gotoh, J; Higuchi, S; Jingu, S; Nozawa, M; Ogata, H; Suwa, T, 2002)	0.31
" Maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), the time at which Cmax occurred (Tmax), plasma clearance (CL), steady-state volume of distribution (Vss), and terminal elimination half-life (t 1/2) were also assessed."	( The effect of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy adult male volunteers. DiCicco, RA; Freed, MI; Miller, AK, 2002)	0.31
" The method described is simple, economical, precise and accurate and has been successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study conducted in healthy human volunteers."	( HPLC method for the determination of rosiglitazone in human plasma and its application in a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Babu, AP; Benjamin, B; Bhanduri, J; Chaluvadi, MR; Katneni, K; Mamidi, RN; Rajagopalan, R; Ramesh, M; Rao, NM, 2002)	0.31
" The mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0-infinity)), the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) and the half-life for rosiglitazone were similar in haemodialysis patients (non-dialysis day) and healthy individuals (2192 +/- 598 ng."	( Pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in patients with end-stage renal disease. Freed, MI; Miller, AK; Thompson-Culkin, K; Zussman, B, )	0.13
" dosing and subjected to noncompartment pharmacokinetic analysis to obtain the values for the parameters."	( Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of PAT-5A, a new insulin sensitizer in rats. Katneni, K; Mamidi, RN; Mullangi, R; Ramanujam, R, )	0.13
" This paper will review the literature concerning real and theoretical implications of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with ziprasidone, particularly with regard to these effects on the QTc interval."	( Ziprasidone and the QTc interval: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. Kelly, DL; Love, RC, 2001)	0.31
" Plasma concentrations of the drugs were determined by validated high-performance liquid chromatography methods and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in five bird species. Baert, K; De Backer, P, 2003)	0.32
"To perform a nonlinear mixed effect modelling (NONMEM) population pharmacokinetic analysis of meloxicam plasma concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients participating in three clinical trials, and to evaluate the effects of age, weight, gender and concomitant medications on meloxicam pharmacokinetics."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of meloxicam in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Meineke, I; Türck, D, 2003)	0.32
"The population pharmacokinetic meloxicam data from patients with RA gave similar results to those obtained from phase I trials."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of meloxicam in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Meineke, I; Türck, D, 2003)	0.32
"To assess the pharmacokinetic profile of single doses of meloxicam in healthy Chinese volunteers."	( [Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in healthy Chinese volunteers]. Xu, HY; Zhang, BJ; Zhang, YF; Zhao, LM; Zhong, DF, 2001)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were subjected to Shapiro-Wilk test to determine whether these data were fitted to a normal distribution."	( [Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in healthy Chinese volunteers]. Xu, HY; Zhang, BJ; Zhang, YF; Zhao, LM; Zhong, DF, 2001)	0.31
"The twenty volunteers can be classified into extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers according to pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in healthy Chinese volunteers]. Xu, HY; Zhang, BJ; Zhang, YF; Zhao, LM; Zhong, DF, 2001)	0.31
" Total and unbound pharmacokinetic parameters were generated using noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency. Blum, R; Chapelsky, MC; Freed, MI; Miller, AK; Sack, M; Thompson-Culkin, K, 2003)	0.32
"In vivo studies have characterized the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the triazole fluconazole."	( In vivo pharmacodynamics of a new triazole, ravuconazole, in a murine candidiasis model. Andes, D; Conklin, R; Marchillo, K; Stamstad, T, 2003)	0.32
" The serum pharmacokinetic profiles of pioglitazone and its metabolites M-III and M-IV were assessed for the first and last dose administered (day 1 and day 12, respectively)."	( The pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in patients with impaired renal function. Budde, K; Eckland, D; Fritsche, L; Neumayer, HH; Stompôr, T; Sulowicz, W, 2003)	0.32
" There was no significant difference in the pharmacokinetic profile of pioglitazone in subjects with normal and with moderately impaired renal function."	( The pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in patients with impaired renal function. Budde, K; Eckland, D; Fritsche, L; Neumayer, HH; Stompôr, T; Sulowicz, W, 2003)	0.32
" The objective of this study was to probe the dopamine agonist and antagonist pharmacodynamic properties of ziprasidone in youth."	( Pharmacodynamics of ziprasidone in children and adolescents: impact on dopamine transmission. Gilbert, DL; Miceli, JJ; Robarge, L; Sallee, FR; Vinks, AA; Wilner, K, 2003)	0.32
" Population analysis was performed using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models with NONMEM."	( Comparison of stepwise and simultaneous estimations of population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TS-943. Akimoto, M; Furuya, A; Jingu, S; Kasai, O; Kato, N; Ogata, H; Sato, M; Suwa, T, )	0.13
" The pre-study validation results, as well as the in-study quality control (QC) data obtained, demonstrate the feasibility of the assay for pharmacokinetic evaluation of the compounds in different species and confirm the robustness of the assay for routine use."	( Quantitative analysis of dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor P32/98 and its main metabolite in rat, dog, mouse, monkey, human plasma and human urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to pharmacokinetic evaluation. Demuth, HU; Girault, J; Gourinchas, E; Meyer, A, 2003)	0.32
"Although in vitro studies suggest that variable rates of tumor-specific prodrug dephosphorylation may explain these differences in pharmacokinetics profiles, the improved antitumor activity and altered pharmacokinetic profile of CA1 may be due to the formation of a more reactive metabolite."	( Comparative preclinical pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of the combretastatin prodrugs combretastatin A4 phosphate and A1 phosphate. Anthoney, DA; Bibby, MC; Cooper, PA; Kirwan, IG; Lippert, JW; Loadman, PM; Pettit, GR; Shnyder, SD; Swaine, DJ, 2004)	0.32
"Ravuconazole is a new antifungal triazole with broad-spectrum activity and a long half-life in plasma."	( Efficacy, safety, and plasma pharmacokinetics of escalating dosages of intravenously administered ravuconazole lysine phosphoester for treatment of experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Armstrong, D; Avila, NA; Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Hemmings, M; Lyman, CA; Mickiene, D; Peter, J; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Roussillon, K; Walsh, TJ, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters after the first dose were calculated by noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Burgos-Vargas, R; Foeldvari, I; Linke, R; Thon, A; Tuerck, D, 2004)	0.32
"To determine pharmacokinetic parameters for meloxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in horses."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in plasma and urine of horses. Bonnaire, Y; Garcia, P; Hirsch, A; Laroute, V; Narbe, R; Popot, MA; Reymond, N; Toutain, PL, 2004)	0.32
" Considering the dose, the AUC(obs) and Cmax of unchanged drug in patients with gout and/or hyperuricemia were estimated to be similar to those of healthy male adults."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat (TMX-67), a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase (NPSIXO) in patients with gout and/or hyperuricemia. Hoshide, S; Kamatani, N; Kobayashi, H; Komoriya, K; Kubo, J; Nakachi, T; Takeda, K; Tsuchimoto, M; Yamanaka, H, 2004)	0.32
" Regression analyses indicated that febuxostat tmax and Cmax,u values were not affected by CLcr."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat, a new non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase in subjects with renal impairment. Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Mayer, MD; Mulford, DJ; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, )	0.13
" Through, on the one hand, A beta peptide production measurements by specific in vitro assays (gamma-secretase Cell Free assay and Cell Based assay on HEK 293 APP transfected cells) and, on the other hand, pharmacokinetic studies on animal models, the new inhibitor shows a good pharmacokinetic profile as well as a potent gamma-secretase inhibitory activity in vitro."	( Substituted thiazolamide coupled to a redox delivery system: a new gamma-secretase inhibitor with enhanced pharmacokinetic profile. Bihel, F; Garino, C; Kraus, JL; Laras, Y; Pietrancosta, N; Quéléver, G; Sheha, M; Wolfe, MS, 2005)	0.33
"5 mg) tablets and to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters of this molecule in Mexican population not reported previously."	( Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of meloxicam tablets (Promotion and Mobicox): pharmacokinetics in a healthy female Mexican population. Angeles, AP; Contreras, L; Fernández, A; García, A; Hernández, JA; Hinojosa, M; Marcelín-Jiménez, G; Martínez-Rossier, L; Morales, M; Rivera, L, 2005)	0.33
" The IM pharmacokinetic profile was consistent between studies and linear, with dose-related increases in exposure observed."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of intramuscular ziprasidone in healthy volunteers. Miceli, JJ; Swan, SK; Tensfeldt, TG; Wilner, KD, 2005)	0.33
" Radiation dose estimates obtained from the tissue activity levels for this period were calculated from pharmacokinetic (WinNonlin) and dosimetry (MIRD and RAdiation Dose Assessment Resource) parameters."	( [131I]Iodoazomycin arabinoside for low-dose-rate isotope radiotherapy: radiolabeling, stability, long-term whole-body clearance and radiation dosimetry estimates in mice. Kumar, P; McEwan, AJ; McQuarrie, SA; Wiebe, LI; Zhou, A, 2005)	0.33
" Plasma concentration data were fitted to a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Compartmental pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the antifungal triazole ravuconazole following intravenous administration of its di-lysine phosphoester prodrug (BMS-379224) in rabbits. Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Kelaher, A; Mickiene, D; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Sarafandi, A; Walsh, TJ; Wuerthwein, G, 2005)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetics of ravuconazole fitted best to a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Compartmental pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the antifungal triazole ravuconazole following intravenous administration of its di-lysine phosphoester prodrug (BMS-379224) in rabbits. Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Kelaher, A; Mickiene, D; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Sarafandi, A; Walsh, TJ; Wuerthwein, G, 2005)	0.33
" Meloxicam has a plasma half-life of approximately 20 h and is convenient for once daily administration."	( Meloxicam: a reappraisal of pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety. Davies, NM; Gates, BJ; Nguyen, TT; Setter, SM, 2005)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetics of intramuscular ziprasidone include rapid attainment of therapeutic drug level (time to reach peak serum concentration [tmax]	( Pharmacokinetics and therapeutics of acute intramuscular ziprasidone. Preskorn, SH, 2005)	0.33
" There were no statistically significant differences in the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for unbound febuxostat and its active metabolites between subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment and those with normal hepatic function."	( The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Mayer, MD; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)	0.33
"We evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of meloxicam (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in rabbits after single and repeat oral dosing. Chen, HC; Taylor, WM; Turner, PV, 2006)	0.33
" Regression analysis of AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax values versus weight-normalized dose showed linear, dose-related changes in ziprasidone exposure."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of ziprasidone in children and adolescents. Miceli, JJ; Patel, NC; Robarge, L; Sallee, FR; Tensfeldt, T; Wilner, K, 2006)	0.33
"To determine the disposition of a bolus of meloxicam (administered IV) in horses and donkeys (Equus asinus) and compare the relative pharmacokinetic variables between the species."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in clinically normal horses and donkeys. Bennett, BS; Matthews, NS; Mealey, KL; Peck, KE; Sinclair, MD; Taylor, TS, 2006)	0.33
" The serum concentration-time curve for each horse and donkey was analyzed separately to estimate standard noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in clinically normal horses and donkeys. Bennett, BS; Matthews, NS; Mealey, KL; Peck, KE; Sinclair, MD; Taylor, TS, 2006)	0.33
" Strategies to lower volume of distribution and shorten half-life through structure and pKa modulation are discussed."	( Inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase: optimisation of potency and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Ballard, P; Bradbury, RH; Harris, CS; Hennequin, LF; Hickinson, M; Kendrew, J; Kettle, JG; Klinowska, T; Ogilvie, DJ; Pearson, SE; Williams, EJ; Wilson, I, 2006)	0.33
" In study 2, 90% confidence intervals for febuxostat C(max) and AUC extended above that range, with increases of 28% and 40% in Cmax and AUC24, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions of concomitant administration of febuxostat and NSAIDs. Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)	0.33
" During the course of the study, blood and urine samples were collected to assess the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat and its metabolites, and its pharmacodynamic effects on uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine concentrations after both single and multiple dose administration."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects. Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)	0.33
" There appeared to be a linear pharmacokinetic and dose-response (percentage decrease in serum uric acid) relationship for febuxostat dosages within the 10-120 mg range."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects. Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)	0.33
" The following pharmacokinetic parameters were elucidated after administering a single dose of 8mg perospirone hydrochloride."	( Determination of perospirone by liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. Li, HD; Liu, WY; Ma, N; Wang, F; Xiang, DX; Zhang, BK; Zhu, RH; Zhu, YG, 2007)	0.34
" Also further pharmacokinetic parameters were well comparable."	( Pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study of meloxicam tablets in healthy male subjects. Erenmemişoğlu, A; Gschwend, MH; Hincal, AA; Kanzik, I; Martin, W; Tamur, U, 2007)	0.34
" The AUCinf, Cmax, tmax and t1/2 were 42."	( Determination of meloxicam in human plasma using a HPLC method with UV detection and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Bae, JW; Jang, CG; Kim, MJ; Lee, SY, 2007)	0.34
"Even though food caused a decrease in the rate and extent of absorption of febuxostat, this decrease was not associated with a clinically significant change in febuxostat pharmacodynamic effect."	( Effect of food or antacid on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat in healthy subjects. Grabowski, B; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)	0.35
" The inhibitory effects correlate with the plasma compound concentrations, suggesting that there is a clear pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship."	( Structural characterization and pharmacodynamic effects of an orally active 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor. Chen, M; Cupples, R; Fotsch, C; Hale, C; Hickman, D; Matsumoto, G; McCormick, J; Min, X; St Jean, DJ; Sudom, A; Véniant, M; Wang, M; Wang, Z; Xu, H, 2008)	0.35
" To support the clinical development of dasatinib, we identified a pharmacodynamic biomarker to assess in vivo SRC kinase inhibition, with subsequent evaluation in cancer patients."	( Identification and validation of phospho-SRC, a novel and potential pharmacodynamic biomarker for dasatinib (SPRYCEL), a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor. Barrett, YC; Blackwood-Chirchir, A; Camuso, A; Fager, K; Galbraith, S; Lee, FY; Luo, FR; McGlinchey, K; Palme, H; Smykla, R; Wen, ML; Wild, R; Yang, Z, 2008)	0.35
" However, the possible cumulative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in vultures receiving multiple daily doses of meloxicam over time were not assessed."	( The pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in vultures. Bartels, P; Bekker, L; Cromarty, AD; Cuthbert, R; McGaw, L; Naidoo, V; Swan, GE; Taggart, MA; Wolter, K, 2008)	0.35
"19 L/kg) and the elimination half-life was short (2."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meloxicam in piglets. Fosse, TK; Haga, HA; Haugejorden, G; Hormazabal, V; Horsberg, TE; Ranheim, B, 2008)	0.35
" The terminal half-life of 10058-F4 was approximately 1 h, and the volume of distribution was >200 ml/kg."	( Efficacy, pharmacokinetics, tisssue distribution, and metabolism of the Myc-Max disruptor, 10058-F4 [Z,E]-5-[4-ethylbenzylidine]-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one, in mice. Egorin, MJ; Eiseman, JL; Guo, J; Joseph, E; Lazo, JS; Parise, RA; Prochownik, EV, 2009)	0.35
" Here, the optimization of a weakly active high-throughput screening hit to (2 R)-2-(4-cyclopropanesulfonylphenyl)- N-(5-fluorothiazol-2-yl)-3-(tetrahydropyran-4-yl)propionamide (PSN-GK1), a potent GK activator with an improved pharmacokinetic and safety profile, is described."	( SAR, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of glucokinase activating 2-(4-sulfonylphenyl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacetamides: discovery of PSN-GK1. Bertram, LS; Black, D; Briner, PH; Chatfield, R; Cooke, A; Fyfe, MC; Murray, PJ; Naud, F; Nawano, M; Procter, MJ; Rakipovski, G; Rasamison, CM; Reynet, C; Schofield, KL; Shah, VK; Spindler, F; Taylor, A; Turton, R; Williams, GM; Wong-Kai-In, P; Yasuda, K, 2008)	0.35
" Following multiple dosing with febuxostat, there were no statistically significant differences in the plasma or urinary pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters between subjects aged 18 to 40 years and >or=65 years."	( The effect of age and gender on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Kukulka, MJ; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)	0.35
" For a pharmacokinetic study, the concentration of 9-NC as the lactone form (9-NC."	( 9-nitrocamptothecin polymeric nanoparticles: cytotoxicity and pharmacokinetic studies of lactone and total forms of drug in rats. Dadashzadeh, S; Derakhshandeh, K; Shirazi, FH, 2008)	0.35
" Serial (0-48h) blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam administered as regular and fast dissolving formulations to the rat: influence of gastrointestinal dysfunction on the relative bioavailability of two formulations. Aghazadeh-Habashi, A; Jamali, F, 2008)	0.35
"23) L/h, respectively; peak plasma concentration Cmax were (8."	( Determination of azelnidipine by LC-ESI-MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. Fan, HW; Hu, Q; Ji, HJ; Xiao, DW; Zhou, XH; Zhu, YB; Zou, JJ, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic interactions with comedication played a minor role."	( The use of ziprasidone in clinical practice: analysis of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects from data of a drug monitoring survey. Dietmaier, O; Gansmüller, R; Gründer, G; Hiemke, C; Leiblein, T; Vogel, F; Wassmuth, H, 2009)	0.35
" In rhesus monkeys, there were no gender differences in all pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Bioactivity, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity assays in preclinical and clinical trials for recombinant human endostatin. Hu, B; Li, C; Rong, ZG; Wang, JJ; Wu, ZW; Xu, GX; Xu, JM; Zhu, HW; Zhu, LP, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of the work presented here was to design and synthesize potent human glucagon receptor antagonists with improved pharmacokinetic (PK) properties for development of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of type 2 diabetes."	( Human glucagon receptor antagonists with thiazole cores. A novel series with superior pharmacokinetic properties. Andersen, B; Bagger, MA; Behrens, C; Brand, CL; Christensen, IT; Guldbrandt, M; Jeppesen, CB; Jørgensen, AS; Knudsen, LB; Kodra, JT; Lau, J; Madsen, P; Nishimura, E; Pridal, L; Valcarce-Aspegren, C; Ynddal, L, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic results were similar in both treatments, and pharmacodynamic parameters were similar in both treatments."	( Effects of nitazoxanide on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of warfarin. Jackson, AS; Rossignol, JF; Vets, E, 2009)	0.35
"Coadministration of nitazoxanide twice daily for six days did not affect the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties of a single 25-mg dose of warfarin sodium."	( Effects of nitazoxanide on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of warfarin. Jackson, AS; Rossignol, JF; Vets, E, 2009)	0.35
" While the communication provides relevant case studies to support the hypothesis in both dental pain and migraine attacks, it also provides biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic challenges of developing such a strategy for faster oral drug absorption."	( Rationale for faster oral delivery to overcome the pathophysiology associated with dental pain--biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic challenges. Srinivas, NR, )	0.13
" Here, we report the results of a preliminary pharmacokinetic study of masitinib in cats which showed a good bioavailability of ~60% in both sexes."	( Pharmacokinetics of masitinib in cats. Bader, T; Bellamy, F; Hermine, O; Moussy, A, 2009)	0.35
"The potential for topical delivery of meloxicam was investigated by examining its pharmacokinetic profiles in plasma and synovial fluid following oral and transdermal administration in Beagle dogs."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of meloxicam following oral and transdermal administration in Beagle dogs. Chen, XY; Li, SM; Wei, XY; Yao, HM; Yuan, Y; Zhong, DF, 2009)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic results showed that AUC(0-t) (23."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of meloxicam following oral and transdermal administration in Beagle dogs. Chen, XY; Li, SM; Wei, XY; Yao, HM; Yuan, Y; Zhong, DF, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by DAS software and the relative bioavailability was calculated according to the formula F=AUC(t)/AUC(r)x100%."	( [Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of ziprasidone tablets in Chinese healthy volunteers]. Chen, QX; Huang, WQ; Liu, WZ; Wang, GF; Zhang, JJ, 2009)	0.35
" Post marketing study commitments have been made upon (accelerated) approval such as additional pharmacokinetic studies in patients with renal- or hepatic impairment, in children, additional interactions studies and studies on the relative or absolute bioavailability."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Gelderblom, H; Guchelaar, HJ; van Erp, NP, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic data indicated rapid absorption, dose proportionality, and lack of drug accumulation."	( Phase I dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study of dasatinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Agrawal, S; Brunton, VG; Demetri, GD; Evans, TR; Lo Russo, P; MacPherson, IR; Morgan, JA; Paliwal, P; Voi, M; Wang, D, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic analysis of the meloxicam was determined via noncompartmental analysis."	( Single and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after oral administration to the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Carpenter, JW; Hunter, RP; Koch, DE; Pollock, CG, 2009)	0.35
" We characterized its pharmacokinetic profile in nude mice bearing human SK-N-DZ and TE-671 cell lines."	( Antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics of oral gimatecan on pediatric cancer xenografts. Cusano, G; D'Incalci, M; Di Francesco, AM; Forestieri, D; Meco, D; Patriarca, V; Pisano, C; Riccardi, R; Servidei, T; Zucchetti, M, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacokinetic and cardiac studies indicated that coadministration of dasatinib with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors or agents that prolong the QTc interval should be avoided if possible."	( Phase 1 pharmacokinetic and drug-interaction study of dasatinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Agrawal, S; Blackwood-Chirchir, A; Burris, H; Chiappori, AA; Dhillon, N; Hong, D; Johnson, FM; Kaul, S; Luo, FR; Rosen, L; Sy, O, 2010)	0.36
" Plasma samples collected up to 96 hours after administration were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry followed by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral meloxicam in ruminant calves. Allen, PS; Coetzee, JF; KuKanich, B; Mosher, R, 2009)	0.35
" Activated partial thromboplastin and prothrombin times were obtained as measures of pharmacodynamic effect."	( Effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of edoxaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. Kunitada, S; Mendell, J; Shi, M; Tachibana, M, 2011)	0.37
"The objectives of these investigations were: first, to describe the pharmacokinetic properties of meloxicam in cats following single and multiple oral administration and secondly, to simulate different oral dosage regimes for meloxicam in cats after multiple dose administration to illustrate and evaluate those dosage regimes for the alleviation of inflammation and pain in cats."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation of single and multiple dose administration of meloxicam in cats. Jöns, O; Kloft, C; Lehr, T; Narbe, R; Staab, A, 2010)	0.36
" The clearance predicted based on in vitro data correlated well with in vivo clearance obtained from mouse, rat, and dog in vivo pharmacokinetic studies."	( Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 4-substituted methoxybenzoyl-aryl-thiazoles. Dalton, JT; Li, CM; Lu, Y; Miller, DD; Narayanan, R, 2010)	0.59
" Plasma drug concentrations were determined over 48h post-administration by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry followed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin alone or co-administered with meloxicam in ruminant beef calves. Coetzee, JF; Cull, CA; Kelly, LL; Kohake, LE; KuKanich, B; Mosher, RA; Mueting, SL, 2011)	0.37
"There were no significant differences between PO and IV administration with regard to terminal half-life (mean ± SD, 12."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam following intravenous and oral administration in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Barron, GH; Budsberg, SC; Divers, SJ; Hernandez, SM; Koch, TF; McBride, M; Papich, M; Perpinan, D; Pethel, M; Stedman, NL, 2010)	0.36
" We describe the pharmacokinetic properties and safety data after 7 days of dosing of FBS0701, a novel oral, once-daily iron chelator."	( A phase 1 dose-escalation study: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of FBS0701, a novel oral iron chelator for the treatment of transfusional iron overload. Chirnomas, D; Harmatz, P; Kramer, W; Kwiatkowski, JL; Neufeld, EJ; Porter, JB; Rienhoff, HY; Tapper, A; Tay, L; Vichinsky, E; Viprakasit, V, 2011)	0.37
" The plasma elimination half-life (t(1/2)) was approximately 19 hours."	( A phase 1 dose-escalation study: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of FBS0701, a novel oral iron chelator for the treatment of transfusional iron overload. Chirnomas, D; Harmatz, P; Kramer, W; Kwiatkowski, JL; Neufeld, EJ; Porter, JB; Rienhoff, HY; Tapper, A; Tay, L; Vichinsky, E; Viprakasit, V, 2011)	0.37
" In a randomized, cross-over design the pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated in adult goats (n = 8) after single intravenous and oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in adult goats and its analgesic effect in disbudded kids. Bondesson, U; Högberg, M; Ingvast-Larsson, C; Mengistu, U; Olsén, L; Olsson, K, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic studies were performed with the initial dose."	( Pediatric phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of dasatinib: a report from the children's oncology group phase I consortium. Adamson, PC; Agrawal, S; Aplenc, R; Balis, FM; Blaney, SM; Ingle, AM; Shusterman, S; Strauss, LC; Sun, J; Wright, JJ, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacodynamic effects of meloxicam were determined by measuring TXB(2) generated in blood."	( Effects of CYP2C91/13 on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meloxicam. Bae, JW; Choi, CI; Jang, CG; Lee, SY, 2011)	0.37
"The CYP2C91/13 genotype is associated with decreased metabolism and increased pharmacodynamic effects of meloxicam."	( Effects of CYP2C91/13 on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meloxicam. Bae, JW; Choi, CI; Jang, CG; Lee, SY, 2011)	0.37
"The purpose of this analysis was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for CS-917, an oral hypoglycemic prodrug, and its 3 metabolites."	( Population pharmacokinetic model for a novel oral hypoglycemic formed in vivo: comparing the use of active metabolite data alone versus using data of upstream and downstream metabolites. Carrothers, TJ; Habtemariam, B; Kastrissios, H; Khariton, T; Kshirsagar, S; Mager, DE; Rohatagi, S; Walker, JR, 2012)	0.38
" The author provides the reader with knowledge of the fundamental pharmacokinetic characteristics and metabolic pathways of these new antipsychotics, emphasizing the clinically important common features and differences compared to other older agents."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism update for some recent antipsychotics. Caccia, S, 2011)	0.37
"Aripiprazole, perospirone, lurasidone and cariprazine share some of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of older, lipophilic antipsychotics and, like these, each has some distinct pharmacokinetic features that are clinically beneficial and some that are not."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism update for some recent antipsychotics. Caccia, S, 2011)	0.37
" In this contribution, we describe how a novel method can be used for coformer selection to enable the efficient and effective development of a pharmaceutical cocrystal with desired physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties."	( Coformer selection in pharmaceutical cocrystal development: a case study of a meloxicam aspirin cocrystal that exhibits enhanced solubility and pharmacokinetics. Cheney, ML; Hanna, M; Shan, N; Weyna, DR; Wojtas, L; Zaworotko, MJ, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacodynamic data were modeled using an indirect response pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model."	( Paw inflammation model in dogs for preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic investigations of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Bargues, IA; Giraudel, JM; Jeunesse, EC; Lacroix, MZ; Letellier, IM; Toutain, CE; Toutain, PL, 2011)	0.37
" The results obtained (mean ± SD) were as follows: the terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2β) ) was 40."	( The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of meloxicam in camels after intravenous administration. Agha, BA; Al Ali, WA; Al Biriki, NA; Al Neaimi, KM; Kamel, AM; Wasfi, IA, 2012)	0.38
" The absorption half-life was relatively short (0."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of meloxicam in piglets subjected to a kaolin inflammation model. Fosse, TK; Haga, HA; Horsberg, TE; Ranheim, B; Spadavecchia, C, 2011)	0.37
" After intravenous injection, systemic clearance, steady-state volumes of distribution and half-life remained unaltered as a function of dose with values in the range 22."	( Pharmacokinetics of lurasidone, a novel atypical anti-psychotic drug, in rats. Chae, YJ; Koo, TS; Lee, KR, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of dasatinib were performed prior to starting cetuximab and following 14 days of treatment."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of dasatinib and cetuximab in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Agrawal, S; Appleman, LJ; Argiris, A; Egloff, AM; Feinstein, TM; Grandis, JR; Stoller, RG; Wang, L; Yang, T, 2012)	0.38
" The validated method was successfully applied to the quantification of dasatinib and two active metabolites in a human pharmacokinetic study."	( A validated LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous determination of the anti-leukemic agent dasatinib and two pharmacologically active metabolites in human plasma: application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Agrawal, S; Furlong, MT; Hawthorne, D; Krueger, L; Lago, M; Stouffer, B; Unger, S, 2012)	0.38
" Furthermore, a systematic review of the clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and tolerability of ziprasidone was conducted to explain the meta-analytic findings."	( Ziprasidone for psychotic disorders: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the relationship between pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical profile. Létourneau, G; Moteshafi, H; Potvin, S; Stikarovska, I; Stip, E; Tourjman, V; Zhornitsky, S, 2011)	0.37
"Eighteen patients treated with dasatinib and H2RA, PPI or no acid suppressant from whom were obtained a total of 34 pharmacokinetic profiles were enrolled in the study."	( Influence of H2-receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors on dasatinib pharmacokinetics in Japanese leukemia patients. Miura, M; Niioka, T; Sawada, K; Takahashi, N, 2012)	0.38
" To support the development of mirabegron, including pharmacokinetic studies, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry methods for mirabegron and eight metabolites (M5, M8, M11-M16) were developed and validated for heparinized human plasma containing sodium fluoride."	( Development and validation of LC-MS/MS methods for the determination of mirabegron and its metabolites in human plasma and their application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Beld, Cv; Gelderen, Mv; Meijer, J; Takusagawa, S; Teijlingen, Rv; Usui, T, 2012)	0.38
" Plasma and milk drug concentrations were determined over 7 days postadministration by HPLC/MS followed by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Pharmacokinetics and milk secretion of gabapentin and meloxicam co-administered orally in Holstein-Friesian cows. Coetzee, JF; Gehring, R; Kukanich, B; Malreddy, PR, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic profile of 10 and 21 with adequate CNS penetration, required for in vivo Parkinson's disease models, are disclosed."	( Isothiazole and isoxazole fused pyrimidones as PDE7 inhibitors: SAR and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Bajpai, M; Banerjee, A; Gharat, LA; Gudi, GS; Gullapalli, S; Sangana, RR; Yadav, PS, 2012)	0.38
" The aim of the present work was to develop and validate a UPLC-MS/MS method for the selective quantification of tizoxanide (TZN, the major metabolite of NTZ) in human plasma using niclosamide as internal standard; and examine its pharmacokinetic application in healthy volunteers."	( Development of a method by UPLC-MS/MS for the quantification of tizoxanide in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Angeles-Moreno, AP; Contreras-Zavala, L; García-González, A; Maggi-Castellanos, M; Marcelín-Jiménez, G, 2012)	0.38
" Results suggest low pharmacokinetic variability in the assayed population."	( Development of a method by UPLC-MS/MS for the quantification of tizoxanide in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Angeles-Moreno, AP; Contreras-Zavala, L; García-González, A; Maggi-Castellanos, M; Marcelín-Jiménez, G, 2012)	0.38
" Serial blood samples were collected for PD (thrombin generation, anti-FXa) and pharmacokinetic (PK) variables (edoxaban and its principal metabolite M4 by LC-MS/MS, and anti-FIIa as a surrogate of enoxaparin)."	( Edoxaban administration following enoxaparin: a pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and tolerability assessment in human subjects. Halim, AB; He, L; Lee, F; Matsushima, N; Mendell, J; Worland, V; Zahir, H; Zhang, G, 2012)	0.38
" In addition, pharmacokinetic profiles over four hours were acquired after oral administration of a 10 mg/kg (meloxicam equivalent) solid suspension in rats."	( Improving solubility and pharmacokinetics of meloxicam via multiple-component crystal formation. Cheney, ML; Hanna, M; Sanchez-Ramos, JR; Sava, V; Shan, N; Song, S; Weyna, DR; Zaworotko, MJ, 2012)	0.38
" The determination of the pharmacokinetic behavior of this drug is of utmost importance in evaluating its bioavailability."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for ziprasidone in plasma samples: application to pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Marghade, S; Moorkoth, S; Musmade, PB, )	0.13
" This is the first report to confirm the drug interaction between dasatinib and H2RA by using sequential pharmacokinetic profiling."	( H2-receptor antagonist influences dasatinib pharmacokinetics in a patient with Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Kawakami, K; Matsunaga, T; Matsuoka, A; Miura, M; Niioka, T; Sawada, K; Takahashi, N, 2012)	0.38
" Plasma samples collected up to 96 hours post-administration were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS) followed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral meloxicam in llamas. Coetzee, JF; Kreuder, AJ; KuKanich, B; Layman, LL; Plummer, PJ; Schleining, JA; Wulf, LW, 2012)	0.38
"0 hours) with a half-life (T ½ λz) of 22."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral meloxicam in llamas. Coetzee, JF; Kreuder, AJ; KuKanich, B; Layman, LL; Plummer, PJ; Schleining, JA; Wulf, LW, 2012)	0.38
" Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of febuxostat tablets following oral administration at a single dose of 40 mg in beagle dogs."	( Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of febuxostat in dog plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Gao, J; He, Z; Sun, Y; Wang, S; Zhang, P; Zhang, T, 2013)	0.39
"Based on its pharmacokinetic profile, [(18)F]flutemetamol showed potential as a PET tracer for preclinical imaging."	( Pharmacokinetics of [¹⁸F]flutemetamol in wild-type rodents and its binding to beta amyloid deposits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Eskola, O; Farrar, G; Haaparanta-Solin, M; Lopez-Picon, FR; Rinne, JO; Rokka, J; Scheinin, M; Snellman, A; Solin, O; Wilson, I, 2012)	0.38
"9 ng/mL and elimination half-life 10."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of single and multiple oral doses of meloxicam in adult horses. Boston, R; Edwards, S; Lievaart, J; Noble, G; Pippia, J; Raidal, SL, )	0.13
" Mean half-life was around 40 h for both routes of administration."	( Single dose pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of mirabegron, a β₃-adrenoceptor agonist for treatment of overactive bladder. Drogendijk, T; Eltink, C; Grunenberg, N; Iitsuka, H; Kerbusch, V; Kowalski, D; Lee, J; Matsushima, H; Meijer, J; Moy, S; Sawamoto, T; Schaddelee, M; van Gelderen, M; van Marle, S; Zhang, W, 2012)	0.38
" Plasma samples were collected for up to 48 h post-dose to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile following a single oral dose of the drug."	( The effect of genetic polymorphisms in UGT2B15 on the pharmacokinetic profile of sipoglitazar, a novel anti-diabetic agent. Kinley, J; Nishihara, M; Scott, G; Stringer, F; Urquhart, R; Valbuena, M, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic profiling of an orally administered MEL salt was also carried out in both normal rats and rats treated with propantheline for the suppression of gastric motility."	( Development of meloxicam salts with improved dissolution and pharmacokinetic behaviors in rats with impaired gastric motility. Inoue, R; Ochi, M; Onoue, S; Yamada, S; Yamauchi, Y, 2013)	0.39
" As part of the clinical development program for mirabegron, 2 human volunteer studies were performed to derive detailed data on the multiple-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of mirabegron."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of mirabegron, a β3-adrenoceptor agonist: results from two phase I, randomized, multiple-dose studies in healthy young and elderly men and women. Eltink, C; Kerbusch, V; Krauwinkel, W; Meijer, J; Schaddelee, M; Strabach, G; van Dijk, J; van Gelderen, M; van Marle, S, 2012)	0.38
"The quantitation method was successfully applied for simultaneous estimation of methotrexate, dasatinib and N- deshydroxyethyl dasatinib in a pharmacokinetic study in Wistar rats."	( Simultaneous determination of methotrexate, dasatinib and its active metabolite N- deshydroxyethyl dasatinib in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: method validation and application to pharmacokinetic study. Khagga, M; Thappali, SR; Vakkalanka, SK; Varanasi, KV; Veeraraghavan, S, 2012)	0.38
" Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from plasma and urine concentration-time data of mirabegron and metabolites."	( Effect of renal or hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of mirabegron. Dickinson, J; Keirns, J; Kerbusch, V; Kowalski, D; Krauwinkel, W; Kupčová, V; Lasseter, K; Lewand, M; Meijer, J; Morton, R; Moy, S; Riff, D; Sawamoto, T; Schaddelee, M; van Gelderen, M, 2013)	0.39
" No clear relationship was evident between pharmacokinetic parameters and Child-Pugh scores."	( Effect of renal or hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of mirabegron. Dickinson, J; Keirns, J; Kerbusch, V; Kowalski, D; Krauwinkel, W; Kupčová, V; Lasseter, K; Lewand, M; Meijer, J; Morton, R; Moy, S; Riff, D; Sawamoto, T; Schaddelee, M; van Gelderen, M, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic changes observed in subjects with mild or moderate renal impairment or mild hepatic impairment are of small magnitude and likely to be without clinical importance."	( Effect of renal or hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of mirabegron. Dickinson, J; Keirns, J; Kerbusch, V; Kowalski, D; Krauwinkel, W; Kupčová, V; Lasseter, K; Lewand, M; Meijer, J; Morton, R; Moy, S; Riff, D; Sawamoto, T; Schaddelee, M; van Gelderen, M, 2013)	0.39
"The pharmacokinetic profile of meloxicam in clinically healthy koalas (n = 15) was investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) after intravenous, subcutaneous and oral administration. Black, LA; Gilchrist, S; Gillett, A; Govendir, M; Higgins, DP; Kimble, B; Krockenberger, MB; Li, KM; Valtchev, P, 2013)	0.39
" The impact of genotype on exposure was assessed using a pharmacokinetic modeling approach; the influence of genotype on efficacy was evaluated using 12-week HbA1c change from baseline."	( Evaluation of the impact of UGT polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel PPAR agonist sipoglitazar. Danhof, M; DeJongh, J; Karim, A; Ploeger, BA; Scott, G; Stringer, F; Urquhart, R, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetic parameters and effect of preemptive analgesics administered to calves subjected to dehorning with local anesthesia."	( The pharmacokinetics and effects of meloxicam, gabapentin, and flunixin in postweaning dairy calves following dehorning with local anesthesia. Allen, KA; Bergamasco, LL; Coetzee, JF; Dockweiler, JC; Edwards-Callaway, LN; Fraccaro, E; Glynn, HD; Jones, M; KuKanich, B; Lubbers, B, 2013)	0.39
"This study was designed to assess the effects of food on the pharmacokinetic properties of mirabegron OCAS in accordance with regulatory requirements to support dosing recommendations."	( Effects of food intake on the pharmacokinetic properties of mirabegron oral controlled-absorption system: a single-dose, randomized, crossover study in healthy adults. Grunenberg, N; Keirns, J; Kerbusch, V; Kowalski, D; Lee, J; Moy, S; Sawamoto, T; van Gelderen, M; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
" Primary end points for the assessment of food effects were Cmax and AUC0-∞."	( Effects of food intake on the pharmacokinetic properties of mirabegron oral controlled-absorption system: a single-dose, randomized, crossover study in healthy adults. Grunenberg, N; Keirns, J; Kerbusch, V; Kowalski, D; Lee, J; Moy, S; Sawamoto, T; van Gelderen, M; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
" With either fed condition or dose, the 90% CIs for the fed/fasted ratios of both Cmax and AUC0-∞ of mirabegron fell below the predetermined range for bioequivalence (80."	( Effects of food intake on the pharmacokinetic properties of mirabegron oral controlled-absorption system: a single-dose, randomized, crossover study in healthy adults. Grunenberg, N; Keirns, J; Kerbusch, V; Kowalski, D; Lee, J; Moy, S; Sawamoto, T; van Gelderen, M; Zhang, W, 2013)	0.39
" Plasma meloxicam concentrations were determined, and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in rabbits after oral administration of single and multiple doses. Carpenter, JW; Fredholm, DV; Kohles, M; KuKanich, B, 2013)	0.39
"0 h, and ponesimod was eliminated with a mean half-life varying between 21."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ponesimod, a selective S1P1 receptor modulator, in the first-in-human study. Brossard, P; Derendorf, H; Dingemanse, J; Halabi, A; Maatouk, H; Xu, J, 2013)	0.39
"We performed a within-subject open-labeled pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in 17 HIV-seronegative subjects stabilized on at least 2 weeks of buprenorphine/naloxone therapy."	( The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and elvitegravir/cobicistat in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Bruce, RD; Custodio, JM; Friedland, GH; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Wei, LX; Winkle, P, 2013)	0.39
"6 hr*ng/mL) and mean Cmax (8."	( The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and elvitegravir/cobicistat in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Bruce, RD; Custodio, JM; Friedland, GH; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Wei, LX; Winkle, P, 2013)	0.39
" Three studies were conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of edoxaban 60 mg coadministered with low-dose (100 mg) ASA, high-dose (325 mg) ASA, or naproxen (500 mg) in healthy subjects (n = 126)."	( The effects of the antiplatelet agents, aspirin and naproxen, on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the anticoagulant edoxaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor. Chen, S; Lee, F; Mendell, J; Samama, MM; Shi, M; Worland, V, 2013)	0.39
" Computer software was used to estimate values of pharmacokinetic parameters through noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered meloxicam in sheep. Coetzee, JF; KuKanich, B; Smith, BI; Stock, ML, 2013)	0.39
"Following IV administration (n = 5), the geometric mean (range) elimination half-life was 14."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered meloxicam in sheep. Coetzee, JF; KuKanich, B; Smith, BI; Stock, ML, 2013)	0.39
" The proposed method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies in humans."	( A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of febuxostat in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Inamadugu, JK; Katreddi, HR; Pilli, NR; Ramesh, M; Vaka, VR, 2013)	0.39
" Here we tested the pharmacodynamic consequences of these properties in a P-gp deficient mouse model by studying the effects of aripiprazole and of ziprasidone on motor coordination."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of aripiprazole and ziprasidone with respect to p-glycoprotein substrate properties. Frisch, J; Hiemke, C; Holthoewer, D; Kirschbaum, KM; Schmitt, U, 2013)	0.39
"Evidence was given that P-gp substrate properties have pharmacodynamic consequences for aripiprazole but not for ziprasidone and thus affect dopamine receptor related motor behaviour."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of aripiprazole and ziprasidone with respect to p-glycoprotein substrate properties. Frisch, J; Hiemke, C; Holthoewer, D; Kirschbaum, KM; Schmitt, U, 2013)	0.39
" Lack of PK alteration was defined as 90% confidence intervals about the geometric least squares means ratio (coadministration:alone) being within 70%-143% for elvitegravir Cmax (maximum concentration), Ctau (trough), and AUCtau (area under plasma concentration-time curve; 0-24 hours); cobicistat PK were explored."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily boosted elvitegravir when administered in combination with acid-reducing agents. Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Koziara, J; Mathias, A; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G; Wei, X, 2013)	0.39
"To assess the potential pharmacokinetic interactions of edoxaban and 6 cardiovascular drugs used in the management of AF and known P-gp substrates/inhibitors."	( Drug-drug interaction studies of cardiovascular drugs involving P-glycoprotein, an efflux transporter, on the pharmacokinetics of edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor. Chen, S; Lee, F; Matsushima, N; Mendell, J; Noveck, R; Shi, M; Zahir, H; Zhang, G, 2013)	0.39
" Recently developed pharmacokinetic models could explain this phenomenon."	( Impact of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) gene dosage on plasma pharmacokinetics and brain accumulation of dasatinib, sorafenib, and sunitinib. Beijnen, JH; de Vries, N; Schinkel, AH; Sparidans, RW; Tang, SC; Wagenaar, E, 2013)	0.39
" In vitro half-life for disappearance of each compound was converted to hepatic clearance using the well stirred model, with and without correction for plasma protein binding."	( Meeting the challenge of predicting hepatic clearance of compounds slowly metabolized by cytochrome P450 using a novel hepatocyte model, HepatoPac. Chan, TS; Kehtani, SR; Khetani, SR; Moore, A; Tweedie, D; Yu, H, 2013)	0.39
" Here, we report the preparation and pharmacokinetic profile of its carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20."	( Synthesis, radiolabeling, and in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of the amyloid beta radioligand [11C]AZD4694 in nonhuman primates. Amini, N; Bergman, L; Cselenyi, Z; Farde, L; Gulyas, B; Halldin, C; Johnström, P; Lindström-Böö, E; Nakao, R; Sandell, J; Schou, M; Sumic, A; Svensson, S; Varnäs, K, 2014)	0.4
"The advantageous pharmacokinetic profile and low nonspecific binding render [(11)C]AZD4694 a promising PET radioligand for imaging of amyloid beta in the human brain with PET."	( Synthesis, radiolabeling, and in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of the amyloid beta radioligand [11C]AZD4694 in nonhuman primates. Amini, N; Bergman, L; Cselenyi, Z; Farde, L; Gulyas, B; Halldin, C; Johnström, P; Lindström-Böö, E; Nakao, R; Sandell, J; Schou, M; Sumic, A; Svensson, S; Varnäs, K, 2014)	0.4
"In Study 1, the geometric mean Cmax in the fasted state was 56."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of lurasidone: results of two randomized, open-label, crossover studies. Chiu, YY; Ereshefsky, L; Loebel, A; Poola, N; Preskorn, S, 2013)	0.39
" The assay has been applied successfully in a pharmacokinetic study."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of dasatinib in rabbit plasma using fluorescence detection and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ezzeldin, E; Kassem, MG; Korashy, HM; Mostafa, GA, 2013)	0.39
" In staphylococcal growth media, TXY541 converts to PC190723 with a half-life of approximately 8h."	( Pharmacokinetics and in vivo antistaphylococcal efficacy of TXY541, a 1-methylpiperidine-4-carboxamide prodrug of PC190723. Kaul, M; LaVoie, EJ; Mark, L; Parhi, AK; Pilch, DS; Zhang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic profile of mirabegron has been extensively characterized in healthy Caucasian subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of mirabegron, a β3-adrenoceptor agonist for treatment of overactive bladder, in healthy Japanese male subjects: results from single- and multiple-dose studies. Amada, Y; Iitsuka, H; Katashima, M; Matsushima, H; Miyahara, H; Sawamoto, T; Takusagawa, S; Tanaka, T; Tokuno, T; van Gelderen, M, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of mirabegron, a β3-adrenoceptor agonist for treatment of overactive bladder, in healthy Japanese male subjects: results from single- and multiple-dose studies. Amada, Y; Iitsuka, H; Katashima, M; Matsushima, H; Miyahara, H; Sawamoto, T; Takusagawa, S; Tanaka, T; Tokuno, T; van Gelderen, M, 2014)	0.4
"Mirabegron OCAS exhibits similar single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic characteristics and deviations from dose proportionality in healthy Japanese male subjects compared with those observed in non-Japanese (primarily Caucasian) subjects in previous studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of mirabegron, a β3-adrenoceptor agonist for treatment of overactive bladder, in healthy Japanese male subjects: results from single- and multiple-dose studies. Amada, Y; Iitsuka, H; Katashima, M; Matsushima, H; Miyahara, H; Sawamoto, T; Takusagawa, S; Tanaka, T; Tokuno, T; van Gelderen, M, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of the current analysis was to apply a PK-PD model-based approach to evaluate the influence of UGT2B15 driven pharmacokinetic differences on the clinical response."	( A model-based approach to analyze the influence of UGT2B15 polymorphism driven pharmacokinetic differences on the pharmacodynamic response of the PPAR agonist sipoglitazar. Danhof, M; DeJongh, J; Scott, G; Stringer, F, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacodynamic analyses of ChEIs provide paradoxical observations."	( Pharmacodynamics of cholinesterase inhibitors suggests add-on therapy with a low-dose carbamylating inhibitor in patients on long-term treatment with rapidly reversible inhibitors. Darreh-Shori, T; Hosseini, SM; Nordberg, A, 2014)	0.4
"Cobicistat (Tybost™) is a mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes that is indicated in the EU as a pharmacokinetic enhancer (i."	( Cobicistat: a review of its use as a pharmacokinetic enhancer of atazanavir and darunavir in patients with HIV-1 infection. Deeks, ED, 2014)	0.4
" Red-tailed hawks were determined to have the shortest elimination half-life for meloxicam (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of intravenous and oral meloxicam in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus). Boothe, DM; Gamble, KC; Lacasse, C, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic interaction between cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir (EVG/co) and rosuvastatin was evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetics of cobicistat boosted-elvitegravir administered in combination with rosuvastatin. Andrews, J; Cheng, A; Custodio, JM; Hao, J; Kearney, BP; Lepist, EI; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Ray, AS; Wang, H, 2014)	0.4
" The possible relationship between the pharmacokinetic profile of edoxaban and the favorable results in clinical trials is discussed."	( The pharmacokinetics of edoxaban for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Arellano-Rodrigo, E; Diaz-Ricart, M; Escolar, G; Galán, AM, 2014)	0.4
"Edoxaban is perceived as a major advance, compared to vitamin K antagonists, in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disease given its favorable efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetic profile and renal clearance."	( The pharmacokinetics of edoxaban for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Arellano-Rodrigo, E; Diaz-Ricart, M; Escolar, G; Galán, AM, 2014)	0.4
" Plasma meloxicam concentrations were quantified with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam administered orally to rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) for 29 days. Carpenter, JW; Delk, KW; Kohles, M; KuKanich, B; Nietfeld, JC, 2014)	0.4
" We determined the pharmacokinetic properties of a single subcutaneous dose of meloxicam (0."	( Meloxicam pharmacokinetics using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling in ferrets after single subcutaneous administration. Chinnadurai, SK; Harms, CA; Messenger, KM; Papich, MG, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of febuxostat were determined in rats after an oral administration of febuxostat (5 mg/kg) to rats in the control, coadministered and pretreated groups of morin (10 mg/kg)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between febuxostat and morin in rats. Malik, S; Sahu, K; Shaharyar, M; Siddiqui, AA, 2014)	0.4
"Compared to the control rats given febuxostat alone, the Cmax and AUC of febuxostat increased by 18 - 20 and 47 - 50%, respectively, in rats pretreated with morin."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between febuxostat and morin in rats. Malik, S; Sahu, K; Shaharyar, M; Siddiqui, AA, 2014)	0.4
"0) was used for curve fitting and calculations of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effect of CYP2C9*3 mutant variants on meloxicam pharmacokinetics in a healthy Chinese population. Di, X; Jiang, N; Xu, J; Xu, L; Xu, X; Yang, Y; Zhang, M; Zhao, G, 2014)	0.4
" In this open-label, randomized, three-way crossover study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir were evaluated when administered with a standard breakfast, under fasting conditions, or with a nutritional protein-rich drink."	( Effects of a protein-rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: a randomized, three-way crossover study. Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, 2014)	0.4
" Non-linear mixed effect modelling was employed to develop the population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BYL719, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase antagonist, in adult patients with advanced solid malignancies. Boehm, M; Bootle, D; De Buck, SS; Goggin, TK; Jakab, A; Juric, D; Quadt, C, 2014)	0.4
" Darunavir AUC24h following administration of the FDCs (G003: 74,780 ng ∙ h/mL and G004: 76,490 ng ∙ h/mL) was comparable to that following darunavir/ritonavir (78,410 ng ∙ h/mL), as was Cmax (6,666 and 6,917 ng/mL versus 6,973 ng/mL, respectively)."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir in fixed-dose combination with cobicistat compared with coadministration of darunavir and ritonavir as single agents in healthy volunteers. Hillewaert, V; Hoetelmans, RM; Iterbeke, K; Kakuda, TN; Opsomer, M; Petrovic, R; Timmers, M; Van De Casteele, T, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling and logistic regression analyses were used to explore the clinical data from phase 1 and 2 studies to determine the relationship among PK exposure, PD response, and bleeding risk."	( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling analysis of intrinsic FXa and bleeding from edoxaban treatment. Halim, AB; Kang, D; Miller, R; Song, S, 2014)	0.4
" Area under the concentration-time curve, peak concentration (C(max)) and time to reach C(max) were 72,868."	( Improved protein deproteinization method for the determination of meloxicam in human plasma and application in pharmacokinetic study. Liew, KB; Loh, GO; Peh, KK; Tan, YT, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from plasma concentrations of ziprasidone collected prior to and over the 48 h after each ziprasidone administration."	( Evaluation of the potential for a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between armodafinil and ziprasidone in healthy adults. Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2014)	0.4
" This is the basis of pharmacokinetic enhancement."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancers in HIV therapeutics. Acosta, EP; Delille, C; Larson, KB; Otofokun, I; Wang, K, 2014)	0.4
" A previous human pharmacokinetic study suggested a less than proportional increase in edoxaban exposure at higher dose concentrations, but the quantitative relationship, including the point of inflection, has not yet been fully characterized."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dose-exposure proportionality of edoxaban in healthy volunteers. Miller, R; Yin, OQ, 2014)	0.4
"Concentration data from 278 subjects in five phase I clinical studies were used to perform a population pharmacokinetic analysis using non-linear mixed-effects modeling."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dose-exposure proportionality of edoxaban in healthy volunteers. Miller, R; Yin, OQ, 2014)	0.4
"The population pharmacokinetic model provided an adequate description of the observed data."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dose-exposure proportionality of edoxaban in healthy volunteers. Miller, R; Yin, OQ, 2014)	0.4
" Here we investigated the pharmacokinetic parameters of 3 formulations of meloxicam in cynomolgus macaques."	( Pharmacokinetics of 3 formulations of meloxicam in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Bauer, C; Frost, P; Kirschner, S, 2014)	0.4
" Plasma samples collected up to 48 h postadministration were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) followed by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in mature swine after intravenous and oral administration. Coetzee, JF; Johnson, AK; Karriker, LA; KuKanich, B; Millman, ST; Pairis-Garcia, MD; Stalder, KJ; Wulf, L, 2015)	0.42
" However, the elimination of meloxicam in cetaceans was slower than in other species, with an elimination half-life of almost 70 hr, and detectable drug concentrations up to 7 days."	( Pharmacokinetics of single dose oral meloxicam in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Jensen, ED; Meegan, JM; Nollens, HH; Papich, MG; Schmitt, TL; Simeone, CA; Smith, CR, 2014)	0.4
" Serial blood samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Effect of steady-state faldaprevir on the pharmacokinetics of steady-state methadone and buprenorphine-naloxone in subjects receiving stable addiction management therapy. Adeniji, A; Elgadi, M; Huang, F; Joseph, D; Riesenberg, RR; Schobelock, MJ; Vince, BD; Webster, LR, 2015)	0.42
" Median t1/2 (terminal half-life in plasma at steady state) values were prolonged for both EE (2."	( Effect of the hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor faldaprevir on the pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in healthy female volunteers. Elgadi, M; Huang, F; Lang, B; Sabo, JP, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of a single dose of ponesimod, an oral and selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) modulator, in Japanese and Caucasian healthy subjects and explore the effects of sex on PK."	( Effects of ethnicity and sex on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 modulator ponesimod: a clinical study in Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Brossard, P; Dingemanse, J; Hoch, M; Reyes, M, 2014)	0.4
" Based on promising preclinical results, we conducted a pediatric phase I study to estimate the maximum tolerated dose, describe dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) and characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of PTC299 in children with recurrent CNS tumors."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of PTC299 in pediatric patients with refractory or recurrent central nervous system tumors: a PBTC study. Banerjee, A; Boyett, JM; Fisher, M; Fouladi, M; Goldman, S; Kun, L; Lulla, R; Onar-Thomas, A; Packer, RJ; Pollack, I; Rood, BR; Smith, C; Stewart, CF; Turner, DC; Wu, S; Young-Pouissant, T, 2015)	0.42
" In this process, particular attention has been paid to the drug pharmacokinetic characteristics and its safety in clinical use."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics, safety and clinical efficacy of ziprasidone for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Mandrioli, R; Mercolini, L; Protti, M, 2015)	0.42
"Inhibition of the cytochrome p450 3A4 enzyme system leads to increases in plasma concentrations of coadministered antiretroviral agents - a concept known as pharmacokinetic boosting."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancement in HIV antiretroviral therapy: a comparison of ritonavir and cobicistat. Bow, D; Ng, J; Norton, M; Renjifo, B; Salem, AH; van Wyk, J, )	0.13
"The impact of Largazole scaffold replacements on in vitro growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, pharmacokinetic properties, and in vivo activity using a xenograft model was investigated."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic properties and antitumor activity of the marine HDACi Largazole and Largazole peptide isostere. Bradner, JE; Charles, B; Clausen, DJ; Gustafson, DL; Hansen, RJ; Lunghofer, PJ; Pilon, JL; Rose, BJ; Thamm, DH; Williams, RM, 2015)	0.42
" Using IV bolus delivery at 5 mg/kg, two compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling on the peptide isostere analog of Largazole indicated improved pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic properties and antitumor activity of the marine HDACi Largazole and Largazole peptide isostere. Bradner, JE; Charles, B; Clausen, DJ; Gustafson, DL; Hansen, RJ; Lunghofer, PJ; Pilon, JL; Rose, BJ; Thamm, DH; Williams, RM, 2015)	0.42
"These results establish that replacing the depsipeptide linkage in Largazole with an amide may impart pharmacokinetic and therapeutic advantage and that alternative prodrug forms of Largazole are feasible."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic properties and antitumor activity of the marine HDACi Largazole and Largazole peptide isostere. Bradner, JE; Charles, B; Clausen, DJ; Gustafson, DL; Hansen, RJ; Lunghofer, PJ; Pilon, JL; Rose, BJ; Thamm, DH; Williams, RM, 2015)	0.42
" We describe the pharmacokinetic behavior of meloxicam in the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior of meloxicam in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after intramuscular and intravenous administration. Cavaliere, L; Crescenzo, G; Di Bello, A; Freggi, D; Lai, OR; Marzano, G; Soloperto, S, 2015)	0.42
"The objective of these studies was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile, safety, and tolerability of mirabegron, a β3-adrenoceptor agonist for the treatment of overactive bladder, including food effects (low- or high-fat meals) and sex, in healthy East Asian subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of Mirabegron, a β3-Adrenoceptor Agonist for Treatment of Overactive Bladder, in Healthy East Asian Subjects. Iitsuka, H; Katashima, M; Sawamoto, T; Takusagawa, S; van Gelderen, M, 2015)	0.42
"In total, 5 pharmacokinetic studies of mirabegron were conducted in healthy East Asian subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of Mirabegron, a β3-Adrenoceptor Agonist for Treatment of Overactive Bladder, in Healthy East Asian Subjects. Iitsuka, H; Katashima, M; Sawamoto, T; Takusagawa, S; van Gelderen, M, 2015)	0.42
" In Japanese subjects, a greater reduction in mirabegron Cmax and AUC0-∞ was observed after a low-fat meal compared with a high-fat meal."	( Pharmacokinetics of Mirabegron, a β3-Adrenoceptor Agonist for Treatment of Overactive Bladder, in Healthy East Asian Subjects. Iitsuka, H; Katashima, M; Sawamoto, T; Takusagawa, S; van Gelderen, M, 2015)	0.42
" Furthermore, the effects of food on the pharmacokinetic profiles appeared to be similar among the 3 populations tested in our studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of Mirabegron, a β3-Adrenoceptor Agonist for Treatment of Overactive Bladder, in Healthy East Asian Subjects. Iitsuka, H; Katashima, M; Sawamoto, T; Takusagawa, S; van Gelderen, M, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic study: Balb/C mice received FLBZ (5 mg/kg) orally either alone or co-administered with NTZ (100 mg/kg)."	( Combined flubendazole-nitazoxanide treatment of cystic echinococcosis: Pharmacokinetic and efficacy assessment in mice. Carlos, L; Celina, E; Guillermo, D; Laura, C; Luis, A; Sergio, SB, 2015)	0.42
" (1E,4E)-1,5-Bis(2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-5-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one, featuring thiazole rings and trifluoromethyl groups, was established as the optimal lead compound because of its good in vitro potency and attractive in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Structure-Activity Relationship and Pharmacokinetic Studies of 1,5-Diheteroarylpenta-1,4-dien-3-ones: A Class of Promising Curcumin-Based Anticancer Agents. Chen, C; Chen, G; Chen, QH; Wang, G; Wang, R; Zhang, C; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X; Zheng, S; Zhong, Q, 2015)	0.42
"All pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable between the two formulations The observed mean Cmax, AUC(last), and AUC(∞) values for the reference formulation were 3,670 ng/mL, 12,086 ng x h/mL, and 12,880 ng x h/mL, respectively."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and uric acid lowering effect between two different strength febuxostat formulations (80 mg vs. 40 mg) in healthy subjects. Kim, KA; Park, JY, 2015)	0.42
"The clinical development of FtsZ-targeting benzamide compounds like PC190723 has been limited by poor drug-like and pharmacokinetic properties."	( TXA709, an FtsZ-Targeting Benzamide Prodrug with Improved Pharmacokinetics and Enhanced In Vivo Efficacy against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Kaul, M; LaVoie, EJ; Lyu, YL; Mark, L; Parhi, AK; Pawlak, J; Pilch, DS; Saravolatz, LD; Saravolatz, S; Weinstein, MP; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Plasma concentrations of edoxaban and its metabolites M4 and M6 were measured, and limited assessments of pharmacodynamic markers of coagulation were performed."	( The effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of edoxaban in healthy adults. Chen, S; Desai, M; He, L; Mendell, J; Parasramupria, DA, 2015)	0.42
" The geometric mean ratios (GMR test/reference) and the 90% confidence intervals of the pivotal pharmacokinetic parameters (area under the curve and maximum concentration) were within the defined limits of 80% to 125% generally accepted for products to be considered bioequivalent."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of 2 meloxicam oral dosage formulations in healthy adult horses. Banse, H; Barker, J; Cribb, AE; Engbers, S; Fischer, C; Frederick, J; Friedt, H; Rybicka, JM; Stastny, T; Vivancos, M, 2015)	0.42
" Thus the present ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatograhy-high-resolution mass spectrometry method for determination of ACT in rat plasma, is highly sensitive and rapid with a short run-time of 4 min, can be suitable for high sample throughput and for large batches of biological samples in pharmacokinetic studies."	( Quantitation of acotiamide in rat plasma by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS: method development, validation and application to pharmacokinetics. Gananadhamu, S; Kalariya, PD; Patel, PN; Srinivas, R; Swamy, CV, 2016)	0.43
"Concentration profiles of acotiamide and acetylcholine (ACh) were determined after intravenous administration to rats and analyzed by physiologically-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model containing vascular space, precursor pool and deep pool of stomach."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling for the Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase by Acotiamide, A Novel Gastroprokinetic Agent for the Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia, in Rat Stomach. Hirayama, M; Iikura, M; Kawabata, Y; Toda, R; Yoshii, K, 2016)	0.43
" Cmax and tmax values of ponesimod were comparable across all groups in both studies."	( Effect of Hepatic or Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Ponesimod, a Selective S1P1 Receptor Modulator. Dingemanse, J; Guérard, N; Hoch, M; Zwingelstein, C, 2016)	0.43
" To support the possibility that patients may choose to switch treatment from another nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant to edoxaban, this clinical study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of edoxaban after switching from rivaroxaban or dabigatran etexilate to edoxaban."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Edoxaban When Administered Alone or After Switching from Rivaroxaban or Dabigatran Etexilate in Healthy Subjects. Brown, KS; Dishy, V; Kochan, J; Maa, JF; Parasrampuria, DA; Shi, M; Weilert, D, 2016)	0.43
"Day 4 edoxaban pharmacokinetic parameters were similar for all treatments."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Edoxaban When Administered Alone or After Switching from Rivaroxaban or Dabigatran Etexilate in Healthy Subjects. Brown, KS; Dishy, V; Kochan, J; Maa, JF; Parasrampuria, DA; Shi, M; Weilert, D, 2016)	0.43
" This review examines strategies to overcome ARC and summarizes current pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic literature in patients with ARC in an effort to provide dosing guidance for this patient population."	( Implications of Augmented Renal Clearance on Drug Dosing in Critically Ill Patients: A Focus on Antibiotics. Daley, MJ; Hobbs, AL; Roberts, KM; Shea, KM, 2015)	0.42
" Concentration-time curves were fitted and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated for each administration group."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in adult goats: a comparative study of subcutaneous, oral and intravenous administration. Bilgen, M; Boyacioglu, M; Erdogan, H; Karademir, U; Kum, C; Sekkin, S, 2016)	0.43
" The terminal half-life was longer (15."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in adult goats: a comparative study of subcutaneous, oral and intravenous administration. Bilgen, M; Boyacioglu, M; Erdogan, H; Karademir, U; Kum, C; Sekkin, S, 2016)	0.43
" The terminal elimination half-life in healthy subjects ranges from 10 to 14 h, with minimal accumulation upon repeat once daily dosing up to doses of 120 mg."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Edoxaban, a Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant that Inhibits Clotting Factor Xa. Parasrampuria, DA; Truitt, KE, 2016)	0.43
" This study investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of SoluMatrix meloxicam 5-mg (fasting conditions) and 10-mg capsules (fasting and fed conditions) and compared SoluMatrix meloxicam 10-mg capsules with meloxicam 15-mg tablets under fasting conditions."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of low-dose SoluMatrix meloxicam in healthy adults. Hussaini, A; Solorio, D; Young, C, 2016)	0.43
"Studies have shown altered pharmacokinetic patterns (PK) in patient suffering from acute pain."	( Disease specific modeling: Simulation of the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam and ibuprofen in disease state vs. healthy conditions. Aghazadeh-Habashi, A; Almukainzi, M; Jamali, F; Löbenberg, R, 2016)	0.43
"To examine whether strict control of clinical trial conditions could reduce apparent differences of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters among ethnic groups."	( Absence of ethnic differences in the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin, simvastatin, and meloxicam among three East Asian populations and Caucasians. Hasunuma, T; Jang, IJ; Kaneko, M; Kaniwa, N; Kawai, S; Saito, Y; Takeuchi, M; Tohkin, M; Uyama, Y; Watanabe, H; Yamazoe, Y; Yimin, C, 2016)	0.43
" Cmax values of moxifloxacin and simvastatin, but not meloxicam, showed significant differences."	( Absence of ethnic differences in the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin, simvastatin, and meloxicam among three East Asian populations and Caucasians. Hasunuma, T; Jang, IJ; Kaneko, M; Kaniwa, N; Kawai, S; Saito, Y; Takeuchi, M; Tohkin, M; Uyama, Y; Watanabe, H; Yamazoe, Y; Yimin, C, 2016)	0.43
" With the aim to fill the lack of data about its pharmacokinetic in this species, eighteen turtles (Trachemys scripta scripta) were divided in three groups and treated with a single dose of meloxicam (0."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of meloxicam in turtles (Trachemys scripta scripta) after single oral, intracoelomic and intramuscular administrations. Catanzaro, A; Deli, G; della Rocca, G; Di Salvo, A; Giorgi, M, 2016)	0.43
" The cocrystals exhibit faster dissolution rates and higher pharmacokinetic properties compared to the reference drug, and surprisingly the cocrystal alloy NTZ-PABA : NTZ-PASA (0."	( Cocrystals and alloys of nitazoxanide: enhanced pharmacokinetics. Mannava, MK; Nangia, A; Suresh, K, 2016)	0.43
" The influence of body weight (WT), creatinine clearance (CLCR), concomitant P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors, age, sex, race, and NVAF on pharmacokinetic parameters was evaluated based on statistical significance and clinical relevance."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Edoxaban in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Study, a Phase III Clinical Trial. Jönsson, S; Karlsson, KE; Karlsson, MO; Krekels, EH; Miller, R; Niebecker, R; Ruff, CT; Shimizu, T; Simonsson, US, 2016)	0.43
"To determine the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in Caribbean flamingos ( Phoenicopterus ruber ruber), a pilot study was performed first, followed by a complete pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dose of Oral and Subcutaneous Meloxicam in Caribbean Flamingos ( Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). Carpenter, JW; KuKanich, B; Lindemann, DM, 2016)	0.43
" Based on clinical data including studies in renally and hepatically impaired subjects, a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed to characterize the PK of ponesimod and its primary metabolites and to qualify and quantify the influence of organ impairment on the concentration-time profiles of these compounds."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ponesimod and its primary metabolites in healthy and organ-impaired subjects. Dingemanse, J; Krause, A; Lehr, T; Lott, D, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic values for each administration route were determined with a 2-compartment open model approach."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) after single intravenous and intramuscular injections. Aboubakr, M; Altan, F; Cetin, G; Dik, B; Uney, K, 2016)	0.43
" The compounds were designed with the objective of improving pharmacokinetic properties."	( Second-Generation Phenylthiazole Antibiotics with Enhanced Pharmacokinetic Properties. Abdelghany, TM; Bayoumi, SA; Disouky, AM; El-Morsy, A; Elshafeey, A; Mancy, AS; Mayhoub, AS; Mohammad, H; Seleem, MA; Seleem, MN, 2016)	0.43
"The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) model for describing plasma lusutrombopag concentrations and platelet response following oral lusutrombopag dosing and for evaluating covariates in the PK/PD profiles."	( Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Lusutrombopag, a Newly Developed Oral Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist, in Healthy Subjects. Ishibashi, T; Kano, T; Katsube, T; Wajima, T, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by data plotting followed by analysis with a noncompartmental model."	( Pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine after intraperitoneal administration to cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Beaudry, F; Benito, J; Lascelles, BD; Lavoie, AM; Monteiro, BP; Steagall, PV, 2016)	0.43
" Increases in Cmax and AUC of PTC299 were dose-proportional."	( Phase 1 Study of Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of PTC299, an Inhibitor of Stress-Regulated Protein Translation. Almstead, N; Babiak, J; Cao, L; Colacino, J; Dali, M; Davis, T; Elfring, G; Hirawat, S; Moon, YC; Northcutt, V; Peltz, SW; Riebling, P; Spiegel, R; Weetall, M, 2016)	0.43
" Four phase 1 studies were conducted in healthy subjects to evaluate the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between mirabegron and metformin, warfarin, digoxin, or a combination oral contraceptive (COC)."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Mirabegron and Metformin, Warfarin, Digoxin or Combined Oral Contraceptives. Groen-Wijnberg, M; Kerbusch, V; Krauwinkel, W; Meijer, J; Tretter, R; van Dijk, J; van Gelderen, M; Zhang, W, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Mirabegron and Metformin, Warfarin, Digoxin or Combined Oral Contraceptives. Groen-Wijnberg, M; Kerbusch, V; Krauwinkel, W; Meijer, J; Tretter, R; van Dijk, J; van Gelderen, M; Zhang, W, 2017)	0.46
"A population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed based on pooled data from 13 clinical studies."	( Impact of Demographics, Organ Impairment, Disease, Formulation, and Food on the Pharmacokinetics of the Selective S1P Dingemanse, J; Krause, A; Lehr, T; Lott, D, 2017)	0.46
"Critically evaluating the pharmacokinetic behavior of a drug in the body provides crucial information about how to effectively treat a patient."	( PHARMACOKINETIC EVALUATION OF MELOXICAM AFTER INTRAVENOUS AND INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION IN NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS). Fredholm, DV; KuKanich, B; Mylniczenko, ND, 2016)	0.43
" This potent and selective inhibitor of factor Xa shows predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles."	( Clinical relevance of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of edoxaban when treating patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Aspromonte, N; Colivicchi, F, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic values were determined from plasma concentrations measured by high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Population pharmacokinetics of a single dose of meloxicam after oral and intramuscular administration to captive lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor). Papich, MG; Pich, AA; Sánchez, CR; Unger, KM; Zordan, MA, 2016)	0.43
" Estimated values of selected pharmacokinetic parameters were compared by use of a linear mixed-effects ANOVA."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after intramuscular and oral administration of a single dose to American flamingos (Phoenicopertus ruber). Boonstra, JL; Cox, SK; Martin-Jimenez, T, 2017)	0.46
" Pulmonary delivery of NTZ entrapped in particles increased the half-life of the drug by factors of 3, 12, and 200 in the plasma, lung tissue, and alveolar macrophages, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Partial Biodistribution of "Pincer Therapeutic" Nitazoxanide in Mice following Pulmonary Delivery of Inhalable Particles. Bhatta, RS; Gupta, A; Misra, A; Tulsankar, SL, 2017)	0.46
"In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetic profiles of meloxicam and sustained-release (SR) buprenorphine in prairie dogs."	( Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Meloxicam and Sustained-release Buprenorphine in Prairie Dogs ( Cary, CD; Gallardo-Romero, NF; Hutson, CL; Lathrop, GW; Lukovsky-Akhsanov, NL; Morgan, CN; Ostergaard, SD; Powell, N; Tansey, CM; Taylor, WD, 2017)	0.46
" Using GastroPlus™, a commercially available pharmacokinetic simulation software, a semiphysiological model-a kind of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) absorption model-was developed that could predict the concentration-time profiles when ziprasidone was administered with any one of the five test meals or fasting."	( The impact of gastric pH, volume, and emptying on the food effect of ziprasidone oral absorption. Gandelman, K; Nause, R; Sutton, SC, 2017)	0.46
" Following single dosing under fasted and fed conditions, mean peak concentrations occurred at 5 to 8 hours and subsequently declined with a half-life of 16 to 18 hours in Japanese and white subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacogenomics, Safety, and Tolerability of Avatrombopag in Healthy Japanese and White Subjects. Aluri, J; Ferry, J; Han, D; Nomoto, M; Pastino, G; Rege, B, 2018)	0.48
"This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of a single dose of meloxicam (1."	( Pharmacokinetics of Single-dose Subcutaneous Meloxicam Injections in Black-tailed Prairie Dogs ( Eshar, D; Kukanich, B; McCullough, C; Warner, M; Wright, TL, 2017)	0.46
"The aims of the investigation were to establish for the first time (i) clinical efficacy and (ii) pharmacokinetic profile of meloxicam intravenously (IV) administered in male Mediterranean buffalo calves after surgical orchiectomy."	( Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in Mediterranean buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Borriello, G; Cagnardi, P; Ciaramella, P; D'Andrea, L; Di Loria, A; Ferrante, MC; Guccione, J; Villa, R; Zicarelli, L, 2017)	0.46
"16-fold increase of AUC of avatrombopag, prolonged terminal elimination phase half-life (from 19."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions of avatrombopag when coadministered with dual or selective CYP2C9 and CYP3A interacting drugs. Aluri, J; Boyd, P; Chang, MK; Ferry, J; Lai, WG; Nomoto, M; Rege, B; Schuck, E; Siu, YA; Yasuda, S; Zamora, CA, 2018)	0.48
"We previously reported exogenous antifactor Xa (FXa) activity as a pharmacokinetic surrogate marker for edoxaban plasma concentrations."	( Linking Endogenous Factor Xa Activity, a Biologically Relevant Pharmacodynamic Marker, to Edoxaban Plasma Concentrations and Clinical Outcomes in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Trial. Antman, EM; Braunwald, E; Giugliano, RP; Mercuri, MF; Miller, R; Morrow, D; Ruff, CT; Truitt, K; Weitz, JI; Yin, OQP, 2018)	0.48
" The pharmacokinetics in patients treated with standard and reduced doses of the four anticoagulants using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was compared with the concentration ranges estimated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling."	( Pharmacokinetics of anticoagulants apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban and rivaroxaban in elderly Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation treated in one general hospital. Endo, S; Kishi, H; Kogiku, M; Noda, M; Notsu, Y; Ota, M; Shimizu, M; Takekawa, M; Yamazaki, H; Yamazaki-Nishioka, M, 2019)	0.51
"This was the first study to construct a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for mirabegron which incorporates the overall elimination pathways of metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7, and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and renal excretion."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling for mirabegron: a multi-elimination pathway mediated by cytochrome P450 3A4, uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7, and butyrylcholinesterase. Konishi, K; Minematsu, T; Nagasaka, Y; Tabata, K, 2019)	0.51
"A full physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of ziprasidone was developed and validated for the non-pregnant population (healthy adults, paediatrics, geriatrics), and this was extended to the pregnant state to assess the change in PK profile of ziprasidone throughout pregnancy."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in pregnant women. Biesdorf, C; Diniz, A; Martins, FS; Sy, SKB, 2019)	0.51
"We previously verified a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for mirabegron in healthy subjects using the Simcyp Simulator by incorporating data on the inhibitory effect on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and a multi-elimination pathway mediated by CYP3A4, uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7 and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)."	( Application of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the prediction of mirabegron plasma concentrations in a population with severe renal impairment. Konishi, K; Minematsu, T; Nagasaka, Y; Tabata, K, 2019)	0.51
" Potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) following coadministration of these 2 overactive bladder treatments were estimated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, developed and verified by comparing predicted and observed pharmacokinetic profiles from clinical studies."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Suggests Limited Drug-Drug Interaction for Fesoterodine When Coadministered With Mirabegron. Goosen, TC; Lin, J; Malhotra, B; Tse, S; Yamagami, H, 2019)	0.51
" This report describes 3 studies aimed at assessing the effects of food and calcium carbonate on the pharmacokinetic parameters of lusutrombopag in healthy subjects."	( Effects of Food and Calcium Carbonate on the Pharmacokinetics of Lusutrombopag, a Novel Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist. Fukuhara, T; Kano, T; Katsube, T; Wajima, T, 2019)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from plasma lusutrombopag concentrations."	( Effects of Food and Calcium Carbonate on the Pharmacokinetics of Lusutrombopag, a Novel Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist. Fukuhara, T; Kano, T; Katsube, T; Wajima, T, 2019)	0.51
" Pharmacokinetic profile of the RN104 was evaluated in mice plasma using a developed and validated bioanalytical method by LC-MS/MS."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetic study of a new thiazolyl hydrazone derivative with antifungal activity in mice plasma by LC-MS/MS. Braga, AV; César, IC; Gloria, MBA; Machado, RR; Oliveira, RB; Silva, IR, 2020)	0.56
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) human model for alpelisib, an oral α-specific class I phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, was established to simulate oral absorption and plasma pharmacokinetics of healthy subjects to allow model-informed drug development."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Oral Absorption, pH, and Food Effect in Healthy Volunteers to Drive Alpelisib Formulation Selection. Blumenstein, L; Gajewska, M; Heimbach, T; Kourentas, A; Lorenzo, S; Mueller-Zsigmondy, M; Sinn, A; Velinova, M, 2020)	0.56
" In reference to the pharmacokinetic profile of nitazoxanide, we proposed the hypotheses that the low plasma concentrations and the low system exposure of tizoxanide after dosing with nitazoxanide result from significant first-pass effects in the liver."	( Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of O-Carbamoyl Tizoxanide Prodrugs. He, X; Hu, W; Li, X; Meng, F, 2022)	0.72
"These O-carbamoyl tizoxanide prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated in a mouse model for pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and in an in vitro model for plasma stabilities."	( Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of O-Carbamoyl Tizoxanide Prodrugs. He, X; Hu, W; Li, X; Meng, F, 2022)	0.72
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux on edoxaban absorption in gastrointestinal tracts quantitatively by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model constructed with clinical and non-clinical observations (using GastroPlus™ software)."	( Quantitative analysis of an impact of P-glycoprotein on edoxaban's disposition using a human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Ando, S; Izumi, T; Kato, T; Matsumoto, Y; Mikkaichi, T; Okudaira, N; Shimizu, T; Yoshigae, Y, 2021)	0.62
"The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and safety of edoxaban in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) who were hospitalized with acute heart failure (AHF)."	( Plasma Concentration and Pharmacodynamics of Edoxaban in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and Acute Heart Failure. Akashi, YJ; Ako, J; Doi, S; Inomata, T; Ishida, M; Kida, K; Kimura, T; Matsumoto, N; Nabeta, T; Ohta, Y; Shiono, T; Suzuki, N; Takita, A; Tsukahara, M; Yamaguchi, K, 2021)	0.62
"This is the first study of edoxaban pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with NVAF and AHF, and shows that the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of edoxaban were constant during hospitalization."	( Plasma Concentration and Pharmacodynamics of Edoxaban in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and Acute Heart Failure. Akashi, YJ; Ako, J; Doi, S; Inomata, T; Ishida, M; Kida, K; Kimura, T; Matsumoto, N; Nabeta, T; Ohta, Y; Shiono, T; Suzuki, N; Takita, A; Tsukahara, M; Yamaguchi, K, 2021)	0.62
" The use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models has gained importance and is nowadays a standard tool for food effect predictions at preclinical and clinical stages in the pharmaceutical industry."	( Use of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Predicting Drug-Food Interactions: Recommendations for Improving Predictive Performance of Low Confidence Food Effect Models. Emami Riedmaier, A; Kesisoglou, F; Parrott, N; Pepin, XJH; Wagner, C, 2021)	0.62
" We analyze the clinical presentation, PI3K inhibitor pharmacodynamic aspects, its influence in glycemic control and the required treatment approach."	( Alpelisib-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: Case Report, Pharmacodynamics and Management Considerations. Arranz Martin, A; Ballesteros García, A; Marazuela Azpiroz, M; Pla Peris, B; Sebastián-Valles, F, 2022)	0.72
" Flash glucose monitoring (FGM) information has been helpful in understanding the pharmacodynamic aspects of alpelisib and insulin titration."	( Alpelisib-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: Case Report, Pharmacodynamics and Management Considerations. Arranz Martin, A; Ballesteros García, A; Marazuela Azpiroz, M; Pla Peris, B; Sebastián-Valles, F, 2022)	0.72
" This work describes the development and verification of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for the CYP2D6-sensitive substrate, nebivolol and the index CYP2D6 inhibitors, mirabegron and cinacalcet."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Models of CYP2D6 Substrate and Inhibitors Nebivolol, Cinacalcet and Mirabegron to Simulate Drug-Drug Interactions. Gardner, I; Khoshaein, N; Kilford, P; Southall, R, 2022)	0.72
"The exposure of nebivolol, cinacalcet and mirabegron predicted by the PBPK models was verified against pharmacokinetic data from 13, 3 and 9 clinical studies, respectively."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Models of CYP2D6 Substrate and Inhibitors Nebivolol, Cinacalcet and Mirabegron to Simulate Drug-Drug Interactions. Gardner, I; Khoshaein, N; Kilford, P; Southall, R, 2022)	0.72
" We aimed to investigate whether NTZ SC and sVCAM-1 could be suitable pharmacodynamic markers and whether they could predict disease activity on NTZ, improving the concept of personalized multiple sclerosis treatment."	( Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and Natalizumab Serum Concentration as Potential Biomarkers for Pharmacodynamics and Treatment Response of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Natalizumab. Auer, M; Bauer, A; Berek, K; Berger, T; Bsteh, G; Deisenhammer, F; Di Pauli, F; Hegen, H; Oftring, A; Reindl, M; Rudzki, D; Zinganell, A, 2022)	0.72
"Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 is a suitable pharmacodynamic marker during treatment with NTZ, which is significantly reduced already after the first dose, remains stable in individual patients even on extended interval dosing, and strongly correlates with NTZ SC."	( Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and Natalizumab Serum Concentration as Potential Biomarkers for Pharmacodynamics and Treatment Response of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Natalizumab. Auer, M; Bauer, A; Berek, K; Berger, T; Bsteh, G; Deisenhammer, F; Di Pauli, F; Hegen, H; Oftring, A; Reindl, M; Rudzki, D; Zinganell, A, 2022)	0.72
" A previous pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic model developed in healthy participants was updated using data from phase II and III trials conducted in patients with MS."	( Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the Ponesimod Effect on Heart Rate in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Luyckx, N; Pérez-Ruixo, JJ; Poggesi, I; Vaclavkova, A; Valenzuela, B, 2023)	0.91
"This study aimed to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) parent-metabolite model of edoxaban, an oral anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index, and to predict pharmacokinetic (PK)/PD profiles and potential drug-drug-disease interactions (DDDIs) in patients with renal impairment."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic parent-metabolite model of edoxaban to predict drug-drug-disease interactions: M4 contribution. Ge, W; He, H; Jiang, Q; Liu, W; Xu, R, 2023)	0.91
"The present work aimed to carry out in vitro biological assays of thiazole compounds against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni, as well as the in silico determination of pharmacokinetic parameters to predict the oral bioavailability of these compounds."	( In vitro activity, ultrastructural analysis and in silico pharmacokinetic properties (ADMET) of thiazole compounds against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni. Aires, AL; Albuquerque, MCPA; Alves, LC; Araújo, HDA; Brayner, FA; Cruz Filho, IJD; Lima, MDCA; Marques, DSC; Nascimento, PHDB; Rocha, JVRD; Silva, DVSPD, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The present experiments were performed to investigate the effects of dopamine D1 receptor agonists given alone or in combination with dopamine D2 receptor agonists on body temperature in rats."	( Hyperthermia induced by the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SK&F38393 in combination with the dopamine D2 receptor agonist talipexole in the rat. Furukawa, T; Kimura, H; Matsumoto, S; Nagashima, M; Yamada, K, 1992)	0.28
" These results indicate that SD-3211 is an antihypertensive agent with long-lasting action and little effect on heart rate and atrioventricular conduction and, when administered alone or in combination with propranolol, may be useful in the treatment of hypertension."	( SD-3211, a novel benzothiazine calcium antagonist, alone and in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, produces antihypertensive effects without affecting heart rate and atrioventricular conduction in conscious renal hypertensive dogs. Kageyama, M; Miyawaki, N; Nishimura, K; Takada, T; Yamauchi, H, 1991)	0.28
" The combination with verapamil may be effective in those who do not respond to etozolin alone."	( Etozolin monotherapy and combination with verapamil in essential hypertension. Agabiti-Rosei, E; Muiesan, G, 1989)	0.28
"The most widely used H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, is known to interact with cytochrome P-450 drug-metabolizing enzymes and, therefore, interacts with other drugs which may be administered concurrently."	( Comparative effects of H2-receptor antagonists on drug interaction in rats. Cocchetto, DM; Duggan, DE; Lin, JH; Yeh, KC, )	0.13
" The potential of famotidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist with a guanylthiazole ring structure, to interact with the cytochrome P450 system has been extensively evaluated."	( Famotidine: a notable lack of drug interactions. Humphries, TJ, 1987)	0.27
" The type of interaction was different between patients, and depends on the drug combination and concentrations."	( Drug combination testing in acute lymphoblastic leukemia using the MTT assay. Hählen, K; Kaspers, GJ; Pieters, R; Van Wering, ER; Van Zantwijk, I; Veerman, AJ, 1995)	0.29
"Semotiadil fumarate, a novel benzothiazine calcium antagonist, was given alone or in combination with either enalapril or trichlormethiazide to conscious, spontaneously hypertensive, rats daily for 2 weeks."	( Antihypertensive effects of a novel calcium antagonist, semotiadil fumarate (SD-3211), alone and in combination with enalapril or trichlormethiazide in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Akashi, S; Ichikawa, M; Koida, M; Machidera, Y; Manno, K; Nakamuta, H; Ohtsuji, T; Wanaka, M, 1994)	0.29
" The drug did not show antimicrobial or antifungal activities nor interact with some of the most common therapeutics (antibiotics, tolbutamide, pentobarbital, antihypertensives, chlorothiazide, warfarin, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents)."	( General pharmacology of pidotimod and testing for drug interactions. Coppi, G; Falcone, A; Ieva, G; Manzardo, S; Pinzetta, A, 1994)	0.29
" The present study was designed to evaluate PD 128483 ((+)-4,5,5a,6,7,8-hexahydro-6-methyl-thiazolo[4,5-f]quinoline-2-amine) alone and in combination with cocaine in three behavioral paradigms."	( Behavioral effects of the dopamine autoreceptor agonist PD 128483 alone and in combination with cocaine. Vanover, KE; Woolverton, WL, 1994)	0.29
" When drug ratios were used, synergism was observed upon pre- and post-treatment in combination with cisplatin, cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), methotrexate (MTX) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)."	( Concentration and sequence dependent synergism of ethyldeshydroxy-sparsomycin in combination with antitumor agents. de Grip, WJ; de Valk-Bakker, V; Hofs, HP; Ottenheijm, HC; van Rennes, H; Wagener, DJ, 1994)	0.29
"The effects of dietary fructose alone or in combination with a new oral agent, pioglitazone, on VLDL-triglyceride (TG) turnover were studied in genetically obese Wistar fatty rats characterized by hyperinsulinemia (7,488 +/- 954 pmol/l), hyperglycemia, (22."	( VLDL triglyceride kinetics in Wistar fatty rats, an animal model of NIDDM: effects of dietary fructose alone or in combination with pioglitazone. Amano, N; Ebara, T; Hirano, T; Hozumi, T; Ishida, Y; Kazumi, T; Odaka, H; Yoshino, G, 1996)	0.29
"To determine the optimal combination of commonly used anticancer agents with 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38), an active metabolite of 7-ethyl-10-[4(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino] carbonyloxy camptothecin (CPT-11), for chemotherapy of lung cancer, we studied the effects of SN-38 in combination with six representative anticancer agents on the human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell line, NCl N417, and the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line, PC-9."	( Effect of CPT-11 in combination with other anticancer agents in lung cancer cells. Bai, F; Hara, N; Kawasaki, M; Mizuno, K; Nakanishi, Y; Pei, XH; Takayama, K; Tsuruta, N, 1997)	0.3
"This double-blind, randomized, phase III clinical trial was carried out in two parallel groups to assess the efficacy of ebrotidine (N-[(E)-[[2-[[[2-[(diaminomethylene) amino]-4-thiazolyl]methyl]thio]ethyl]amino] methylene]-4-bromo-benzenesulfonamide, CAS 100981-43-9, FI-3542) 400 mg and ranitidine 300 mg given in single evening dose, combined with amoxicillin 750 mg and metronidazole 500 mg three times daily for 14 days, in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with duodenal ulcer."	( Efficacy of ebrotidine and ranitidine combined with amoxicillin and metronidazole in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with duodenal ulcer. Fillat, O; Herrero, E; Karcz, D; Kulig, J; Márquez, M; Ortiz, JA; Popiela, T; Tabor, J; Torres, J, 1997)	0.3
" We have explored the possibility of using EDITH in combination with fast deprotection chemistry(e."	( Evaluation of 3-ethoxy-1,2,4-dithiazoline-5-one (EDITH) as a new sulfurizing reagent in combination with labile exocyclic amino protecting groups for solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. Dignam, JC; Fong, GW; George, ST; Gray, SH; Jacob-Samuel, B; Li, L; Ma, MY, 1997)	0.3
" We have studied the anti-cancer effect of vesnarinone in combination with cisplatin, VP-16 (etoposide) and gemcitabine, against human lung cancer cell lines (PC-9 and Lu 134A) using the MTT assay and isobologram analysis."	( Effect of vesnarinone in combination with anti-cancer drugs on lung cancer cell lines. Fujita, M; Higashino, K; Tsuchida, T, 1999)	0.3
" Discussion of its putative risks and benefits as well as the barriers to its wider use both in the context of monotherapy and in combination with oral antidiabetic agents is provided."	( The use of insulin alone and in combination with oral agents in type 2 diabetes. Buse, JB, 1999)	0.3
" In order to promote the clinical response of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer using CPT-11, one of the most effective strategies is to use it in combination with other anticancer agents."	( In vitro augmentation of antitumor effect in combination with CPT-11 and CDDP for human colorectal cancer. Hotta, T; Ishimoto, K; Iwahashi, M; Matsuda, K; Tanaka, H; Tani, M; Tanimura, H; Tsunoda, T; Yamaue, H, 2000)	0.31
" The augmentation of the antitumor effectiveness of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-CPT (SN-38) was analyzed in combination with other anticancer agents."	( In vitro augmentation of antitumor effect in combination with CPT-11 and CDDP for human colorectal cancer. Hotta, T; Ishimoto, K; Iwahashi, M; Matsuda, K; Tanaka, H; Tani, M; Tanimura, H; Tsunoda, T; Yamaue, H, 2000)	0.31
"The percent inhibition of SN-38 in combination with cisplatin (CDDP) and mitomycin revealed a high anticancer effect compared with each anticancer agent alone for freshly isolated rectal cancer."	( In vitro augmentation of antitumor effect in combination with CPT-11 and CDDP for human colorectal cancer. Hotta, T; Ishimoto, K; Iwahashi, M; Matsuda, K; Tanaka, H; Tani, M; Tanimura, H; Tsunoda, T; Yamaue, H, 2000)	0.31
"The in vitro activity of nitazoxanide alone and in combination with azithromycin and rifabutin was investigated against four clinical isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum."	( Activity of nitazoxanide alone and in combination with azithromycin and rifabutin against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture. Ancarani, F; Barchiesi, F; Cirioni, O; Giacometti, A; Scalise, G, 2000)	0.31
"This study investigated whether aldose reductase (AR) inhibition with zopolrestat, either alone or in combination with an adenosine A(3)-receptor agonist (CB-MECA), reduced myocardial ischemic injury in rabbit hearts subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion."	( Aldose reductase inhibition alone or combined with an adenosine A(3) agonist reduces ischemic myocardial injury. Ellery, CA; Knight, DR; MacAndrew, JT; Magee, WP; Oates, PJ; Smith, AH; Tracey, WR, 2000)	0.31
"This study was undertaken to assess the efficacy and tolerability of pioglitazone in combination with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. The Pioglitazone 027 Study Group. Egan, JW; Einhorn, D; Mathisen, AL; Rendell, M; Rosenzweig, J; Schneider, RL, 2000)	0.31
"To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of pioglitazone in combination with a sulfonylurea in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with sulfonylurea therapy improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Egan, JW; Kipnes, MS; Krosnick, A; Mathisen, AL; Rendell, MS; Schneider, RL, 2001)	0.31
" In this report, we evaluated the effects of exisulind, a novel proapoptotic agent that is a sulfone metabolite of sulindac, in combination with docetaxel on the growth of the human non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549 in vitro and in vivo."	( Exisulind in combination with docetaxel inhibits growth and metastasis of human lung cancer and prolongs survival in athymic nude rats with orthotopic lung tumors. Alila, H; Baron, A; Bunn, PA; Chan, DC; Earle, KA; Helfrich, B; Nelson, P; Pamukcu, R; Piazza, G; Thompson, WJ; Whitehead, CM; Zeng, C; Zhao, TL, 2002)	0.31
" The humanized anti-HER-2/neu antibody Trastuzumab is under clinical evaluation in combination with chemotherapy against breast cancer."	( Enhanced anti-tumor effect of trastuzumab in combination with cisplatin. Fukumoto, H; Naruse, I; Nishio, K; Saijo, N, 2002)	0.31
"This study evaluated the effects of rosiglitazone therapy on lipids and the efficacy and safety of rosiglitazone in combination with atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Effects of rosiglitazone alone and in combination with atorvastatin on the metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biswas, N; Brunzell, JD; Cohen, BR; Freed, MI; Kreider, MM; Marcovina, SM; Ratner, R, 2002)	0.31
"The potential for drug-drug interactions in psychiatry and patients with epilepsy is very high."	( Antiepileptic-antipsychotic drug interactions: a critical review of the evidence. Monaco, F; Mula, M, )	0.13
"The spatiotemporal dynamics of the sensory response in layer 2/3 of primary somatosensory cortex evoked by a single brief whisker deflection was investigated by simultaneous voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging and whole-cell (WC) voltage recordings in the anesthetized rat combined with reconstructions of dendritic and axonal arbors of L2/3 pyramids."	( Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory responses in layer 2/3 of rat barrel cortex measured in vivo by voltage-sensitive dye imaging combined with whole-cell voltage recordings and neuron reconstructions. Grinvald, A; Petersen, CC; Sakmann, B, 2003)	0.32
"In vitro metabolism studies were conducted to assess drug-drug interactions between perospirone, an antipsychotic agent, and concomitantly administered drugs--biperiden, flunitrazepam, haloperidol, and diazepam--using human liver microsomes."	( In vitro drug-drug interactions with perospirone and concomitantly administered drugs in human liver microsomes. Kanamaru, H; Komuro, S; Mizuno, Y; Shimakura, J; Tani, N, )	0.13
"The aim of this paper was to compare the effect of flumethasone and meloxicam in combination with oxytetracycline on clinical and immunological parameters of calves suffering from enzootic bronchopneumonia."	( Effect of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with long-acting oxytetracycline on non-specific immunity of calves suffering from enzootic bronchopneumonia. Bednarek, D; Kandefer-Szerszeń, M; Kondracki, M; Zdzisińska, B, 2003)	0.32
" The enhanced cytotoxicity of irofulven in combination with cisplatin and 5-FU support the clinical application of these regimens."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of irofulven in combination with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in human colon and ovarian carcinoma cells. Cvitkovic, E; Koeppel, F; Larsen, AK; Poindessous, V; Raymond, E; Waters, SJ, 2003)	0.32
" The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antitumor mechanisms of EGFR antisense (AS) oligonucleotides administered in combination with docetaxel in preclinical models of SCCHN."	( Antitumor effects of epidermal growth factor receptor antisense oligonucleotides in combination with docetaxel in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Gooding, WE; Grandis, JR; Li, M; Lui, VW; Niwa, H; Wentzel, AL, 2003)	0.32
"SCCHN cells lines and xenografts were treated with an EGFR AS oligonucleotide targeting region 760-779 of EGFR mRNA (GenBank accession XM_004738) alone and in combination with docetaxel."	( Antitumor effects of epidermal growth factor receptor antisense oligonucleotides in combination with docetaxel in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Gooding, WE; Grandis, JR; Li, M; Lui, VW; Niwa, H; Wentzel, AL, 2003)	0.32
"Although in vivo efficacy studies in two HER-2/neu overexpressing breast xenograft models showed that the combination of trastuzumab and gefitinib was effective, analyses of various cellular parameters failed to reveal beneficial effects and argue that this drug combination may not be favorable."	( Treatment of HER-2/neu overexpressing breast cancer xenograft models with trastuzumab (Herceptin) and gefitinib (ZD1839): drug combination effects on tumor growth, HER-2/neu and epidermal growth factor receptor expression, and viable hypoxic cell fraction Bally, MB; Chia, S; Denyssevych, T; Dragowska, WH; Gelmon, K; Masin, D; Wallis, AE; Warburton, C; Yan, H, 2004)	0.32
" This study was carried out to examine the ability of exogenous zeaxanthin alone and in combination with vitamin E or C, to protect cultured human retinal pigment epithelium cells against oxidative stress."	( Zeaxanthin in combination with ascorbic acid or alpha-tocopherol protects ARPE-19 cells against photosensitized peroxidation of lipids. Rózanowska, M; Sarna, T; Wrona, M, 2004)	0.32
"In the present study, the inhibitory properties of N-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]-2-[(2-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)amino]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide monohydrochloride trihydrate (Z-338), a novel gastroprokinetic agent, were investigated and compared with those of cisapride to establish its potential for drug-drug interactions."	( Drug-drug interactions of Z-338, a novel gastroprokinetic agent, with terfenadine, comparison with cisapride, and involvement of UGT1A9 and 1A8 in the human metabolism of Z-338. Furuta, S; Kamada, E; Kawabata, Y; Kurimoto, T; Omata, T; Sugimoto, T; Wu, XC; Yonezawa, K, 2004)	0.32
"The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor P32/98 and its combination with rosiglitazone on blood glucose control and islet of Langerhans histology in male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, when treatment begins before or after the development of overt diabetes."	( Improvement of glucose tolerance in Zucker diabetic fatty rats by long-term treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor P32/98: comparison with and combination with rosiglitazone. Arch, JR; Augstein, P; Cawthorne, MA; Demuth, HU; Heinke, P; Hoffmann, T; Meyer, A; Sennitt, MV; Stocker, C; Subramanian, A; Wargent, E, 2005)	0.33
"This study assessed the cytotoxic effects of irofulven in combination with oxaliplatin and cisplatin in a panel of human cancer cell lines."	( Characterizations of irofulven cytotoxicity in combination with cisplatin and oxaliplatin in human colon, breast, and ovarian cancer cells. Calvo, F; Cvitkovic, E; Koeppel, F; Laar, ES; Larsen, AK; Lokiec, F; Poindessous, V; Raymond, E; Serova, M; Waters, SJ, 2006)	0.33
"Irofulven displays synergistic antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects when combined with oxaliplatin over a broad range of concentrations in human colon and breast cancer cells."	( Characterizations of irofulven cytotoxicity in combination with cisplatin and oxaliplatin in human colon, breast, and ovarian cancer cells. Calvo, F; Cvitkovic, E; Koeppel, F; Laar, ES; Larsen, AK; Lokiec, F; Poindessous, V; Raymond, E; Serova, M; Waters, SJ, 2006)	0.33
" Use of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in combination with chemotherapy for B-NHL is becoming prevalent in clinical practice, but has not been extensively studied in pre-clinical models."	( Enhanced efficacy of gemcitabine in combination with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody against CD20+ non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines in vitro and in scid mice. Jin, F; Joshi, I; Obasaju, C; Smith, MR, 2005)	0.33
"Stable-isotope trapping combined with mass spectrometry (MS) neutral loss scanning has recently been developed as a high-throughput method for the in vitro screening of major reactive metabolites."	( Rapid detection and characterization of minor reactive metabolites using stable-isotope trapping in combination with tandem mass spectrometry. Caldwell, GW; Huebert, N; Maher, N; Torres, R; Yan, Z, 2005)	0.33
"To evaluate the toxicity profile and pharmacological properties of oral CP-547,632 alone and in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin administered every 3 weeks, and to assess efficacy as measured by the objective response and progressive disease rates of oral CP-547,632 administered in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin."	( A phase I/randomized phase II, non-comparative, multicenter, open label trial of CP-547,632 in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin or paclitaxel and carboplatin alone as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cohen, RB; Cosgriff, TM; Eisenberg, PD; Hainsworth, JD; Healey, D; Langer, CJ; Liau, K; Madajewicz, S; Pierce, K; Simon, GR; Xu, H, 2007)	0.34
"Patients with stage IIIB/IV or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy were treated with oral daily CP-547,632 in combination with paclitaxel 225 mg/m(2) and carboplatin AUC = 6 every 3 weeks."	( A phase I/randomized phase II, non-comparative, multicenter, open label trial of CP-547,632 in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin or paclitaxel and carboplatin alone as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cohen, RB; Cosgriff, TM; Eisenberg, PD; Hainsworth, JD; Healey, D; Langer, CJ; Liau, K; Madajewicz, S; Pierce, K; Simon, GR; Xu, H, 2007)	0.34
" Dose-limiting toxicity of CP-547,632 250 mg by mouth daily in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin was grade 3 rash and grade 3 diarrhea despite medical intervention."	( A phase I/randomized phase II, non-comparative, multicenter, open label trial of CP-547,632 in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin or paclitaxel and carboplatin alone as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cohen, RB; Cosgriff, TM; Eisenberg, PD; Hainsworth, JD; Healey, D; Langer, CJ; Liau, K; Madajewicz, S; Pierce, K; Simon, GR; Xu, H, 2007)	0.34
"Our data, showing that ziprasidone in combination with sertraline lead to a decrease of prolonged P3 latencies, are in line with previous studies showing a decrease of prolonged P3 latencies by antidepressant treatment."	( The impact of ziprasidone in combination with sertraline on visually-evoked event-related potentials in depressed patients with psychotic features. Arolt, V; Baune, BT; Dannlowski, U; Deckert, J; Evers, S; Hetzel, G; Moeller, O; Nguyen, DH, 2007)	0.34
" The potential for drug-drug interactions with febuxostat was examined in the following three in vitro systems: the characteristics of the binding of febuxostat to human plasma proteins; identification of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes participating in the metabolism of febuxostat; and the potential inhibitory effects of febuxostat on typical CYP reactions."	( In vitro drug-drug interaction studies with febuxostat, a novel non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: plasma protein binding, identification of metabolic enzymes and cytochrome P450 inhibition. Hoshide, S; Kanou, M; Mukoyoshi, M; Muroga, H; Nishimura, S; Taniguchi, K; Umeda, S, 2008)	0.35
" Here, we report that AKR-501 in combination with TPO has additive effect on megakaryocytopoiesis."	( AKR-501 (YM477) in combination with thrombopoietin enhances human megakaryocytopoiesis. Abe, M; Fukushima-Shintani, M; Hirayama, F; Iwatsuki, Y; Kawasaki, T; Sugasawa, K; Suzuki, K, 2008)	0.35
" Dasatinib in combination with temozolomide more effectively increased the therapeutic efficacy of temozolomide than when dasatinib was combined with carboplatin or irinotecan."	( Dasatinib-induced autophagy is enhanced in combination with temozolomide in glioma. de Groot, J; LaFortune, T; Milano, V; Piao, Y, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells combined with docetaxel (DTX) on the growth of drug-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A1/DTX in vitro and in vivo."	( The antitumor effects of CIK cells combined with docetaxel against drug-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A1/DTX in vitro and in vivo. Chen, L; Huang, X; Liu, P, 2009)	0.35
" On the day 14, normal saline, docetaxel, CIK cells, and CIK cells combined with docetaxel were administered intraperitoneally, respectively."	( The antitumor effects of CIK cells combined with docetaxel against drug-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A1/DTX in vitro and in vivo. Chen, L; Huang, X; Liu, P, 2009)	0.35
" The animal data also suggested that CIK cells combined with DTX had a stronger suppressive effect on tumor growth in vivo."	( The antitumor effects of CIK cells combined with docetaxel against drug-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A1/DTX in vitro and in vivo. Chen, L; Huang, X; Liu, P, 2009)	0.35
" Drug-drug interaction (DDI) simulation studies using SimCyp showed good predictions for competitive inhibition."	( In vitro and in silico identification and characterization of thiabendazole as a mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP1A2 and simulation of possible pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Dolgos, H; Masimirembwa, CM; Thelingwani, RS; Ungell, AL; Zvada, SP, 2009)	0.35
" The aim of the current study was to evaluate the cytogenotoxic effects induced by 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) combined with 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153) treatment in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) in vitro."	( Cytogenotoxicity induced by PBDE-47 combined with PCB153 treatment in SH-SY5Y cells. Chen, X; Gao, P; He, P; He, W; Wang, A; Xia, T; Xu, B; Xu, Z, 2010)	0.36
" The need to provide effective therapeutic interventions to patients who do not have an optimal response to clozapine is the most common reason for simultaneously prescribing a second antipsychotic drug in combination with clozapine."	( Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment resistant schizophrenia. Barbui, C; Boso, M; Cipriani, A, 2009)	0.35
" Drug combination of TMZ plus BG and PHA-848125 produced additive or synergistic effects on cell growth, depending on the cell line."	( The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor PHA-848125 suppresses the in vitro growth of human melanomas sensitive or resistant to temozolomide, and shows synergistic effects in combination with this triazene compound. Alvino, E; Bonmassar, E; Brasca, MG; Caporali, S; Castiglia, D; Ciomei, M; Covaciu, C; D'Atri, S; Garbin, A; Levati, L; Starace, G, 2010)	0.36
" MK-5108 is currently tested in clinical trials and offers a new therapeutic approach to combat human cancers as a single agent or in combination with existing taxane therapies."	( MK-5108, a highly selective Aurora-A kinase inhibitor, shows antitumor activity alone and in combination with docetaxel. Hasako, S; Ichikawa, K; Iwasawa, Y; Kawanishi, N; Kodera, T; Kotani, H; Miki, S; Mita, T; Miyamoto, M; Nakatsuru, Y; Nambu, T; Ohkubo, M; Sakai, T; Shimomura, T; Takahashi, I, 2010)	0.36
"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to interact with the oral anticoagulant warfarin and can cause a serious bleeding complication."	( Risk factors of drug interaction between warfarin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in practical setting. Ahn, H; Choi, KH; Kim, AJ; Kim, KB; Kim, KH; Lee, EB; Son, IJ, 2010)	0.36
" This study evaluates the therapeutic potential of masitinib in pancreatic cancer, as a single agent and in combination with gemcitabine."	( Masitinib combined with standard gemcitabine chemotherapy: in vitro and in vivo studies in human pancreatic tumour cell lines and ectopic mouse model. Bader, T; Bertucci, F; Castéran, N; Dubreuil, P; Finetti, P; Hanssens, K; Hermine, O; Humbert, M; Iovanna, J; Letard, S; Mansfield, CD; Moussy, A, 2010)	0.36
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of masitinib combined with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer."	( Safety and activity of masitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Deplanque, G; Hammel, P; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Levy, P; Mitry, E; Mornex, F; Moussy, A; Raymond, E; Rougier, P; Seitz, JF, 2010)	0.36
"Twenty-two non-randomised patients with unresectable, locally advanced (n = 9) or metastatic pancreatic cancer (n = 13) received oral masitinib (9 mg/kg/day) combined with standard gemcitabine."	( Safety and activity of masitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Deplanque, G; Hammel, P; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Levy, P; Mitry, E; Mornex, F; Moussy, A; Raymond, E; Rougier, P; Seitz, JF, 2010)	0.36
"The efficacy and safety of masitinib combined with gemcitabine are encouraging, with extended survival and median TTP that support initiation of a phase 3 trial."	( Safety and activity of masitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Deplanque, G; Hammel, P; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Levy, P; Mitry, E; Mornex, F; Moussy, A; Raymond, E; Rougier, P; Seitz, JF, 2010)	0.36
"To evaluate the effects of xylazole (an analogue of xylazine), also known as Jingsongling, alone and in combination with ketamine, on metabolic and neurohumoral responses in healthy dogs."	( Effects of xylazole alone and in combination with ketamine on the metabolic and neurohumoral responses in healthy dogs. Changmin, H; Dongming, L; Guohong, L; Jianguo, C; Mingxing, D, 2010)	0.36
"This study demonstrates that xylazole administered alone or in combination with ketamine in healthy dogs results in physiological, metabolic and neurohumoral responses similar to those seen after xylazine."	( Effects of xylazole alone and in combination with ketamine on the metabolic and neurohumoral responses in healthy dogs. Changmin, H; Dongming, L; Guohong, L; Jianguo, C; Mingxing, D, 2010)	0.36
"In a randomized trial, we recently obtained evidence for comparable efficacy and differential side effects of clozapine in combination with ziprasidone (CZ, N=12) versus risperidone (CR, N=12)."	( Long-term efficacy and tolerability of clozapine combined with ziprasidone or risperidone. Dressing, H; Englisch, S; Krumm, B; Kuwilsky, A; Zink, M, 2010)	0.36
" Therefore, they are regularly co-administered along with treatments at risk of drug-drug interactions."	( Drug interactions with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib. Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Duchosal, MA; Haouala, A; Montemurro, M; Widmer, N, 2011)	0.37
" This study determined the pharmacokinetics of oral (PO) gabapentin alone or in combination with meloxicam in ruminant calves."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin alone or co-administered with meloxicam in ruminant beef calves. Coetzee, JF; Cull, CA; Kelly, LL; Kohake, LE; KuKanich, B; Mosher, RA; Mueting, SL, 2011)	0.37
"Although meloxicam in combination with DC and weekly paclitaxel chemotherapy did not show promising therapeutic activity, it may provide some relief for neuropathy."	( Efficacy of meloxicam in combination with preoperative chemotherapy for breast cancer - Japan Breast Cancer Research Network (JBCRN) 02-1 trial. Iwase, S; Kitamura, K; Kuroda, Y; Nagumo, Y; Odagiri, H; Yamamoto, C; Yamamoto, D; Yoshida, H, 2011)	0.37
" Drug-drug interactions and a maximum tolerated dose were not identified."	( Dasatinib combined with docetaxel for castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from a phase 1-2 study. Agrawal, S; Araujo, JC; Armstrong, AJ; Braud, EL; Gallick, GE; Logothetis, CJ; Lonberg, M; Mathew, P; Paliwal, P; Posadas, E; Trudel, GC, 2012)	0.38
" Cyclosporine had an additive or synergistic effect on T-cell proliferation when combined with dasatinib and imatinib for 3 of the 4 methods of stimulating T-cell proliferation."	( Drug-interaction studies evaluating T-cell proliferation reveal distinct activity of dasatinib and imatinib in combination with cyclosporine A. Blake, SJ; Hughes, TP; Lyons, AB, 2012)	0.38
" The aim of this study was to explore the apoptosis-inducing effects of DR5 (D-6), alone or in combination with cisplatin, on A2780 ovarian cancer cells."	( Apoptosis-inducing effect of the DR5 monoclonal antibody, D-6, alone or in combination with cisplatin, on A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Huang, Y; Jiang, Q; Li, C; Liang, B; Zhu, H, 2012)	0.38
" KX-01 was evaluated as a single-agent and in combination with paclitaxel in MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-157, and MDA-MB-468 human ER/PR/HER2-negative breast cancer cells."	( Peptidomimetic Src/pretubulin inhibitor KX-01 alone and in combination with paclitaxel suppresses growth, metastasis in human ER/PR/HER2-negative tumor xenografts. Ali, A; Anbalagan, M; Bu, Y; Carrier, L; Hangauer, D; Jones, RK; Marsden, CG; Rowan, BG; Sheng, M, 2012)	0.38
"We conducted a phase I study of dasatinib, an oral SRC-family tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in the treatment of advanced and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer."	( A phase I trial of dasatinib, an SRC-family kinase inhibitor, in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with advanced or recurrent ovarian cancer. Barry, WT; Berchuck, A; Broadwater, G; Havrilesky, LJ; Lancaster, J; Lee, PS; Secord, AA; Teoh, DK; Wenham, RM; Yu, M, 2012)	0.38
"Due to the high incidence of myelosuppression with subsequent cycles, the recommended phase II dose of dasatinib is 150 mg daily in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin."	( A phase I trial of dasatinib, an SRC-family kinase inhibitor, in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with advanced or recurrent ovarian cancer. Barry, WT; Berchuck, A; Broadwater, G; Havrilesky, LJ; Lancaster, J; Lee, PS; Secord, AA; Teoh, DK; Wenham, RM; Yu, M, 2012)	0.38
" Finally, the validity of the ELISA combined with the proposed extraction method was verified against a reference high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using real-world agricultural samples."	( Rapid and simple immunochemical screening combined with hand-shaking extraction for thiamethoxam residue in agricultural products. Kobara, Y; Miyake, S; Watanabe, E, 2013)	0.39
"The evaluated ELISA combined with hand-shaking extraction provided a rapid and simple screening analysis that was quantitative and reliable for the detection of thiamethoxam in complex agricultural products."	( Rapid and simple immunochemical screening combined with hand-shaking extraction for thiamethoxam residue in agricultural products. Kobara, Y; Miyake, S; Watanabe, E, 2013)	0.39
"Leukemia, breast and cervical cancer cell lines were exposed to D3CLP-alone or in combination with imatinib, tamoxifen or cisplatin, respectively."	( Synergistic anticancer activity of Thiazolo[5,4-b]quinoline derivative D3CLP in combination with cisplatin in human cervical cancer cells. Cerbón, MA; Coronel-Cruz, C; González-Sánchez, I; Lira-Rocha, A; Loza-Mejía, MA; Mendoza-Rodríguez, CA; Navarrete, A, 2012)	0.38
"Antiproliferative activity results indicate that D3CLP in combination with antineoplastic drugs induced a synergistic effect, at 3:1 and 1:1 ratios for D3CLP plus imatinib in K-562 leukemia cells, and at a 3:1 ratio for D3CLP with cisplatin in HeLa cells, as determined by their combination index."	( Synergistic anticancer activity of Thiazolo[5,4-b]quinoline derivative D3CLP in combination with cisplatin in human cervical cancer cells. Cerbón, MA; Coronel-Cruz, C; González-Sánchez, I; Lira-Rocha, A; Loza-Mejía, MA; Mendoza-Rodríguez, CA; Navarrete, A, 2012)	0.38
" Four hundred and twenty-nine HCV genotype (GT)-1 treatment-naïve patients without cirrhosis were randomized 1:1:2:2 to receive 24 weeks of pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV) in combination with placebo, faldaprevir 120 mg QD with 3 days of PegIFN/RBV lead-in (LI), 240 mg QD with LI, or 240 mg QD without LI, followed by an additional 24 weeks of PegIFN/RBV."	( Faldaprevir combined with pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in treatment-naïve patients with chronic genotype 1 HCV: SILEN-C1 trial. Asselah, T; Bessone, F; Böcher, WO; Datsenko, Y; Fainboim, H; Ferenci, P; Heo, J; Kukolj, G; Lalezari, J; Leggett, B; Mauss, S; Nehmiz, G; Scherer, J; Steinmann, GG; Stern, JO; Sulkowski, MS, 2013)	0.39
"We investigated the activity of BAL30072, a dihydroxypyridone monosulfactam, against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenters (i) alone, (ii) combined with BAL29880 (to inhibit AmpC) and/or clavulanate [to inhibit extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)] and (iii) combined 1:1 with meropenem."	( Activity of BAL30072 alone or combined with β-lactamase inhibitors or with meropenem against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenters. Adkin, R; Hope, R; Livermore, DM; Mushtaq, S; Woodford, N, 2013)	0.39
" In this work, we investigated the role and mechanism of artemether combined with shRNA interference of VCAM-1 (shRNA-VCAM-1) on the migration, invasion and apoptosis of glioma cells."	( Artemether combined with shRNA interference of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 significantly inhibited the malignant biological behavior of human glioma cells. Hu, Y; Li, Z; Liu, YH; Wang, P; Wang, YB; Xue, YX; Yao, YL; Yu, B, 2013)	0.39
"The objective of this study was to develop analytical method based on optimized dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) as a pretreatment procedure combined with reversed phase liquid chromatographic separation on C18 column and isocratic elution for simultaneous MS/MS determination of selected neonicotinoid insecticides in honey."	( Multi-residue method for determination of selected neonicotinoid insecticides in honey using optimized dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Banjac, V; Franko, M; Guzsvány, V; Jovanov, P; Lazić, S; Sakač, M; Šarić, B, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, the in vitro activity of the novel monosulfactam BAL30072 was investigated both alone and in combination with meropenem against a diverse collection of commonly encountered Gram-negative pathogens."	( In vitro activity of the novel monosulfactam BAL30072 alone and in combination with meropenem versus a diverse collection of important Gram-negative pathogens. Hornsey, M; Phee, L; Stubbings, W; Wareham, DW, 2013)	0.39
"To compare the effects of tramadol alone, or in combination with dipyrone or meloxicam, on postoperative pain and analgesia requirement after unilateral mastectomy with or without ovariohysterectomy in dogs."	( Effects of tramadol alone, in combination with meloxicam or dipyrone, on postoperative pain and the analgesic requirement in dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy with or without ovariohysterectomy. Bressan, TF; Campagnol, D; Coelho, K; Monteiro, BS; Monteiro, ER; Teixeira, RC, 2013)	0.39
" Before the end of surgery, dogs were randomly assigned to receive intravenous tramadol alone (3 mg kg(-1), group T), combined with dipyrone (30 mg kg(-1), group TD) or meloxicam (0."	( Effects of tramadol alone, in combination with meloxicam or dipyrone, on postoperative pain and the analgesic requirement in dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy with or without ovariohysterectomy. Bressan, TF; Campagnol, D; Coelho, K; Monteiro, BS; Monteiro, ER; Teixeira, RC, 2013)	0.39
"Under the conditions of this study, tramadol alone or in combination with dypyrone or meloxicam provided effective analgesia for 24 hours in most dogs after unilateral mastectomy with or without ovariohysterectomy."	( Effects of tramadol alone, in combination with meloxicam or dipyrone, on postoperative pain and the analgesic requirement in dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy with or without ovariohysterectomy. Bressan, TF; Campagnol, D; Coelho, K; Monteiro, BS; Monteiro, ER; Teixeira, RC, 2013)	0.39
"The RP2D of dasatinib is 70 mg daily in combination with CapeOx/bevacizumab."	( Phase I study of dasatinib in combination with capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab followed by an expanded cohort in previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Arrowood, C; Blobe, GC; Brady, JC; Cohn, A; Haley, S; Hsu, SD; Hurwitz, HI; McCall, S; Meadows, KL; Morse, MA; Nixon, AB; Pang, H; Rushing, C; Starodub, A; Strickler, JH; Uronis, HE; Zafar, SY, 2014)	0.4
" Healthy subjects (N = 12) received a single dose of rosuvastatin 10 mg alone and in combination with EVG/co."	( Pharmacokinetics of cobicistat boosted-elvitegravir administered in combination with rosuvastatin. Andrews, J; Cheng, A; Custodio, JM; Hao, J; Kearney, BP; Lepist, EI; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Ray, AS; Wang, H, 2014)	0.4
" albendazole and pyrantel, making it a good candidate for further studies on its use in drug combination therapy of STH infections."	( Nitazoxanide: nematicidal mode of action and drug combination studies. Aroian, RV; Ellis, BL; Hu, Y; Somvanshi, VS, 2014)	0.4
"This study examined the pharmacokinetics and analgesic effect of oral meloxicam (MEL) administered alone or in combination with gabapentin (GABA) in an experimental bovine lameness model."	( Impact of oral meloxicam administered alone or in combination with gabapentin on experimentally induced lameness in beef calves. Anderson, DE; Coetzee, JF; Gehring, R; Kohake, LE; Kukanich, B; Mosher, RA; Robert, B; Wang, C; White, BJ, 2014)	0.4
" We sought to assess the preclinical efficacy of MK-5108 in a panel of non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines as a single agent and in combination with cisplatin and docetaxel."	( Anticancer activity of the Aurora A kinase inhibitor MK-5108 in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vitro as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapies. Chinn, DC; Holland, WS; Mack, PC, 2014)	0.4
"MK-5108 has potent anti-proliferative activity in lung cancer cell lines alone and in combination with chemotherapies."	( Anticancer activity of the Aurora A kinase inhibitor MK-5108 in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vitro as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapies. Chinn, DC; Holland, WS; Mack, PC, 2014)	0.4
"To evaluate potential drug-drug interactions with the atypical antipsychotic lurasidone."	( Lurasidone drug-drug interaction studies: a comprehensive review. Chiu, YY; Ereshefsky, L; Loebel, A; Poola, N; Preskorn, SH, 2014)	0.4
" No dose adjustment for lurasidone is needed when administered with lithium or valproate."	( Lurasidone drug-drug interaction studies: a comprehensive review. Chiu, YY; Ereshefsky, L; Loebel, A; Poola, N; Preskorn, SH, 2014)	0.4
"In this study, a new method based on ultrafiltration liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UF-LC-MS) combined with enzyme channel blocking (ECB) was developed to discover bioactive components from herbal medicines."	( Screening for selective inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from Flos Chrysanthemum using ultrafiltration LC-MS combined with enzyme channel blocking. Chen, J; Fu, Y; Li, P; Mo, HY; Song, HP; Zhang, H; Zhang, M, 2014)	0.4
" To explore the maximum therapeutic potential of BYL719, the drug was studied in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, revealing promising efficacy with ifosfamide."	( BYL719, a new α-specific PI3K inhibitor: single administration and in combination with conventional chemotherapy for the treatment of osteosarcoma. Battaglia, S; Blanchard, F; Charrier, C; Gobin, B; Heymann, D; Huin, MB; Lamoureux, F; Lanel, R; Lezot, F; Ory, B; Redini, F, 2015)	0.42
"Cetuximab is often combined with radiotherapy in advanced SCCHN."	( Dasatinib worsens the effect of cetuximab in combination with fractionated radiotherapy in FaDu- and A431-derived xenografted tumours. Balart, J; Baro, M; de Llobet, LI; Figueras, A; Mesia, R; Skvortsova, I, 2014)	0.4
"In xenografts derived from these two cell lines, dasatinib did not improve the efficacy of cetuximab combined with radiotherapy."	( Dasatinib worsens the effect of cetuximab in combination with fractionated radiotherapy in FaDu- and A431-derived xenografted tumours. Balart, J; Baro, M; de Llobet, LI; Figueras, A; Mesia, R; Skvortsova, I, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Saikosaponin-d (SSd) combined with radiotherapy on SMMC-7721 hepatoma cell lines and its mechanism."	( Effects of SSd combined with radiation on inhibiting SMMC-7721 hepatoma cell growth. Bai, MH; Lin, S; Ma, HB; Min, WL; Song, LQ; Wang, BF; Wang, M; Wang, XJ; Yang, P, 2014)	0.4
" Radiation caused ultrastructural damage to cells, and the damage was enhanced in combination with SSd."	( Effects of SSd combined with radiation on inhibiting SMMC-7721 hepatoma cell growth. Bai, MH; Lin, S; Ma, HB; Min, WL; Song, LQ; Wang, BF; Wang, M; Wang, XJ; Yang, P, 2014)	0.4
" Escalating vosaroxin doses (10-minute infusion; 10-90 mg/m(2); days 1, 4) were given in combination with cytarabine on one of two schedules: schedule A (24-hour continuous intravenous infusion, 400 mg/m(2)/day, days 1-5) or schedule B (2-hour intravenous infusion, 1 g/m(2)/day, days 1-5)."	( A phase 1b/2 study of vosaroxin in combination with cytarabine in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Chen, T; Craig, AR; Cripe, LD; Fox, JA; Hawtin, R; Karp, JE; Lancet, JE; Leavitt, RD; Maris, MB; Michelson, GC; Ravandi, F; Roboz, GJ; Stuart, RK, 2015)	0.42
" Our aim in this research was to study the effects of vitamin D3 combined with metformin on the apoptosis induction and its mechanisms in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231."	( Synergistic antitumor activity of vitamin D3 combined with metformin in human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells involves m-TOR related signaling pathways. Chen, J; Gao, JM; Gao, MT; Guo, LS; Li, CY; Li, HX; Liang, JQ; Wang, QL; Wu, YJ; Zhang, SY, 2015)	0.42
"International, randomized double-blind active-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of COBI vs ritonavir (RTV) as a pharmacoenhancer of atazanavir in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HIV treatment-naive patients followed through week 144."	( Brief Report: Cobicistat Compared With Ritonavir as a Pharmacoenhancer for Atazanavir in Combination With Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Week 144 Results. Abram, ME; Andrade-Villanueva, JF; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; Cao, H; Chetchotisakd, P; DeJesus, E; Fehr, J; Gallant, JE; Koenig, E; Liu, HC; Rizzardini, G; Szwarcberg, J, 2015)	0.42
" These data suggest for the first time that fatostatin alone or in combination with docetaxel could be exploited as a novel and promising therapy for metastatic PCa harboring p53 mutations."	( Anti-cancer efficacy of SREBP inhibitor, alone or in combination with docetaxel, in prostate cancer harboring p53 mutations. Chung, LW; Huang, WC; Li, X; Wu, JB, 2015)	0.42
"Human ovarian cancer cells were treated with estrogen, progesterone or in combination with paclitaxel in vitro."	( [Effect of estrogen or progesterone combined with paclitaxel on human ovarian cancer cell growth and Drosha expression]. Han, K; Xie, Y; Yang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Estrogen and progesterone in combination with paclitaxel can inhibit the growth of human ovarian cancer cells in vitro, and affect the cell apoptosis rate."	( [Effect of estrogen or progesterone combined with paclitaxel on human ovarian cancer cell growth and Drosha expression]. Han, K; Xie, Y; Yang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, we determined antithrombotic effects of edoxaban, an oral factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor, as both a monotherapy and in combination with antiplatelet agents in a rat model of arterial thrombosis."	( Prevention of arterial thrombosis by edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor in rats: monotherapy and in combination with antiplatelet agents. Honda, Y; Kamisato, C; Morishima, Y, 2016)	0.43
"This study investigated the inhibitory effects of bevacizumab monoclonal antibodies in combination with chemotherapy in different time sequences on a human gastric cancer cell line (MGC-803)."	( Inhibitory effects of bevacizumab monoclonal antibodies in combination with chemotherapy in different time sequences on a human gastric carcinoma cell line. Chang, L; Li, Q; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Lv, Y; Song, L; Zhang, X; Zhou, X, 2017)	0.46
"Cultured MGC-803 human gastric cancer cells were treated with bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy treatment in different time sequences."	( Inhibitory effects of bevacizumab monoclonal antibodies in combination with chemotherapy in different time sequences on a human gastric carcinoma cell line. Chang, L; Li, Q; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Lv, Y; Song, L; Zhang, X; Zhou, X, 2017)	0.46
" Bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy significantly inhibits the proliferation of MGC-803 gastric cancer cells."	( Inhibitory effects of bevacizumab monoclonal antibodies in combination with chemotherapy in different time sequences on a human gastric carcinoma cell line. Chang, L; Li, Q; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Lv, Y; Song, L; Zhang, X; Zhou, X, 2017)	0.46
" Three edoxaban drug-drug interaction studies examined the effects of P-gp inhibitors with varying degrees of CYP3A4 inhibition."	( Edoxaban drug-drug interactions with ketoconazole, erythromycin, and cyclosporine. Matsushima, N; Mendell, J; Parasrampuria, DA; Shi, M; Truitt, K; Zahir, H, 2016)	0.43
" Conventional chemotherapeutic agents combined with small-molecule IAP inhibitors (LCL161 or LBW242) showed a synergistic effect in MB cells."	( Blockade of Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins in Combination with Conventional Chemotherapy Leads to Synergistic Antitumor Activity in Medulloblastoma and Cancer Stem-Like Cells. Chen, SM; Hsieh, LL; Huang, SF; Li, YY; Lui, TN; Salazar, N; Tseng, YY; Tu, CH, 2016)	0.43
" In both animal models the anti-lymphoma activity of selinexor is enhanced through combination with DEX or EVER."	( Anti-tumor activity of selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) compounds, is enhanced in non-Hodgkin lymphoma through combination with mTOR inhibitor and dexamethasone. Aboukameel, A; Azmi, AS; Baloglu, E; Bhutani, D; Carlson, R; Elloul, S; Kauffman, M; Mohammad, RM; Muqbil, I; Senapedis, W; Shacham, S; Zonder, J, 2016)	0.43
" For these people, a number of treatment strategies have emerged, including the prescription of a second anti-psychotic drug in combination with clozapine."	( Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Barber, S; Cipriani, A; Corsi, M; Olotu, U, 2017)	0.46
" Therefore, the efficacy of clothianidin seed treatments combined with spot applications of clothianidin granules at the bud stage of cotton was evaluated to control piercing-sucking pests during the entire cotton growing season."	( Seed Treatment Combined with a Spot Application of Clothianidin Granules Prolongs the Efficacy of Controlling Piercing-Sucking Insect Pests in Cotton Fields. Li, B; Lin, J; Mu, W; Wang, Y; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhao, Y, 2017)	0.46
" Compared to atrazine alone, we detected higher glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities (oxidative stress biomarkers) when atrazine was combined with either endosulfan or indoxacarb."	( Effects of endosulfan, thiamethoxam, and indoxacarb in combination with atrazine on multi-biomarkers in Gammarus kischineffensis. Asma, D; Demirci, Ö; Güven, K; Öğüt, S; Uğurlu, P, 2018)	0.48
" In this study, the lethal toxicity of Cr alone and in combination with the neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin and the ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicide propiconazole was assessed in Apis mellifera adults."	( Lethal effects of Cr(III) alone and in combination with propiconazole and clothianidin in honey bees. Blasioli, S; Braschi, I; Medrzycki, P; Molowny-Horas, R; Porrini, C; Renzi, T; Sgolastra, F; Tosi, S, 2018)	0.48
" We assessed three drug-drug interactions of avatrombopag as a victim with dual or selective CYP2C9/3A inhibitors and inducers."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions of avatrombopag when coadministered with dual or selective CYP2C9 and CYP3A interacting drugs. Aluri, J; Boyd, P; Chang, MK; Ferry, J; Lai, WG; Nomoto, M; Rege, B; Schuck, E; Siu, YA; Yasuda, S; Zamora, CA, 2018)	0.48
"Some thiazole compounds combined with different heterocyclic rings were acquired in this study."	( Some Thiazole Derivatives Combined with Different Heterocycles: Cytotoxicity Evaluation and Apoptosis Inducing Studies. Çiftçi, GA; Demir, B; Yurttaş, L, 2018)	0.48
" The clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of BFE1224 with cytochrome P450 (CYP) and transporter was assessed by using two types of cocktails in healthy subjects in separate clinical studies."	( Clinical Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of BFE1224, Prodrug of Antifungal Ravuconazole, Using Two Types of Cocktails in Healthy Subjects. Ishii, Y; Ito, Y; Matsuki, S; Ogawa, O; Sanpei, K; Schuck, EL; Takeda, K; Uemura, N, 2018)	0.48
" In contrast to Spasmex, Mirabegron and Quercetin in combination with Testosterone and Estradiol contributed to stabilization of eNOS and nNOs expression already at early observation phases, and reduced the level of iNOS expression with its further disappearance in the later observation period."	( MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF NO-SYNTHASE DISTRIBUTION IN OVERACTIVE BLADDER AND STRESS URINE INCONTINENCE IN ANIMAL MODELS ADMINISTERED WITH EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOCORRECTION REGIMENS. Iatsyna, O; Kostyev, F; Vernygorodskyi, S, 2018)	0.48
" Our data provide a landscape of drug combination effects in BL and suggest that targeting CDK and BET could provide a novel vulnerability of BL."	( Drug-based perturbation screen uncovers synergistic drug combinations in Burkitt lymphoma. Brors, B; Huber, W; Hüllein, J; Kurilov, R; Lee, KS; Lukas, M; Oleś, M; Sellner, L; Tomska, K; Wagner, L; Walther, T; Zenz, T, 2018)	0.48
"The use of polypharmacy in the present day clinical therapy has made the identification of clinical drug-drug interaction risk an important aspect of drug development process."	( In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Sulfoxide and/or Sulfone Metabolites of Albendazole, Triclabendazole , Aldicarb, Methiocarb, Montelukast and Ziprasidone. Giri, P; Giri, S; Gupta, L; Joshi, V; Naidu, S; Patel, N; Srinivas, NR, 2018)	0.48
"In vitro drug-drug interaction potential of test compounds was investigated in two stages; 1) assessment of CYP450 inhibition potential of test compounds using human liver microsomes (HLM); and 2) assessment of test compounds as substrate of Phase I enzymes; including CYP450, FMO, AO and MAO using HLM, recombinant human CYP enzymes (rhCYP), Human Liver Cytosol (HLC) and Human Liver Mitochondrial (HLMit)."	( In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Sulfoxide and/or Sulfone Metabolites of Albendazole, Triclabendazole , Aldicarb, Methiocarb, Montelukast and Ziprasidone. Giri, P; Giri, S; Gupta, L; Joshi, V; Naidu, S; Patel, N; Srinivas, NR, 2018)	0.48
", perpetrator and/or victim drug) to overcome any imminent risk of potential clinical drug-drug interaction when sulfoxide/sulfone metabolite(s) generating drugs are coadministered in therapy."	( In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Sulfoxide and/or Sulfone Metabolites of Albendazole, Triclabendazole , Aldicarb, Methiocarb, Montelukast and Ziprasidone. Giri, P; Giri, S; Gupta, L; Joshi, V; Naidu, S; Patel, N; Srinivas, NR, 2018)	0.48
" NOAC have also been studied in combination with platelet antiaggregation in both patients with coronary and peripheral arterial disease, and reduced doses will presumably emerge as routine treatment also in these conditions."	( [NOAC in combination with platelet antiaggregation in both patients with coronary and peripheral arterial disease]. Gottsäter, A, 2018)	0.48
" To evaluate drug-drug interactions, the impact of ketoconazole, a known strong inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein, was studied."	( Microdosed Cocktail of Three Oral Factor Xa Inhibitors to Evaluate Drug-Drug Interactions with Potential Perpetrator Drugs. Burhenne, J; Foerster, KI; Haefeli, WE; Lehmann, ML; Mikus, G; Schaumaeker, M, 2019)	0.51
" This is the first study that has been conducted to evaluate drug-drug interactions with a drug class, and the low administered doses also allow evaluation in vulnerable target populations."	( Microdosed Cocktail of Three Oral Factor Xa Inhibitors to Evaluate Drug-Drug Interactions with Potential Perpetrator Drugs. Burhenne, J; Foerster, KI; Haefeli, WE; Lehmann, ML; Mikus, G; Schaumaeker, M, 2019)	0.51
" Potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) following coadministration of these 2 overactive bladder treatments were estimated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, developed and verified by comparing predicted and observed pharmacokinetic profiles from clinical studies."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Suggests Limited Drug-Drug Interaction for Fesoterodine When Coadministered With Mirabegron. Goosen, TC; Lin, J; Malhotra, B; Tse, S; Yamagami, H, 2019)	0.51
" In MPC/MTT spheroids, treatment with clinically relevant doses of BYL719 alone or in combination with everolimus was highly effective, leading to a significant shrinkage or even a complete collapse of the spheroids."	( Synergistic Highly Potent Targeted Drug Combinations in Different Pheochromocytoma Models Including Human Tumor Cultures. Aristizabal Prada, ET; Auernhammer, CJ; Bechmann, N; Beuschlein, F; Bornstein, SR; Eisenhofer, G; Fankhauser, M; Fassnacht, M; Favier, J; Gieldon, L; Goncalves, J; Grossman, AB; Klink, B; Knösel, T; Lauseker, M; Maurer, J; Nölting, S; Orth, M; Pacak, K; Rank, P; Reincke, M; Rubinstein, G; Spitzweg, C; Spöttl, G; William, D; Ziegler, CG, 2019)	0.51
" We report on the results from a phase I 3 + 3 dose escalation study of alpelisib, a class I α-specific PI3K inhibitor in combination with concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiation (CRT) in patients with locoregionally advanced SCCHN (LA-SCCHN)."	( Phase I trial of alpelisib in combination with concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Bayley, A; Bratman, SV; Cho, J; Day, D; Giuliani, M; Hansen, AR; Hope, A; Jang, R; Karithanam, R; Kim, J; O'Sullivan, B; Prawira, A; Ringash, J; Siu, LL; Spreafico, A; Waldron, J; Weinreb, I, 2020)	0.56
"Alpelisib at 200 mg has a manageable safety profile in combination with cisplatin-based CRT in LA-SCCHN."	( Phase I trial of alpelisib in combination with concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Bayley, A; Bratman, SV; Cho, J; Day, D; Giuliani, M; Hansen, AR; Hope, A; Jang, R; Karithanam, R; Kim, J; O'Sullivan, B; Prawira, A; Ringash, J; Siu, LL; Spreafico, A; Waldron, J; Weinreb, I, 2020)	0.56
" In patients with multiple conditions, the contemporary administration of several drugs can cause relevant drug-drug interactions (DDIs), which can affect drugs' pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics."	( Edoxaban and the Issue of Drug-Drug Interactions: From Pharmacology to Clinical Practice. Boriani, G; Corsini, A; Ferri, N; Proietti, M, 2020)	0.56
" Here we examined the use of TIZ in combination with oseltamivir, both in vitro and using the ferret model for influenza infection and found that the combination of the two drugs did not provide significant benefit in reducing the emergence or selection of oseltamivir-resistant virus."	( Host-targeted nitazoxanide has a high barrier to resistance but does not reduce the emergence or proliferation of oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses in vitro or in vivo when used in combination with oseltamivir. Barr, IG; Hurt, AC; Koszalka, P; Mifsud, E; Rossignol, JF; Tilmanis, D, 2020)	0.56
" The RP2D of alpelisib and buparlisib in combination with tamoxifen and goserelin were 350 mg and 100 mg, respectively."	( A Phase Ib Study of Alpelisib or Buparlisib Combined with Tamoxifen Plus Goserelin in Premenopausal Women with HR-Positive HER2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer. Chang, YC; Chao, TY; Chen, SC; Chitapanarux, I; Gao, M; Jung, KH; Kim, JH; Lee, KS; Liu, CT; Lu, YS; Park, YH; Shotelersuk, K; Slader, C; Sohn, J; Tseng, LM; Valenti, R; Yang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" The primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD)/recommended dose for expansion (RDE) of ALP in combination with EVE and in combination with EVE and exemestane (EXE) and subsequently assess safety, preliminary efficacy and effect of ALP on the pharmacokinetics of EVE and determine the magnitude of the drug-drug interaction."	( Alpelisib in combination with everolimus ± exemestane in solid tumours: Phase Ib randomised, open-label, multicentre study. Ajipa, O; Andre, F; Beck, JT; Blumenstein, L; Curigliano, G; Donnet, V; Fazio, N; Hubner, RA; Jhaveri, K; Lahner, H; Li, Z; Martin, M; Maur, M; Tortora, G, 2021)	0.62
" There were no clinically relevant drug-drug interactions observed between ALP and EVE."	( Alpelisib in combination with everolimus ± exemestane in solid tumours: Phase Ib randomised, open-label, multicentre study. Ajipa, O; Andre, F; Beck, JT; Blumenstein, L; Curigliano, G; Donnet, V; Fazio, N; Hubner, RA; Jhaveri, K; Lahner, H; Li, Z; Martin, M; Maur, M; Tortora, G, 2021)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetics of ALP, EVE and EXE was largely unchanged in combination with each other."	( Alpelisib in combination with everolimus ± exemestane in solid tumours: Phase Ib randomised, open-label, multicentre study. Ajipa, O; Andre, F; Beck, JT; Blumenstein, L; Curigliano, G; Donnet, V; Fazio, N; Hubner, RA; Jhaveri, K; Lahner, H; Li, Z; Martin, M; Maur, M; Tortora, G, 2021)	0.62
" These results also validate that CLZ has significant anticancer activity both alone and in combination and support the strategy of drug repurposing coupled to drug combination for prostate cancer therapy."	( Synergistic Interaction of CPP2 Coupled with Thiazole Derivates Combined with Clotrimazole and Antineoplastic Drugs in Prostate and Colon Cancer Cell Lines. Duarte, D; Vale, N, 2021)	0.62
" faecium with monotherapy or its combination with daptomycin by time-killing assay."	( In vitro activities of thiazolidione derivatives combined with daptomycin against clinical Enterococcus faecium strains. Chen, J; Chen, Z; Deng, Q; Qu, D; Tang, Y; Wu, Y; Xiong, Y; Yu, Z; Zhao, Y; Zheng, J, 2022)	0.72
" Herein, we sought to investigate the role of HOPE combined with TJ-5 in reducing DCD liver IRI."	( Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion combined with TJ-M2010-5 alleviates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in donation after circulatory death. Du, P; Peng, S; Xue, C; Ye, Q; Zhou, P; Zhou, W, 2022)	0.72
" This 24-week randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial randomly allocated 452 FEDN SCZ patients to receive a usual dose of ziprasidone (control group) or half the dose of ziprasidone in combination with sertraline (ZS group)."	( Low-Dose Ziprasidone in Combination with Sertraline for First-Episode Drug-Naïve Patients with Schizophrenia: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Guan, X; Kosten, TR; Liu, J; Wang, Y; Wu, F; Xiu, M; Zhang, X; Zhu, C, 2022)	0.72
" This study investigated the safety, tolerability and efficacy of alpelisib, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, used in combination with imatinib in patients with advanced GIST who had failed prior therapy with both imatinib and sunitinib."	( A multicenter, dose-finding, phase 1b study of imatinib in combination with alpelisib as third-line treatment in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Bauer, S; Berhanu, G; Brandt, U; Gelderblom, H; Grignani, G; Heinrich, MC; Italiano, A; Pantaleo, MA; Reichardt, P; Reyners, AKL; Schöffski, P; Stark, D; Stefanelli, T; Valverde, C, 2022)	0.72
" These were combined with 400 mg QD imatinib until maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and/or a recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of alpelisib in combination with imatinib was determined."	( A multicenter, dose-finding, phase 1b study of imatinib in combination with alpelisib as third-line treatment in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Bauer, S; Berhanu, G; Brandt, U; Gelderblom, H; Grignani, G; Heinrich, MC; Italiano, A; Pantaleo, MA; Reichardt, P; Reyners, AKL; Schöffski, P; Stark, D; Stefanelli, T; Valverde, C, 2022)	0.72
" The MTD of alpelisib given with imatinib was determined as 350 mg QD."	( A multicenter, dose-finding, phase 1b study of imatinib in combination with alpelisib as third-line treatment in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Bauer, S; Berhanu, G; Brandt, U; Gelderblom, H; Grignani, G; Heinrich, MC; Italiano, A; Pantaleo, MA; Reichardt, P; Reyners, AKL; Schöffski, P; Stark, D; Stefanelli, T; Valverde, C, 2022)	0.72
"The MTD of alpelisib was estimated as 350 mg QD when used in combination with imatinib 400 mg QD after oral administration in patients with advanced GIST."	( A multicenter, dose-finding, phase 1b study of imatinib in combination with alpelisib as third-line treatment in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Bauer, S; Berhanu, G; Brandt, U; Gelderblom, H; Grignani, G; Heinrich, MC; Italiano, A; Pantaleo, MA; Reichardt, P; Reyners, AKL; Schöffski, P; Stark, D; Stefanelli, T; Valverde, C, 2022)	0.72
" The performance of the PBPK models was verified by comparing the simulated results against reported human systemic exposure and clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs) studies."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Models of CYP2D6 Substrate and Inhibitors Nebivolol, Cinacalcet and Mirabegron to Simulate Drug-Drug Interactions. Gardner, I; Khoshaein, N; Kilford, P; Southall, R, 2022)	0.72
" Herein, we demonstrated that dasatinib in combination with BMS-754807 inhibited lung cancer cell growth, while induced autophagy as well as cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase."	( Dasatinib in combination with BMS-754807 induce synergistic cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells through inhibiting lung cancer cell growth, and inducing autophagy as well as cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Dong, X; Gong, T; Li, G; Li, X; Liu, C; Niu, Y; Wang, Z; Xu, J; Yu, B; Zhang, C; Zhang, D; Zhang, L; Zhao, H; Zhao, X, 2023)	0.91
" The model was extrapolated to situations including renal impairment and drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic parent-metabolite model of edoxaban to predict drug-drug-disease interactions: M4 contribution. Ge, W; He, H; Jiang, Q; Liu, W; Xu, R, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Peptidic renin inhibitors have been poorly absorbed across the intestine or rapidly eliminated by the liver and have been reported to have oral bioavailabilities of less than 2%."	( Discovery of a peptide-based renin inhibitor with oral bioavailability and efficacy. Baker, WR; Barlow, J; Cohen, J; Kleinert, HD; Klinghofer, V; Kovar, P; Polakowski, J; Rosenberg, SH; Spina, K; Stein, HH, 1992)	0.28
" In comparison with other LTD4 antagonists evaluated in this guinea pig model, Ro 24-5913 is markedly superior in terms of oral potency, bioavailability and oral duration of action."	( Pharmacologic actions of Ro 24-5913, a novel antagonist of leukotriene D4. Crowley, HJ; O'Donnell, M; O'Neill, N; Welton, AF; Yaremko, B, 1991)	0.28
" The results show a good absorption rate of letosteine since about 90% of the dose was found in the urine."	( Pharmacokinetic study of 14C-letosteine in man after oral intake and steady-state. Donath, A; Llull, JB; Schifflers, MH; Wermeille, M, 1991)	0.28
" It was well absorbed in diabetic patients, resulting in high blood level, showed a highly favorable plasma half-life (27."	( Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners. Aldinger, CE; Beyer, TA; Dee, MF; Larson, ER; Mylari, BL; Siegel, TW; Singleton, DH; Zembrowski, WJ, 1991)	0.28
" Bioavailability after oral administration is a unique property of desferrithiocin, and would make it an attractive alternative to deferoxamine."	( The effect of desferrithiocin, an oral iron chelator, on T-cell function. Bierer, BE; Nathan, DG, 1990)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic study of CsA showed that this lack of efficacy of combined treatment may be interpreted as the decreased CsA bioavailability observed when the animals also received RP 48740."	( Prolonged survival of renal transplants in nonimmunized and hyperimmunized rats receiving a platelet-activating factor antagonist. Freiche, JC; Lang, J; Sedivy, P; Touraine, JL, 1990)	0.28
"This four-way crossover open-label study on eight healthy subjects was designed to investigate the effect on bioavailability of orally administered nizatidine given concurrently with an antacid (magnesium hydroxide-aluminium hydroxide mixture)."	( Oral bioavailability of nizatidine and ranitidine concurrently administered with antacid. Desager, JP; Harvengt, C, )	0.13
"The effect of a high potency antacid on the oral bioavailability of a single dose of famotidine (40 mg) was evaluated in normal volunteers according to a randomized cross-over design."	( Impaired bioavailability of famotidine given concurrently with a potent antacid. Barzaghi, N; Crema, F; Gatti, G; Perucca, E, 1989)	0.28
"The choice of vehicle for patch test materials is important for the bioavailability and stability of the allergens."	( Aspects of pharmaceutical and chemical standardization of patch test materials. Hansen, J; Kreilgård, B, 1989)	0.28
" In addition to the earlier onset of effect, intravenous famotidine is about twice as potent as oral, a result consistent with a systemic bioavailability of oral famotidine of about 43%."	( Clinical pharmacology of famotidine: a summary. Chremos, AN, 1987)	0.27
"1 h and its absolute bioavailability ranged from 20 to 66%."	( Pharmacokinetics of famotidine in man. Klotz, U; Kroemer, H, 1987)	0.27
"The absolute and relative bioavailability of nizatidine, an H2-blocker, was studied in healthy male volunteers."	( Absorption studies of the H2-blocker nizatidine. Bergstrom, RF; Callaghan, JT; Knadler, MP; Obermeyer, BD; Rubin, A, 1987)	0.27
"The effect of a high potency antacid and food on the bioavailability of famotidine was studied in 17 healthy volunteers in an open randomized three-way cross-over trial."	( Effects of antacids and food on absorption of famotidine. Chremos, AN; Kann, J; Kanovsky, SM; Lin, JH; Schwartz, S; Yeh, KC, 1987)	0.27
"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of famotidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, were investigated in healthy subjects in five clinical studies."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of famotidine in man. Results of multicenter collaborative studies. Antonello, J; Chremos, AN; Constanzer, ML; Hucker, HB; Kanovsky, SM; Lin, JH; Ryan, JR; Vlasses, P; Williams, RL; Yeh, KC, )	0.13
" Nizatidine bioavailability was nearly 100% in normal volunteers but decreased to 75% in patients with renal failure."	( Nizatidine disposition in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Aronoff, GR; Bergstrom, RF; Bopp, RJ; Callaghan, JT; Sloan, RS, 1988)	0.27
" The bioavailability after oral administration was 49."	( Optimal therapeutic regimen of famotidine based on plasma concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure. Ando, K; Hachisu, T; Hattori, Y; Oda, Y; Yokoyama, T; Yoshida, T, 1988)	0.27
" There was no difference in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve, rate of absorption or half-life of elimination of ibuprofen between the three treatments."	( Do nizatidine and cimetidine interact with ibuprofen? Forsyth, DR; Jayasinghe, KS; Roberts, CJ, 1988)	0.27
" However, the systemic bioavailability of KB was substantially less than this, since approximately half of the absorbed KB was associated with the skin at the application site 24 hr after the application."	( Absorption and disposition of 14C-labelled Kathon biocide, a mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, following intravenous or dermal administration to male Sprague-Dawley rats. deBethizy, JD; Deckert, FW; Hayes, AW; Longacre, SL; Moss, JN; Scribner, HE; Smith, JM; Steigerwalt, RB, 1986)	0.27
"Three separate Latin square crossover studies were conducted in beagles to examine the effect of a meal on the bioavailability of a ciglitazone tablet, suspension, and solution."	( Bioavailability studies with ciglitazone in beagles. I. Effect of a meal on the bioavailability of three ciglitazone dosage forms. Capponi, VJ; Cox, SR; Harrington, EL; Hill, RA; Shah, AC, )	0.13
" Taken as a whole, these data suggest that the effect of meals to increase bioavailability of CGZ could be mediated at least in part, through an increase in GI residence time."	( Bioavailability studies with ciglitazone in beagles. II. Effect of propantheline bromide and metoclopramide HCL on bioavailability of a tablet. Capponi, VJ; Cox, SR; Harrington, EL, )	0.13
" Absorption was quite rapid, though some inter-subject variation in rates of absorption and bioavailability was observed."	( The pharmacokinetics of fentiazac and its metabolite, p-hydroxyfentiazac, after twice-daily oral administration to male volunteers. Dowell, PS; Franklin, RA; Harries, H; Norris, R; Pierce, DM; Whiteland, H, 1984)	0.27
" Furthermore, KB-944 is well absorbed from the intestinal tract, and produces a long-acting increase in the coronary blood flow."	( Vasodilator action of KB-944, a new calcium antagonist. Ito, K; Kanazawa, T; Morita, T; Nose, T; Yoshino, K, 1982)	0.26
" The bioavailability resulting from the epicutaneous administration is markedly lower than that provided by the oral administration."	( Serum and urinary levels of fentiazac after a single oral and epicutaneous administration in human subjects. Giachetti, C; Mondino, A; Quattrini, M; Silvestri, S; Zanolo, G, 1981)	0.26
" After oral administration of the anti-lipolytic drug [14C]tizoprolique acid (2-propyl-5-carboxyl[4-14C]thiazole), to baboons (60 mg/kg), the radioactivity was well absorbed and rapidly excreted."	( The metabolic fate of tizoprolique acid in baboons. Chasseaud, LF; Conway, B; Girkin, R; Hawkins, DR; Kirkpatrick, D, 1980)	0.26
" These findings demonstrate that high oral bioavailability can be achieved in humans with peptidomimetic inhibitors of HIV protease."	( ABT-538 is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease and has high oral bioavailability in humans. Denissen, JF; Fino, L; Flentge, CA; Green, BE; Kempf, DJ; Kong, XP; Marsh, KC; McDonald, E; Park, CH; Vasavanonda, S, 1995)	0.29
"Zankiren HCl (A-72517) is a potent renin inhibitor shown to have substantial bioavailability in several animal species and to produce dose-related reductions in blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and angiotensin II (Ang II) in salt-depleted dogs."	( Dose-dependent effects of the renin inhibitor zankiren HCl after a single oral dose in mildly sodium-depleted normotensive subjects. Boger, RS; Glassman, HN; Guyene, TT; Kleinert, HD; Ménard, J; Moyse, DM, 1995)	0.29
" The original drug tested here, (5R)-3-[2-(3-cyanopropyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]-5-methoxymethyl-2-oxaz olidinone (ER-4539), exhibited strong MAO-A inhibitory activity in vitro, but its bioavailability in rat was very low."	( Application of pharmacokinetic studies to a novel antidepressant, E2011. Akasaka, K; Horie, T; Kagaya, T; Kubota, A; Nagato, S; Naitoh, T, 1994)	0.29
" Bioavailability was 100% in the intramuscular route and 27% in the oral route."	( Pharmacokinetics of pidotimod in rats and dogs. Coppi, G; Silingardi, S, 1994)	0.29
" The intake of a standard meal before pidotimod administration, either as sachet or as ampoule, reduced the bioavailability of the drug, probably due to an interference at the absorption level."	( Effect of food on the bioavailability of pidotimod in healthy volunteers. Caravaggi, M; Crema, A; Crema, F; D'Angelo, L; De Ponti, F, 1994)	0.29
" We have identified WIN 64733 (2) and WIN 63759 (3) as potent (Ki* = 14 and 13 pM, respectively), selective, mechanism-based inhibitors of HLE which are orally bioavailable in the dog (absolute bioavailability 46% and 21%, respectively)."	( Orally bioavailable benzisothiazolone inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. Bell, MR; Carabateas, PM; Court, JJ; Desai, RC; Drozd, ML; Eickhoff, WM; Ferguson, EW; Gordon, RJ; Hlasta, DJ; Subramanyam, C, 1995)	0.29
" It is an orally bioavailable candidate which is being developed for oral as well as intravenous use."	( Parenteral formulation development of renin inhibitor Abbott-72517. Gupta, SL; Jones, DL; Partipilo, RW; Patel, JP, )	0.13
" The activities measured were the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC), rate of kill in water and broth, effect of organic soil, the development of microbial resistance on continuous exposure and agent bioavailability in media and formulation."	( The antimicrobial activity in vitro of chlorhexidine, a mixture of isothiazolinones ('Kathon' CG) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Boghossian, V; Borland, R; Gurevitch, F; Morgenroth, P; Nicoletti, G, 1993)	0.29
" Compound 15, the open form of lactone 4b, is well absorbed in the rat and is transformed into the active species 4b."	( Naphthalenic lignan lactones as selective, nonredox 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Synthesis and biological activity of (methoxyalkyl)thiazole and methoxytetrahydropyran hybrids. Brideau, C; Chan, CC; Dubé, D; Ducharme, Y; Falgueyret, JP; Gillard, JW; Guay, J; Hutchinson, JH; McFarlane, CS; Riendeau, D, 1994)	0.29
" ratio for SR 27897 was near unity, suggesting a high oral bioavailability of the compound."	( Neurobehavioural effects of SR 27897, a selective cholecystokinin type A (CCK-A) receptor antagonist. Arnone, M; Gonalons, N; Gueudet, C; Gully, D; Heaulme, M; Keane, P; Le Fur, G; Poncelet, M; Santucci, V; Thurneyssen, O, 1993)	0.29
"Employing a set of empirical guidelines for the design of well-absorbed renin inhibitors, we have followed two strategies to improve potency while maintaining bioavailability."	( Studies directed toward the design of orally active renin inhibitors. 2. Development of the efficacious, bioavailable renin inhibitor (2S)-2-benzyl-3- [[(1-methylpiperazin-4-yl)sulfonyl]propionyl]-3-thiazol-4-yl-L-alanine amide of (2S,3R,4S)-2-amino-1-cyc Barlow, JL; Cohen, J; Condon, SL; Klinghofer, V; Kovar, P; Polakowski, J; Rosenberg, SH; Spina, KP; Stein, HH; Yao, Z, 1993)	0.29
") administrations to obtain the disposition characteristics and bioavailability of this new anti-AIDS drug."	( Pharmacokinetic study of a tripeptide HIV-1 protease inhibitor, KNI-174, in rats after intravenous and intraduodenal administrations. Kiriyama, A; Kiso, Y; Mimoto, T; Takada, K, 1993)	0.29
") and various distribution volumes (Vss, V beta and Vc) based on animal data; (2) estimation of the absorption rate constant (ka) from allometric relationship to body weight, and estimation of F value from the predicted AUCp."	( Prediction of the human pharmacokinetics of troglitazone, a new and extensively metabolized antidiabetic agent, after oral administration, with an animal scale-up approach. Enomoto, S; Hosiyama, K; Izumi, T; Nakagawa, T; Sasahara, K; Shibukawa, A; Sugiyama, Y, 1996)	0.29
" Analysis of urinary TTCA proved to be useful both for establishing the in vivo release of CS2 by dithiocarbamate containing compounds and for evaluating the bioavailability of CS2."	( The measurement of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid as an index of the in vivo release of CS2 by dithiocarbamates. Amarnath, K; Amarnath, V; Graham, DG; Johnson, DJ; Valentine, WM, )	0.13
" administration meloxicam was rapidly and completely absorbed (mean absolute bioavailability 102%)."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of meloxicam after i.m. administration. Busch, U; Heinzel, G; Narjes, H; Nehmiz, G; Türck, D, 1996)	0.29
" This open, randomized, crossover study was conducted to examine the effects of aspirin, the antacid Maalox (Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Cologne, Germany), and cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a single oral dose of meloxicam 30 mg in healthy male volunteers."	( Interaction of meloxicam with cimetidine, Maalox, or aspirin. Busch, U; Heinzel, G; Narjes, H; Nehmiz, G, 1996)	0.29
" After oral dosing, pioglitazone was well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract at an extent of 96, 95, and 90% in rats, dogs, and monkeys, respectively."	( Disposition of the new antidiabetic agent pioglitazone in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Kiyota, Y; Maeshiba, Y; Motohashi, M; Tanayama, S; Yamashita, K; Yoshimura, Y, 1997)	0.3
"We investigated the usefulness and efficiency of the co-grinding method with D-mannitol to improve the bioavailability of a sparingly water-soluble drug, (+/-)-5-[[2-(2-naphthalenylmethyl)-5-benzoxazolyl]methyl]-2, 4-thiazolidinedione (174), and compared it with those of the single-grinding method."	( Improvement of dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of a sparingly water-soluble drug, (+/-)-5-[[2-(2-naphthalenylmethyl)-5-benzoxazolyl]-methyl]- 2, 4-thiazolidinedione, in co-ground mixture with D-mannitol. Kubo, H; Mizobe, M, 1997)	0.3
" Its bioavailability is 60%."	( Riluzole: a new agent for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Landis, BE; Wagner, ML, 1997)	0.3
" Absolute bioavailability was 22% of the dose administered."	( Pharmacokinetics of ebrotidine in rats and dogs. Albet, C; Ortiz, JA; Pérez, JA; Sacristán, A, 1997)	0.3
" These data were used to define the bioavailability of test compounds and assist in decisions of constructing active analogs."	( Competitive particle concentration fluorescence immunoassays for measuring anti-diabetic drug levels in mouse plasma. Bright, SW; Dominianni, SJ; Fitch, LL; Gold, G; Schmiegel, KK; Tinsley, FC, 1997)	0.3
" One of the most active compounds in vitro, 10, was also evaluated in vivo as an inhibitor of glutathione lens depletion in galactosemic rats, but it did not show any activity in maintaining the rat lens glutathione level, probably due to problems of ocular bioavailability or metabolism."	( Benzisothiazole-1,1-dioxide alkanoic acid derivatives as inhibitors of rat lens aldose reductase. Boldrini, E; Da Settimo, F; La Motta, C; Minutolo, A; Primofiore, G; Simorini, F, 1997)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic studies suggested that SG-210 has a high bioavailability and possesses a long half-life in rats (ca."	( Effect of SG-210, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, on impaired polyol pathway in rats received diabetic manipulations. Horie, S; Nagai, H; Nakajima, T; Nakamura, N; Narita, Y; Tsuda, Y; Yuuki, T, )	0.13
" The bioavailability in dogs of a 2 mg/kg oral dose of zopolrestat was 97."	( Bioavailability, multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, and biotransformation of the aldose reductase inhibitor zopolrestat in dogs. Davenport, CJ; Hoffmaster, KA; Inskeep, PB; Schneider, RP, 1998)	0.3
" EMD 122946 exhibited high bioavailability in rats and monkeys."	( Endothelin antagonists: discovery of EMD 122946, a highly potent and orally active ETA selective antagonist. Anzali, S; Christadler, M; Dorsch, D; Fluck, M; Mederski, WW; Osswald, M; Schelling, P; Schmitges, CJ; Wilm, C, 1998)	0.3
" Oral bioavailability (f) of DRF-2189 in Wistar rats was 44%."	( Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the new insulin sensitizer DRF-2189 in Wistar rats. Ayalasomayajula, PS; Jajoo, HK; Katneni, K; Lohray, BB; Mamidi, RN; Rao, BP; Sathyavageeswaran, S; Subramaniam, S; Vakkalanka, SV, 1999)	0.3
"To evaluate the effect of food on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone."	( Systemic exposure to rosiglitazone is unaltered by food. Allen, A; DiCicco, RA; Freed, MI; Jorkasky, DK, 1999)	0.3
" The present study demonstrated that JE-2147 has potent antiviral activities in vitro and exhibits good oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetic profiles in two species of laboratory animals."	( Structure-activity relationship of small-sized HIV protease inhibitors containing allophenylnorstatine. Fukazawa, T; Hayashi, H; Kato, R; Kiso, Y; Mimoto, T; Misawa, S; Nojima, S; Sato, H; Shintani, M; Takaku, H; Terashima, K; Ueno, T, 1999)	0.3
" In view of the previously described oral bioavailability of DFT, the marked ability of DFT and its derivatives to chelate hepatic iron, and their inability to affect brain DA or 5-HT metabolism, such siderophores appear potentially useful clinical iron chelators."	( Effects of desferrithiocin and its derivatives on peripheral iron and striatal dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in the ferrocene-loaded rat. Crichton, RR; Dexter, DT; Florence, A; Jenner, P; Ward, RJ, 1999)	0.3
" It is rapidly absorbed with an absolute bioavailability of between 40 and 50%."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of troglitazone. Koup, JR; Loi, CM; Randinitis, E; Vassos, A; Young, M, 1999)	0.3
" These findings suggested that J-104870 is a selective and potent nonpeptide Y(1) antagonist with oral bioavailability and brain penetrability."	( The novel neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptor antagonist J-104870: a potent feeding suppressant with oral bioavailability. Fukami, T; Fukuroda, T; Hata, M; Ihara, M; Ishihara, A; Kanatani, A; Kanno, T; Mase, T; Sakuraba, A; Tanaka, T; Tsuchiya, Y, 1999)	0.3
" The method was applied to measure the plasma concentrations of PAT-5A in pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies in male Wistar rats."	( Validated HPLC method for determination of PAT-5A, an insulin sensitizing agent, in rat plasma. Bhushan, V; Chaluvadi, MR; Gangadhar, S; Katneni, K; Kishore, PH; Kumar, VV; Nataraj, B; Shreeram, S; Subramaniam, S, 2000)	0.31
" The absorption of rosiglitazone was rapid and essentially complete, with absolute bioavailability estimated to be approximately 99% after oral tablet dosing and approximately 95% after oral solution dosing, and clearance was primarily metabolic."	( Absorption, disposition, and metabolism of rosiglitazone, a potent thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer, in humans. Cowley, H; Cox, PJ; Harris, AM; Hollis, FJ; Miller, AK; Ryan, DA; Vousden, M, 2000)	0.31
"As part of our investigation into the development of orally bioavailable beta(3) adrenergic receptor agonists, we have identified a series of pyridylethanolamine analogues possessing a substituted thiazole benzenesulfonamide pharmacophore that are potent human beta(3) agonists with excellent selectivity against other human beta receptor subtypes."	( Discovery of a potent, orally bioavailable beta(3) adrenergic receptor agonist, (R)-N-[4-[2-[[2-hydroxy-2-(3-pyridinyl)ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]-4-[4 -[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thiazol-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide. Candelore, MR; Cascieri, MA; Chitty, D; Colwell, LF; Deng, L; Feeney, WP; Fisher, MH; Forrest, MJ; Hom, GJ; MacIntyre, DE; Mathvink, RJ; Miller, RR; Stearns, RA; Tolman, JS; Tota, L; Weber, AE; Wyvratt, MJ, 2000)	0.31
" It has a high absolute bioavailability of > 90% and can be administered without regard to meals."	( Pre-clinical studies of pramipexole: clinical relevance. Hubble, JP, 2000)	0.31
"Clodronate, like other bisphosphonates, is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, mainly due to its high hydrophilicity and ability to form complexes with divalent cations in the gastrointestinal tract."	( Effects of calcium and lipophilicity on transport of clodronate and its esters through Caco-2 cells. Järvinen, T; Mönkkönen, J; Niemi, R; Raiman, J; Vepsäläinen, J; Yritys, K, 2001)	0.31
" The method has been succesfully applied for the bioavailability studies of RGH-1756 in the two animal species."	( An HPLC/UV method for the determination of RGH-1756 in dog and rat plasma. Kapás, M; Terjéki, E, 2001)	0.31
"This paper reviews recent studies that have aimed to establish the relative bioavailability of a new oral formulation of meloxicam, and to evaluate its safety and efficacy in a clinical setting."	( Meloxicam oral suspension: a treatment alternative to solid meloxicam formulations. Hanft, G; Scheuerer, S; Sigmund, R; Türck, D, 2001)	0.31
" However, two pharmacokinetic problems have been identified: suboptimal oral bioavailability of peptidic inhibitors; and reduced cellular uptake of inhibitor that has become bound to alpha-acid glycoprotein."	( Update on HIV protease inhibitors. Vella, S, 1995)	0.29
"Although prediction of the plasma profile of lipophilic drugs solely on the basis of in vitro data remains an ambitious target, this study shows that the plasma profile of a lipophilic drug can be predicted with appropriate in vitro dissolution data, provided that the absolute bioavailability of the drug is known and the drug has dissolution limited absorption."	( Biorelevant dissolution testing to predict the plasma profile of lipophilic drugs after oral administration. Dressman, JB; Nicolaides, E; Reppas, C; Symillides, M, 2001)	0.31
"A series of water-soluble L-lysyl- and L-alanyl-amide prodrugs of the lipophilic antitumor 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazoles has been synthesized to address formulation and bioavailability issues related to the desired parenteral administration of the chosen clinical candidate."	( Antitumor benzothiazoles. 16. Synthesis and pharmaceutical properties of antitumor 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole amino acid prodrugs. Hutchinson, I; Jennings, SA; Stevens, MF; Vishnuvajjala, BR; Westwell, AD, 2002)	0.88
" It may be less well absorbed and/or less effective than Clozaril, although evidence is conflicting."	( Advances in atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia: new formulations and new agents. Albert, MJ; Baldessarini, RJ; Centorrino, F; Kelleher, JP, 2002)	0.31
" Oral bioavailability of ziprasidone taken with food is approximately 60%, half-life is approximately 6-7 hours, and protein binding is extensive at >99%."	( Ziprasidone: the fifth atypical antipsychotic. Caley, CF; Cooper, CK, 2002)	0.31
" Bioavailability is substantially increased by food."	( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man using single ascending oral doses. Allemon, AM; De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Stockis, A, 2002)	0.31
" dose, the bioavailability of T and TG was only slightly influenced by repeated administration."	( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man during 7 days dosing with 0.5 g and 1 g b.i.d. De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Rosillon, D; Stockis, A, 2002)	0.31
"The pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of (R)-N-[4-[2-[[2-hydroxy-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]-4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethylphenyl]thiazol-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide (1), a 3-pyridyl thiazole benzenesulfonamide beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist, were investigated in rats, dogs, and monkeys."	( The pharmacokinetics of a thiazole benzenesulfonamide beta 3-adrenergic receptor agonist and its analogs in rats, dogs, and monkeys: improving oral bioavailability. Chitty, D; Chiu, SH; Colandrea, VJ; Colletti, AE; Feeney, WP; Iliff, SA; Keohane, CA; Kwei, GY; Mathvink, RJ; Miller, RR; Naylor, EM; Stearns, RA; Strauss, JR; Tang, FS; Tang, W; Weber, AE, 2002)	0.31
" By raising gastrointestinal pH levels, ranitidine may affect the bioavailability of coadministered drugs."	( The effect of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy adult male volunteers. DiCicco, RA; Freed, MI; Miller, AK, 2002)	0.31
"This article presents the absolute bioavailability of rosiglitazone, as well as the effects of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone."	( The effect of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy adult male volunteers. DiCicco, RA; Freed, MI; Miller, AK, 2002)	0.31
" The absolute bioavailability of rosiglitazone was 99%."	( The effect of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy adult male volunteers. DiCicco, RA; Freed, MI; Miller, AK, 2002)	0.31
"In this study of 12 healthy adult male volunteers, the absolute bioavailability of rosiglitazone was 99%, and the oral and IV single-dose pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone were unaltered by concurrent treatment with ranitidine."	( The effect of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in healthy adult male volunteers. DiCicco, RA; Freed, MI; Miller, AK, 2002)	0.31
" Notably, these compounds show a high bioavailability and a remarkable preference for the brain vs."	( AF150(S) and AF267B: M1 muscarinic agonists as innovative therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Bar-Ner, RH; Brandeis, R; Fisher, A; Kliger-Spatz, M; Marcovitch, I; Natan, N; Pittel, Z; Sonego, H, )	0.13
" In another study, a single intravenous bolus dose of PAT-5A was given to rats at 10 mg/kg dose following administration through the tail vein in order to obtain the absolute oral bioavailability and clearance parameters."	( Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of PAT-5A, a new insulin sensitizer in rats. Katneni, K; Mamidi, RN; Mullangi, R; Ramanujam, R, )	0.13
"Combined rosiglitazone and clomiphene was an effective therapeutic regimen for correcting insulin resistance in patients with PCOS, possibly by reducing IGF1 bioavailability to the ovaries, thus modifying the hyperandrogenic intrafollicular milieu that occurs in PCOS."	( Correction of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome by combined rosiglitazone and clomiphene citrate therapy. Shaarawy, M; Shobokshi, A, 2003)	0.32
" TZDs were first used as orally bioavailable insulin-sensitizing agents."	( Thiazolidinedione inhibition of peritoneal inflammation. Chao, VA; Hornung, D; Taylor, RN; Vigne, JL; Wallwiener, D, 2003)	0.32
"This study investigated the oral bioavailability and efficacy of BILS 45 BS, a selective herpes simplex virus (HSV) helicase-primase inhibitor, against acyclovir (ACV)-resistant (ACV(r)) infections mediated by the HSV type 1 (HSV-1) dlsptk and PAA(r)5 mutant strains."	( Oral bioavailability and in vivo efficacy of the helicase-primase inhibitor BILS 45 BS against acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1. Browne, A; Cordingley, MG; Dansereau, N; Duan, J; Faucher, AM; Liard, F; Liuzzi, M; Paris, W; Simoneau, B, 2003)	0.32
" (14)C-telmesteine was rapidly absorbed after oral dosing (20 and 50 mg kg(-1)) with an oral bioavailability of >90% both in male and female rats."	( Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of telmesteine, a mucolitic agent, in rat. Kim, DH; Lee, J; Rhee, SW; Son, J, 2003)	0.32
" A clear increase in the gastrointestinal absorption was observed in prodrugs 8, 12, and 13 with bioavailability (BA) values of 23%, 26%, and 29%, respectively."	( Development of water-soluble prodrugs of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor KNI-727: importance of the conversion time for higher gastrointestinal absorption of prodrugs based on spontaneous chemical cleavage. Hayashi, Y; Ito, T; Kimura, T; Kiso, Y; Matsumoto, H; Sohma, Y, 2003)	0.32
" Some of the compounds have shown good oral bioavailability and half-life in rats."	( Discovery of novel benzothiazolesulfonamides as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Blystone, L; De Crescenzo, GA; Funkes-Shippy, CL; Getman, DP; Houseman, KA; Kishore, N; Kocan, GP; Lu, HF; McDonald, JJ; Mehta, PP; Nagarajan, SR; Sikorski, JA; Walker, JL, 2003)	0.63
" Low water-solubility and lack of chemical stability represent strong detriments for the clinical development of curacin A, but synthetic analogs with improved bioavailability might ultimately probe the paradigm for anticancer efficacy of colchicine-site tubulin binding agents."	( Chemistry and biology of curacin A. Day, BW; Reeves, JT; Wipf, P, 2004)	0.32
" BMS-354825 is an orally bioavailable ABL kinase inhibitor with two-log increased potency relative to imatinib that retains activity against 14 of 15 imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL mutants."	( Overriding imatinib resistance with a novel ABL kinase inhibitor. Chen, P; Lee, FY; Norris, D; Sawyers, CL; Shah, NP; Tran, C, 2004)	0.32
" The oral bioavailability of BMS-387032 has been found to be about 31% in rats."	( P-glycoprotein plays a role in the oral absorption of BMS-387032, a potent cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitor, in rats. Chang, M; Chong, S; Kamath, AV; Marathe, PH, 2005)	0.33
"The exposure in rats after an intraportal dose was similar to that after an intraarterial dose, indicating that absorption may play a greater role than liver first-pass metabolism in the low oral bioavailability seen in rats."	( P-glycoprotein plays a role in the oral absorption of BMS-387032, a potent cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitor, in rats. Chang, M; Chong, S; Kamath, AV; Marathe, PH, 2005)	0.33
"Poor absorption may be playing a greater role than extensive first-pass metabolism in the incomplete oral bioavailability of BMS-387032 seen in rats."	( P-glycoprotein plays a role in the oral absorption of BMS-387032, a potent cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitor, in rats. Chang, M; Chong, S; Kamath, AV; Marathe, PH, 2005)	0.33
" Macrocyclic beta-strand scaffolds were designed that allowed the discovery of potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable compounds."	( The design of a potent inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease: BILN 2061--from the NMR tube to the clinic. Tsantrizos, YS, 2004)	0.32
" Among this series, 5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine type 61 displayed orally potent anti-fXa activity and evident prolongation of prothrombin time (PT) with the moderate bioavailability in rats."	( Synthesis and conformational analysis of a non-amidine factor Xa inhibitor that incorporates 5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine as S4 binding element. Furugori, T; Haginoya, N; Hirokawa, Y; Kobayashi, S; Komoriya, S; Nagahara, T; Shimada, T; Suzuki, M; Watanabe, K; Yoshino, T, 2004)	0.32
" After oral administration, bioavailability was nearly total regardless of feeding status (98 +/- 12% in fed horses and 85 +/- 19% in nonfed horses)."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in plasma and urine of horses. Bonnaire, Y; Garcia, P; Hirsch, A; Laroute, V; Narbe, R; Popot, MA; Reymond, N; Toutain, PL, 2004)	0.32
" The effect of beta-CD on the bioavailability of meloxicam was also investigated in human volunteers using a balanced 2-way crossover study."	( Tablet formulation containing meloxicam and beta-cyclodextrin: mechanical characterization and bioavailability evaluation. Abdel-Salam, HM; El-Sayad, MA; Ghorab, MM; Mekhel, MM, 2004)	0.32
" It is given by the oral route with good bioavailability and is well tolerated, with primarily mild gastrointestinal side effects."	( Nitazoxanide: a new thiazolide antiparasitic agent. Fox, LM; Saravolatz, LD, 2005)	0.33
" In particular, one analog (74, DPP-IV IC50=26 nM) exhibited good oral bioavailability and acceptable half-life in the rat, albeit with rather high clearance."	( Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors derived from beta-aminoacylpiperidines bearing a fused thiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, or pyrazole. Ashton, WT; Dong, H; Doss, GA; He, H; Leiting, B; Lyons, KA; Marsilio, F; Patel, RA; Sisco, RM; Thornberry, NA; Weber, AE; Wu, JK, 2005)	0.33
"We conducted a randomized, crossover study in 23 healthy young female volunteers to compare the bioavailability of two brands of meloxicam (7."	( Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of meloxicam tablets (Promotion and Mobicox): pharmacokinetics in a healthy female Mexican population. Angeles, AP; Contreras, L; Fernández, A; García, A; Hernández, JA; Hinojosa, M; Marcelín-Jiménez, G; Martínez-Rossier, L; Morales, M; Rivera, L, 2005)	0.33
" The mean bioavailability for the 5-mg IM ziprasidone dose was approximately 100%."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of intramuscular ziprasidone in healthy volunteers. Miceli, JJ; Swan, SK; Tensfeldt, TG; Wilner, KD, 2005)	0.33
" The absolute bioavailability was 72% after intraperitoneal administration (T3); it was 15% after oral administration (TE3)."	( Pharmacological properties of a new antimalarial bisthiazolium salt, T3, and a corresponding prodrug, TE3. Bressolle, FM; Calas, M; Margout, D; Nicolas, O; Taudon, N; Vial, HJ; Wein, S, 2005)	0.33
" This compound also showed good bioavailability in mice and rats and significant efficacy in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model."	( Novel inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase as an anti-TNF-alpha drug: discovery of N-[4-[2-ethyl-4-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl]-2-pyridyl]benzamide (TAK-715) as a potent and orally active anti-rheumatoid arthritis agent. Arikawa, Y; Asahi, S; Kimura, H; Kotani, E; Miwatashi, S; Miyamoto, M; Naruo, K; Ohkawa, S; Tanaka, T, 2005)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetics of intramuscular ziprasidone include rapid attainment of therapeutic drug level (time to reach peak serum concentration [tmax]	( Pharmacokinetics and therapeutics of acute intramuscular ziprasidone. Preskorn, SH, 2005)	0.33
"A Hit-to-Lead optimisation programme was carried out on a high throughput screening hit, the thiazolopyrimidine 1, resulting in the discovery of the potent, orally bioavailable CXCR2 antagonist 29."	( Hit-to-Lead studies: the discovery of potent, orally bioavailable thiazolopyrimidine CXCR2 receptor antagonists. Baxter, A; Cooper, A; Kinchin, E; Moakes, K; Unitt, J; Wallace, A, 2006)	0.33
" This combination of binding elements resulted in sub-250 pM, reversible, selective, and orally bioavailable cathepsin K inhibitors."	( Design and synthesis of tri-ring P3 benzamide-containing aminonitriles as potent, selective, orally effective inhibitors of cathepsin K. Bryant, C; Burrill, LC; Cheung, H; Chung, T; Davis, DE; Enriquez, P; Falgueyret, JP; Janc, JW; Johnson, C; Kimmel, DB; Liu, L; McCarter, J; McGrath, M; Mendonca, RV; Oballa, R; Palmer, JT; Percival, MD; Prasit, P; Riendeau, D; Rodan, G; Rodan, SB; Rydzewski, RM; Setti, EL; Somoza, JR; Springman, E; Strickley, RM; Tian, ZQ; Venkatraman, S; Venuti, MC; Wang, DX; Wesolowski, G; Young, RN; Yu, ZW, 2005)	0.33
" These analogs were demonstrated to have high bioavailability relative to other relative heterocyclic analogs."	( Synthesis of 2,5-thiazole butanoic acids as potent and selective alpha(v)beta3 integrin receptor antagonists with improved oral pharmacokinetic properties. Boys, ML; Chen, BB; Downs, VL; Duffin, T; Engleman, VW; Finn, MB; Freeman, SK; Hanneke, ML; Keene, JL; Klover, JA; Nickols, GA; Nickols, MA; Penning, TD; Russell, MA; Shannon, KE; Steininger, CN; Stenmark, HG; Wang, Y; Wendt, JA; Westlin, M; Westlin, W; Wu, H, 2006)	0.33
" Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a novel orally bioavailable SRC/ABL inhibitor that has activity against multiple imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL isoforms in vitro that is presently showing considerable promise in early-phase clinical trials of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)."	( Dasatinib (BMS-354825) inhibits KITD816V, an imatinib-resistant activating mutation that triggers neoplastic growth in most patients with systemic mastocytosis. Akin, C; Donker, M; Jiang, Y; Lee, FY; Luo, R; Shah, NP, 2006)	0.33
" BMS-354825 is an orally bioavailable dual Src/Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor currently undergoing clinical trials in cancer patients."	( Potent inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-induced responses in vascular smooth muscle cells by BMS-354825 (dasatinib). Bhalla, KN; Chen, Z; Lee, FY; Wu, J, 2006)	0.33
" Based on pharmacokinetic experiments in rats, the representative compound 11, which displayed high oral bioavailability (BA=83."	( [(S)-gamma-(Arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine compounds as a novel series of potent and stable DPP-IV inhibitors. Akahoshi, F; Hayashi, Y; Kitajima, H; Sakashita, H; Tsutsumiuchi, R, 2006)	0.33
" Optimization of these compounds for potency and pharmacokinetic properties led to the discovery of potent, orally bioavailable antagonists."	( Optimization of 2-aminothiazole derivatives as CCR4 antagonists. Akerman, M; Collins, TL; Dairaghi, DJ; Houze, J; Mahmud, H; McMaster, BE; Medina, JC; Schall, TJ; Tang, L; Tonn, G; Wang, X; Xu, F; Xu, Q; Zhu, L, 2006)	0.33
" In vivo studies revealed that HP-beta-CyD markedly increases the bioavailability of FPFS-410 after oral administration in dogs."	( Improvement of solubility and oral bioavailability of 2-(N-cyanoimino)-5-[(E)-4-styrylbenzylidene]-4-oxothiazolidine (FPFS-410) with antidiabetic and lipid-lowering activities in dogs by 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Arima, H; Hara, T; Hirayama, F; Uekama, K; Yamaguchi, Y, 2006)	0.33
"Our results show that YM-359445 is more potent than orally bioavailable VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which leads to great expectations for clinical applicability."	( YM-359445, an orally bioavailable vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has highly potent antitumor activity against established tumors. Amino, N; Hisamichi, H; Ideyama, Y; Kudoh, M; Kuromitsu, S; Matsuhisa, A; Samizu, K; Shibasaki, M; Shirasuna, K; Tajinda, K; Yamano, M, 2006)	0.33
" However, this strategy suffers from the great conformational flexibility small peptides have in solution, which together with bioavailability represents the most important limitation to the usefulness of synthetic peptides as drugs and as synthetic immunogens."	( Stabilization of the biologically active conformation of the principal neutralizing determinant of HIV-1(IIIB) containing a cis-proline surrogate: 1H NMR and molecular modeling study. Anglister, J; Dumy, P; Garcia, J; Rosen, O, 2006)	0.33
" An impressive number of clinical studies have shown that the drug has an excellent bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract, is fast acting and highly effective against gastrointestinal bacteria, protozoa and helminthes."	( Nitazoxanide, a broad-spectrum thiazolide anti-infective agent for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections. Esposito, M; Hemphill, A; Mueller, J, 2006)	0.33
" Based on the importance of EGFR signaling in lung cancer, the known cooperation between EGFR and Src proteins, and evidence of elevated Src activity in human lung cancers, we evaluated the effectiveness of a novel orally bioavailable Src inhibitor dasatinib (BMS-324825) in lung cancer cell lines with defined EGFR status."	( Dasatinib (BMS-354825) selectively induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor signaling for survival. Bagui, T; Haura, EB; Jove, R; Lee, FY; Morris, M; Song, L, 2006)	0.33
"The effect of bile acids on bioavailability of FPFS-410 (2-(N-Cyanoimino)-5-{(E)-4-styrylbenzylidene}-4-oxothiazolidine) after oral administration of the drug and its 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CyD) complex was investigated."	( Enhanced bioavailability of a new thiazolidine derivative FPFS-410, an antidiabetic and lipid-lowering drug, after oral administration of its hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complex to bile duct-cannulated rats. Arima, H; Hara, T; Hirayama, F; Uekama, K, 2006)	0.33
" These results suggested that meloxicam could be delivered to the colon with 15% (w/w) coating level of Eudragit FS 30 D and this polymer coating had no significant influence on the relative bioavailability of meloxicam of the pellets."	( In vitro release and in vivo absorption in beagle dogs of meloxicam from Eudragit FS 30 D-coated pellets. Gao, C; Huang, J; Jiao, Y; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Mei, X; Shan, L, 2006)	0.33
" It is practically insoluble in water leading to poor dissolution, variations in bioavailability and gastric irritation on oral administration."	( Investigations on analgesic, anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic potential of meloxicam solid dispersion prepared with skimmed milk. Mishra, DN; Vijaya Kumar, SG, 2006)	0.33
"An orally active carbapenem L-084, which exhibits high bioavailability in humans, has a 1-(1,3-thiazolin-2-yl)azetidin-3-ylthio moiety at the C-2 position of the 1beta-methylcarbapenem skeleton."	( A practical and facile synthesis of azetidine derivatives for oral carbapenem, L-084. Isoda, T; Kumagai, T; Nagao, Y; Tamai, S; Yamamura, I, 2006)	0.33
"In this study, the bioavailability of 2 meloxicam 15 mg tablet formulations was compared."	( Meloxicam determination in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) in Brazilian bioequivalence studies. Borges, NC; Mendes, GD; Moreno, RA; Rigato, HM, 2006)	0.33
"Dasatinib is an orally bioavailable potent inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases, including ABL and SRC."	( Dasatinib. Shah, NP, 2007)	0.34
"3 mg/kg and an oral bioavailability of 91."	( 3-(4-Chloro-2-morpholin-4-yl-thiazol-5-yl)-8-(1-ethylpropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine: a novel brain-penetrant, orally available corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 antagonist with efficacy in animal models of alcoholism. Ciccocioppo, R; Cippitelli, A; Cramer, J; Gehlert, DR; Hamdouchi, C; Heilig, M; Hembre, EJ; Hipskind, PA; Lê, AD; Lu, J; McKinzie, D; Morin, M; Song, M; Thorsell, A, 2007)	0.34
" The bioavailability (%) of the optimal meloxicam sodium gel was about 50."	( Formulation optimization of meloxicam sodium gel using response surface methodology. Chang, JS; Hou, SS; Huang, YB; Tsai, YH; Wang, RJ; Wu, PC, 2007)	0.34
" Possible mechanisms contributing to the incomplete oral bioavailability of dasatinib in animals were investigated."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and in vitro metabolism of dasatinib (BMS-354825): a potent oral multi-targeted kinase inhibitor against SRC and BCR-ABL. Kamath, AV; Lee, FY; Marathe, PH; Wang, J, 2008)	0.35
" Absorption and first-pass metabolism were evaluated as possible reasons for the incomplete oral bioavailability using various in vitro and in vivo models like Caco-2 cells, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) knockout mice, and intra-portal dosing in rats."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and in vitro metabolism of dasatinib (BMS-354825): a potent oral multi-targeted kinase inhibitor against SRC and BCR-ABL. Kamath, AV; Lee, FY; Marathe, PH; Wang, J, 2008)	0.35
" Oral bioavailability of dasatinib ranged from 14% in the mouse to 34% in the dog."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and in vitro metabolism of dasatinib (BMS-354825): a potent oral multi-targeted kinase inhibitor against SRC and BCR-ABL. Kamath, AV; Lee, FY; Marathe, PH; Wang, J, 2008)	0.35
" The incomplete oral bioavailability may be due to both incomplete absorption and high first-pass metabolism."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and in vitro metabolism of dasatinib (BMS-354825): a potent oral multi-targeted kinase inhibitor against SRC and BCR-ABL. Kamath, AV; Lee, FY; Marathe, PH; Wang, J, 2008)	0.35
" This compound was also approximately 70-fold selective over 11beta-HSD2 and was orally bioavailable in rat pharmacokinetic studies."	( The discovery of 2-anilinothiazolones as 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors. Askew, B; Bartberger, MD; Cai, L; Chen, M; Cupples, R; Emery, M; Fotsch, C; Hale, C; Han, N; Hungate, RW; Johansson, L; Jordan, S; Li, A; Liu, Q; Moniz, G; Pyring, D; St Jean, DJ; Sun, Y; Tedenborg, L; Wang, M; Williams, M; Yuan, C; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.34
" The secondary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of SNS-032 and to evaluate its bioavailability as an oral solution."	( A phase 1 study of SNS-032 (formerly BMS-387032), a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 2, 7 and 9 administered as a single oral dose and weekly infusion in patients with metastatic refractory solid tumors. Adelman, DC; Bible, K; Heath, EI; Lorusso, PM; Martell, RE, 2008)	0.35
" For the 13 and 16 mg/m2 dose cohorts, the first dose of cycle 2 was given as an oral solution to estimate the oral bioavailability of the drug in humans."	( A phase 1 study of SNS-032 (formerly BMS-387032), a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 2, 7 and 9 administered as a single oral dose and weekly infusion in patients with metastatic refractory solid tumors. Adelman, DC; Bible, K; Heath, EI; Lorusso, PM; Martell, RE, 2008)	0.35
" Average oral bioavailability was 19% (range: 4-33%)."	( A phase 1 study of SNS-032 (formerly BMS-387032), a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 2, 7 and 9 administered as a single oral dose and weekly infusion in patients with metastatic refractory solid tumors. Adelman, DC; Bible, K; Heath, EI; Lorusso, PM; Martell, RE, 2008)	0.35
" At the dose levels tested, the oral bioavailability of SNS-032 ranged from 4-33%."	( A phase 1 study of SNS-032 (formerly BMS-387032), a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 2, 7 and 9 administered as a single oral dose and weekly infusion in patients with metastatic refractory solid tumors. Adelman, DC; Bible, K; Heath, EI; Lorusso, PM; Martell, RE, 2008)	0.35
" Despite a decrease in the absorption rate of febuxostat, antacid had no effect on the extent of febuxostat absorption."	( Effect of food or antacid on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat in healthy subjects. Grabowski, B; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)	0.35
"Oral ziprasidone bioavailability is increased when taken with food."	( The effect of food on the absorption of oral ziprasidone. Alderman, J; Glue, P; Miceli, JJ; Wilner, K, 2007)	0.34
" However, no published data is available regarding the combined pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of this particular fixed dose combination."	( Bioequivalence study of a fixed dose combination of nitazoxanide and ofloxacin in Indian healthy volunteers. Agarwal, S; Chattaraj, TK; Ghosh, D; Gowda, KV; Pal, TK; Sarkar, AK; Selvan, PS; Solomon, WD, 2007)	0.34
" Iron uptake and iron bioavailability were documented by chemical assay, quench of calcein fluorescence and ferritin induction."	( Curcumin reduces the toxic effects of iron loading in rat liver epithelial cells. Kowdley, KV; Messner, DJ; Sivam, G, 2009)	0.35
"Curcumin bound iron, but did not block iron uptake or bioavailability in T51B cells given FAC."	( Curcumin reduces the toxic effects of iron loading in rat liver epithelial cells. Kowdley, KV; Messner, DJ; Sivam, G, 2009)	0.35
"Application of a solid dispersion system is one of the methods used to increase the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( Preparation of a solid dispersion by a dropping method to improve the rate of dissolution of meloxicam. Bashiri-Shahroodi, A; Nassab, PR; Rajkó, R; Szabó-Révész, P, 2008)	0.35
"DU-176b is a more potent and selective FXa inhibitor with high oral bioavailability compared with its prototype, DX-9065a."	( DU-176b, a potent and orally active factor Xa inhibitor: in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profiles. Furugohri, T; Honda, Y; Isobe, K; Kamisato-Matsumoto, C; Morishima, Y; Nagahara, T; Shibano, T; Sugiyama, N, 2008)	0.35
" We studied the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam and the effect of vagal suppression on the oral bioavailability and bioequivalence using a marketed (Brand) and a fast dissolving (FD) formulation."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam administered as regular and fast dissolving formulations to the rat: influence of gastrointestinal dysfunction on the relative bioavailability of two formulations. Aghazadeh-Habashi, A; Jamali, F, 2008)	0.35
"7 nM), selective, and orally bioavailable dipeptide NS3/4A protease inhibitor, which has features attractive for further preclinical development."	( Discovery of novel potent and selective dipeptide hepatitis C virus NS3/4A serine protease inhibitors. Delouvroy, F; Hu, L; Kock, Hd; Lenz, O; Lin, TI; McGowan, D; Nilsson, M; Raboisson, P; Rosenquist, S; Samuelsson, B; Simmen, K; Surleraux, D; Tahri, A; Vendeville, S; Vreken, WV; Wigerinck, P, 2008)	0.35
" The aim of this study was to identify an orally bioavailable human Mpl activator that does not develop autoantibodies against endogenous thrombopoietin."	( The effect of a novel, small non-peptidyl molecule butyzamide on human thrombopoietin receptor and megakaryopoiesis. Abe, K; Arimura, A; Ikeda, Y; Koizumi, K; Miyakawa, Y; Nogami, W; Oda, A; Ohnishi, Y; Takahashi, K; Takemoto, H; Tanaka, Y; Yamada, H; Yamane, A; Yamane, N; Yoshida, H, 2008)	0.35
"Butyzamide is an orally bioavailable human Mpl activator, and appears to have potential for clinical development as a therapeutic agent for patients with thrombocytopenia."	( The effect of a novel, small non-peptidyl molecule butyzamide on human thrombopoietin receptor and megakaryopoiesis. Abe, K; Arimura, A; Ikeda, Y; Koizumi, K; Miyakawa, Y; Nogami, W; Oda, A; Ohnishi, Y; Takahashi, K; Takemoto, H; Tanaka, Y; Yamada, H; Yamane, A; Yamane, N; Yoshida, H, 2008)	0.35
" The main aims of this model-based analysis were (1) to characterize the IOV and IIV of dasatinib, a novel, orally administered, multitargeted kinase inhibitor of BCR-ABL and SRC family kinases that is indicated for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia and (2) to demonstrate using simulated data that it is possible to estimate IIV and IOV in relative bioavailability (F(R)) of an orally administered drug, given an adequate sampling scheme."	( Importance of characterizing determinants of variability in exposure: application to dasatinib in subjects with chronic myeloid leukemia. Blackwood-Chirchir, A; Dai, G; Pfister, M; Roy, A, 2008)	0.35
" Compound 4 exhibits comparable CDK selectivity profile to SNS-032, but shows improved permeability and higher bioavailability in mice."	( A diaminocyclohexyl analog of SNS-032 with improved permeability and bioavailability properties. Arkin, MR; Chan, E; Cheeti, S; Choong, IC; Fahr, B; Fan, J; Hoch, U; Lu, Y; Pham, P; Serafimova, I; Stockett, D; Walker, DH, 2008)	0.35
"Food is known to increase the bioavailability of ziprasidone."	( The impact of calories and fat content of meals on oral ziprasidone absorption: a randomized, open-label, crossover trial. Alderman, JA; Gandelman, K; Glue, P; LaBadie, RR; Lombardo, I; Preskorn, SH; Versavel, M, 2009)	0.35
"These results confirm that ziprasidone should be taken with food and that a meal equal to or greater than 500 kcal, irrespective of fat content, is required for optimal and reproducible bioavailability of the administered dose."	( The impact of calories and fat content of meals on oral ziprasidone absorption: a randomized, open-label, crossover trial. Alderman, JA; Gandelman, K; Glue, P; LaBadie, RR; Lombardo, I; Preskorn, SH; Versavel, M, 2009)	0.35
" Compound 3 was orally bioavailable and afforded a significant reversal of carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia with an ED(50)=0."	( Identification and synthesis of 2,7-diamino-thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives as TRPV1 antagonists. Ao, H; Bhattacharya, A; Branstetter, BJ; Chaplan, SR; Guy Breitenbucher, J; Hack, MD; Kansagara, M; Lebsack, AD; Luo, L; Maher, MP; Nasser, N; Peterson, ML; Rizzolio, M; Rynberg, R; Scott, BP; Wickenden, AD; Xiao, W, 2009)	0.35
" However, it had poor oral bioavailability due to its strong basic amidino groups."	( Discovery of N-[(1R,2S,5S)-2-{[(5-chloroindol-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)cyclohexyl]-5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride: a novel, potent and orally active direct inhibitor of factor Xa. Haginoya, N; Kanno, H; Kobayashi, S; Komoriya, S; Muto, R; Nagamochi, M; Nagata, T; Osanai, K; Suzuki, M; Yamaguchi, M; Yokomizo, A; Yoshikawa, K; Yoshino, T, 2009)	0.35
" A chemistry effort was initiated to discover orally bioavailable analogues of carfilzomib, which would have potential for improved dosing flexibility and patient convenience over intravenously administered agents."	( Design and synthesis of an orally bioavailable and selective peptide epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor (PR-047). Aujay, MA; Bennett, MK; Dajee, M; Demo, SD; Fang, Y; Ho, MN; Jiang, J; Kirk, CJ; Laidig, GJ; Lewis, ER; Lu, Y; Muchamuel, T; Parlati, F; Ring, E; Shenk, KD; Shields, J; Shwonek, PJ; Stanton, T; Sun, CM; Sylvain, C; Woo, TM; Yang, J; Zhou, HJ, 2009)	0.35
" Here, we report the results of a preliminary pharmacokinetic study of masitinib in cats which showed a good bioavailability of ~60% in both sexes."	( Pharmacokinetics of masitinib in cats. Bader, T; Bellamy, F; Hermine, O; Moussy, A, 2009)	0.35
" Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies led to the discovery of the highly potent and orally bioavailable thiazole-based SCD-1 inhibitor, 3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-4-methoxy-N-[5-(3-trifluoromethylbenzyl)thiazol-2-yl]benzamide (23a)."	( Novel and potent inhibitors of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1. Part I: Discovery of 3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-4-methoxy-N-[5-(3-trifluoromethylbenzyl)thiazol-2-yl]benzamide. Abe, M; Deguchi, T; Harada, J; Kawamura, S; Kiyotsuka, Y; Kurata, H; Kurikawa, N; Miyazawa, Y; Ogata, T; Okuyama, R; Osumi, J; Takagi, T; Ueno, Y; Uto, Y; Wakimoto, S; Watanabe, N; Yamato, M, 2009)	0.35
"To investigate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ziprasidone tablets in Chinese healthy volunteers."	( [Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of ziprasidone tablets in Chinese healthy volunteers]. Chen, QX; Huang, WQ; Liu, WZ; Wang, GF; Zhang, JJ, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by DAS software and the relative bioavailability was calculated according to the formula F=AUC(t)/AUC(r)x100%."	( [Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of ziprasidone tablets in Chinese healthy volunteers]. Chen, QX; Huang, WQ; Liu, WZ; Wang, GF; Zhang, JJ, 2009)	0.35
"ml(-1), respectively, with the relative bioavailability of (98."	( [Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of ziprasidone tablets in Chinese healthy volunteers]. Chen, QX; Huang, WQ; Liu, WZ; Wang, GF; Zhang, JJ, 2009)	0.35
"Masitinib is a potent and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting KIT that is active, orally bioavailable in vivo, and has low toxicity."	( Masitinib (AB1010), a potent and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting KIT. Arock, M; Auclair, C; Borge, L; Castéran, N; Ciufolini, M; Dubreuil, P; Gros, L; Hajem, B; Hermine, O; Humbert, M; Lermet, A; Letard, S; Leventhal, PS; Mansfield, CD; Moussy, A; Sippl, W; Voisset, E, 2009)	0.35
"To compare the bioavailability of two meloxicam tablet formulations (MEL-OD, Zydus Cadila Healthcare Limited, India, as a test formulation and Mobic, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Germany, as a reference formulation) in healthy Thai male volunteers under fasting condition."	( Bioequivalence study of two meloxicam tablet formulations after single-dose administration in healthy Thai male volunteers. Gaysonsiri, D; Kampan, J; Kanjanawart, S; Phunikhom, K; Puapairoj, P; Simasathiansophon, S; Tangsucharit, P; Tassaneeyakul, W; Tiamkao, S; Vannaprasaht, S, 2009)	0.35
"To improve bioavailability of poorly water-soluble YH439, a thermal reversible microemulsion system was prepared using modified fatty acids such as capric acid and palmitic acid with PEG 400."	( Thermal reversible microemulsion system for poorly water-soluble YH439 for oral delivery. Gao, ZG; Han, DH; Jin, YZ; Jin, ZH; Shen, YY; Yin, XZ, 2010)	0.36
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of meloxicam in ruminant calves."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral meloxicam in ruminant calves. Allen, PS; Coetzee, JF; KuKanich, B; Mosher, R, 2009)	0.35
" Preliminary in vivo assessment showed that compound 18 was orally bioavailable and possessed anticancer activity."	( Discovery of N-phenyl-4-(thiazol-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine aurora kinase inhibitors. Blake, DG; Clarke, RG; Fischer, PM; Glover, DM; Grabarek, JB; Griffiths, G; Jackson, RC; Jackson, W; Kontopidis, G; Lane, DP; McClue, SJ; McInnes, C; Meades, C; Mezna, M; Midgley, CA; Plater, A; Scaërou, F; Stuart, I; Thomas, MP; Wang, S; Wood, G; Zheleva, DI, 2010)	0.36
"Determining a drug dosing regimen that produces consistent bioavailability and patient effects is one of the goals of the drug development process."	( How sequential studies inform drug development: evaluating the effect of food intake on optimal bioavailability of ziprasidone. Lincoln, J; Preskorn, SH; Stewart, ME, 2010)	0.36
" The rate of absorption of MLX from ODT was significantly faster (p = 0."	( A pilot human pharmacokinetic study and influence of formulation factors on orodispersible tablet incorporating meloxicam solid dispersion using factorial design. Aboelwafa, AA; Fahmy, RH, )	0.13
" This may be due to an icreased systemic bioavailability of meloxicam after oral administration of its complex with beta-cyclodextrin."	( Influence on analgesic activity and serum levels after meloxicam complexation with beta-cyclodextrin in mice and rats. Dolezal, T; Janovský, M; Krsiak, M; Procháizková, M; Slíva, J, 2010)	0.36
" We then utilized dasatinib (BMS-354825), a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of several tyrosine kinases, including the Src family kinases, to determine if SFKs blockade could abrogate cetuximab- and radiation-induced nuclear EGFR translocation."	( Dasatinib blocks cetuximab- and radiation-induced nuclear translocation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Dunn, EF; Iida, M; Li, C; Wheeler, DL, 2010)	0.36
" Stability studies suggested reasonable bioavailability of the active species, largazole thiol."	( Anticolon cancer activity of largazole, a marine-derived tunable histone deacetylase inhibitor. Byeon, S; Hong, J; Kwan, JC; Law, BK; Liu, Y; Luesch, H; Salvador, LA; Ying, Y, 2010)	0.36
"In this study, quantitative structure-activity/property models are developed for modeling and predicting both MEK inhibitory activity and oral bioavailability of novel isothiazole-4-carboxamidines."	( In silico exploration for identifying structure-activity relationship of MEK inhibition and oral bioavailability for isothiazole derivatives. Afantitis, A; Igglessi-Markopoulou, O; Kollias, G; Koutentis, PA; Melagraki, G; Sarimveis, H, 2010)	0.36
" This study sought to determine if KRAS mutant CRC lines could be sensitized to cetuximab using dasatinib (BMS-354825, Sprycel), a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of several tyrosine kinases, including the Src family kinases (SFKs)."	( Dasatinib sensitizes KRAS mutant colorectal tumors to cetuximab. Armstrong, EA; Campbell, DA; Dunn, EF; Hintz, KA; Iida, M; Li, C; Myers, RA; Wheeler, DL, 2011)	0.37
" It was found orally absorbable in mice and showed a good oral bioavailability (43%) in dogs."	( BPR0C261 is a novel orally active antitumor agent with antimitotic and anti-angiogenic activities. Chang, CY; Chang, JY; Chang, KY; Chao, YS; Chen, CP; Chen, CT; Chen, TW; Chern, JH; Chuu, JJ; Ho, PY; Hu, CB; Huang, CL; Hwang, DR; Hwang, LL; Li, WT; Lin, CH; Lin, HL; Song, JS; Tung, FF; Wang, MH; Yeh, TK, 2011)	0.37
" Various phosphonate prodrugs were explored without success, until a novel phosphonic diamide prodrug approach was implemented, which delivered compound 30j with good oral bioavailability (OBAV) (22-47%)."	( Discovery of a series of phosphonic acid-containing thiazoles and orally bioavailable diamide prodrugs that lower glucose in diabetic animals through inhibition of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Cashion, DK; Dang, Q; DaRe, J; Erion, MD; Fan, Y; Gibson, T; Jacintho, JD; Jiang, T; Kasibhatla, SR; Lemus, R; Li, H; Li, W; Liu, Y; Potter, SC; Sun, Z; Taplin, F; Tian, F; van Poelje, PD, 2011)	0.62
" It had acceptable ADME properties; however, the low intrinsic solubility of this compound was limiting for its developability, because the oral bioavailability from dosing in suspension was significantly lower than the oral bioavailability from solution dosage."	( Discovery of phosphoric acid mono-{2-[(E/Z)-4-(3,3-dimethyl-butyrylamino)-3,5-difluoro-benzoylimino]-thiazol-3-ylmethyl} ester (Lu AA47070): a phosphonooxymethylene prodrug of a potent and selective hA(2A) receptor antagonist. Bang-Andersen, B; Brennum, LT; Bundgaard, C; Howells, ME; Jørgensen, EB; Kreilgård, M; Langgård, M; Larsen, M; Mikkelsen, GK; Sams, AG; Schrøder, TJ; Torup, L, 2011)	0.37
" After oral administration bioavailability was 79 ± 19%, C(max) was 736 ± 184 ng/mL, T(max) was 15 ±5 h, although the terminal half-life was similar to the intravenous value, 11."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in adult goats and its analgesic effect in disbudded kids. Bondesson, U; Högberg, M; Ingvast-Larsson, C; Mengistu, U; Olsén, L; Olsson, K, 2011)	0.37
" This is exemplified by the desalting of a hydrogen bromide salt of one of the two compounds, which might lead to changes of the intrinsic dissolution rate and potentially affect the bioavailability of the API."	( Solid state compatibility studies with tablet excipients using non thermal methods. Holm, R; Larsen, TG; Liltorp, K; Willumsen, B, 2011)	0.37
" Reduced toxicity, enhancement of bioavailability and counteraction of resistance are features desired by clinicians."	( Newer antifungal agents. Türel, O, 2011)	0.37
" The oral bioavailability of ML-βCD-PEG was investigated by administration to rat and compared with ML and ML-βCD."	( Preparation of meloxicam-β-cyclodextrin-polyethylene glycol 6000 ternary system: characterization, in vitro and in vivo bioavailability. Moulay-Hassane, G; Radia, O; Rogalska, E, )	0.13
" It is well absorbed from the digestive tract and its absorption increases after the meal."	( [Practical aspects of the use of ziprasidone in schizophrenia]. Jarema, M; Ochedzan, D, )	0.13
"The practical applicability of solid dispersions (SD) for improvement of oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs has still remained limited because of lack of feasibility for scale-up of manufacturing processes."	( An optimized commercially feasible milling technique for molecular encapsulation of meloxicam in β-cyclodextrin. Bandarkar, FS; Vavia, PR, 2011)	0.37
" The most promising compounds were also profiled for bioavailability parameters, including metabolic stability, plasma stability, and permeability."	( Potent, selective, and orally available benzoisothiazolone phosphomannose isomerase inhibitors as probes for congenital disorder of glycosylation Ia. Bravo, Y; Brown, B; Cosford, ND; Dahl, R; Dhanya, RP; Freeze, HH; Hedrick, M; Ichikawa, M; Mangravita-Novo, A; Rascon, J; Sergienko, E; Sharma, V; Smith, LH; Stonich, D; Su, Y; Vicchiarelli, M; Yang, L, 2011)	0.37
" In pharmacokinetic studies, JNJ-39729209 was found to have low clearance, a moderate volume of distribution, good oral bioavailability and was brain penetrant."	( Characterization of 2-(2,6-dichloro-benzyl)-thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-7-yl]-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amine (JNJ-39729209) as a novel TRPV1 antagonist. Ao, H; Bhattacharya, A; Branstetter, BJ; Breitenbucher, JG; Chaplan, SR; Eckert, WA; Fitzgerald, A; Freedman, J; Kansagara, M; Lebsack, AD; Li, DH; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Maher, MP; Rech, JC; Rizzolio, M; Scott, B; Sepassi, K; Swanson, N; Wickenden, AD; Wu, NT, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted with these formulations to examine the bioavailability of test formulations in fasted and fed state compared to commercial capsules (Geodon®) dosed in the fed state."	( Improved ziprasidone formulations with enhanced bioavailability in the fasted state and a reduced food effect. Alderman, JA; Herbig, SM; Thombre, AG, 2011)	0.37
" Because of the complexity of their structures, it is difficult to structurally modify the vinca alkaloids and taxanes and develop orally bioavailable agents."	( Pharmacokinetic optimization of 4-substituted methoxybenzoyl-aryl-thiazole and 2-aryl-4-benzoyl-imidazole for improving oral bioavailability. Ahn, S; Chen, J; Dalton, JT; Li, CM; Li, W; Lu, Y; Miller, DD; Narayanan, R; Parke, DN, 2011)	0.37
" Following oral administration, absolute oral bioavailability was not dose dependent with approximately 23%."	( Pharmacokinetics of lurasidone, a novel atypical anti-psychotic drug, in rats. Chae, YJ; Koo, TS; Lee, KR, 2011)	0.37
" The bioavailability of lurasidone is enhanced three-fold by administration with food."	( Comment on the potential utility of the new atypical antipsychotic lurasidone in the geriatric population. Guay, DR, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic study in rats demonstrated that the polymeric micellar nanoparticles significantly enhanced the bioavailability of PTX than Taxol."	( Self-aggregated pegylated poly (trimethylene carbonate) nanoparticles decorated with c(RGDyK) peptide for targeted paclitaxel delivery to integrin-rich tumors. Chen, L; Chen, Y; Fang, X; Gao, X; Gu, J; Jiang, X; Jiang, Y; Law, K; Ren, Q; Ren, X; Sha, X; Wang, X; Xin, H, 2011)	0.37
" Meloxicam is practically insoluble in water (8µg/ml), which directly influences the C(max), T(max), as well as the bioavailability of the drug."	( Development of meloxicam formulations utilizing ternary complexation for solubility enhancement. Awasthi, SS; Kumar, SS; Kumar, TG; Manisha, P; Preeti, Y, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic studies in rats revealed good oral bioavailability (51% at 22 mg/kg) with a moderate rate of absorption, reasonable half-life (t(1/2) 3 h), and high volume of distribution with moderately high plasma and blood clearance after IV administration."	( Novel orally active antimalarial thiazoles. Burrows, JN; Charman, SA; Chibale, K; Douelle, F; Feng, TS; González Cabrera, D; Nchinda, AT; Ryan, E; Waterson, D; White, KL; Wittlin, S; Witty, MJ; Wu, Q; Younis, Y, 2011)	0.65
"6 mL/min/kg in rat, monkey and dog respectively, with a corresponding oral bioavailability of 29."	( Cross-species absorption, metabolism, distribution and pharmacokinetics of BI 201335, a potent HCV genotype 1 NS3/4A protease inhibitor. Amad, M; Bethell, RC; Bolger, G; Cordingley, MG; De Marte, J; Duan, J; Garneau, M; Jutras, M; Llinàs-Brunet, M; Montpetit, H; Otis, F; Rhéaume, M; White, PW; Yong, CL, 2012)	0.38
" Moreover, BP008 displayed synergistic effects with alpha interferon (IFN-α), NS3 protease inhibitor, and NS5B polymerase inhibitor, as well as good oral bioavailability in SD rats and favorable exposure in rat liver."	( Resistance analysis and characterization of a thiazole analogue, BP008, as a potent hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor. Chao, YS; Chern, JH; Hsu, TA; Hu, HS; Jiaang, WT; Lin, HM; Pu, SY; Wang, JC; Wu, CP; Wu, PS; Yang, CC; Yeh, TK; Yueh, A, 2012)	0.38
" These properties appeared to be related to both the solubility and bioavailability of conjugates and to the stability of the spacer arm used."	( Synthesis and biological properties of conjugates between fluoroquinolones and a N3''-functionalized pyochelin. Gasser, V; Hoegy, F; Mislin, GL; Noël, S; Pesset, B; Rognan, D; Schalk, IJ, 2011)	0.37
" In iron(III)-hydroxide nanoparticles hundreds of ferric iron atoms are safely packed in nanoscaled cores surrounded by a solubilising carbohydrate shell, yet bioavailability from such particles is insufficient when compared with ferrous salts."	( Hemin-coupled iron(III)-hydroxide nanoparticles show increased uptake in Caco-2 cells. Jahn, MR; Kolb, U; Langguth, P; Nawroth, T; Shukoor, I; Tremel, W; Wolfrum, U, 2011)	0.37
" Collectively, these results obtained from the present study demonstrated that P123 and F127 were capable of inhibiting the intestinal P-gp activity, but had little or no effect on intestinal cytochrome P450 3A activity, indicating that P123 and F127 can potentially be used as pharmaceutical ingredients to improve the oral bioavailability of coadministered P-gp substrates via P-gp efflux pump inhibition."	( Effect of pluronic P123 and F127 block copolymer on P-glycoprotein transport and CYP3A metabolism. Guan, Y; Huang, J; Li, G; Qiu, J; Si, L; Xu, J; Zuo, L, 2011)	0.37
" The bioavailability for sipoglitazar was 95."	( Metabolic fate of sipoglitazar, a novel oral PPAR agonist with activities for PPAR-γ, -α and -δ, in rats and monkeys and comparison with humans in vitro. Asahi, S; Kamiguchi, H; Kawaguchi, N; Kiyota, Y; Kondo, T; Maeshiba, Y; Nishihara, M; Sudo, M; Tagawa, Y; Takahashi, J, 2012)	0.38
"Stabilization of amorphous state is a focal area for formulators to reap benefits related with solubility and consequently bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."	( Moringa coagulant as a stabilizer for amorphous solids: Part I. Bhende, S; Jadhav, N, 2012)	0.38
" In conclusion, the low bioavailability of FB2 is believed to be partially due to the P-gp mediated active efflux and first-pass metabolism in the rat intestine."	( Role of P-glycoprotein in intestinal absorption of FB2, a promising Abl/Src dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Hu, J; Huang, K; Li, X; Li, Y, 2012)	0.38
", 1) with sufficient bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiles to reduce central amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) levels in wild-type rats following oral dosing."	( Design and synthesis of potent, orally efficacious hydroxyethylamine derived β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1) inhibitors. Acton, P; Babu-Khan, S; Bartberger, MD; Brown, J; Chen, K; Cheng, Y; Citron, M; Croghan, MD; Dineen, TA; Dunn, RT; Esmay, J; Graceffa, RF; Harried, SS; Hickman, D; Hitchcock, SA; Horne, DB; Huang, H; Imbeah-Ampiah, R; Judd, T; Kaller, MR; Kreiman, CR; La, DS; Li, V; Lopez, P; Louie, S; Monenschein, H; Nguyen, TT; Patel, VF; Pennington, LD; San Miguel, T; Sickmier, EA; Vargas, HM; Wahl, RC; Weiss, MM; Wen, PH; Whittington, DA; Williamson, T; Wood, S; Xue, Q; Yang, BH; Zhong, W, 2012)	0.38
" Preliminary tests for oral bioavailability also revealed promising results for this new class of potential antipsychotic compounds."	( Molecular combination of the dopamine and serotonin scaffolds yield in novel antipsychotic drug candidates - characterization by in vivo experiments. Enzensperger, C; Fleck, C; Lehmann, J; Mueller, FK; Robaa, D; Schulze, M; Siol, O, 2012)	0.38
" A radioactive microtracer study was subsequently conducted to determine systemic clearance, bioavailability and preliminary metabolism, and a crossover study was conducted to determine the effect of gender, formulation and feeding state on SRT2104 pharmacokinetics."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of SRT2104, a first-in-class small molecule activator of SIRT1, after single and repeated oral administration in man. Beaumont, C; Elliott, P; Haddad, J; Hoffmann, E; Jacobson, E; Lavu, S; Roberts, J; Wald, J; Westphal, C, 2013)	0.39
" The mean bioavailability was circa 14% and the mean clearance was circa 400 ml min(-1)."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of SRT2104, a first-in-class small molecule activator of SIRT1, after single and repeated oral administration in man. Beaumont, C; Elliott, P; Haddad, J; Hoffmann, E; Jacobson, E; Lavu, S; Roberts, J; Wald, J; Westphal, C, 2013)	0.39
" Orally bioavailable selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) that irreversibly bind to CRM1 and block the function of this protein have been recently developed."	( Preclinical activity of a novel CRM1 inhibitor in acute myeloid leukemia. Blum, W; Caligiuri, M; Croce, CM; Garzon, R; Kauffman, M; Klisovic, R; Marcucci, G; Na, C; Ranganathan, P; Santhanam, R; Shacham, S; Walker, A; Yu, X, 2012)	0.38
" This effect seems to be related to an increase in nitric oxide bioavailability as a result of reduced NADPH oxidase-driven superoxide production and downregulation of prepro endothelin-1."	( Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/-δ (PPARβ/δ) prevents endothelial dysfunction in type 1 diabetic rats. Cogolludo, A; Duarte, J; Galindo, P; Gómez-Guzmán, M; Jiménez, R; Pérez-Vizcaíno, F; Quintela, AM; Sánchez, M; Tamargo, J; Vargas, F; Zarzuelo, MJ, 2012)	0.38
" The oral bioavailability (F) of meloxicam (dose normalized) was 76% (Range: 48 - 92%)."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral meloxicam in llamas. Coetzee, JF; Kreuder, AJ; KuKanich, B; Layman, LL; Plummer, PJ; Schleining, JA; Wulf, LW, 2012)	0.38
"The mean bioavailability (F) of oral meloxicam was 76% indicating a high degree of gastrointestinal absorption."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral meloxicam in llamas. Coetzee, JF; Kreuder, AJ; KuKanich, B; Layman, LL; Plummer, PJ; Schleining, JA; Wulf, LW, 2012)	0.38
" To provide proof of concept for the nomethiazole drug class, selected examples were assayed for restoration of synaptic function in hippocampal slices from AD-transgenic mice, reversal of cognitive deficits, and brain bioavailability of the prodrug and its neuroprotective MZ metabolite."	( Design and synthesis of neuroprotective methylthiazoles and modification as NO-chimeras for neurodegenerative therapy. Arancio, O; Fa', M; Luo, J; Qin, Z; Tavassoli, E; Teich, AF; Thatcher, GR; VandeVrede, L, 2012)	0.64
" Treatment with PPARδ ligand GW501516 (2 mg/kg/day) for 14 days significantly increased BH(4) bioavailability and improved endothelium-dependent relaxations in Tg2576 mice aortas."	( Activation of PPARδ prevents endothelial dysfunction induced by overexpression of amyloid-β precursor protein. d'Uscio, LV; Das, P; He, T; Katusic, ZS; Santhanam, AV; Younkin, SG, 2012)	0.38
" Here, the clinically used antiprotozoal drug nitazoxanide with proven bioavailability has been shown to partially inhibit AR, potentially circumventing the negatives effects of complete enzyme inhibition."	( Partial inhibition of aldose reductase by nitazoxanide and its molecular basis. Chen, W; Chen, Y; Hu, X; Xie, W; Zhang, L; Zheng, X, 2012)	0.38
") and oral doses, absolute bioavailability (F), dose proportionality, sex differences and tolerability were assessed in 2 single-dose, open-label, randomized, parallel-group, cross-over studies in healthy men (exploratory Study 1, n = 12) and men and women (Study 2, n = 91)."	( Single dose pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of mirabegron, a β₃-adrenoceptor agonist for treatment of overactive bladder. Drogendijk, T; Eltink, C; Grunenberg, N; Iitsuka, H; Kerbusch, V; Kowalski, D; Lee, J; Matsushima, H; Meijer, J; Moy, S; Sawamoto, T; Schaddelee, M; van Gelderen, M; van Marle, S; Zhang, W, 2012)	0.38
" Obtained results suggest that in vivo activation of PPARδ prevents eNOS uncoupling, restores bioavailability of NO and may help preserve endothelial function in the BH₄-deficient cerebral circulation."	( PPARδ agonist GW501516 prevents uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in cerebral microvessels of hph-1 mice. d'Uscio, LV; He, T; Katusic, ZS; Santhanam, AV, 2012)	0.38
" Furthermore, the in vivo production of variants can be employed to interrogate thiopeptide structure-activity relationships and may be useful to address the bioavailability issues plaguing these otherwise promising lead molecules."	( In vivo production of thiopeptide variants. Kelly, WL; Zhang, F, 2012)	0.38
"The objectives of this study were to prepare a powdered self-emulsified (SEDDS) formulation of meloxicam and to compare its oral bioavailability against commercial Mobic tablets."	( Powdered self-emulsified lipid formulations of meloxicam as solid dosage forms for oral administration. Agarwal, V; Alayoubi, A; Nazzal, S; Siddiqui, A, 2013)	0.39
" Respective structure-activity relationship determinations and subsequent optimization around these scaffolds led to frontrunner compounds in each series, which possess the desired antimalarial efficacy, bioavailability and metabolic stability to further progress medicinal chemistry programs."	( Antimalarial aminothiazoles and aminopyridines from phenotypic whole-cell screening of a SoftFocus(®) library. Chibale, K; Gordon, R; Paquet, T; Waterson, D; Witty, MJ, 2012)	0.71
", permanent cationic charges, the flexibility, and lipophilic character of the alkyl chain), the oral bioavailability of these compounds is low."	( New bis-thiazolium analogues as potential antimalarial agents: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Caldarelli, SA; El Fangour, S; Pellet, A; Périgaud, C; Peyrottes, S; Tran van Ba, C; Vial, HJ; Wein, S, 2013)	0.39
" Friend Leukemia Virus Strain B (FVB) mice were used to determine the bioavailability of elacridar after a 10 mg/kg dose of elacridar in the microemulsion, intraperitoneally (i."	( Development and evaluation of a novel microemulsion formulation of elacridar to improve its bioavailability. Elmquist, WF; Mittapalli, RK; Sane, R, 2013)	0.39
"To compare the bioavailability of a 15 mg meloxicam orodispersible tablet (ODT) and a reference 15 mg tablet in healthy volunteers."	( Bioequivalence study of a novel orodispersible tablet of meloxicam in a porous matrix after single-dose administration in healthy volunteers. Connolly, S; Granata, G; Leuratti, C; Loprete, L; Radicioni, M; Stroppolo, F, 2013)	0.39
" Oral bioavailability was negligible in koalas."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) after intravenous, subcutaneous and oral administration. Black, LA; Gilchrist, S; Gillett, A; Govendir, M; Higgins, DP; Kimble, B; Krockenberger, MB; Li, KM; Valtchev, P, 2013)	0.39
" Absolute bioavailability ranged from 27-40%."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 2-aminothiazoles with antiprion activity in mice. Benet, LZ; Dalvie, DK; Elepano, M; Fife, KL; Freyman, Y; Gallardo-Godoy, A; Gever, JR; Giles, K; Huang, Y; Jacobson, MP; Li, Z; Prusiner, SB; Rao, S; Renslo, AR; Silber, BM, 2013)	0.65
" Absolute systemic bioavailability of meloxicam after IM administration was 100% but was lower after oral administration (range, 49% to 75%)."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration of a single dose to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Cole, GA; Court, MH; Gagnon, DJ; Hazarika, S; Molter, CM; Paul-Murphy, JR, 2013)	0.39
"Recently, we described the aminothiazole lead (4-biphenyl-4-ylthiazol-2-yl)-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-amine (1), which exhibits many desirable properties, including excellent stability in liver microsomes, oral bioavailability of ∼40 %, and high exposure in the brains of mice."	( 2-Aminothiazoles with improved pharmacotherapeutic properties for treatment of prion disease. Bryant, C; Dolghih, E; Elepano, M; Gallardo-Godoy, A; Gever, JR; Jacobson, MP; Li, Z; Prusiner, SB; Rao, S; Renslo, AR; Silber, BM; Widjaja, K, 2013)	0.84
" A catheterized rat model was used to define the intestinal and hepatic components of oral bioavailability for an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, AMG 221."	( Intestinal and hepatic first-pass extraction of the 11β-HSD1 inhibitor AMG 221 in rats with chronic vascular catheters. Amore, BM; Emery, MG; Gao, Q; Greg Slatter, J; Hickman, D; Kimura, RE; Nam, J; Zhang, X, 2014)	0.4
" Involvement of saturable efflux transporters is indicated in oral bioavailability of mirabegron."	( The pharmacokinetic evaluation of mirabegron as an overactive bladder therapy option. Kashyap, M; Tyagi, P, 2013)	0.39
"A novel drug delivery system, TPGS 1000 (TPGS) emulsified zein nanoparticles (TZN), were designed with an objective to improve the oral bioavailability of daidzin, an isoflavone glycoside with estrogenic activities."	( TPGS emulsified zein nanoparticles enhanced oral bioavailability of daidzin: in vitro characteristics and in vivo performance. Gu, L; Zou, T, 2013)	0.39
" Mirabegron extended release formulation shows dose-dependent oral bioavailability in humans, which is likely attributable to saturation of intestinal efflux abilities leading to higher absorption with higher doses."	( Intestinal absorption mechanism of mirabegron, a potent and selective β₃-adrenoceptor agonist: involvement of human efflux and/or influx transport systems. Iwatsubo, T; Kerbusch, V; Li, Q; Miyashita, A; Nemoto, H; Takahashi, Y; Takusagawa, S; Ushigome, F; Usui, T, 2013)	0.39
" To resolve these problems, we attempted to develop orally bioavailable proteasome inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of action and identified homopiperazine derivatives (HPDs) as promising candidates."	( Homopiperazine derivatives as a novel class of proteasome inhibitors with a unique mode of proteasome binding. Akutsu, M; Furukawa, Y; Izumi, T; Kano, Y; Kikuchi, J; Nobuyoshi, M; Ohki, M; Park, SY; Shibayama, N; Sugiyama, K; Wada, T; Yamada, S, 2013)	0.39
" Our compound optimization that has led to synthesis of several potent 4-anilinoquinazolines, including NEU617, 23a, a highly potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of trypanosome replication."	( Kinase scaffold repurposing for neglected disease drug discovery: discovery of an efficacious, lapatinib-derived lead compound for trypanosomiasis. Behera, R; Edwards, P; Guyett, PJ; Karver, CE; Mensa-Wilmot, K; Patel, G; Pollastri, MP; Roncal, NE; Sullenberger, C, 2013)	0.39
" This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of formulation on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and comparative bioavailability of suspension (reference) and tablet (test) formulations of meloxicam."	( Effect of the formulation on the bioequivalence of meloxicam: tablet and suspension. El Bedaiwy, HM; Helmy, SA, 2013)	0.39
"0 mg/kg has good bioavailability with slow elimination kinetics in sheep."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered meloxicam in sheep. Coetzee, JF; KuKanich, B; Smith, BI; Stock, ML, 2013)	0.39
" The low bioavailability of Dasatinib may be due to both incomplete oral absorption and first-pass metabolism."	( Synthesis and biopharmaceutical studies of JLTN as potential dasatinib prodrug. Jiang, J; Lang, LW; Liu, F; Lu, HJ; Wang, JM; Wang, SC, 2013)	0.39
" Conversion of an isoquinoline amide to a naphthyridine amide markedly reduced clearance for the bicyclic piperidines, and improved oral bioavailability for this compound series, however TRPC3 and TRPC6 blocking activity was reduced substantially."	( The discovery of potent blockers of the canonical transient receptor channels, TRPC3 and TRPC6, based on an anilino-thiazole pharmacophore. Barton, L; Basilla, JB; Davenport, EA; Dodson, J; Fries, RE; Gillie, DJ; Guss, J; Holt, DA; Jensen, TC; Klein, M; Lozinskaya, IM; Manns, S; Marino, JP; McAtee, JJ; Morrow, DM; Negron, LK; Pritchard, C; Schnackenberg, CG; Terrell, LR; Washburn, DG; Waszkiewicz, A; Willette, RN; Xu, X, 2013)	0.39
" Study 1 (n = 16) evaluated the effect of fasting and three meal types (100 kcal/medium fat, 200 kcal/medium fat, and 800-1000 kcal/high fat), and Study 2 (n = 26) evaluated the effect of fasting and five meal types (350 kcal/high fat, 500 kcal/low fat, 500 kcal/high fat, 800-1000 kcal/low fat, and 800-1000 kcal/high fat) on the bioavailability of lurasidone."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of lurasidone: results of two randomized, open-label, crossover studies. Chiu, YY; Ereshefsky, L; Loebel, A; Poola, N; Preskorn, S, 2013)	0.39
" This study examined increasing DHA bioavailability by encapsulating DHA within gelatin (GEL) or hyaluronan (HA) nanoparticles via an electrostatic field system."	( Enhanced apoptotic effects of dihydroartemisinin-aggregated gelatin and hyaluronan nanoparticles on human lung cancer cells. Chang, SJ; Chen, IF; Gao, J; Kuo, SM; Sun, Q; Teong, B, 2014)	0.4
" In addition, TXY436 was found to be orally bioavailable and associated with significant extravascular distribution."	( An FtsZ-targeting prodrug with oral antistaphylococcal efficacy in vivo. Kaul, M; Lavoie, EJ; Mark, L; Parhi, AK; Pilch, DS; Zhang, Y, 2013)	0.39
"56h and an oral bioavailability of 29."	( Pharmacokinetics and in vivo antistaphylococcal efficacy of TXY541, a 1-methylpiperidine-4-carboxamide prodrug of PC190723. Kaul, M; LaVoie, EJ; Mark, L; Parhi, AK; Pilch, DS; Zhang, Y, 2013)	0.39
" SAR studies were conducted to improve PK and potency, resulting in the identification of compound 3e, a potent, orally bioavailable P2Y1 antagonist with a suitable PK profile in preclinical species."	( Identification of 1-{2-[4-chloro-1'-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-7-hydroxy-1,2-dihydrospiro[indole-3,4'-piperidine]-1-yl]phenyl}-3-{5-chloro-[1,3]thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-yl}urea, a potent, efficacious and orally bioavailable P2Y(1) antagonist as an antiplatelet Bostwick, JS; Chacko, SA; Chen, BC; Chen, XQ; Clark, CG; Hiebert, S; Hua, J; Huang, CS; Jeon, YT; Lam, PY; Levesque, PC; Li, D; Li, L; Liu, Y; Malley, M; Mathur, A; Price, LA; Qiao, JX; Rehfuss, R; Ruel, R; Schumacher, WA; Seiffert, DA; Shen, H; Stewart, AB; Sun, D; Thibeault, C; Wang, TC; Wang, Y; Wexler, RR; Wong, HS; Wu, DR; Yang, W; Zhu, J, 2014)	0.4
" These findings suggest that elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be administered with food, and that the bioavailability of elvitegravir and tenofovir is not affected by the type of meal ingested."	( Effects of a protein-rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: a randomized, three-way crossover study. Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, 2014)	0.4
"This study compared the bioavailability of two candidate fixed-dose combinations (FDCs: G003 and G004) of darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg with that of darunavir 800 mg and ritonavir 100 mg coadministered as single agents."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir in fixed-dose combination with cobicistat compared with coadministration of darunavir and ritonavir as single agents in healthy volunteers. Hillewaert, V; Hoetelmans, RM; Iterbeke, K; Kakuda, TN; Opsomer, M; Petrovic, R; Timmers, M; Van De Casteele, T, 2014)	0.4
"5 h, has a half-life of 10-14 h, has relatively high bioavailability of 62% and exhibits highly selective, competitive, concentration-dependent inhibition of human factor Xa."	( Edoxaban: a focused review of its clinical pharmacology. Agnelli, G; Lip, GY, 2014)	0.4
" Systemic bioavailability was demonstrated through eradication of Helicobacter pylori in a mouse infection model."	( Preclinical studies of amixicile, a systemic therapeutic developed for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections that also shows efficacy against Helicobacter pylori. Bassaganya-Riera, J; Bruce, AM; Burgess, SL; Guerrant, RL; Hoffman, PS; Hontecillas, R; Macdonald, TL; Olekhnovich, I; Viladomiu, M; Warren, CA, 2014)	0.4
" Nitazoxanide is orally bioavailable and safe with extensive post-marketing experience involving more than 75 million adults and children."	( Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent. Rossignol, JF, 2014)	0.4
" A second part of the study assessed the relative bioavailability of a tablet versus solution formulation."	( Phase I dose-escalation study of LCL161, an oral inhibitor of apoptosis proteins inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cameron, S; Cohen, RB; Dees, EC; Dhuria, SV; Infante, JR; Olszanski, AJ; Sen, S, 2014)	0.4
" We synthesized and designed various sets of analogues, notably prodrugs, since the oral bioavailability of bis-thiazolium salts is relatively low."	( Exploring prodrug approaches for albitiazolium and its analogues. Caldarelli, S; Perigaud, C; Peyrottes, S; Vial, H; Wein, S, 2014)	0.4
"0-fold increase in bioavailability compared with unpulverized MEL."	( Development of nanocrystal formulation of meloxicam with improved dissolution and pharmacokinetic behaviors. Hashimoto, I; Hashimoto, N; Kawachi, T; Ochi, M; Onoue, S; Toita, E; Yuminoki, K, 2014)	0.4
"The SD-ZIP osmotic pump tablet could be able to enhance the bioavailability in the fasted state and showed sustained release with prolonged actions."	( Controlled release of ziprasidone solid dispersion systems from osmotic pump tablets with enhanced bioavailability in the fasted state. Guoguang, C; Lili, R; Pingkai, O; Yanfei, M, 2015)	0.42
"The purpose of this work was to develop self-nanomulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) in sustained-release pellets of ziprasidone to enhance the oral bioavailability and overcome the food effect of ziprasidone."	( Characterization and evaluation of self-nanoemulsifying sustained-release pellet formulation of ziprasidone with enhanced bioavailability and no food effect. Chen, G; Miao, Y; Pingkai, O; Ren, L, 2016)	0.43
"Postcataract endophthalmitis treatment through eye drops is of low corneal bioavailability and short residence time."	( Bovine serum albumin-meloxicam nanoaggregates laden contact lenses for ophthalmic drug delivery in treatment of postcataract endophthalmitis. Chen, J; Li, S; Liu, Y; Pan, W; Peng, J; Zhang, H; Zhang, W; Zu, D, 2014)	0.4
" Protease inhibitors (PIs), an important component of the antiretroviral armada, were historically associated with poor oral bioavailability and high pill burden."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancers in HIV therapeutics. Acosta, EP; Delille, C; Larson, KB; Otofokun, I; Wang, K, 2014)	0.4
"Concentration data from 1,134 subjects in 11 clinical studies (eight phase I, one phase II, and two phase III) were used to perform a population PK analysis, including estimation of the bioavailability and quantification of the effects of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors as well as renal impairment on edoxaban PK."	( Edoxaban population pharmacokinetics and exposure-response analysis in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Miller, R; Tetsuya, K; Yin, OQ, 2014)	0.4
"Absolute bioavailability of edoxaban was estimated as 58."	( Edoxaban population pharmacokinetics and exposure-response analysis in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Miller, R; Tetsuya, K; Yin, OQ, 2014)	0.4
"The model provided reasonable estimation with regard to the absolute bioavailability of edoxaban, the magnitude of change in edoxaban exposure upon co-administration of P-gp inhibitors, and the impact of renal impairment on edoxaban clearance."	( Edoxaban population pharmacokinetics and exposure-response analysis in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Miller, R; Tetsuya, K; Yin, OQ, 2014)	0.4
" Edoxaban relative bioavailability (F 1) was estimated as 67."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dose-exposure proportionality of edoxaban in healthy volunteers. Miller, R; Yin, OQ, 2014)	0.4
" We have examined the biological effects of a highly selective, orally bioavailable JAK2 inhibitor, BMS-911543, in combination with TKIs on CD34+ treatment-naïve IM-nonresponder cells."	( Selective JAK2/ABL dual inhibition therapy effectively eliminates TKI-insensitive CML stem/progenitor cells. Chen, M; Jiang, X; Lin, H; Lorenzi, MV; Rothe, K; Woolfson, A, 2014)	0.4
" Our group has recently disclosed medicinal chemistry efforts to identify highly potent, orally bioavailable selective orexin 2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs) that possess acceptable profiles for clinical development."	( Discovery of MK-3697: a selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist (2-SORA) for the treatment of insomnia. Bergman, JM; Bruno, JG; Cabalu, TD; Coleman, PJ; Cox, CD; Cube, RV; Cui, D; Fox, SV; Garson, SL; Gotter, AL; Harrell, CM; Hartman, GD; Lemaire, W; Li, D; Mattern, MC; Mercer, SP; Prueksaritanont, T; Reger, TS; Renger, JJ; Roecker, AJ; Schreier, JD; Stellabott, J; Stevens, J; Tannenbaum, PL; Winrow, CJ; Young, SD, 2014)	0.4
"In vitro studies of ocular bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) from colloidal drug delivery systems do not consider physiological shear stress generated by eyelid wiping and tear flow."	( Cellular uptake of coumarin-6 under microfluidic conditions into HCE-T cells from nanoscale formulations. Al-Halhouli, AT; Bartels, J; Behrends, S; Büttgenbach, S; Dahl, K; Dietzel, A; Finke, JH; Krull, R; Lorenz, T; Müller-Goymann, CC; Peterat, G; Pretor, S; Reichl, S, 2015)	0.42
" Further, compound 30 exhibited a lower melting point and a moderately improved solubility compared with those of Vismodegib; compounds 11 and 30 showed good pharmacokinetic profiles with 34% and 77% oral bioavailability in rat, respectively."	( Design, synthesis, and structure--activity-relationship of tetrahydrothiazolopyridine derivatives as potent smoothened antagonists. Geng, D; Li, E; Lu, W; Luo, L; Ma, H; Sun, Z; Wang, M; Yang, S; Yang, Z; Zhang, H; Zhang, X; Zheng, J, 2015)	0.42
" Oral bioavailability of FXT and optimized FNC was evaluated in SD rats."	( Formulation, optimization and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of febuxostat nanosuspension. Ahuja, BK; Bagri, S; Jena, SK; Paidi, SK; Suresh, S, 2015)	0.42
" The main objective of the present work was to enhance the dissolution of MLX and thus its bioavailability by the aid of additives."	( Utilization of spray drying technique for improvement of dissolution and anti-inflammatory effect of Meloxicam. Alomrani, A; Badran, M; Shazly, G; Zoheir, K, 2015)	0.42
" Furthermore, the area under the curve, and therefore systemic bioavailability (F = 31."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior of meloxicam in loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) after intramuscular and intravenous administration. Cavaliere, L; Crescenzo, G; Di Bello, A; Freggi, D; Lai, OR; Marzano, G; Soloperto, S, 2015)	0.42
" Hydrophobic substitution such as isopropyl at 1-position of the indole moiety without any substitution at 2-position has an essential role for enhancing bioavailability and therefore for high in vivo efficacy."	( Design and synthesis of novel 2-(indol-5-yl)thiazole derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Choi, SP; Jung, CK; Jung, SH; Kim, GT; Kim, TH; Lee, JY; Song, JU, 2015)	0.42
" It is proved in this study that the original CRS 74 exhibits poor aqueous solubility and a very low dissolution rate, which can influence its bioavailability and clinical response."	( Liquid anti-solvent recrystallization to enhance dissolution of CRS 74, a new antiretroviral drug. de Paiva Lacerda, S; Espitalier, F; Hoffart, V; Ré, MI, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to compare the relative bioavailability of two polymorphic forms of ponesimod in capsules (Form A versus Form C; Study 1) and the relative bioavailability of a capsule formulation and a tablet formulation (both polymorphic Form C; Study 2)."	( Biocomparison of Three Formulations of the S1P1 Receptor Modulator Ponesimod in Healthy Subjects. D'Ambrosio, D; Dingemanse, J; Hoch, M; Juif, PE, 2015)	0.42
" However, the poor bioavailability of these pyrazole compounds limits the development of these promising antileukemic compounds for clinical use."	( Identification of a potent 5-phenyl-thiazol-2-ylamine-based inhibitor of FLT3 with activity against drug resistance-conferring point mutations. Chao, YS; Chen, CH; Chen, CP; Chen, CT; Chou, LH; Hsu, JT; Hsu, T; Huang, CL; Huang, YL; Jiaang, WT; Kuo, PC; Lin, WH; Liu, HE; Lu, CT; Song, JS; Yeh, TK; Yen, KJ; Yen, SC, 2015)	0.42
" In order to achieve acceptable bioavailability and prolonged exposures for once-daily dosing, good colonic absorption and a reliable controlled release (CR) technology are necessary."	( Pharmacoscintigraphy studies to assess the feasibility of a controlled release formulation of ziprasidone. Caldwell, WB; Connor, AL; Malhotra, BK; Shamblin, SL; Thombre, AG; Wilding, IR, 2015)	0.42
" The compound also demonstrated high oral bioavailability (F = 99."	( Discovery of a Teraryl Oxazolidinone Compound (S)-N-((3-(3-Fluoro-4-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-2-oxooxazolidin-5-yl)methyl)acetamide Phosphate as a Novel Antimicrobial Agent with Enhanced Safety Profile and Efficacies. Ang, W; Chang, Y; Chen, G; Li, G; Liu, Y; Long, H; Luo, Y; Sang, Z; Tang, J; Wang, Z; Wei, Y; Yang, S; Yang, T; Yang, X; Zhang, J, 2015)	0.42
" Recent studies on the oral bioavailability of the cyclic heptapeptide sanguinamide A have raised the question of whether steric occlusion of polar groups via β-branching is an effective, yet untapped, tool in cyclic peptide permeability optimization."	( Going Out on a Limb: Delineating The Effects of β-Branching, N-Methylation, and Side Chain Size on the Passive Permeability, Solubility, and Flexibility of Sanguinamide A Analogues. Bednarek, MA; Bockus, AT; Lokey, RS; Pye, CR; Schwochert, JA; Sok, V; Townsend, CE, 2015)	0.42
"48 h) after intravenous administration (1 mg/kg) and exposure (AUC0-24) following oral administration was 362 ng h/mL with absolute bioavailability of 8%."	( Aminothiazoles: Hit to lead development to identify antileishmanial agents. Bhuniya, D; Dere, RT; Deshpande, A; Gopinath, VS; Gupta, S; Launay, D; Martin, D; Moger, M; Mukkavilli, R; Pati, H; Pradhan, A; Puri, SK; Shivahare, R; Verma, A; Vishwakarma, P, 2015)	0.93
"Design and optimization of benzo- and pyrido-thiazoles/isothiazoles are reported leading to the discovery of the potent, orally bioavailable Syk inhibitor 5, which was found to be active in a rat PK/PD model."	( Orally bioavailable Syk inhibitors with activity in a rat PK/PD model. Berghausen, J; Blanz, J; Lee, CC; Strang, R; Thoma, G; Vangrevelinghe, E; Veenstra, S; Zerwes, HG, 2015)	0.68
"7 ng/g) were not correlated with use history, and plant bioavailability was 6% of clothianidin soil residues."	( Clothianidin in agricultural soils and uptake into corn pollen and canola nectar after multiyear seed treatment applications. Allen, R; Bondarenko, S; Dyer, DG; Heinemann, O; McConnell, LL; Xu, T, 2016)	0.43
" DF2755A given orally was well absorbed (88."	( DF2755A, a novel non-competitive allosteric inhibitor of CXCR1/2, reduces inflammatory and post-operative pain. Allegretti, M; Alves-Filho, JC; Aramini, A; Bianchini, G; Brandolini, L; Cunha, FQ; Cunha, TM; Lopes, AH; Silva, RL; Teixeira, MM; Verri, WA; Zaperlon, AC, 2016)	0.43
"05), but bioavailability was similar (98."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in adult goats: a comparative study of subcutaneous, oral and intravenous administration. Bilgen, M; Boyacioglu, M; Erdogan, H; Karademir, U; Kum, C; Sekkin, S, 2016)	0.43
" Edoxaban is predominantly absorbed from the upper gastrointestinal tract, and oral bioavailability is approximately 62 %."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Edoxaban, a Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant that Inhibits Clotting Factor Xa. Parasrampuria, DA; Truitt, KE, 2016)	0.43
"The purpose of this work was to develop ziprasidone-phospholipid complex (ZIP-PLC) in sustained-release pellets to enhance the oral bioavailability and overcome the food effect of ziprasidone."	( Preparation and evaluation of ziprasidone-phospholipid complex from sustained-release pellet formulation with enhanced bioavailability and no food effect. Chen, G; Miao, Y; Ouyang, P; Ren, L, 2016)	0.43
" The oral bioavailability was compared between these formulations in vagally suppressed rats (gastric dysfunction) and a control group."	( Disease specific modeling: Simulation of the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam and ibuprofen in disease state vs. healthy conditions. Aghazadeh-Habashi, A; Almukainzi, M; Jamali, F; Löbenberg, R, 2016)	0.43
"Ziprasidone is a poorly water-soluble antipsychotic drug that demonstrates low fasted state oral bioavailability and a clinically significant two-fold increase in absorption when dosed postprandially."	( Silica encapsulated lipid-based drug delivery systems for reducing the fed/fasted variations of ziprasidone in vitro. Dening, TJ; Prestidge, CA; Rao, S; Thomas, N, 2016)	0.43
"Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, mucoadhesive polymers and penetration enhancers have been used individually to overcome ocular barriers and increase bioavailability to eye tissues."	( Understanding the influence of surface properties of nanoparticles and penetration enhancers for improving bioavailability in eye tissues in vivo. Katti, DS; Mahaling, B, 2016)	0.43
"25) exhibited 4 fold higher bioavailability of NTZ in Sprague Dawley rats."	( Cocrystals and alloys of nitazoxanide: enhanced pharmacokinetics. Mannava, MK; Nangia, A; Suresh, K, 2016)	0.43
" Concomitant P-gp inhibitors increased the bioavailability statistically significantly, but this did not reach clinical relevance."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Edoxaban in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Study, a Phase III Clinical Trial. Jönsson, S; Karlsson, KE; Karlsson, MO; Krekels, EH; Miller, R; Niebecker, R; Ruff, CT; Shimizu, T; Simonsson, US, 2016)	0.43
" The oral absolute bioavailability (F) of acotiamide in rats was estimated to be 38."	( Development and Validation of a Sensitive and Specific LC-MS-MS Method for the Determination of Acotiamide in Rat Plasma. Huang, R; Li, J; Qu, H; Sun, M; Wang, Z; Zhao, Z, 2016)	0.43
" In our goal to increase the bioavailability of D-264 in the brain, we have synthesized a modified cysteine based prodrug of D-264 and evaluated its potential in crossing the blood-brain barrier."	( Synthesis and characterization of brain penetrant prodrug of neuroprotective D-264: Potential therapeutic application in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Dholkawala, F; Dutta, AK; Voshavar, C, 2016)	0.43
"This study was conducted to investigate the effect of food and coadministration of omeprazole on the relative bioavailability (BA) of faldaprevir (FDV)."	( Investigation of the effect of food and omeprazole on the relative bioavailability of a single oral dose of 240 mg faldaprevir, a selective inhibitor of HCV NS3/4 protease, in an open-label, randomized, three-way cross-over trial in healthy participants. Elgadi, M; Gießmann, T; Huang, F; Lang, B; Wu, J, 2016)	0.43
"8 nm) showed very high physical stability, negligible hemolysis, 428% enhancement in bioavailability with significantly higher intratumoral uptake."	( Tumor stromal disrupting agent enhances the anticancer efficacy of docetaxel loaded PEGylated liposomes in lung cancer. Behl, G; Boakye, CH; Chowdhury, N; Doddapaneni, R; Patel, K; Singh, M, 2016)	0.43
" These data demonstrate that PTC299 is orally bioavailable and well tolerated and support clinical evaluation of PTC299 in cancer, certain viral infections, or other diseases in which deregulation of translational control is a causal factor."	( Phase 1 Study of Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of PTC299, an Inhibitor of Stress-Regulated Protein Translation. Almstead, N; Babiak, J; Cao, L; Colacino, J; Dali, M; Davis, T; Elfring, G; Hirawat, S; Moon, YC; Northcutt, V; Peltz, SW; Riebling, P; Spiegel, R; Weetall, M, 2016)	0.43
"4-fold increase in bioavailability compared with crystalline MEL."	( Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Amorphous Solid Dispersion of Meloxicam with Enhanced Dissolution Property and Storage Stability. Hashimoto, N; Kanda, A; Kawachi, T; Kimura, K; Matsuda, A; Ochi, M; Yuminoki, K, 2016)	0.43
"Most of the drugs used for the treatment of trichinellosis show a limited bioavailability and a high degree of resistance."	( Nitazoxanide anthelmintic activity against the enteral and parenteral phases of trichinellosis in experimentally infected rats. Abou Rayia, DM; Ashour, DS; El-Bakary, RH; Saad, AE, 2016)	0.43
" RM-5061 8a in rats showed 7-fold higher blood concentration compared to 1a: absolute bioavailability increased from 3 to 20%, with a good safety profile in animal safety pharmacology and toxicology."	( Synthesis and pre-clinical studies of new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrugs. Cooper, M; Norton, D; Reynolds, S; Rossignol, JF; Slonecker, SD; Stachulski, AV; Swift, K, 2017)	0.46
" CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In lesser flamingos, oral administration of meloxicam resulted in higher bioavailability and a longer elimination half-life than did IM administration, but the maximum plasma concentration was low and may be insufficient to provide analgesia in flamingos."	( Population pharmacokinetics of a single dose of meloxicam after oral and intramuscular administration to captive lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor). Papich, MG; Pich, AA; Sánchez, CR; Unger, KM; Zordan, MA, 2016)	0.43
" SNEDDS formulation components were rationally selected and optimized for maximum drug loading by applying the design of experiments and further evaluated for stability in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, functional stability of antioxidants, in vitro release, Caco-2 cell uptake, oral bioavailability and prophylactic anticancer activity."	( α-Tocopherol as functional excipient for resveratrol and coenzyme Q10-loaded SNEDDS for improved bioavailability and prophylaxis of breast cancer. Agrawal, AK; Dora, CP; Garg, T; Jain, S; Kushwah, V; Thanki, K, 2017)	0.46
"In a recent food effect clinical study, the authors concluded that a meal consisting of ≥500 kcal, regardless of fat content, produced the maximal bioavailability for ziprasidone."	( The impact of gastric pH, volume, and emptying on the food effect of ziprasidone oral absorption. Gandelman, K; Nause, R; Sutton, SC, 2017)	0.46
" Polyol showed an amphiphilic character and could be prepared as a nanoparticle for the sustained delivery of raloxifene hydrochloride, a drug with poor bioavailability in aqueous solution."	( Design, characterization and in vitro evaluation of novel amphiphilic block sunflower oil-based polyol nanocarrier as a potential delivery system: Raloxifene-hydrochloride as a model. Babanejad, N; Farhadian, A; Nabid, MR; Omrani, I, 2017)	0.46
" Compound 14 was orally bioavailable and tolerated well in mice."	( 1-Thiazol-2-yl-N-3-methyl-1H-pyrozole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as antitumor agents. Bellavance, E; Bruneau-Latour, N; Ciblat, S; Constantineau-Forget, L; Cooper, AB; Dery, M; Grand-Maitre, C; Kostura, M; Levine, J; Luther, M; Oza, V; Patane, M; Shipps, G; Siddiqui, A, 2017)	0.46
" However, the bioavailability of nitazoxanide is limited due to its poor water solubility."	( Laser-responsive liposome for selective tumor targeting of nitazoxanide nanoparticles. Bayoumi, NA; Darwish, WM; El-Kolaly, MT, 2018)	0.48
"The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the differences in dissolution profiles of meloxicam tablets on the in-vivo bioavailability parameters after oral administration."	( Evaluating bioequivalence of meloxicam tablets: is in-vitro dissolution test overdiscriminating? Dong, W; He, Z; Jin, C; Liu, H; Shen, D; Zhao, C, 2018)	0.48
"18%), no obvious skin irritation, decent relative bioavailability (122."	( Fabrication of Tip-Dissolving Microneedles for Transdermal Drug Delivery of Meloxicam. Chen, J; Huang, M; Huang, W; Huang, Z; Li, Q; Liu, S; Ye, Y, 2018)	0.48
" In particular, it demonstrated a good systemic exposure and high oral bioavailability and achieved a viral-load reduction greater than 2 log in a hydrodynamic-injected (HDI) HBV mouse model and has now been selected for further development."	( 3-((R)-4-(((R)-6-(2-Bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-(thiazol-2-yl)-3,6-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl)methyl)morpholin-2-yl)propanoic Acid (HEC72702), a Novel Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Inhibitor Based on Clinical Candidate GLS4. Chen, Y; Goldmann, S; Gu, B; Huang, J; Li, J; Liu, X; Luo, Z; Nie, B; Ren, Q; Wei, Y; Yan, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zou, Z, 2018)	0.48
" These data suggest higher bioavailability as the underlying mechanism."	( Comparison of milk and plasma pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in postpartum versus mid-lactation Holstein cows. Burchard, M; Coetzee, JF; Gehring, R; Gorden, PJ; Kleinhenz, MD; Mochel, JP; Rajewski, SJ; Wang, C; Wulf, LW; Ydstie, JA, 2018)	0.48
" These newly synthesized thiazol-2-yl benzamide derivatives thus can be treated as the initial hits for the development of new, safe, effective and orally bioavailable GK activators as therapeutic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes."	( Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel thiazol-2-yl benzamide derivatives as glucokinase activators. Charaya, N; Grewal, AS; Lather, V; Pandita, D, 2018)	0.48
" Acid analog 1j demonstrated oral bioavailability in rats and was potent in a human whole blood assay, suggesting potential utility in treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis."	( Identification and biological evaluation of thiazole-based inverse agonists of RORγt. Albers, M; Cummings, MD; Edwards, JP; Fourie, A; Gege, C; Goldberg, SD; Hoffmann, T; Kinzel, O; Kleymann, G; Leonard, K; Milligan, C; Nelen, MI; Schlüter, T; Spurlino, J; Steeneck, C; Xue, X, 2018)	0.48
" Although dissolution profiles similar to the original product were obtained, the unexpected results of omeprazole low bioavailability in the fed bioequivalence study (BES I) showed the necessity to investigate the formulation in greater depth."	( The effect of the composition of a fixed dose combination on bioequivalence results. Beránek, J; Červená, T; Dumicic, A; Franc, A; Hofmann, J; Kukačková, L; Repický, A; Šalandová, J; Srbek, J; Vetchý, D; Vladovičová, B, 2018)	0.48
" Fluorine substitution may increase a molecule's lipophilicity, thereby enabling its diffusion across cell membranes to enhance bioavailability or to exert a direct physiological effect from within the lipid bilayer."	( Average orientation of a fluoroaromatic molecule in lipid bilayers from DFT-informed NMR measurements of Coogan, MP; Griffin, JM; Hughes, E; Middleton, DA, 2018)	0.48
" However, due to altered pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of these drugs in CKD, a significant risk of bleeding exists."	( [The Multimorbid Patient: Use of New Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease]. Mohebbi, N, 2018)	0.48
" amazonensis; ravuconazole is a second-generation triazole antifungal drug that has good bioavailability after oral administration and a long terminal half-life in humans, a broad activity spectrum, high effectiveness in treatment of mycosis and negligible side effects."	( In vitro antileishmanial activity of ravuconazole, a triazole antifungal drug, as a potential treatment for leishmaniasis. Cola Fernandes Rodrigues, J; de Souza, W; Lima Prado Godinho, J; Teixeira de Macedo Silva, S; Urbina, JA; Visbal, G, 2018)	0.48
"The prepared MX-BSA-NS significantly increased the inflammation-targeting properties and bioavailability of MX, suggesting its potential as a promising formulation for the targeted drug delivery of MX in future clinical applications."	( A novel albumin wrapped nanosuspension of meloxicam to improve inflammation-targeting effects. Chen, F; Gai, X; Li, Q; Liu, Y; Pan, W; Yang, X; Ye, M; Yu, S, 2018)	0.48
" These findings indicate that RA micelle formulations have great potential as a novel ocular drug-delivery system to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs."	( Novel ultra-small micelles based on rebaudioside A: A potential nanoplatform for ocular drug delivery. Guo, H; Li, J; Li, M; Song, K; Tan, Y; Wu, X; Xin, M; Yu, H; Zheng, Z, 2018)	0.48
" The developed bioanalytical method can be used for quantifying the molecule in different pharmacokinetic, toxicokinetic, or other clinical trial samples involving human plasma during development process or in routine bioavailability and bioequivalence study after its regulatory approval."	( Drug development and bioanalytical method validation for a novel anticancer molecule, 4-(dimethylamino)-2-(p-tolylamino) thiazole-5-carbonitrile. Biswas, NM; Patel, S; Sengupta, P; Shard, A, 2018)	0.48
"The purpose of this study was to research a novel combination of Plasdone-S630 and HPMCAS-HF as hot-melt carrier used in ziprasidone hydrochloride for enhanced oral bioavailability and dismissed food effect."	( A Combined Utilization of Plasdone-S630 and HPMCAS-HF in Ziprasidone Hydrochloride Solid Dispersion by Hot-Melt Extrusion to Enhance the Oral Bioavailability and No Food Effect. Chen, G; Ren, L; Wang, J; Xu, X; Xue, X, 2019)	0.51
" In this study, we hybrid FFA1 agonist AM-4668 with PPARδ agonist GW501516, leading to the identification of orally bioavailable dual agonist 32, which revealed high selectivity over other PPARs."	( Discovery of first-in-class thiazole-based dual FFA1/PPARδ agonists as potential anti-diabetic agents. Chen, Y; Deng, L; Hu, L; Li, Z; Liu, B; Xu, Y; Zhang, L; Zhou, Z, 2019)	0.51
" The physicochemical properties of the proposed 2-amino-5-carboxamide thiazole derivatives were calculated and showed potential to be an reasonable oral bioavailability drug properties as determined by Lipinski's Rule."	( Synthesis of 2-Amino-5-Carboxamide Thiazole Derivatives via Dehydrative Cyclization of Thiourea Intermediate Resin on Solid Phase. Gong, YD; Han, SY; Kim, YJ; Kwon, HJ, 2019)	0.51
"Numerous studies demonstrate the promise of opioid peptides as analgesics, but poor oral bioavailability has limited their therapeutic development."	( Antinociceptive activity of thiazole-containing cyclized DAMGO and Leu-(Met) enkephalin analogs. Davis, JC; Dooley, CT; Eans, SO; Ganno, ML; Harris, HM; McLaughlin, JP; Nefzi, A, 2019)	0.51
"Development of topically administered drug delivery systems for the treatment of ocular diseases have majorly focused on enhancing bioavailability of drugs in the ocular tissues."	( Spatio-temporal control on the delivery of triamcinolone acetonide using polymeric nanoparticles reduces steroid induced cataract. Katti, DS; Reddy, GB; Reddy, SS; Srinivasarao, DA, 2019)	0.51
" However its drawbacks of low bioavailability and big individual difference remain to be improved in clinical application."	( Rapamycin loaded TPGS-Lecithins-Zein nanoparticles based on core-shell structure for oral drug administration. Lv, H; Xie, Z; Zhang, Z, 2019)	0.51
"The global aim of this research was to develop and evaluate self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to improve oral bioavailability of Lurasidone Hydrochloride (LH)."	( Self microemulsifying drug delivery system of lurasidone hydrochloride for enhanced oral bioavailability by lymphatic targeting: In vitro, Caco-2 cell line and in vivo evaluation. Patel, MH; Sawant, KK, 2019)	0.51
" Following our recently published work on the discovery of aminomethylenethiophenes (AMTs) as potent, orally bioavailable LOX/LOXL2 inhibitors, we report herein the discovery of a series of dual LOX/LOXL2 inhibitors, as well as a subseries of LOXL2-selective inhibitors, bearing an aminomethylenethiazole (AMTz) scaffold."	( 2-Aminomethylene-5-sulfonylthiazole Inhibitors of Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) and LOXL2 Show Significant Efficacy in Delaying Tumor Growth. Aljarah, M; Brown, M; Challinor, M; Johnson, L; Lawrence, R; Leung, LMH; Lopes, F; Marais, R; Mcleary, R; Niculescu-Duvaz, D; Pearce, SP; Smithen, DA; Springer, C; Tang, H; Thomson, G, 2020)	0.56
" Consequently, compound 10 was orally bioavailable with a highly-acceptable pharmacokinetic profile in vivo that exhibited a half-life of 4 h and achieved a maximum plasma concentration that exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against all tested bacterial isolates."	( Phenylthiazoles with nitrogenous side chain: An approach to overcome molecular obesity. Abutaleb, NS; Elsebaei, MM; Hagras, M; Li, D; Mahgoub, AA; Mayhoub, AS; Mohammad, H; Seleem, MN, 2019)	0.99
" Tricyclazole is readily absorbed and highly bioavailable in rodents (>86%) with indication of saturation of absorption at high doses."	( The ADME profile of the fungicide tricyclazole in rodent via the oral route: A critical review for human health safety assessment. Bartels, M; Corvaro, M, 2019)	0.51
" The decreased bioavailability and increased persistence of THI resulted mainly from the higher sorption capacity of BC450 to THI and CLO, which, in turn, enhanced the soil sorption capacity."	( Biochar reduced Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum) uptake and dissipation of thiamethoxam in an agricultural soil. Jiang, H; Li, F; Li, Y; Sun, K; Suo, F; You, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, G; Zhao, M; Zheng, H, 2020)	0.56
"Because of their excellent capacity to significantly improve the bioavailability and solubility of chemotherapy drugs, block copolymer micelles are widely utilized for chemotherapy drug delivery."	( Tumor-targeting peptide functionalized PEG-PLA micelles for efficient drug delivery. Cai, Y; Gao, X; Shuai, Q; Sun, X; Xu, J; Xu, Z; Zhu, F, 2020)	0.56
" ZP possesses poor oral bioavailability (~50%), short biological half-life (~2."	( Parenteral Sustained Release Lipid Phase-Transition System of Ziprasidone: Fabrication and Evaluation for Schizophrenia Therapy. Ahmad, FJ; Ahmed, MZ; Hasan, N; Jain, GK; Khan, UA; Parveen, U; Saad, S, 2020)	0.56
"Compound 2j stands out as a potential orally bioavailable ABL1 kinase inhibitor for the treatment of CML."	( A New Series of Antileukemic Agents: Design, Synthesis, In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Thiazole-Based ABL1 Kinase Inhibitors. Altıntop, MD; Ciftci, HI; Ellakwa, DE; Fujita, M; Ocak, Z; Otsuka, M; Özdemir, A; Radwan, MO; Sever, B; Zeytün, E, 2021)	0.62
" Compound 42 exhibited excellent oral bioavailability in mice with high distribution to lungs, within 1 h."	( Discovery of thienothiazolocarboxamide analogues as novel anti-tubercular agent. Choi, I; Choi, J; Delorme, V; Falcão, VCA; Heo, J; Jea Seo, J; Jin, G; Kang, J; Kang, S; Kim, J; Lee, A; Lee, H; Lee, S; Mi Kim, Y; Park, K; Park, S; Seo, M; Shum, D; Woo, M, 2020)	0.56
"00755 mg/mL and typically low bioavailability of 1%."	( Enhancing the solubility of nitazoxanide with solid dispersions technique: formulation, evaluation, and cytotoxicity study. Alam, A; Aldawsari, HM; Foudah, AI; Garg, AK; Kesharwani, P; Maddiboyina, B; Rawat, P; Riadi, Y; Singh, S; Sood, S, 2021)	0.62
" Bioavailability studies were conducted in Wistar rats after oral administration of plain MBN dispersion, MBN-SLN, and MBN-PEG-SLN."	( Development and Optimization of Mirabegron Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as an Oral Drug Delivery for Overactive Bladder. Gambhire, M; Gambhire, V; Panchal, D; Raut, P, 2021)	0.62
"Thus, the study established that the oral bioavailability of MBN could be improved by the administration of MBN-PEG-SLN."	( Development and Optimization of Mirabegron Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as an Oral Drug Delivery for Overactive Bladder. Gambhire, M; Gambhire, V; Panchal, D; Raut, P, 2021)	0.62
"Nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit potential in improving oral bioavailability for poorly water-soluble drugs."	( FRET imaging revealed that nanocrystals enhanced drug oral absorption by dissolution rather than endocytosis: A case study of coumarin 6. Fu, Q; He, Z; Liu, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, G; Zhang, Z, 2021)	0.62
"Theoretically, on account of improved local bioavailability of photosensitizers and attenuated systemic phototoxicity, intravesical instillation-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) for bladder cancer (BCa) would demonstrate significant advantages in comparison with the intravenous route."	( Transmucosal Delivery of Self-Assembling Photosensitizer-Nitazoxanide Nanocomplexes with Fluorinated Chitosan for Instillation-Based Photodynamic Therapy of Orthotopic Bladder Tumors. Dai, Y; Deng, D; Jin, S; Li, G; Liu, Z; Shu, Q; Sun, H; Wang, S; Wu, S; Xiao, Z; Xie, L; Xu, M; Zhang, E; Zhang, S, 2021)	0.62
" Eight of these drugs inhibited the activity of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, 3CLpro, with the most potent being masitinib, an orally bioavailable tyrosine kinase inhibitor."	( Masitinib is a broad coronavirus 3CL inhibitor that blocks replication of SARS-CoV-2. Azizi, SA; Baker, SC; Botten, JW; Brooke, CB; Bruce, EA; Chen, S; DeMarco, JK; Dickinson, BC; Drayman, N; Dvorkin, S; Firpo, MR; Froggatt, HM; Furlong, K; Han, KY; Heaton, NS; Jedrzejczak, R; Joachimiak, A; Jones, KA; Kathayat, RS; Lee, H; Maltseva, NI; Mastrodomenico, V; Meyer, B; Missiakas, D; Mounce, BC; Muñoz-Alía, MÁ; Nair, V; Nicolaescu, V; O'Brien, A; Palmer, KE; Randall, G; Schmidt, MM; Schuster, B; Severson, WE; Tan, K; Tay, S; Tomatsidou, A; Vignuzzi, M, 2021)	0.62
"The primary purpose of this study was to develop an innovative chitosan (CS) modified polylactic acid (PLA) nanospheres for enhancing the bioavailability of 1, 2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT)."	( Surface-modified polylactic acid nanospheres with chitosan for antibacterial activity of 1, 2-benzisothiazolin-3-one. Liu, J; Shi, Q; Tao, H; Xie, X; Yao, J; Zhi, H, 2021)	0.62
" This molecule effectively degraded AR-V7 in a CRPC cell line and demonstrated good oral bioavailability in mouse PK studies."	( Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of phenyl thiazole-based AR-V7 degraders. Abbineni, C; Alapati, KS; Balasubramanian, WR; Bandaru, NVMR; Bhumireddy, A; Gore, ST; Mukherjee, S; Nellore, K; Raghurami Reddy, B; Samajdar, S; Sumanth Kumar, V; Venkata Gowri Chandra Sekhar, K, 2022)	0.72
" The goal of the current study was to prepare and characterize chitosan encapsulated meloxicam nanoparticles (CEMNPs) with high bioavailability and less gastro intestinal toxicity in order to prevent such issues."	( Chitosan Encapsulated Meloxicam Nanoparticles for Sustained Drug Delivery Applications: Preparation, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetics in Wistar Rats. Halemani, GM; Hanumanthu, PB; Mannem, S; Nadoor, P; Prasad, TNVKV; Rajashekaraiah, R; Ramachandrappa, SC; Rao, S; Ubaradka, S; Yegireddy, M, 2022)	0.72
" The pharmacokinetic properties obtained in silico revealed that the derivatives are in accordance with the parameters established by lipinski and veber, showing that such compounds have good bioavailability or permeability when administered orally."	( Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant and antiparasitic activities new naphthyl-thiazole derivatives. Alves de Lima, MC; Alves Pereira, VR; Clara Marques, DS; da Cruz Filho, IJ; da Silva Santos, AC; de Oliveira, JF; Dos Santos Soares, JC; Duarte, DMFA; Junior, NDSB; Nogueira, F; Santos, NFN, 2023)	0.91
"The present work aimed to carry out in vitro biological assays of thiazole compounds against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni, as well as the in silico determination of pharmacokinetic parameters to predict the oral bioavailability of these compounds."	( In vitro activity, ultrastructural analysis and in silico pharmacokinetic properties (ADMET) of thiazole compounds against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni. Aires, AL; Albuquerque, MCPA; Alves, LC; Araújo, HDA; Brayner, FA; Cruz Filho, IJD; Lima, MDCA; Marques, DSC; Nascimento, PHDB; Rocha, JVRD; Silva, DVSPD, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"54 in ascending dosage order beginning with 100 ppm."	( Suppression of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated murine immunity by the carcinogen N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide. Bryan, GT; Cohen, SM; Headley, DB, 1977)	0.26
" The radioactivity level in the visceral organs reached a maximum 2 hr after dosing and then gradually decreased."	( Metabolism and disposition of N-(4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-(2-14-C)thiazolyl)acetamide in the rat. Bryan, GT; Chiu, CW; Wang, CY, )	0.13
" The degree of gastric or intestinal irritation seen with dosing of other drugs was as follows; indomethacin greater than diclofenac Na greater than ibuprofen greater than aspirin greater than phenylbutazone or indomethacin greater than CH-800 = diclofenac Na greater than ibuprofen greater than phenylbutazone, respectively."	( [Irritative activity of a new anti-inflammatory agent 4-(p-chorophenyl)-2-phenyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid (CH-800) on the gastrointestinal tract in rats (author's transl)]. Ohtsuki, H; Okabe, S; Tabata, K, 1979)	0.26
" In the course of the chronic experiments, in the highest dosage group of rats a slight sedation and a decrease of body weight gain and food intake could be observed."	( [Toxicological study on piprozoline (author's transl)]. Herrmann, M; Leuschner, F; Wiegleb, J, 1977)	0.26
"Studies of hexobarbital sleeping time in rats showed that only a very high dosage of ethyl(Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-acetate (piprozoline, Gö 919, Problin) (500 mg/kg) produced a weak interaction with the metabolism of hexobarbital; no signs of any induction of the oxidative enzyme system were observed until 4 days after pre-treatment with 3 X 250 mg/kg."	( [Studies on the influence of piprozoline on the microsomal enzyme system of the rat liver (author's transl)]. Friedrich, G; Vollmer, KO, 1977)	0.26
" Side-effects, which mainly occurred during the last weeks of the experiment in the highest dosage group, were most probably due to the exhaustion of the fluid and especially of the electrolyte reserves of the animals."	( [Toxicological studies on Etozolin (author's transl)]. Herrmann, M; Leuschner, F; Wiegleb, J, 1977)	0.26
" The combination of oral dosage and feed medication was highly effective in treating dysentery, preventing its recurrence, and maintaining performance."	( Efficacy of nithiamide in preventing and treating swine dysentery in experimentally inoculated pigs. Eggert, RG; Layton, HW; Simkins, KL, 1977)	0.26
" In the rat 4f inhibited LTB4 synthesis in blood ex vivo and in zymosan-inflamed air pouch exudate with an ED50 3 h after oral dosing of 10 mg/kg in each system."	( Methoxytetrahydropyrans. A new series of selective and orally potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Bird, TG; Bruneau, P; Crawley, GC; Dowell, RI; Edwards, PN; Foster, SJ; Giroaeau, JM; McMillan, RM; Walker, ER; Waterson, D, 1992)	0.28
" Combinations of ZOL and 2DG produced supraadditive antinociception, even though ZOL failed to significantly shift the 2DG dose-response curve to the left."	( Potentiation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose antinociception, but not hyperphagia by zolantidine, a histamine (H2) receptor antagonist. Bodnar, RJ; Hough, LB; Koch, JE, 1992)	0.28
" It was confirmed that naloxone and amiphenazole in the dosage range studied do not influence spontaneous respiration in healthy adults."	( [Development of continuous monitoring of spontaneous respiration in the postoperative phase. 2. Cutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures following i.v. bolus application of fentanyl, buprenorphine, naloxone and amiphenazole in healthy adult s Huttarsch, H; Lehmann, KA; Schroeder, B; Zech, D, 1992)	0.28
" Only diet was given in between dosing days to ensure baseline levels of NAA excretion."	( Influence of fruit and vegetable juices on the endogenous formation of N-nitrosoproline and N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in humans on controlled diets. Helser, MA; Hotchkiss, JH; Roe, DA, 1992)	0.28
" Since part of these agents may gain access to the anterior chamber and cause cytotoxicity to the corneal endothelium we set up an in vitro system to establish a dose-response effect."	( The effects of 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C on the corneal endothelium. Greve, EL; Nuyts, RM; Pels, E, 1992)	0.28
" Conversely, there was no significant difference between the acidity indexes of pH profiles obtained before dosing and after discontinuing treatment in any of the time intervals considered."	( Lack of gastric acid rebound after stopping a successful short-term course of nizatidine in duodenal ulcer patients. Bonifacino, G; Celle, G; Mela, GS; Savarino, V; Sumberaz, A; Zentilin, P, 1991)	0.28
" Dose-response curves for each agent indicate the following absolute potency: FUDR greater than FUR greater than ARA-C greater than 5-FU = bleomycin greater than DFUR."	( Evaluation of antiproliferative agents using a cell-culture model. Senderoff, RI; Smith, DR; Sokoloski, TD; Weber, PA, 1990)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetics of zopolrestat, a carboxylic acid aldose reductase inhibitor, were examined in normal male rats dosed intravenously at 2 mg/kg and in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic male rats after oral administration at 50 mg/kg."	( Pharmacokinetics of zopolrestat, a carboxylic acid aldose reductase inhibitor, in normal and diabetic rats. Inskeep, PB; Reed, AE; Ronfeld, RA, 1991)	0.28
" Compounds from this series also were found to inhibit the in vivo production of LTB4 when dosed orally in rats."	( Styrylpyrazoles, styrylisoxazoles, and styrylisothiazoles. Novel 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Belliotti, TR; Boctor, AM; Connor, DT; Flynn, DL; Kostlan, CR; Nies, DE; Ortwine, DF; Schrier, DJ; Sircar, JC, 1991)	0.54
" Although the sensitivity of the serum-treated group to MMC was slightly higher than that of the untreated group, the dose-response curves of the tumor cells to MMC were similar to each other."	( The influence of stromal cells on the MTT assay (II)--Study on the nude mouse system. Suto, A, 1991)	0.28
" Amide 1 is effective after either oral or intraperitoneal dosing in acute, subacute, or chronic regimens."	( N-(5-fluorobenzothiazol-2-yl)-2-guanidinothiazole-4-carboxamide. A novel, systemically active antitumor agent effective against 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma. Fliri, AF; Kajiji, S; Pollack, VA; Schnur, RC, 1991)	0.28
" The drug was more effective in a dosage of 400 mg than with 200 mg (the rate of efficacy 46% vs 25%) and more effective in obese patients than in lean patients (46% vs 25%)."	( A pilot clinical trial of a new oral hypoglycemic agent, CS-045, in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Akanuma, Y; Iwamoto, Y; Kajinuma, H; Kasuga, M; Kosaka, K; Kuzuya, T; Shigeta, Y; Takebe, K; Yamanouchi, T; Yoshida, S, 1991)	0.28
" A series of substituted benzothiazole GTCs were found to produce enhancement of survival in this model by using 8 days of intraperitoneal dosing initiated 2 days after intravenous tumor challenge."	( Quantitative structure-activity relationships of antitumor guanidinothiazolecarboxamides with survival enhancement for therapy in the 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma model. Fliri, AF; Gallaschun, RJ; Goodwin, P; Grissom, M; Mangano, FM; McNiff, PA; Olson, TH; Schnur, RC; Singleton, DH; Sloan, DE, 1991)	0.28
"In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of metronidazole preparations was studied in comparison to that of nitazole in various dosage forms: solution, aerosol, suspension and suppository."	( [Antibacterial activity of some trichomonacidal agents]. Kalinichenko, NF; Liapunov, NA; Osolodchenko, TP; Starobinets, ZG, 1990)	0.28
", shifted the dose-response curves of platelet-activating factor-induced platelet aggregation to the right in a parallel manner."	( Pharmacological properties of YM264, a potent and orally active antagonist of platelet-activating factor. Hara, H; Horie, M; Mase, T; Nagaoka, H; Saito, M; Tomioka, K; Yamada, T, )	0.13
" All were hospitalized because of acute or chronic broncho-pneumopathy and have been administered 4-carbomethoxythiazolidine at a dosage of 300 mg/d."	( [Therapeutic efficacy and general tolerability of 4-carbomethoxythiazolidine chlorohydrate in combination with antibiotic and bronchoactive therapy in adult patients with acute and chronic bronchopneumopathy with prevalent exudative component]. Casali, L, )	0.13
" They have been administered 4-carbomethoxythiazolidine both in capsules and in granular form at a dosage of 400 mg/day."	( [Therapeutic efficacy and general tolerability of 4-carbomethoxythiazolidine chlorohydrate in adult patients with hypersecretory bronchopulmonary diseases]. Campisi, U; Patti, S; Sciutto, L, )	0.13
" All patients have been administered both products at a dosage of 200 mg."	( [Therapeutic efficacy and general tolerability of 4-carbomethoxythiazolidine chlorohydrate in a double-blind crossover experiment on chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy]. Iaia, E, )	0.13
" A dosage of 200 mg/d."	( [Therapeutic efficacy and general tolerability of 4-carbomethoxythiazolidine chlorohydrate in patients with exacerbated chronic bronchitis]. Scillieri, E, )	0.13
" It was shown that a typical bell-shaped course of the ConA dose-response curve is the result of a proliferative response to suboptimal concentrations of ConA and a toxic action of ConA at supraoptimal concentrations."	( Quantification of proliferative and suppressive responses of human T lymphocytes following ConA stimulation. Busová, B; Niks, M; Otto, M; Stefanovic, J, 1990)	0.28
" Scopolamine hydrobromide reinstated contralateral placing errors in infarcted rats at a dosage that did not affect neurologically intact rats."	( Ionic channels, cholinergic mechanisms, and recovery of sensorimotor function after neocortical infarcts in rats. De Ryck, M; Duytschaever, H; Janssen, PA; Pauwels, PJ, 1990)	0.28
" with 950 mg/kg of OTC 4 hours before dosing with 5-FU."	( Effects of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate, a cysteine pro-drug, on teratogenicity of 5-fluorouracil in mice. Deguchi, T; Mataki, Y; Naya, M; Noguchi, M; Yasuda, M, 1990)	0.28
" The drug concentration levels in the mice indicate the adequate drug dosage necessary to be effective in SDI test."	( [SDI test using MTT for the evaluation of drug sensitivities of gastrointestinal cancer cells]. Idota, C; Takagi, H; Yamauchi, M, 1990)	0.28
" In a similar dosing protocol, SK&F 86002 also protected mice in a second endotoxin shock model in which mice sensitized with Proprionibacterium acnes received LPS 10 days later."	( Protective effect of SK&F 86002, a novel dual inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism, in murine models of endotoxin shock: inhibition of tumor necrosis factor as a possible mechanism of action. Badger, AM; Hanna, N; Olivera, D; Talmadge, JE, 1989)	0.28
" We have studied both techniques in a practical pharmacologic study, comparing early evening versus nighttime dosing with ranitidine and nizatidine against placebo."	( Validation of pH dataloggers for pharmacologic studies. Burget, DW; Chiverton, SG; Hunt, RH, 1989)	0.28
" No changes in DNA synthesis, percentage of labelled nuclei and transaminase were detected when the agents were added to the hepatocytes in culture at concentrations within the effective pharmacological dosage and 30 times higher."	( Effect of cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine and omeprazole on hepatocyte proliferation in vitro. Amoruso, A; Barone, M; Di Leo, A; Francavilla, A; Ingrosso, M; Makowka, L; Panella, C; Polimeno, L; Starzl, TE, 1989)	0.28
" Furthermore, the extended half-life of the pharmacologically active sulfone metabolite of SK&F 86002 suggests that this metabolite could accumulate on repeated daily dosing of SK&F 86002 and could, therefore, account for much of the chronic pharmacologic and toxicologic activity of SK&F 86002."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of SK&F 86002 in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Dent, J; Dewey, R; Eckardt, R; Keohane, D; Mico, B; Newton, JF; Yodis, LP, )	0.13
" The absence of a depression of the maximum of the dose-response curve of ST 587 and the very moderate attenuation of the maximal B-HT 920-induced increase in diastolic blood pressure (BP) confirms the lack of major calcium entry blocking properties of R 56865 for alpha-adrenoceptor-activated calcium channels in vitro."	( Interaction between R 56865 and alpha-adrenoceptors in the pithed rat. Fruh, C; Koch, P; Peters, T; Schneider, J; Wilffert, B; Wilhelm, D, )	0.13
" Famotidine was well-tolerated and no serious clinical or laboratory adverse effects were judged to be related to this dosing regimen of famotidine."	( Suppression of nocturnal acid secretion with famotidine accelerates gastric ulcer healing. Graham, DY; Knuff, TE; Lanza, FL; Levenson, HL; Lyon, DT; McCullough, AJ; Munsell, WP; Perozza, J; Roufail, WM; Sinar, DR, 1989)	0.28
" Its dose-response curve was bell-shaped with maximal effects at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg."	( Occurrence of yawning and decrease of prolactin levels via stimulation of dopamine D2-receptors after administration of SND 919 in rats. Domae, M; Furukawa, T; Matsumoto, S; Nagashima, M; Shirakawa, K; Yamada, K, 1989)	0.28
"To study the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two intravenous nizatidine dosing regimens, serial plasma concentrations and continuous intragastric pH were monitored simultaneously in 10 subjects with a documented history of duodenal or gastric ulcers."	( Nizatidine suppression of basal gastric acid output: a comparison of two intravenous dosage regimens. Bombeck, CT; Danziger, L; Fischer, JH; Furmaga, KM; Rodvold, KA, 1989)	0.28
" Airway responsiveness was determined from the slopes of dose-response curves of SRL vs."	( YM461, a PAF antagonist, blocks antigen-induced late airway responses and airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic sheep. Abraham, WM; Ahmed, A; Garrido, R; Stevenson, JS; Tomioka, K, 1989)	0.28
"A multicentre, randomized, double-dummy control trial compared the efficacy of two famotidine dosage regimens for the treatment of acute gastric mucosal lesions."	( Clinical evaluation of 20 mg/day famotidine in the treatment of acute gastric mucosal lesions. Miwa, T, 1989)	0.28
"To determine the metabolic disposition of [14C]-2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and [14C]-2-mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS), male and female rats were dosed topically."	( Disposition of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide in rats dosed intravenously, orally, and topically and in guinea pigs dosed topically. Barnett, JW; el Dareer, SM; Hill, DL; Kalin, JR; Tillery, KF, 1989)	0.28
" All antagonists produced a shift to the right in the dose-response curve to Paf (0."	( Antagonism of platelet activating factor-induced chemiluminescence in guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages in differing states of activation. Bittner, C; Lambrecht, G; Parnham, MJ, 1989)	0.28
" Pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion remained decreased (50% of control) 12 hr after oral dosing with 20 mg famotidine."	( Famotidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist. Effect on parietal, nonparietal, and pepsin secretion in man. Chremos, AN; Gamal, MA; Graham, DY; Smith, JL, 1985)	0.27
" Omeprazole, in contrast, did not alter gastric emptying at a similar antisecretory dosage level."	( Effects of H2-receptor antagonists upon physiological acid secretory states in animals. Cook, PG; Mangel, AW; Pendleton, RG; Shepherd-Rose, A, 1985)	0.27
" Minimal toxicologic effects (after acute, subacute, or chronic administration) have been observed even at extremely high dosage levels (4,000 mg/kg/day) and for extended periods of administration (2,000 mg/kg/day for 105 weeks)."	( Famotidine: summary of preclinical safety assessment. Bokelman, DL; Burek, JD; Majka, JA, 1985)	0.27
" Elimination of these model drugs was studied before and during 8 days of famotidine dosing in 8 healthy volunteers."	( Effect of famotidine on oxidative drug metabolism. Kitchingman, GA; Langman, MJ; Somerville, KW, 1986)	0.27
" Patients received either ranitidine (150 mg twice daily) or famotidine at one of three different dosage regimens: 40 mg at bedtime, 40 mg twice daily, or 20 mg twice daily."	( A multicenter, randomized, double-blind study comparing famotidine with ranitidine in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer disease. McCullough, AJ, 1986)	0.27
" Maximal effect is achieved by the 40-mg dose, with peak activity reached one to three hours after dosing and a duration of action lasting 10 to 12 hours."	( Pharmacodynamics of famotidine in humans. Chremos, AN, 1986)	0.27
" Gastric acid hypersecretion was controlled in seven patients with less frequent dosing with famotidine than with cimetidine or ranitidine."	( Famotidine in the therapy of gastric hypersecretory states. Gardner, JD; Howard, JM; Jensen, RT; Maton, PN; Slaff, JI; Vinayek, R; Wank, SA, 1986)	0.27
" However, when the preparations were precontracted with histamine (10(-5)M), dose-response curves for relaxation were shifted to the right, and low-concentrations of all three histamine H2-antagonists augmented histamine-induced tone."	( Direct effects of H2-receptor antagonists on airway smooth muscle and on responses mediated by H1- and H2-receptors. Hashimoto, Y; Iwatsuki, N; Koga, Y, 1987)	0.27
"32 mumol kg-1 h-1) caused a parallel displacement of the dose-response curve to dimaprit to the right, without reducing the maximum response to the stimulant, thus behaving as a competitive antagonist, like ranitidine."	( Inhibitory effect of famotidine on cat gastric secretion. Bertaccini, G; Coruzzi, G; Dobrilla, G; Noci, MT, 1986)	0.27
" Because Clcr correlated directly with nizatidine renal clearance, Clcr values may be used to estimate nizatidine dosage reductions in renal insufficiency."	( Nizatidine, and H2-receptor antagonist: disposition and safety in the elderly. Bergstrom, RF; Callaghan, JT; Knadler, MP; Rubin, A, 1987)	0.27
" The inhibition was shown to be specific and competitive with PAF on its receptor by the following observations: parallel shift of the dose-response curve; crossing of double reciprocal plots on the intersection of the ordinate; and no inhibition on other autacoids such as bradykinin, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and LTC4."	( Characterization of the activity of a platelet activating factor antagonist, CV-3988. Hayashi, M; Kimura, J; Nomura, H; Oh-Ishi, S; Tsushima, S, 1987)	0.27
"7% of the patients in the 10- and 20-mg dosage groups, respectively, did not have evidence of erosions or hemorrhages, compared with 73% of patients in the 5-mg group."	( Famotidine in the treatment of gastritis. Miwa, T; Miyoshi, A, 1987)	0.27
" These results support the effectiveness of a 12 hour or possibly a 24-hour dosing interval for famotidine."	( Effect of a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, famotidine, on gastric secretion in healthy subjects. Fukuda, Y; Ikezoe, I; Ohama, I; Okabayashi, M; Shimoyama, T, 1987)	0.27
" No reduction in drug dosage should therefore be necessary in these patients."	( Famotidine pharmacokinetics following oral and intravenous administration in patients with liver disease: results of a preliminary study. Morgan, MY; Stambuk, D, 1986)	0.27
"The disposition of diazepam (D) after a single oral dose of 10 mg was evaluated in nine healthy male volunteers under the following conditions (randomized, double-blind, crossover design): D + comedication of placebo and D + nocturnal dosing with 300 mg ranitidine or 300 mg nizatidine."	( Nocturnal doses of ranitidine and nizatidine do not affect the disposition of diazepam. Dammann, HG; Gottlieb, W; Keohane, PP; Klotz, U, 1987)	0.27
" On repeated daily dosing in dogs for two weeks, no tolerance was developed to the pharmacological action."	( Pharmacology and toxicology of nizatidine. Morton, DM, 1987)	0.27
" dosage regime or placebo for an additional 4 weeks."	( Treatment of duodenal ulceration in the United States. Chernish, SM; Cloud, ML; Dyck, WP; Matsumoto, C; Offen, WW, 1987)	0.27
" Within 16 h of dosing volunteers with nizatidine, more than 90% of the administered dose was recovered in urine as parent drug and metabolites; unchanged nizatidine accounted for 65 and 75% of the recovered substances, after oral and intravenous administration, respectively."	( A pharmacokinetic profile of nizatidine in man. Aronoff, G; Bergstrom, RF; Callaghan, JT; Chernish, S; Crabtree, R; Knadler, MP; Obermeyer, B; Offen, WW; Rubin, A; Schneck, DW, 1987)	0.27
" Since famotidine is essentially free of dose-related adverse effects, dose adjustment in patients with mild renal insufficiency and in elderly people is not required; however, either a prolonged dosing interval or a decrease in daily dose during long-term therapy may be adapted for the patients with severe renal insufficiency to avoid accumulation and the potential undesirable effects."	( Effects of age and chronic renal failure on the urinary excretion kinetics of famotidine in man. Antonello, J; Chremos, AN; Hessey, GA; Lin, JH; Yeh, KC, 1988)	0.27
" These data are at variance with those previously published, and the slight effect of the single nightly doses of H2 blockers on daytime acidity seems to confirm further that the suppression of nocturnal acidity may really be the decisive factor in the success of this dosing schedule in treating duodenal ulcer."	( Once and twice daily doses of H2 antagonists revisited, using continuous intragastric pH monitoring. Celle, G; Fera, G; Mela, GS; Savarino, V; Scalabrini, P; Sumberaz, A; Zentilin, P, 1988)	0.27
" Therefore, the two dosing schedules of each H2 antagonist increased intragastric pH differently, but both the half and the standard large regimens produced similar overnight virtual anacidity."	( Overnight comparable anacidity by standard large and half-single bedtime doses of H2 antagonists in duodenal ulcer patients: a clinical pharmacological study. Celle, G; Fera, G; Mela, GS; Savarino, V; Scalabrini, P; Sumberaz, A; Zentilin, P, 1988)	0.27
"Nine healthy volunteers were studied on the seventh day of dosing at 21:00 h with nizatidine 150 mg (N 150), nizatidine 300 mg (N 300), ranitidine 300 mg (R 300), or placebo, given in a predetermined random order."	( Twenty four hour intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin concentration in healthy volunteers taking nizatidine 150 mg, nizatidine 300 mg, ranitidine 300 mg, or placebo at 21:00 h. Chronos, NA; Dalgleish, D; Hamilton, MR; Lanzon-Miller, S; Pounder, RE; Raymond, F, 1988)	0.27
" Therefore, the same dosage schedule as in uraemia may be applied in patients with dialysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists, including roxatidine, in chronic renal failure. Brockmeier, D; Lameire, N; Rosenkranz, B, 1988)	0.27
" H1-agonists (2-methylHi and 2-thiazolylethylamine) also depressed the avoidance response; their dose-response lines run parallel to that of Hi."	( The effects of histamine and some related compounds on conditioned avoidance response in rats. Akahori, H; Kamei, C; Kitazumi, K; Tasaka, K, 1985)	0.27
" This compound shifted the dose-response curve for CaCl2 to the right, in a competitive manner."	( Modulation of calmodulin function and of Ca2+-induced smooth muscle contraction by the calmodulin antagonist, HT-74. Hidaka, H; Ishikawa, T; Ito, M; Itoh, H; Kawamatsu, Y; Saitoh, M; Shin, T; Sugihara, H; Tanaka, T; Umekawa, H, 1986)	0.27
" Furthermore, 2-deoxyglucose uptake in CS-045-treated adipocytes was increased and the insulin dose-response curve was shifted to the left."	( Characterization of new oral antidiabetic agent CS-045. Studies in KK and ob/ob mice and Zucker fatty rats. Fujiwara, T; Horikoshi, H; Ushiyama, I; Yoshioka, S; Yoshioka, T, 1988)	0.27
" The inhibition was characterized by displacement of the dose-response to histamine to the right, in parallel, without depression of the maximum."	( Actions of nizatidine on the rat uterus, dog stomach and experimentally induced gastric lesions. Evans, DC; Lin, TM; Ruffolo, RR; Warrick, MW, 1986)	0.27
" After 36-h exposure, there was still an indication of a weak dose-response effect between 0 and 5 net nuclear grains (NG)."	( Induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in liver and micronucleus in bone marrow of rats exposed in vivo to the benzidine-derived azo dye, Direct Black 38. Beije, B, 1987)	0.27
"We have investigated levels of transcript homologous with glutathione S-transferase P (GST-P; GST 7-7) in tumours and hyperplastic lesions induced in the livers of rats by long-term gavage dosing with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 6-p-dimethylaminophenylazobenzothiazole (6BT)."	( Long-term dosing studies using mutagenic carcinogens indicate a highly significant correlation between elevations in the level of rat glutathione S-transferase P messenger RNA and liver tumours of hepatocellular origin. Humphries, P; Kelly, M; McQuaid, S; Pearson, C; Russell, SE, 1988)	0.27
" In this assay, animals are dosed with the test agent and the liver is subsequently assessed for UDS by autoradiography and grain counting."	( Positive and negative control observations for the in vivo/in vitro rat liver assay for unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). Ashby, J; Barber, G; Mohammed, R; Trueman, RW, 1987)	0.27
" As part of these studies we have determined (a) target organ distribution after oral dosing to rats and (b) covalent binding of 14C-labelled compound to DNA."	( DNA-binding studies with 6BT and 5I: implications for DNA-binding/carcinogenicity and DNA-binding/mutagenicity correlations. Ashby, J; Combes, RD; Dashwood, RH, 1988)	0.27
" Activity of ADD induced lipid accumulation and growth inhibition of ST 13 cells, exhibiting very similar dose-response relationships."	( Preadipocyte differentiation in vitro: identification of a highly active adipogenic agent. Hiragun, A; Mitsui, H; Sato, M, 1988)	0.27
" Acute oral dosing with ciglitazone produced a 41% reduction in circulating insulin at a time when glucose concentrations were as yet unaffected."	( Ciglitazone, a hypoglycemic agent: early effects on the pancreatic islets of ob/ob mice. Colca, JR; Connell, CL; Diani, AR; Fletcher-McGruder, BL; Jodelis, KS; Palazuk, BJ; Sawada, G; Wyse, BM, 1988)	0.27
"0005) but the effects of either dosage were similar."	( Continuous intravenous infusions of famotidine maintain high intragastric pH in duodenal ulcer. Kaufman, D; Kempf, M; Merki, HS; Neumann, J; Röhmel, J; Walt, RP; Witzel, L, 1988)	0.27
" The convenient dosage regimen of famotidine (one tablet in the evening) should improve patient compliance, which, in turn, may result in faster healing of ulcers and a lower incidence of ulcer complications."	( Famotidine: proven once-a-day treatment for gastric ulcer. Dammann, HG; Hentschel, E; Muller, P; Simon, B; Walter, TA, 1987)	0.27
" Female rats were dosed once daily by gavage with 0, 1, 5, 10, 30, or 60 mg (base)/kg/day of SK&F 86002-A2 for 30 consecutive doses beginning on the day of vaginal proestrus."	( Ovarian effects of an anti-inflammatory-immunomodulatory drug in the rat. Manson, JM; Schwartz, LW; Walker, RF, 1988)	0.27
" These data indicate that dosage adjustment may be necessary in patients who have renal insufficiency."	( Disposition of famotidine in renal insufficiency. Abraham, PA; Chremos, AN; Halstenson, CE; Keane, WF; Matzke, GR; Opsahl, JA, 1987)	0.27
" It is concluded that these changes in the kinetics of this lipophilic diuretic do not allow a reliable dosage regimen in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and ascites."	( Altered kinetics of etozolin and its active metabolite ozolinone in hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis with ascites. Gerok, W; Knauf, H; Missmahl, M; Mutschler, E; Schölmerich, J, 1987)	0.27
" The therapy was performed for 15 days, at the dosage of one vial given intramuscularly twice daily for the first seven days and then of one tablet orally thrice daily for the remaining eight days."	( Clinical trial with CO-1177: a preliminary report. Mbuyamba, P, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response studies with acetazolamide revealed that the protection did not correlate with the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the rat gastric mucosa."	( Gastric mucosal protection by acetazolamide derivatives: role of carbonic anhydrase and sulfhydryls. Kusterer, K; Szabo, S, 1987)	0.27
" From 117 effective animals which were pooled from 3 dosed groups, 30 squamous cell carcinomas and 26/117 papillomas of the forestomach were diagnosed."	( Influence of the application mode of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-formamide on the localization of its carcinogenic expression in female NMRI-mice. Berger, MR; Habs, M; Petru, E; Schmähl, D, 1986)	0.27
" The expected antisecretory effect of a particular dosage regimen in patients with duodenal ulcer can be predicted mathematically from data derived from studies in normal volunteers."	( Comparison of the effects of gastric antisecretory agents in healthy volunteers and patients with duodenal ulcer. Burget, DW; Howden, CW; Hunt, RH; Jones, DB, 1986)	0.27
" N-Acetyl-L-cysteine, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate or the L- or D-isomers of 2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylate were administered to male mice immediately after a hepatotoxic dosage of acetaminophen (5."	( Effects of cysteine pro-drugs on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Hazelton, GA; Hjelle, JJ; Klaassen, CD, 1986)	0.27
" When drug was co-administered with a meal, however, bioavailability appeared to be independent of dosage form."	( Bioavailability studies with ciglitazone in beagles. I. Effect of a meal on the bioavailability of three ciglitazone dosage forms. Capponi, VJ; Cox, SR; Harrington, EL; Hill, RA; Shah, AC, )	0.13
" A 10 mg dose of MCP was given 15 min prior to dosing with CGZ and repeated 1 h after dosing."	( Bioavailability studies with ciglitazone in beagles. II. Effect of propantheline bromide and metoclopramide HCL on bioavailability of a tablet. Capponi, VJ; Cox, SR; Harrington, EL, )	0.13
" larvae, a dosage of 60 mg/kg was 90% effective."	( The anthelmintic activity of cambendazole in calves and lambs. Gibbs, HC; Gupta, RP, 1972)	0.25
" Furthermore, chronic dosing with cimetidine does not result in tolerance to the inhibitory effect."	( Inhibition of microsomal drug metabolism by histamine H2-receptor antagonists studied in vivo and in vitro in rodents. Avant, GR; Mitchell, MC; Patwardhan, RV; Schenker, S; Speeg, KV, 1982)	0.26
"The new histamine-H2-receptor agonist, impromidine, was assessed for its effect on gastric acid secretion using a dose-response format."	( Dose-response curve analysis of gastric secretory responses in the dog and man to impromidine: a new histamine-H2-receptor agonist. Flannery, MC; Johnston, BJ; McIsaac, RL, 1983)	0.27
" To see the dose-response of insulin, a second experiment was carried out in which portions of the fat pads were incubated in vitro with glucose-1-14C in the presence of 0-40 ng/ml insulin and isolated adipocytes were used to estimate for 125I-insulin binding."	( Ciglitazone, a new hypoglycemic agent. II. Effect on glucose and lipid metabolisms and insulin binding in the adipose tissue of C57BL/6J-ob/ob and -+/? mice. Chang, AY; Gilchrist, BJ; Wyse, BM, 1983)	0.27
" Among the N- nitrosothiazolidines tested, only HMNT and PHPNT exhibited clear dose-response mutagenicity toward strain TA100 with or without metabolic activation."	( Mutagenicity of 2-hydroxyalkyl-N-nitrosothiazolidines. Fernando, SY; Shibamoto, T; Umano, K; Wei, CI, 1984)	0.27
" Cellular change continued after stopping dosing at 2 months such that liver tumours were first observed after only 4 months into the study, and animals examined between 4 months and termination at 6 months showed a 75% and 85% incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma for the Sprague-Dawley and Wistar strains, respectively."	( 6-p-Dimethylaminophenylazobenzothiazole: a potent hepatocarcinogen in the rat. Ashby, J; Elliott, BM; Robinson, M, 1983)	0.27
" 29 especially gave the preferable results with almost no gastric damage at the higher dosage together with its good anti-edematous activity."	( Studies on the anti-inflammatory activity and ulcerogenic adverse effect of thiazole derivatives, especially 2-amino-thiazoleacetic acid derivatives. Ando, K; Nagatomi, H, 1984)	0.27
" A dose-response relationship was established for the formation of NPRO in rats in vivo, after concurrent administration of various concentrations of the precursors, L-proline and sodium nitrite."	( Monitoring endogenous nitrosamine formation in man. Bartsch, H; Ohshima, H, 1984)	0.27
" Both dosage regimens were equally efficacious, and no advantage except convenience was found for one dosage schedule over the other."	( Fentiazac in osteoarthritis: comparison of BID and QID regimens. Molina-López, J, 1983)	0.27
" In both animals, the dosed 14C was excreted largely in faeces as metabolites, with the remainder appearing in urine."	( Disposition in rats and dogs of ciglitazone, a new antidiabetic agent. Tanayama, S; Torii, H; Tsukamoto, T; Yoshida, K, 1984)	0.27
" Similar effects were observed on guinea-pig "in vitro" stomach preparation where PM2 and Papaverine were ineffective in modifying Histamine dose-response curves and PM3 reduced significantly maximal peak effects of Histamine, behaving as a non-competitive antagonist."	( [Pharmacological actions of alkylaminoalkyl-phenylbenzisothazole compounds on the gastrointestinal tract]. Barocelli, E; Bordi, F; Chiavarini, M; Impicciatore, M; Morini, G; Plazzi, P, 1984)	0.27
" A similar dose-response relationship was found in young flies treated with TCA for 1 week and then deprived of food and water, a procedure found to induce accelerated physiological aging."	( Accelerated aging of fasted Drosophila. Preservation of physiological function and cellular fine structure by thiazolidine carboxylic acid (TCA). Ballard, RC; Binnard, R; Economos, AC; Miquel, J; Philpott, DE, 1982)	0.26
" In plasma there was a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity, creatinine level and cholinesterase activity and an increase in GPT activity and total cholesterol level in rats given a higher dosage of the drug."	( 1-month subacute oral toxicity study of KB-944, a new calcium antagonist, in rats. Hirakawa, K; Iino, T; Nose, T; Ogino, F; Takebe, H; Unno, T, 1982)	0.26
"Frentizole, an immunosuppressive phenylurea agent, used in a dosage of 4 mg/kg per day, was found to produce quick elevation of platelet counts in three thrombocytopenic patients."	( Frentizole therapy of thrombocytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus and refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Colgan, JP; Ferguson, RH; O'Duffy, JD; Phyliky, RL, 1980)	0.26
" The two pharmaceutical dosage forms were given to same subjects at a one-week interval according to a cross-over design."	( Serum and urinary levels of fentiazac after a single oral and epicutaneous administration in human subjects. Giachetti, C; Mondino, A; Quattrini, M; Silvestri, S; Zanolo, G, 1981)	0.26
" ANFT-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity was principally localized in the bladder epithelium and was inhibited in a linear dose-response relationship by the synthetic retinoid, 13-cis-retinoic acid."	( Early induction of mouse urinary bladder ornithine decarboxylase activity by rodent vesical carcinogens. Bryan, GT; Matsushima, M, 1980)	0.26
" Larval count data on fecal samples also indicated liited, if any, activity against Strongyloides westeri by tioxidazole at this dosage (11 mg/kg)."	( Critical tests of new benzothiazole anthelmintic tioxidazole in the horse. Drudge, JH; Lyons, ET; Tolliver, SC, 1980)	0.26
"During the first 4 weeks, increases in CD4+ lymphocyte counts and reductions in the log number of copies of HIV-1 RNA per milliliter of plasma were similar among the four dosage groups, but in the three lower-dosage groups there was a return to base-line levels by 16 weeks."	( A short-term study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. European-Australian Collaborative Ritonavir Study Group. Bouza, E; Carr, A; Danner, SA; Gonzales, J; Gudiol, F; Lehman, LM; Leonard, JM; Pintado, V; Raventos, A; Rubio, R, 1995)	0.29
"18 log in the four dosage groups."	( A preliminary study of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease, to treat HIV-1 infection. Henry, D; Hsu, A; Hurley, AM; La Marca, A; Leonard, JM; Markowitz, M; Powderly, WG; Saag, M; Sattler, F; Valdes, JM, 1995)	0.29
" In addition, quantitative dosage screening can discriminate female carriers."	( Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy carrier detection using quantitative PCR and fluorescence-based strategies. Fortina, P; Lebo, RV; Lucero, MY; Mansfield, ES; Mayrand, PE; Parrella, T; Rappaport, E; Robertson, JM; Sartore, M; Surrey, S, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response curve of inactivation of transport or of metabolic function varied with the ROS generator used and conformed to one of two patterns of toxicity: either threshold-dependent or single-hit inactivation."	( Localization of damage induced by reactive oxygen species in cultured cells. Buxser, SE; Decker, DE; Vroegop, SM, 1995)	0.29
" At high doses, the dose-response relationship reaches a prolonged plateau which covers 4 orders of magnitude of incremental hormone concentrations."	( The development of an eluted stain bioassay (ESTA) for human growth hormone. Dattani, MT; Ealey, PA; Hassan, MK; Holt, SJ; Marshall, NJ; Sandhu, R; Yateman, ME, 1995)	0.29
" This effect of meloxicam on furosemide dynamics is small, and is probably not clinically relevant in healthy volunteers under the dosing regime studied."	( Influence of meloxicam on furosemide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy volunteers. de Vaal, AC; Groenewoud, G; Hundt, HK; Middle, MV; Müller, FO; Schall, R, 1995)	0.29
" These results indicate that combined daily dosing of semotiadil, especially with enalapril, each at relatively low doses may be able to control hypertension in a continuous manner."	( Antihypertensive effects of a novel calcium antagonist, semotiadil fumarate (SD-3211), alone and in combination with enalapril or trichlormethiazide in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Akashi, S; Ichikawa, M; Koida, M; Machidera, Y; Manno, K; Nakamuta, H; Ohtsuji, T; Wanaka, M, 1994)	0.29
" After oral dosing (10 mg/rat), PB had an inhibiting effect on the excretion rate of TTCA."	( Effect of cytochrome P450 isozyme induction and glutathione depletion on the metabolism of CS2 to TTCA in rats. Aitio, A; Elovaara, E; Kivistö, H; Riihimaki, V, 1995)	0.29
" The antiischemic and antiarrhythmic dose-response curves were superimposable, suggesting a common mechanism of action."	( Attenuation by R 56865, a novel cytoprotective drug, of regional myocardial ischemia- and reperfusion-induced electrocardiographic disturbances in anesthetized rabbits. De Courtois, F; John, GW; Le Grand, B; Pouget, G; Verscheure, Y, 1995)	0.29
" Well-defined dose-response curves reflecting impairment of mitochondrial function by the antifungal agents were obtained."	( Susceptibility testing of Candida albicans and Aspergillus species by a simple microtiter menadione-augmented 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Bhakdi, S; Jahn, B; Martin, E; Stueben, A, 1995)	0.29
" By GC/MS analyses of derivatized metabolites and comparison with authentic samples, thioformamide and benzimidazol-2-ylglyoxal as the accompanying fragment were identified as urinary metabolites in mice dosed with 1a."	( Formation of toxic metabolites from thiabendazole and other thiazoles in mice. Identification of thioamides as ring cleavage products. Kawazoe, S; Mizutani, T; Yoshida, K, )	0.37
"5 times the maximum dosage intended for clinical use."	( Toxicological evaluation of pidotimod. Amico-Roxas, M; Bertè, F; Bussi, R; Coppi, G; Gnemi, P; Harling, RJ; Mailland, F; Manzardo, S; Massey, JE; Spencer-Briggs, DJ, 1994)	0.29
" During the first 8-day phase (D0-D8), 68 patients received 800 mg pidotimod orally (one sachet) twice daily and an antibiotic treatment (amoxycillin plus clavulanic acid: 1 g twice daily), while 69 patients received placebo (one sachet) and antibiotic according to the same dosage schedule."	( Pidotimod in the treatment of patients affected by bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Cirianni, C; Dolcetti, A; Fugazza, L; Moreo, G; Orlandi, O; Piacenza, G; Pozzi, E; Rampulla, C; Scarpazza, G, 1994)	0.29
" Moreover, the inhibitory effect of YM-14471 was more prolonged than those of famotidine and cimetidine by either route, and it was as long as that of omeprazole dosed orally."	( Antisecretory effects of a novel and long-lasting histamine H2-receptor antagonist, YM-14471, in rats and dogs. Fujihara, A; Kamato, T; Miyata, K; Nishida, A; Takeda, M; Yuki, H, 1993)	0.29
" Increases in whole-blood glutathione were observed in the highest dosage group after 6 weeks of therapy."	( A phase I/II trial of intravenous L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (procysteine) in asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects. Borum, PR; Chance, M; Emgushov, RT; Jackson, JB; Kalayjian, RC; Mayer, KH; Skowron, G; Spell, SA; Webb, LS; Yen-Lieberman, B, 1994)	0.29
"Liquid and semi-solid enteric dosage forms were prepared by entrapping drug with an appropriate partition coefficient in a lipid base vehicle which would then be released by the action of intestinal enzymes."	( Use of enzymatic activity for design of orally administered enteric dosing forms. Ishizaka, M; Nishihata, T; Yamamoto, K, 1993)	0.29
" After repeated dosing (12-15 days), moguisteine did not induce tolerance in either guinea-pigs or dogs."	( Moguisteine: a novel peripheral non-narcotic antitussive drug. Borghi, A; Ceserani, R; Dalla Rosa, C; Gallico, L; Tognella, S, 1994)	0.29
" There was no effect of food consumption during dosing on the extent of absorption of zopolrestat."	( Pharmacokinetics of the aldose reductase inhibitor, zopolrestat, in humans. Gerber, N; Inskeep, PB; Peterson, MJ; Ronfeld, RA, 1994)	0.29
") decreased milk intake in rats (n = 9) and, when given in combination with cocaine, shifted the cocaine dose-response function (4."	( Behavioral effects of the dopamine autoreceptor agonist PD 128483 alone and in combination with cocaine. Vanover, KE; Woolverton, WL, 1994)	0.29
" In experiment 3, explants were incubated in the presence of oxytocin or arginine vasopressin at 10(-9) to 10(-6) M to establish dose-response curves for the activation of PLC and release of PGF2 alpha."	( Cellular mechanisms mediating the stimulation of ovine endometrial secretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha in response to oxytocin: role of phospholipase C and diacylglycerol. Brockman, JA; Hayes, SH; Lee, JS; Lowberger, LL; Silvia, WJ; Trammell, DS, 1994)	0.29
" For mice dosed subcutaneously with TZB, the AUC value for plasma was considerably lower than that for mice dosed intravenously; mice dosed intraperitoneally had higher plasma levels of the drug than after oral or subcutaneous dosing."	( Metabolism and disposition of a thiazolobenzimidazole active against human immunodeficiency virus-1. el Dareer, SM; Hill, DL; Posey, CF; Rose, LM; Stiller, SW; Struck, RF; Tillery, KF, )	0.13
" Like PLG the dose-response curves for 3 and 4 were bell-shaped in nature with the maximum effect occurring at a concentration of 1 microM."	( Bicyclic thiazolidine lactam peptidomimetics of the dopamine receptor modulating peptide Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2. Bontems, RJ; Johnson, RL; McIntee, E; Mishra, RK; Subasinghe, NL, 1993)	0.29
" This compound was inactive against Brugia pahangi at a dosage of 100 mg/kg x 5 days."	( Synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted thiazoles and selenazoles as potential antitumor and antifilarial agents: 1. Methyl 4-(isothiocyanatomethyl)thiazole-2-carbamates, -selenazole-2- carbamates, and related derivatives. Borysko, KZ; Green, R; Kumar, Y; Townsend, LB; Wise, DS; Wotring, LL, 1993)	0.57
" Oral but not topical dosing of an aldose reductase inhibitor, 5-(3-ethoxy-4-pentyloxyphenyl)-2,4- thiazolidinedione, resulted in a positive dose-response correlation characterized by a restoration of PC, S-3-P and F-3-P to the prediabetic level; however, alpha-GP and ATP were only partially normalized."	( Aldose reductase inhibition and the phosphorus-31 profile of the intact diabetic rat lens. Cheng, HM; Kajiwara, K; Ono, M; Toda, T; Tsubota, K; Yoshida, M, 1993)	0.29
" In one study, acute high dosage survivorship was compared for approximately equimolar cysteine dosages of L-cysteine and Procysteine."	( Toxicity evaluations of L-cysteine and Procysteine, a cysteine prodrug, given once intravenously to neonatal rats. Glosson, JA; Goldberg, DI; Madsen, DC; Rowe, WB; White, RD; Wilson, DM, 1993)	0.29
" An appropriate dose-response curve of EIA for 4-hydroxy-2-(4-methylphenyl)benzothiazole was obtained in the range of 10 pg tube-1-20 ng tube-1."	( Enzyme immunoassay for 4-hydroxy-2-(4-methylphenyl)benzothiazole. Awata, N; Goto, J; Miyairi, S; Morita, H; Nambara, T; Shimada, H, 1993)	0.29
"The thiazolobenzimidazole 1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-1H,3H-thiazolo[3,4-a] benzimidazole, TBI, is an experimental drug for the treatment of AIDS which exhibits a low water solubility (11 micrograms/mL) and is therefore difficult to administer in an injectable solution dosage form at a target solution concentration of 10 mg/mL."	( Solubilization of thiazolobenzimidazole using a combination of pH adjustment and complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Anderson, BD; Hoesterey, BL; Lim, K; Tinwalla, AY; Xiang, TX, 1993)	0.29
" To investigate which classes of chemotherapeutic drug are differentially toxic to testis-tumour cells, we compared the in vitro dose-response curves of 5 human testis and 5 bladder-cancer cell lines to 12 compounds."	( Hypersensitivity of human testis-tumour cell lines to chemotherapeutic drugs. Masters, JR; Osborne, EJ; Parris, CN; Walker, MC, 1993)	0.29
" The findings suggest that the dosage regimen of this drug should be decreased in the elderly."	( Pharmacokinetic study of fentiazac and its main metabolite hydroxyfentiazac in the elderly. Akbaraly, JP; Beck, H; Campistron, G; Coulais, Y; Grislain, L; Houin, G; Lapeyre, C; Rochas, MA; Tufenkji, AE, 1993)	0.29
" When administered to rodents at a daily dosage of 384 mumol/kg over a period of 10 days, drug 1 demonstrated severe renal toxicity."	( A comparative study of the iron-clearing properties of desferrithiocin analogues with desferrioxamine B in a Cebus monkey model. Bergeron, RJ; Creary, EA; Daniels, RD; King, W; Luchetta, G; Moerker, T; Peter, HH; Streiff, RR; Wiegand, J, 1993)	0.29
" Evidence for this hypothesis was provided by the results that thioformamide and tert-butylglyoxal as the accompanying fragment were identified as urinary metabolites in mice dosed with 4-tert-butylthiazole and that thioformamide caused a marked increase in SUN concentration when administered to mice in combination with BSO."	( Possible role of thioformamide as a proximate toxicant in the nephrotoxicity of thiabendazole and related thiazoles in glutathione-depleted mice: structure-toxicity and metabolic studies. Kawazoe, S; Mizutani, T; Yoshida, K, )	0.34
" For each test agent, a dose-response profile was generated by using an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and an SRB (sulforhodamine B) assay."	( Comparison of antitumor activity of vitamins K1, K2 and K3 on human tumor cells by two (MTT and SRB) cell viability assays. Chang, HM; Liao, WC; Wu, FY, 1993)	0.29
" However, risperidone induced a U-shaped dose-response curve."	( Differential effects of repeated administration of novel antipsychotic drugs on the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons in the rat. Skarsfeldt, T, 1995)	0.29
" The rectal temperature and scores for general demeanour were determined at 30-min intervals from before dosing to 300 min after the endotoxin challenge."	( Dose-response relationship for the antipyretic effect of meloxicam in an endotoxin model in cats. Justus, C; Quirke, JF, 1995)	0.29
" R56865 was given before ischemia and with the onset of reperfusion, applying different dosing schedules, including an initial loading dose."	( R56865 is antifibrillatory in reperfused ischemic guinea-pig hearts, even when given only during reperfusion. Guttmann, I; Mozes, A; Scheufler, E; Wilffert, B, 1995)	0.29
" Although the same dosage of MKT-077 significantly decreased respiratory rates in rat liver mitochondria relative to untreated controls, complete recovery was evident within 3 days following drug withdrawal."	( In vivo administration of MKT-077 causes partial yet reversible impairment of mitochondrial function. Chen, LB; Koya, K; Li, Y; Modica-Napolitano, J; Weisberg, EL, 1996)	0.29
" Typical dose-response curves from neutral red uptake and MTT assays were recorded in all models with IC50 ranging from 6 to 24 microM."	( Evaluation of the toxicological risk to humans of caulerpenyne using human hematopoietic progenitors, melanocytes, and keratinocytes in culture. Amade, P; Delescluse, C; Durand-Clément, M; Fournier, V; Lemée, R; Parent-Massin, D; Pesando, D, 1996)	0.29
" Dose-response analysis yielded an apparent EC50 for R59022-induced oocyte maturation of approximately 15 microM."	( Analysis of R59022 actions in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Frith, T; Sadler, SE; Wasserman, WJ, 1996)	0.29
" This is the so-called dose-response relationship."	( Formulation effect on the dermal bioavailability of isothiazolone biocide. Hazelton, GA; Jayjock, MA; Lewis, PG; Wooder, MF, 1996)	0.29
" Neither hepatic insufficiency nor moderate renal dysfunction have any relevant effects on the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam and dosage adjustments in the elderly are not required."	( A review of the clinical pharmacokinetics of meloxicam. Busch, U; Roth, W; Türck, D, 1996)	0.29
" These methodologies will be useful for predicting the human pharmacokinetics after oral dosing from animal data."	( Prediction of the human pharmacokinetics of troglitazone, a new and extensively metabolized antidiabetic agent, after oral administration, with an animal scale-up approach. Enomoto, S; Hosiyama, K; Izumi, T; Nakagawa, T; Sasahara, K; Shibukawa, A; Sugiyama, Y, 1996)	0.29
" The parent molecule 5a shows potent inhibitory activity in vitro in the nanomolar range against a panel of human breast cancer cell lines, but is inactive (IC50 > 30 microM) against other cell types: activity against the sensitive breast lines MCF-7 and MDA 468 is characterized by a biphasic dose-response relationship."	( Antitumor benzothiazoles. 3. Synthesis of 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazoles and evaluation of their activities against breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Bradshaw, TD; Fichtner, I; Lelieveld, P; McCall, CJ; Shi, DF; Stevens, MF; Wrigley, S, 1996)	0.65
"3% of the dosed radioactivity was excreted into the bile."	( Biliary metabolites of semotiadil fumarate in the rat. Hakusui, H; Katoh, K; Nakaoka, M, 1995)	0.29
") diclofenac followed by oral dosing in patients with acute lumbago."	( The efficacy and tolerability of an 8-day administration of intravenous and oral meloxicam: a comparison with intramuscular and oral diclofenac in patients with acute lumbago. German Meloxicam Ampoule Study Group. Colberg, K; Degner, FL; Hettich, M; Sigmund, R, 1996)	0.29
" Metabolites found circulating in the plasma of rats dosed with HP236 were identical to those produced in vitro using rat liver microsomes or S9 fractions; however, LC/MS analysis of rat urine extract showed that the metabolite profile was different than that obtained from plasma or from in vitro extracts."	( Metabolism of an atypical antipsychotic agent, 3-[4-[4-(6-fluorobenzo[b]thien-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]-2, 5,5-trimethyl-4-thiazolidinone (HP236). Hrib, N; Jurcak, J; Mutlib, AE, 1996)	0.29
"), all reduced the freezing behavior with U-shaped dose-response curves."	( Evaluation of perospirone (SM-9018), a novel serotonin-2 and dopamine-2 receptor antagonist, and other antipsychotics in the conditioned fear stress-induced freezing behavior model in rats. Ishibashi, T; Ishida-Tokuda, K; Morita, T; Nakamura, M; Ohno, Y; Sakamoto, H; Tojima, R; Wakabayashi, J, 1996)	0.29
"To assess the potential adverse effects in people of the antipsychotic agent 1192U90, we dosed mice, rats, beagles, and cynomolgus monkeys for up to 3 mo."	( The experimental antipsychotic agent 1192U90 targets tapetum lucidum in canine eyes. Dillberger, JE; Dykstra, MJ; O'Mara, M; Patel, DK; Peiffer, RL, )	0.13
" RO was nearly complete at 4 hr after dosing (98%) and remained elevated at 18 hr (46%)."	( Positron emission tomographic analysis of central 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor occupancy in healthy volunteers treated with the novel antipsychotic agent, ziprasidone. Alpert, NM; Babich, JW; Bonab, AA; Elmaleh, DR; Fischman, AJ; Rauch, SL; Rubin, RH; Shoup, TM; Williams, SA, 1996)	0.29
" With increasing time between dosing and PET scanning there was a curvilinear increase in BP, so that all studies performed at or after 18 h post-dose gave BPs in the normal range (mean +/- 2 SD)."	( The time course of binding to striatal dopamine D2 receptors by the neuroleptic ziprasidone (CP-88,059-01) determined by positron emission tomography. Bench, CJ; Boyce, M; Brannick, LY; Dolan, RJ; Frackowiak, RS; Grasby, PM; Gunn, KP; Lammertsma, AA; Warrington, SJ, 1996)	0.29
" Metabolites 6-9 have been identified after dosing of rats and dogs."	( Synthesis and biological activity of metabolites of the antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic agent pioglitazone. Colca, JR; Fisher, RM; Kletzein, RF; Parker, TT; Tanis, SP, 1996)	0.29
" Parallel dose-response curves were obtained with these pituitary extracts and standard rat PRL over a wide range of dilutions."	( Prolactin-like biological activity in the pituitary glands of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica and of the amphibian Rana pipiens detected by a colorimetric Nb2 lymphoma cell proliferation assay. Kacsóh, B, 1997)	0.3
"The degree and duration of protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction afforded by three doses of a specific leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist, cinalukast, were assessed after an initial dosing and after 1 week of therapy."	( Prolonged protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by the leukotriene D4-receptor antagonist cinalukast. Adelroth, E; Inman, MD; Modi, M; O'Byrne, PM; Pace, D; Summers, E, 1997)	0.3
"On the basis of these results there is no necessity for a dosage adjustment when administering meloxicam to patients with mild to moderate renal impairment."	( Meloxicam pharmacokinetics in renal impairment. Bevis, PJ; Boulton-Jones, JM; Geddes, CG; Heinzel, G; Nehmiz, G; Türck, D, 1997)	0.3
"5-30 mg) have been investigated in 78 healthy male volunteers after single and multiple dosing via oral, intravenous and rectal routes."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of meloxicam. Busch, U; Heinzel, G; Narjes, H; Türck, D, 1997)	0.3
" Further studies are needed to investigate optimal dosage scheme, mechanism of action, and interference with anti-tumor activity and prevention of long-term side effects of cyclophosphamide."	( Protective effects of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate treatment on cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats. Gordon, D; Leaf, C; Rice, D; Safron, J; White, R, 1997)	0.3
" A dose-response study showed inhibition of the increase in HSP 72 with as little as 5 micrograms (1."	( Blocking the endogenous increase in HSP 72 increases susceptibility to hypoxia and reoxygenation in isolated adult feline cardiocytes. Knowlton, AA; Mann, DL; Nakano, M, 1997)	0.3
"A blinded, randomized, controlled single crossover design study was performed to determine the efficacy of meloxicam, using 2 dosage groups."	( Kinetic gait analysis assessment of meloxicam efficacy in a sodium urate-induced synovitis model in dogs. Budsberg, SC; Cross, AR; Keefe, TJ, 1997)	0.3
" Bell-shaped dose-response curves for apoptosis, however, which reflect a switch from the apoptotic to the necrotic death mode with increasing cellular damage tend to limit practicability in clinical testing, because appropriate dose range and time points need to be explored."	( Apoptosis and resistance to daunorubicin in human leukemic cells. Efferth, T; Fabry, U; Osieka, R, 1997)	0.3
" A dose range toxicity study was also performed to determine the dosage levels or concentrations to be tested for the assessment of genotoxic effects."	( Genotoxicity studies on ebrotidine. Ciliutti, P; García, M; Marcos, R; Montero, R; Palacín, C; Romero, A; Vericat, JA; Villamayor, F, 1997)	0.3
" Dosage levels were 150, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 800 mg."	( Pharmacokinetics of ebrotidine in healthy volunteers. A summary. Albet, C; Herrero, E; Márquez, M; Ortiz, JA; Pérez, JA; Rozman, E, 1997)	0.3
"To evaluate dose-response relationships for tolerability, safety, and efficacy of the synthetic dopamine agonist pramipexole."	( Safety and efficacy of pramipexole in early Parkinson disease. A randomized dose-ranging study. Parkinson Study Group. , 1997)	0.3
" A 6-week dosage escalation period was followed by a 4-week maintenance period and a 1-week period during which active treatment was withdrawn."	( Safety and efficacy of pramipexole in early Parkinson disease. A randomized dose-ranging study. Parkinson Study Group. , 1997)	0.3
" Metabolites designated M6 and M9 were isolated from urine and bile of the rat dosed with radiolabeled ZIP and purified by reversed phase HPLC."	( Characterization of the novel benzisothiazole ring-cleaved products of the antipsychotic drug ziprasidone. Cui, D; Kamel, A; Prakash, C, 1997)	0.3
" Best results were obtained by using a combined simultaneous analysis of dose-response curve families."	( Estimation of the chemosensitizing activity of modulators of multi-drug resistance via combined simultaneous analysis of sigmoidal dose-response curves. Chiba, P; Ecker, G; Schaper, KJ, 1997)	0.3
"Peripheral blood taken over 12 h after dosing was used for ex vivo beta-TG release and, in the case of the 70 mg dose, measurement of plasma drug concentration."	( Ex vivo inhibition of beta-thromboglobulin release following administration to man of ABT-299, a novel prodrug of a potent platelet activating factor antagonist. Albert, DH; Carter, GW; Kleinert, HD; Magoc, TJ; Menacherry, SD; Morgan, DW; Reyes, AE; Summers, JB; Sun, E, 1997)	0.3
"0 mg/kg) produced a behavioural profile indicative of an anxiolyticlike effect, with an apparent bell-shaped dose-response relationship and increases in nonexploratory behaviours at the largest dose tested."	( Influence of 5-HT1A receptor antagonism on plus-maze behaviour in mice. II. WAY 100635, SDZ 216-525 and NAN-190. Cao, BJ; Rodgers, RJ, 1997)	0.3
" Both drugs are relatively well-tolerated, with the exception of dyskinesias that require reduction of the levodopa dosage and occasional diarrhea."	( New pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's disease. Alldredge, BK; Aminoff, MJ; Bainbridge, JL; Dowling, GA; Gottwald, MD, 1997)	0.3
" When dosed orally to F344 rats, DHT (1 mmol/kg for 3 days) caused the characteristic exacerbation of hyaline droplets in male rat kidneys and increased renal levels of immunoreactive alpha 2u-globulin about threefold over control levels."	( 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole is a ligand for mouse urinary protein and rat alpha 2u-globulin: physiological and toxicological relevance. Caudill, D; Eddy, C; Lehman-McKeeman, LD; Rodriguez, PA, 1998)	0.3
"To introduce troglitazone (CS-045, Rezulin), a new oral antidiabetic agent and discuss its pharmacology, therapeutics, pharmacokinetics, dosing guidelines, adverse effects, drug interactions, and clinical efficacy."	( Troglitazone: review and assessment of its role in the treatment of patients with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus. Campbell, LK; Campbell, RK; Johnson, MD, 1998)	0.3
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of troglitazone are reviewed."	( Troglitazone: an antidiabetic agent. Chen, C, 1998)	0.3
"A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 37 asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals (mean CD4 count 707 cells/mm3) to characterize the safety, pharmacokinetics, and effect on blood thiols of three dosage levels of a cysteine prodrug, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC; Procysteine; Clintec Technologies, Deerfield, IL)."	( A phase I/II evaluation of oral L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in asymptomatic patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Barditch-Crovo, P; Borum, P; Buier, R; Goldberg, D; Kalayjian, RC; Lederman, M; Lietman, P; Noe, D; Rowe, WB; Skowron, G, 1998)	0.3
" Similarly, a dose-response curve was obtained for Mel, 4'-Mel and piroxicam when measuring in vivo prostaglandin production, anti-inflammatory activity and gastric tolerance to determine the dose resulting in a 50% reduction of the each parameter."	( Differential inhibition of cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 by meloxicam and its 4'-isomer. Engelhardt, G; Mauz, A; Pairet, M; Schierok, H; Trummlitz, G; van Ryn, J, 1998)	0.3
" As we have previously reported, PRM was effective at markedly reducing the parasite burden in piglets at a dosage of 500 mg/kg/day."	( Efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture and in animal models. D'Onfro, J; Fairfield, A; Griffiths, JK; Theodos, CM; Tzipori, S, 1998)	0.3
" Dose-response clonogenic assays of the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line with troglitazone showed an antiproliferative effect (ED50, 3 x 10(-7) M) and other PPARgamma ligands (BRL49653: ED50, 8 x 10(-8) M; 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2: ED50, 2 x 10(-6) M; ciglitizone: ED50, not reached; indomethacin: ED50, not reached) showed similar effects."	( Ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (troglitazone) has potent antitumor effect against human prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Asou, H; Holden, S; Koeffler, HP; Koshizuka, K; Kubota, T; Miyoshi, I; Said, JW; Williamson, EA, 1998)	0.3
" Neither dosage of lubeluzole had any statistically or clinically relevant effects on the QTc."	( Cardiovascular safety of lubeluzole (Prosynap(R)) in patients with ischemic stroke. Diener, HC; Haan, J; Hacke, W; Hantson, L; Hennerici, M; Lees, KR; Timmerhuis, T, )	0.13
" Biphasic dose-response relationships were observed in sensitive cell lines after 48-h drug exposure."	( Influence of 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazoles on growth of human ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Bradshaw, TD; Fiebig, HH; Garner, C; Kelland, L; Paull, KD; Schultz, RJ; Shi, DF; Stevens, MF; Wilson, A; Wrigley, S, 1998)	0.58
"Troglitazone was administered at a dosage of 200 mg twice daily for 12 weeks in 20 poorly controlled NIDDM patients."	( Troglitazone reduces plasma leptin concentration but increases hunger in NIDDM patients. Kobayashi, I; Mori, M; Sato, N; Shimizu, H; Shimomura, Y; Tsuchiya, T, 1998)	0.3
" This dosage can be used to study the barrier properties of the corneocyte layer without destroying the artificial skin."	( In vitro correlation between two colorimetric assays and the pyruvic acid consumption by fibroblasts cultured to determine the sodium laurylsulfate cytotoxicity. Coiffard, C; Coiffard, LJ; De Roeck-Holtzhauer, Y; Rivalland, P; Verhulst, C, 1998)	0.3
" The survival rates at maximum inhibition (Imax %) and the concentrations of drugs which caused fifty percent reduction in absorbance compared to baseline values (IC50) of 175 samples of 10 anti-tumor drugs were evaluated by logistic analyses of the dose-response curves."	( Evaluation of in vitro chemosensitivity of antitumor drugs using the MTT assay in fresh human breast cancer. Huang, Y; Jiang, ZF; Li, YB; Liu, XQ; Song, ST; Tang, ZM; Xu, JM; Zhou, L, 1998)	0.3
" The effect of insulin sensitizer treatment on muscle insulin action was studied using ob/ob mice after 4 days dosing with a potent (6 nM PPARgamma Kd) TZD (10 mg/kg x day)."	( Role of skeletal muscle in thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer (PPARgamma agonist) action. Berger, J; Doebber, T; Li, Z; McCrary, C; Moller, DE; Ryder, JW; Ventre, J; Woods, J; Wu, M; Zhang, B; Zierath, JR, 1998)	0.3
" When CAM treatment at a dosage of 2 mg/kg of body weight orally for 21 days was commenced after inoculation of the tumor, no significant decrease in death rate was observed, although the loss in body weight was less than that in the untreated group."	( Therapeutic effect of clarithromycin on a transplanted tumor in rats. Fujishita, T; Kobayashi, M; Mizushima, Y; Oosaki, R; Sassa, K, 1999)	0.3
" In conclusion, the TSIA, but not the MTT assay, can measure dose-response curves for MTX in patient-derived ALL cells and showed relative MTX resistance in T-ALL compared with c/preB-ALL."	( Differential methotrexate resistance in childhood T- versus common/preB-acute lymphoblastic leukemia can be measured by an in situ thymidylate synthase inhibition assay, but not by the MTT assay. Jansen, G; Kaspers, GJ; Mauritz, R; Noordhuis, P; Peters, GJ; Pieters, R; Rots, MG; van Zantwijk, CH; Veerman, AJ, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response studies show a good correlation between inhibition of actin polymerization and increased degranulation."	( The role of actin microfilaments in the down-regulation of the degranulation response in RBL-2H3 mast cells. Apgar, JR; Frigeri, L, 1999)	0.3
"Delivery of drugs through the skin and the buccal mucosa has been considered as an alternative to per oral dosing for those substances that are degraded in the gastro-intestinal tract, or are subject to first-pass metabolism in the liver."	( Buccal mucosa in vitro experiments. I. Confocal imaging of vital staining and MTT assays for the determination of tissue viability. Cullander, C; Imbert, D, 1999)	0.3
" Peptidomimetics 3 and 4 were evaluated in vivo as modulators of apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of hemiparkinsonism, and each affected the rotational behavior in a bell-shaped dose-response relationship producing increases of 95 +/- 31% (0."	( Design, synthesis, and dopamine receptor modulating activity of spiro bicyclic peptidomimetics of L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide. Gleason, WB; Johnson, RL; Khalil, EM; Mishra, RK; Nair, VD; Ojala, WH; Pradhan, A, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response relationships for both of the TZDs were also determined using the 24-h treatment time point."	( A novel method for analysis of nuclear receptor function at natural promoters: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist actions on aP2 gene expression detected using branched DNA messenger RNA quantitation. Burris, TP; Cryan, E; Demarest, KT; Osborne, MC; Pelton, PD; Zhou, L, 1999)	0.3
" In vivo studies in rats and dogs dosed orally and intravenously confirmed the stereoselective metabolism of tazofelone observed in vitro."	( Stereoselective metabolism of tazofelone, an anti-inflammatory bowel disease agent, in rats and dogs and in human liver microsomes. Clay, MP; Hanssen, BR; Lindstrom, TD; Surapaneni, SS, 1999)	0.3
" Dosage adjustment is not required in the elderly."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of meloxicam. A cyclo-oxygenase-2 preferential nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Davies, NM; Skjodt, NM, 1999)	0.3
" An intramuscular dosage form of ziprasidone was developed using beta-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ether (SBECD) to solubilize the drug by complexation."	( Inclusion complexation of ziprasidone mesylate with beta-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ether. Blake, JF; Chrunyk, B; Duffy, EM; Kim, Y; Massefski, W; Oksanen, DA, 1998)	0.3
" The results of this preliminary study indicate that analysis of TTCA, although regarded as an established biomarker, can give biases and thus negatively interfere with inferred dose-effect or dose-response relationships in occupational epidemiology."	( Preliminary external quality assessment for the biological monitoring of carbon disulfide with urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. Braeckman, L; Bulat, P; Daemen, E; de Bacquer, D; van Risseghem, M; Vanhoorne, M, 1999)	0.3
"These data support dosing guidelines that will permit the administration of rosiglitazone without regard to meals for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Systemic exposure to rosiglitazone is unaltered by food. Allen, A; DiCicco, RA; Freed, MI; Jorkasky, DK, 1999)	0.3
" Patients were randomized to two titration schedules-either slow titration, following the package insert and taking up to 8 weeks to reach their equivalent dosage (8 patients), or rapid titration, receiving the full converted dose the day after stopping the former agonist (8 patients) with subsequent weekly dose adjustments."	( Switching dopamine agonists in advanced Parkinson's disease: is rapid titration preferable to slow? Blasucci, L; Goetz, CG; Stebbins, GT, 1999)	0.3
" The results confirm the recommended dosage regime of meloxicam with its initial loading dose and the subsequent maintenance dose."	( [Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects of the non-inflammatory non-steroidal agent meloxicam in dogs]. Hörstermann, D; Poulsen Nautrup, B, 1999)	0.3
" TZDs act additively with other types of oral antidiabetic agents (suphonylureas, metformin and acarbose) and reduce the insulin dosage required in insulin-treated patients."	( Thiazolidinediones: a new class of antidiabetic drugs. Day, C, 1999)	0.3
" Procysteine enters CSF after both IV and oral dosing and accumulates to significant levels in CSF."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmaco-dynamics of Procysteine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brown, RH; Cudkowicz, ME; Ellis, T; Gwilt, PR; Hayden, DL; Sexton, PM; Whalen, J, 1999)	0.3
" Before dosing and 24 h after the seventh dose of each regimen, heparinized whole blood samples were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (10 microgram/ml) for 24 h at 37 degrees C, and prostaglandin E2 was measured in plasma as an index of monocyte COX-2 activity."	( Dose-dependent inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase-1 and monocyte cyclooxygenase-2 by meloxicam in healthy subjects. Di Giamberardino, M; Panara, MR; Patrignani, P; Patrono, C; Renda, G; Rotondo, MT; Santini, G; Sciulli, MG; Seta, F; Tacconelli, S, 1999)	0.3
" In contrast, using the same dosing regimen, DFO and L1 only produced a 16% and 18% reduction, respectively, in liver iron levels."	( Effects of desferrithiocin and its derivatives on peripheral iron and striatal dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in the ferrocene-loaded rat. Crichton, RR; Dexter, DT; Florence, A; Jenner, P; Ward, RJ, 1999)	0.3
" Peptidomimetics 3-5 each affected rotational behavior in a bell-shaped dose-response relationship producing maximal increases of 44% (1 microgram/kg,ip), 56% (0."	( Synthesis and dopamine receptor modulating activity of substituted bicyclic thiazolidine lactam peptidomimetics of L-prolyl-L-leucyl-glycinamide. Gleason, WB; Johnson, RL; Khalil, EM; Mishra, RK; Ojala, WH; Pradhan, A, 1999)	0.3
"This study evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of troglitazone, metabolite 1 (sulfate conjugate), and metabolite 3 (quinone metabolite) following administration of daily oral doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg troglitazone for 7 days (per dosing period) to 21 subjects."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of troglitazone and its metabolites. Alvey, CW; Koup, JR; Loi, CM; Randinitis, EJ; Sedman, AJ; Vassos, AB, 1999)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetics of troglitazone are linear over the clinical dosage range of 200 to 600 mg once daily."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of troglitazone. Koup, JR; Loi, CM; Randinitis, E; Vassos, A; Young, M, 1999)	0.3
"0 microg/ml, and was applied to monitor the plasma concentration of MAB in a rat dosed with 25 mg/kg as a 1 min intravenous infusion."	( Analysis of 2-(3-methyl-4-aminophenyl)-benzothiazole (NSC 674495) in plasma by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection. Bramhall, C; Buckley, J; Daw, TW; Phillips, LR; Stinson, SF, 1999)	0.3
" Four days before necropsy, mice were dosed with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) using osmotic pumps."	( Troglitazone-induced heart and adipose tissue cell proliferation in mice. Breider, MA; de la Iglesia, FA; Gough, AW; Haskins, JR; Sobocinski, G, )	0.13
" The concentrations of the different antioxidants were: 1 mM for thioproline and N-acetylcysteine and 5 microM for ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol, which induced a maximum effect in our previous dose-response experiments."	( Effects in vitro of several antioxidants on the natural killer function of aging mice. Correa, R; De la Fuente, M; Del Rio, M; Ferrández, MD, 1999)	0.3
" The antisecretory action of YJA20379-1 was short lasting (less than 7 h at an oral dosing of 30 mg/kg)."	( Biochemical and pharmacological characteristics of a newly synthesized H+-K+ ATPase inhibitor, YJA20379-1, 2-amino-4,5-dihydro-8-phenylimidazole[2,1-b]thiazolo[5,4-g]benzothiazol e. Chang, MS; Choi, WS; Chung, YK; Kim, KB; Lee, SB; Sohn, SK; Woo, TW, 1999)	0.3
"To study the influence of meloxicam, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) preferential nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on serum thromboxane and platelet function in healthy volunteers with use of the maximum recommended daily dosage of 15 mg/day."	( Meloxicam, 15 mg/day, spares platelet function in healthy volunteers. de Meijer, A; de Metz, M; Novakova, I; Thomas, C; Verbruggen, B; Vollaard, H, 1999)	0.3
"To examine the effects of repeat oral dosing of rosiglitazone on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine, a prototype CYP3A4 substrate, a randomized, open-label, crossover study was performed with two treatment phases separated by a washout period of at least 14 days."	( Rosiglitazone has no clinically significant effect on nifedipine pharmacokinetics. Finnerty, D; Freed, MI; Harris, RZ; Inglis, AM; Jorkasky, DK; Miller, AK; Patterson, S; Thompson, KA, 1999)	0.3
" The paradoxical effect observed with probenecid was not seen in the E3040 dose-response curve for the uric acid excretion rate."	( Mechanism of the uricosuric action of E3040, a drug used to treat inflammatory bowel disease II: study using DBA/2N mice. Furitsu, H; Iga, T; Kotaki, H; Sawada, Y; Yamada, H, 1999)	0.3
" From the dose-response curve, we discovered that 10(-2) M cyclophosphamide, even in its so-called 'bio-inert' form, could inhibit MCF-7 cell growth."	( Yuehchukene, a bis-indole alkaloid, and cyclophosphamide are active in breast cancer in vitro. Cheng, G; Cheng, KF; Chui, CH; Ho, SK; Kong, YC; Lau, FY; Leung, TW; Poon, TC; Tang, JC; Tjong, JK; Tse, WC, )	0.13
"A sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of amitriptyline hydrochloride, nortriptyline hydrochloride and doxepin hydrochloride in pure and dosage forms, is described."	( Spectrophotometric determination of some antidepressant drugs using 3-methylbenzothiazolin-2-one hydrazone. Manju, B; Revanasiddappa, HD, 1999)	0.3
" Also, when given as adjunctive therapy with levodopa, they can allow the levodopa maintenance dosage to be reduced without loss of symptom control."	( Clinical pharmacology of dopamine agonists. Lam, YW, 2000)	0.31
" Differences between products (both in vitro or in vivo) were less pronounced than differences due to media composition (in vitro) or dosing conditions (in vivo)."	( Forecasting the in vivo performance of four low solubility drugs from their in vitro dissolution data. Dressman, JB; Efthymiopoulos, C; Galia, E; Nicolaides, E; Reppas, C, 1999)	0.3
"Three sensitive and accurate methods are presented for the determination of benazepril in its dosage forms."	( Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of benazepril hydrochloride in its single and multi-component dosage forms. Abdine, HH; El-Yazbi, FA; Shaalan, RA, 1999)	0.3
" In addition, TEI-6720 and allopurinol showed similar dose-response curves for the decrease in uric acid or allantoin concentration, and the associated increase in xanthine concentration, indicating that TEI-6720 and allopurinol have similar pharmacological characteristics although the dosage required differs."	( A comparative study on the hypouricemic activity and potency in renal xanthine calculus formation of two xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitors: TEI-6720 and allopurinol in rats. Horiuchi, H; Kaneko, H; Kasahara, Y; Kobayashi, M; Komoriya, K; Kondo, S; Nishimura, S; Ota, M, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response effect was noted with the lower concentrations and shorter exposure times where the inhibition rates were lower (but not significantly so)."	( Effect of brief exposure to mitomycin C on cultured human nasal mucosa fibroblasts. Hu, D; Oda, D; Royack, GA; Sires, BS; Tong, DC, 2000)	0.31
" Ziprasidone was associated with transient prolactin elevation but levels of prolactin returned to baseline within the dosing interval at steady state."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone under non-fasting conditions in healthy male volunteers. Apseloff, G; Gerber, N; Hansen, RA; Johnson, AC; Miceli, JJ; Wilner, KD, 2000)	0.31
" The sensitizing capacity of known allergens was quantified by dose-response modeling."	( A quantitative method for assessing the sensitizing potency of low molecular weight chemicals using a local lymph node assay: employment of a regression method that includes determination of the uncertainty margins. de Jong, WH; Slob, W; van Loveren, H; van Och, FM; Vandebriel, RJ, 2000)	0.31
"1-400 nM) by using the dose-response curves of PAF on calf platelet aggregation."	( In vitro inhibitory effect of SR 27417, a potent platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, on the PAF-induced bovine platelet aggregation. Bastos da Silva, M; Delaunois, A; Godeau, JM; Gustin, P; Lekeux, P, )	0.13
") at a dosage of 300 or 450 mg/kg of body weight or subcutaneously (s."	( Role of cytoprotectants and nitric oxide inhibition in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastroduodenal injury in the rat. Albassam, MA; Lillie, LE; Macallum, GE; Percy, DH; Turner, PV, 2000)	0.31
" dosing of rosiglitazone solution, and the disposition of nonradiolabeled rosiglitazone was determined after oral dosing of tablets in this open-label, three-part, semirandomized, crossover study."	( Absorption, disposition, and metabolism of rosiglitazone, a potent thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer, in humans. Cowley, H; Cox, PJ; Harris, AM; Hollis, FJ; Miller, AK; Ryan, DA; Vousden, M, 2000)	0.31
" As a result, drugs that have little or no COX-1 activity across their therapeutic dosage range have been developed."	( COX-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-Inflammatory drugs: do they really offer any advantages? Hawkey, CJ; Jackson, LM, 2000)	0.31
" In these cells at low dosage (from 1 to 6 microg/ml of medium) ET-18-OCH(3) stimulates maturation and protective responses, whereas at increasing dosages (from 8 to 20 microg/ml) it shows cytotoxic effects."	( ET-18-OCH(3)-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in rat astrocytes. Cardile, V; Palumbo, M; Renis, M; Russo, A, 2000)	0.31
" PPAR-gamma ligands significantly inhibited VEGF-induced migration and proliferation in both cell types and tube formation of CEC in a dose-response manner."	( Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands inhibit choroidal neovascularization. Hangai, M; He, S; Hinton, DR; Hsueh, WA; Ishibashi, T; Kim, S; Law, RE; Murata, T; Ryan, SJ; Xi, XP, 2000)	0.31
" On the basis of troglitazone pharmacokinetics in healthy cats, as well as on the basis of pharmacodynamics of the drug in humans and other animals, a regimen that uses a dosage of 20 to 40 mg/kg administered orally once or twice per day to cats will produce plasma concentrations of the insulin-sensitizing agent that have been documented to be effective in humans."	( Pharmacokinetics of the insulin-sensitizing agent troglitazone in cats. Boudinot, FD; Ferguson, DC; Hoenig, M; Michels, GM, 2000)	0.31
" The COX selectivity of each drug was evaluated from dose-response curves by calculating a ratio (COX-1:COX-2) of inhibitory concentration values on the basis of concentrations that reduced PGE2 by 50% in each COX model."	( In vitro effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cyclooxygenase activity in dogs. Benn, SJ; Conlon, P; Kay-Mugford, P; LaMarre, J, 2000)	0.31
"In two independent studies, obese Zucker rats were dosed orally once daily for 14 days with one of the following treatments: LG 100268 (20 mg/kg), LG 100324 (20 mg/kg), BRL 49653 (3 mg/kg) or vehicle."	( Retinoid X receptor agonists have anti-obesity effects and improve insulin sensitivity in Zucker fa/fa rats. Cawthorne, MA; Crombie, DL; Heyman, RA; Hislop, DC; Liu, YL; Sennitt, MV, 2000)	0.31
" The 5 h fasted plasma insulin concentration was significantly lower in the rexinoid-treated groups and the terminal insulin level (at the end of the clamp) tended to be lower in all treated groups compared with animals given the dosing vehicle."	( Retinoid X receptor agonists have anti-obesity effects and improve insulin sensitivity in Zucker fa/fa rats. Cawthorne, MA; Crombie, DL; Heyman, RA; Hislop, DC; Liu, YL; Sennitt, MV, 2000)	0.31
" Clinical data on more than 4500 patients with type 2 diabetes show that rosiglitazone is a safe, effective monotherapy or combination therapy, producing significant reductions in haemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose under different dosing regimens."	( Rosiglitazone. Goldstein, BJ, 2000)	0.31
" Dose-response and time course experiments revealed a similar pattern of transcript accumulation and lipoxygenase activity in BTH-treated rice leaves."	( Characterization of RCI-1, a chloroplastic rice lipoxygenase whose synthesis is induced by chemical plant resistance activators. Dudler, R; Schaffrath, U; Zabbai, F, 2000)	0.31
" The results obtained in elderly healthy subjects indicated that S 17092 is suitable for once-daily dosing without any serious adverse events."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of S 17092, a new orally active prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor, in elderly healthy volunteers. A phase I study. De Nanteuil, G; Guez, D; Heidet, V; Jochemsen, R; Morain, P; Robin, JL, 2000)	0.31
" Our study demonstrates that troglitazone, albeit at a dosage 10 to 15 times higher than that in humans, not only prevents but also reverses the metabolic derangement and histopathologic changes in genetically determined obese diabetes."	( Troglitazone prevents and reverses dyslipidemia, insulin secretory defects, and histologic abnormalities in a rat model of naturally occurring obese diabetes. Akiyama, T; Fukumitsu, KI; Jia, DM; Nakamura, H; Otsuki, M; Tabaru, A, 2000)	0.31
" Parallel GPMT and Buehler tests were conducted according to OECD guideline #406 using a multiple-dose design and test results were analysed using a standard logistic dose-response model."	( Comparison of the sensitivities of the Buehler test and the guinea pig maximization test for predictive testing of contact allergy. Andersen, KE; Frankild, S; Vølund, A; Wahlberg, JE, )	0.13
" For patients with residual disability, the dosage was escalated during the first 10 weeks."	( Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial. Parkinson Study Group. , 2000)	0.31
"The incidence of all adverse events was lower at each dosage of meloxicam than for diclofenac but greater than for placebo."	( Safety and efficacy of meloxicam in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a 12-week, double-blind, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled trial. The Meloxicam Osteoarthritis Investigators. Caldwell, J; Dalgin, P; Fleischmann, R; Hall, D; Roszko, P; Yocum, D, 2000)	0.31
" On the other hand, lubeluzole treatment by the current dosage schedule was not associated with a significant safety problem."	( Lubeluzole in acute ischemic stroke treatment: A double-blind study with an 8-hour inclusion window comparing a 10-mg daily dose of lubeluzole with placebo. Cortens, M; Diener, HC; Ford, G; Grotta, J; Hacke, W; Kaste, M; Koudstaal, PJ; Wessel, T, 2000)	0.31
" Thus, long-term exposure to non-killing dosage of air pollutants may lead to the accumulation of DNA lesions, which may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the chronic adverse health effects of particulate air pollution."	( Cytotoxicity of PM(2.5) and PM(2.5--10) ambient air pollutants assessed by the MTT and the Comet assays. Fang, M; Hsiao, WL; Mo, ZY; Shi, XM; Wang, F, 2000)	0.31
" Oral therapy with ravuconazole at a dosage of 30 mg/kg of body weight per day or the echinocandin LY-303366, given intravenously in a dosage of 5 or 10 mg/kg, was begun 24 h after a lethal or sublethal challenge, and results were compared with those for amphotericin B therapy and untreated controls."	( Efficacies of two new antifungal agents, the triazole ravuconazole and the echinocandin LY-303366, in an experimental model of invasive aspergillosis. Andriole, VT; Marino, S; Roberts, J; Schock, K, 2000)	0.31
"This article reviews the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosing of rosiglitazone, the second thiazolidinedione approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Rosiglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a critical review. Bolesta, S; Malinowski, JM, 2000)	0.31
" These findings suggest that pramipexole can markedly reduce the daily levodopa dosage without deterioration of motor response and support that this new selective D2/D3 receptor agonist also improves later levodopa-associated motor complications."	( An open-label, multicentre clinical trial to determine the levodopa dose-sparing capacity of pramipexole in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Hebenstreit, E; Pinter, MM; Rutgers, AW, 2000)	0.31
" For poorly soluble drugs, the existing mechanisms are limited to osmosis and matrix erosion, that are commonly observed in single unit matrix dosage forms."	( Release performance of a poorly soluble drug from a novel, Eudragit-based multi-unit erosion matrix. Kislalioglu, MS; Malick, AW; Mehta, KA; Phuapradit, W; Shah, NH, 2001)	0.31
" In this study, Gunn rats, which are hereditarily deficient in the UGT1 family of UGT isozymes, and Wistar rats, the parent strain of Gunn rats, were treated with troglitazone for 3 months at dose levels of 0, 100 or 400 mg/kg to investigate two possibilities: first, whether the genetic deficiency in UGT1s induces an alteration of the metabolic profile of troglitazone followed by liver dysfunction, and second, whether the dosing of troglitazone to Gunn rats which show hyperbilirubinemia result in liver dysfunction."	( Effect of troglitazone on the liver of a Gunn rat model of genetic enzyme polymorphism. Furukawa, T; Manabe, S; Ohashi, Y; Sharyo, S; Takaoka, M; Watanabe, T; Yasuda, M, 2000)	0.31
"A spectrophotometric procedure is described for determination of nortriptyline hydrochloride in pure and dosage form as well as in the presence of its degradate."	( Stability indicating method for determination of nortriptyline hydrochloride using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH). Abbas, SS; El Ragehy, NA; El-Khateeb, SZ, 2001)	0.31
" When dosed to insulin-resistant middle-aged obese rhesus monkeys, GW501516 causes a dramatic dose-dependent rise in serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol while lowering the levels of small-dense low density lipoprotein, fasting triglycerides, and fasting insulin."	( A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport. Bodkin, NL; Hansen, BC; Kliewer, SA; Lambert, MH; Lewis, MC; Oliver, WR; Plunket, KD; Russell, CS; Shenk, JL; Snaith, MR; Sternbach, DD; Sznaidman, ML; Willson, TM; Winegar, DA; Xu, HE, 2001)	0.31
" The biphasic dose-response relationship characteristically shown by the benzothiazole series against sensitive cell lines was exhibited by the 4- and 6-fluoro-benzothiazoles (10b,d) but not by the 5- and 7-fluoro-benzothiazoles (10h,i)."	( Antitumor benzothiazoles. 14. Synthesis and in vitro biological properties of fluorinated 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazoles. Bradshaw, TD; Browne, HL; Chua, MS; Hutchinson, I; Stevens, MF; Trapani, V; Westwell, AD, 2001)	0.86
"The thiazolidinedione troglitazone, at a dosage of 400 mg/d, is effective when used in combination with sulfonylurea and metformin."	( The effect of a thiazolidinedione drug, troglitazone, on glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus poorly controlled with sulfonylurea and metformin. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Foyt, HL; Ghazzi, MN; Owens-Grillo, JK; Valiquett, TR; Whitcomb, RW; Yale, JF, 2001)	0.31
" To determine the specific effects of rosiglitazone (RSG) on beta-cell mass dynamics, male fa/fa (obese) and +/fa or +/+ (lean) rats age 6 weeks were fed either chow (control group [CN]) or chow mixed with rosiglitazone (RSG group) at a dosage of 10 micromol."	( Beta-cell mass dynamics in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Rosiglitazone prevents the rise in net cell death. Buckingham, RE; Finegood, DT; Kojwang, D; Leonard, T; McArthur, MD; Thomas, MJ; Topp, BG, 2001)	0.31
"Two randomized, two-period crossover studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of repeat oral dosing of troglitazone (Study I) and pioglitazone (Study II) on the pharmacokinetics of plasma HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors following multiple oral doses of simvastatin and of simvastatin on the plasma pharmacokinetics of troglitazone (Study I) in healthy subjects."	( Interactions between simvastatin and troglitazone or pioglitazone in healthy subjects. Amin, RD; Dilzer, S; Gagliano, K; Kuznetsova, O; Lasseter, KC; Liu, L; Musser, B; Prueksaritanont, T; Roadcap, BA; Rogers, JD; Vega, JM; Zhao, J, 2001)	0.31
" However, patients must continue taking the drugs once they begin therapy; stopping the treatment or reducing the dosage can lead to resistance."	( Freedom of choice. Vazquez, E, )	0.13
" Researchers are now attempting to find the proper dosing strategy--one that is strong enough to suppress viral replication and prevent resistance while being mild enough to be tolerated."	( Ritonavir plus saquinavir: two trials with different results. Mascolini, M, 1996)	0.29
" Two weeks treatment of E2011 alone at an oral dosage of 150 mg/kg induced hepatocellular changes characterized by nuclear enlargement."	( Protection from drug-induced hepatocellular changes by pretreatment with conjugating enzyme inhibitors in rats. Aoki, T; Hosokawa, S; Sagami, F; Sato, G; Tsukidate, K, 2001)	0.31
"Sixteen healthy volunteers (24-59-years old) received a single 8-mg dose of rosiglitazone on day 1, followed by 7 days of repeat dosing with acarbose [100 mg three times daily (t."	( The effect of acarbose on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone. Culkin, KT; Freed, MI; Inglis, AM; Jorkasky, DK; Miller, AK, 2001)	0.31
" Skeletal muscle GS activity and glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) content were compared between pre-dosing and dosing periods before and during the maximal insulin-stimulation of a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp."	( A thiazolidinedione improves in vivo insulin action on skeletal muscle glycogen synthase in insulin-resistant monkeys. Bodkin, NL; Haney, J; Hansen, BC; Horikoshi, H; Ortmeyer, HK; Yoshioka, S, 2000)	0.31
" These results support the use of 2'-MOE-modified ASO over conventional P=S ASO by potentially increasing potency and allowing longer dosing intervals in clinical trials."	( Antitumor activity of antisense clusterin oligonucleotides is improved in vitro and in vivo by incorporation of 2'-O-(2-methoxy)ethyl chemistry. Chi, K; Conklin, BS; Cooper, S; Gleave, ME; Miyake, H; Monia, BP; Zellweger, T, 2001)	0.31
" A dosage of 4 mg twice/day significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose levels and produced comparable reductions in glycosylated hemoglobin compared with glyburide."	( A review of rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Travaglini, MT; Werner, AL, 2001)	0.31
"To clarify the dose-response effects of troglitazone on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function, we examined the effects of high-dose troglitazone (100 mg/day per animal, administered as a food admixture) on glucose and insulin metabolism in hyperinsulinemic Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits, and compared the results with our previous results with low-dose troglitazone (10 mg /day per animal)."	( Effects of high-dose troglitaz one on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Fan, P; Horikoshi, H; Mei, J; Saku, K; Shiomi, M; Tanaka, H; Tsujita, Y; Zhang, B, )	0.13
" The effects of rosiglitazone treatment were studied using Zucker (fa/fa) rats after 7 days of oral dosing (3."	( Insulin-sensitizing effect of rosiglitazone (BRL-49653) by regulation of glucose transporters in muscle and fat of Zucker rats. Adler, A; Bush, E; Kramer, D; Rondinone, CM; Shapiro, R, 2001)	0.31
"Troglitazone showed a potent dose-response effect on the growth inhibition of six pancreatic cancer cell lines, which were suppressed to less than 50% of control at the concentration of 10 microM."	( Growth inhibition and differentiation of pancreatic cancer cell lines by PPAR gamma ligand troglitazone. Kawa, S; Kiyosawa, K; Nakayama, K; Nikaido, T; Unno, H; Usuda, N, 2002)	0.31
" The initial evidence suggests an effective dosage range of 80-160 mg/day."	( Focus on ziprasidone. Green, B, 2001)	0.31
" When multiple dosages of a drug were tested, the results of the highest approved dosage were used."	( Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes: scientific review. Inzucchi, SE, 2002)	0.31
" Cytotoxicity data including dose-response relations and TC(50) values were assessed in three different assays: BrdU incorporation, neutral red uptake and MTT assays."	( Formaldehyde cytotoxicity in three human cell types assessed in three different assays. Arenholt-Bindslev, D; Eiskjaer, M; Lovschall, H, 2002)	0.31
"Four simple and accurate methods are presented for the determination of meloxicam in dosage forms."	( Spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods for the determination of meloxicam in dosage forms. Hassan, EM, 2002)	0.31
" The method was successfully applied for the analysis of meloxicam in the tablet dosage form."	( Electrochemical reduction of meloxicam at mercury electrode and its determination in tablets. Beltagi, AM; Ghoneim, MM; Radi, A, 2002)	0.31
"To investigate the dose-response effects of pioglitazone on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Dose-response effect of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. DeFronzo, RA; Matsuda, M; Miyazaki, Y, 2002)	0.31
" RORalpha receptors are also expressed in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and the putative RORalpha agonist CPG-52608 inhibits MCF-7 cell growth but with a very different dose-response than melatonin."	( Involvement of the mt1 melatonin receptor in human breast cancer. Dai, J; Dong, C; Hill, SM; Kiefer, TL; Lai, L; Ram, PT; Yuan, L, 2002)	0.31
" For patients with residual disability, the dosage was escalated during the first 10 weeks, and subsequently, open-label levodopa could be added."	( Dopamine transporter brain imaging to assess the effects of pramipexole vs levodopa on Parkinson disease progression. , 2002)	0.31
"25-5 mg/kg) did not affect the cocaine dose-response curve or its ED50 values."	( Does combined treatment with novel antidepressants and a dopamine D3 receptor agonist reproduce cocaine discrimination in rats? Filip, M; Papla, I, )	0.13
" dosing of N in healthy volunteer subjects."	( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man during 7 days dosing with 0.5 g and 1 g b.i.d. De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Rosillon, D; Stockis, A, 2002)	0.31
" Blood samples were collected during the first and last dosing intervals for plasma determination of T and TG."	( Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man during 7 days dosing with 0.5 g and 1 g b.i.d. De Bruyn, S; Gengler, C; Rosillon, D; Stockis, A, 2002)	0.31
" The suggested procedures could be used for the determination of mequitazine, both in pure and dosage forms, as well as in the presence of its degradate."	( Stability indicating methods for assay of mequitazine in presence of its degradate. Badawey, AM; El Khateeb, SZ; El-Ragehy, NA, 2002)	0.31
" SDS treatment with dosages of 10% and higher resulted in a SI above 3, while a dosage of 1% SDS showed no activity."	( Determination of the sensitising activity of the rubber contact sensitisers TMTD, ZDMC, MBT and DEA in a modified local lymph node assay and the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate pretreatment on local lymph node responses. De Jong, WH; Spiekstra, SW; Tentij, M; Van Loveren, H; Vandebriel, RJ, 2002)	0.31
" The method was validated and applied to the determination of meloxicam in tablets, which were in two different dosage forms."	( Polarographic behaviour of meloxicam and its determination in tablet preparations and spiked plasma. Altinöz, S; Kir, S; Nemutlu, E, 2002)	0.31
" The percentage recoveries of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) from dosage forms ranged from 99."	( LC determination of rosiglitazone in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. Radhakrishna, T; Satyanarayana, A; Satyanarayana, J, 2002)	0.31
" When the cells were cultured in divalent cation-depleted medium, each dose-response curve was shifted to about a four-fold lower concentration range."	( Implication of extracellular zinc exclusion by recombinant human calprotectin (MRP8 and MRP14) from target cells in its apoptosis-inducing activity. Chazin, WJ; Hunter, MJ; Nakatani, Y; Yamazaki, M; Yui, S, 2002)	0.31
" We also document a PPAR gamma activator dose-response effect on reporter gene expression."	( Efficient gene regulation by PPAR gamma and thiazolidinediones in skeletal muscle and heart. Caron, A; Darteil, R; Latta-Mahieu, M; Mahfoudi, A; Staels, B; Thuillier, V; Wang, M, 2002)	0.31
" The K(d) value deduced from the dose-response relationships of the 5-HT(1A) receptor full agonist 8-OH-2-(di-n-propylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene and (S)-LB50053 according to Waud analysis was 64."	( LB50053: a 5-hydroxytrypamine(1a) agent with a high binding affinity and a potency evoking a K(+) current. Cho, T; Joo, H; Kim, HS; Kim, S; Lee, C; Min, CK, 2002)	0.31
" However, 24-h dosing of dopamine (DA) agonists may induce side effects of insomnia and psychosis, as well as anergia and anhedonia which may actually potentiate abuse."	( Effect of daily dosing duration of direct and indirect dopamine receptor agonists: cocaine cross-tolerance following chronic regimens. Davidson, C; Ellinwood, EH; King, GR; Lee, TH; Yu, GZ, 2002)	0.31
" Oregonin treatment after 10 hours of inoculation at 10 mg/kg dosage showed a significant extension of survival time by up to 51."	( Enhancement of NK cytotoxicity, antimetastasis and elongation effect of survival time in B16-F10 melanoma cells by oregonin. Joo, SS; Kim, MS; Lee, DI; Oh, WS, 2002)	0.31
" dosing and subjected to noncompartment pharmacokinetic analysis to obtain the values for the parameters."	( Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of PAT-5A, a new insulin sensitizer in rats. Katneni, K; Mamidi, RN; Mullangi, R; Ramanujam, R, )	0.13
" The initial evidence suggests an effective dosage range of 80-160 mg/day."	( Brief report on Ziprasidone. Chowdhury, WA; Firoz, AH; Mamun, AA; Rahman, AH, 2002)	0.31
" Previous studies in our laboratory have shown a large interindividual variation between different donors in cytotoxicity after dosing with TGZ."	( Identification of glutathione conjugates of troglitazone in human hepatocytes. Fackett, A; Li, AP; Lloyd, S; McClellan, HA; Prabhu, S; Silber, PM; Terrell, CM, 2002)	0.31
" Side-effects were assessed by the Dosage Record Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (DOTES)."	( Pramipexole in treatment-resistant depression: a 16-week naturalistic study. Abelli, M; Bassi, A; Battistini, G; Cassano, GB; Cassano, P; Dell'Osso, L; Gemignani, A; Houck, PR; Lattanzi, L; Pini, S; Rucci, P, 2002)	0.31
" The dose-response curve and duration of pramipexole's effects suggest that these rCBF responses indicate functional effects of a D3-preferring agonist."	( A possible substrate for dopamine-related changes in mood and behavior: prefrontal and limbic effects of a D3-preferring dopamine agonist. Black, KJ; Hershey, T; Koller, JM; Mintun, MA; Perlmutter, JS; Price, JL; Videen, TO, 2002)	0.31
" Owing to these results, po dosing was not attempted."	( Desferrithiocin analogue based hexacoordinate iron(III) chelators. Bergeron, RJ; Huang, G; McManis, JS; Smith, RE; Weimar, WR; Wiegand, J, 2003)	0.32
" Choice of drug and of dosage is usually empirical, since studies of anti-inflammatory drugs are lacking."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in five bird species. Baert, K; De Backer, P, 2003)	0.32
" The method was applied to the determination of six pharmaceutical preparations including two dosage forms."	( Method development and validation for the analysis of meloxicam in tablets by CZE. Kir, S; Nemutlu, E, 2003)	0.32
" Results of po dosed efficacy studies in the db/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes showed efficacy equal or superior to Rosiglitazone in correcting hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia."	( Amphipathic 3-phenyl-7-propylbenzisoxazoles; human pPaR gamma, delta and alpha agonists. Adams, AD; Berger, JP; Doebber, TW; Hu, Z; Jones, AB; MacNaul, KL; Moller, DE; Santini, C; Yuen, W, 2003)	0.32
" Treatment efficacies with the five dosing intervals studied were similar, supporting the argument for the AUC/MIC ratio as the PK/PD parameter predictive of efficacy."	( In vivo pharmacodynamics of a new triazole, ravuconazole, in a murine candidiasis model. Andes, D; Conklin, R; Marchillo, K; Stamstad, T, 2003)	0.32
" The prandial glucose regulator repaglinide has been studied in combination with metformin (an inhibitor of hepatic glucose production), neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH)-insulin (which has a long duration of effect, but at the risk of early hypoglycaemia and late hyperglycaemia in the dosing interval) and three thiazolidinediones (TZDs--troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, which stimulate nuclear receptors to increase insulin sensitivity and reduce insulin resistance) in patients whose diabetes was inadequately controlled by previous monotherapy or combination therapy."	( Repaglinide in combination therapy. Moses, R, 2002)	0.31
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined use of methotrexate and meloxicam for treating of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and to determine the optimal dosage of methotrexate."	( [Methotrexate in conjunction with meloxicam for treating ankylosing spondylitis: a clinical observation of the efficacy and safety]. Kang, XT; Li, XH; Xie, RL, 2003)	0.32
" (14)C-telmesteine was rapidly absorbed after oral dosing (20 and 50 mg kg(-1)) with an oral bioavailability of >90% both in male and female rats."	( Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of telmesteine, a mucolitic agent, in rat. Kim, DH; Lee, J; Rhee, SW; Son, J, 2003)	0.32
"A simple spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of propranolol hydrochloride in pure as well as in dosage forms."	( Spectrophotometric determination of propranolol in formulations via oxidative coupling with 3-methylbenzothiazoline-2-one hydrazone. Belal, FF; El-Ashry, SM; El-Emam, AA; El-Sherbiny, DT; Hansen, SH; Moustafa, MA, 2003)	0.32
" Maximal viral suppression (in vitro) was achieved when amprenavir free-drug concentrations remained greater than four times the 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) for 80% of the dosing interval."	( In vitro-in vivo model for evaluating the antiviral activity of amprenavir in combination with ritonavir administered at 600 and 100 milligrams, respectively, every 12 hours. Bilello, JA; Drusano, GL; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Stein, DS; Symonds, WT, 2003)	0.32
" Pramipexole dosing and clinical follow-up were performed in a standardized fashion."	( Augmentation and tolerance with long-term pramipexole treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Johnston, L; Winkelman, JW, 2004)	0.32
" However, these complications are generally manageable by earlier dosing or small dose increases of this agent, and only rarely require medication discontinuation."	( Augmentation and tolerance with long-term pramipexole treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Johnston, L; Winkelman, JW, 2004)	0.32
" The antisecretory effect persisted for more than 24 hrs in the case of Wortmannin and 9 hr in the case of ME 3407 at a dosage 1 and 3 mg/pouch for 30 min, respectively."	( [New target for the inhibitors of gastric acid secretion. Inhibition of myosin and actin activities via the apical membrane of parietal cells in dogs]. Fujishita, T; Jinbo, K; Okabe, S, 2003)	0.32
" The main risk factor associated with pathologic daytime sleep latency was high levodopa dosage equivalents (>867."	( Predictors of impaired daytime sleep and wakefulness in patients with Parkinson disease treated with older (ergot) vs newer (nonergot) dopamine agonists. Lang, AE; Razmy, A; Shapiro, CM, 2004)	0.32
" Physicians concerned with daytime hypersomnolence in PD patients treated with dopamine agonists and receiving high levodopa dosage equivalents should consider polysomnographic monitoring for impaired daytime sleep latency."	( Predictors of impaired daytime sleep and wakefulness in patients with Parkinson disease treated with older (ergot) vs newer (nonergot) dopamine agonists. Lang, AE; Razmy, A; Shapiro, CM, 2004)	0.32
" All three agents denoted similar cAMP maximal responses in dose-response experiments."	( The time-course of cyclic AMP signaling is critical for leukemia U-937 cell differentiation. Baldi, A; Davio, C; Fernández, N; Legnazzi, BL; Monczor, F; Riveiro, ME; Shayo, C, 2004)	0.32
" Unfortunately, this type of drugs cannot block the D2 receptors only in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway (which mediates their therapeutic effects), because of their non-selective D2 receptor blockage in both the mesolimbic and striatal regions, and the consequent appearance of side effects related to striatal interaction in the same dosage range as is needed for the therapeutical effects."	( New antipsychotics and schizophrenia: a review on efficacy and side effects. Berardi, D; De Ronchi, D; Lorenzi, C; Serretti, A, 2004)	0.32
"To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, drug interactions, dosing recommendations, and clinical efficacy of nitazoxanide, a new antiprotozoal/anthelmintic/antibacterial agent."	( Nitazoxanide treatment for giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in children. Bailey, JM; Erramouspe, J, 2004)	0.32
"Twenty-two depressed outpatients with DSM-IV nonpsychotic bipolar disorder were randomly assigned to receive placebo or flexibly dosed pramipexole (mean maximum dose=1."	( Preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole added to mood stabilizers for treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Burdick, KE; Endick, CJ; Goldberg, JF, 2004)	0.32
" Two different mutations in the alpha-synuclein gene as well as increased gene dosage of wild-type alpha-synuclein all associate with early onset cases of PD; and transgenic animal models overexpressing alpha-synuclein develop PD symptoms."	( Inhibiting aggregation of alpha-synuclein with human single chain antibody fragments. Emadi, S; Liu, R; Lyubchenko, Y; McAllister, C; Messer, A; Schulz, P; Sierks, MR; Yuan, B, 2004)	0.32
" Dosed orally to mouse, rat, and dog, 21 showed 100%, 31%, and 28% bioavailability, respectively."	( N-(cycloalkylamino)acyl-2-aminothiazole inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 2. N-[5-[[[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl]methyl]thio]-2-thiazolyl]-4- piperidinecarboxamide (BMS-387032), a highly efficacious and selective antitumor agent. Ahmed, SZ; Barbosa, SA; Batorsky, R; Bednarz, MS; Chen, BC; Han, WC; Hunt, JT; Kamath, A; Kellar, KA; Kim, KS; Kimball, SD; Lee, FY; Lu, S; Marathe, P; Misra, RN; Mulheron, JG; Pavletich, NP; Qian, L; Ranadive, SA; Rawlins, DB; Roongta, U; Sack, JS; Shan, W; Tokarski, JS; Webster, KR; Xiao, HY; Zhao, R, 2004)	0.32
" Ravuconazole showed linear plasma pharmacokinetics and a large volume of distribution while maintaining concentrations in plasma above the MIC throughout the dosing interval."	( Efficacy, safety, and plasma pharmacokinetics of escalating dosages of intravenously administered ravuconazole lysine phosphoester for treatment of experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Armstrong, D; Avila, NA; Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Hemmings, M; Lyman, CA; Mickiene, D; Peter, J; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Roussillon, K; Walsh, TJ, 2004)	0.32
"A simple kinetic spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of josamycin in its dosage forms and spiked human plasma."	( Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of josamycin in formulations and spiked human plasma using 3-methylbenzothiazolin-2-one hydrazone/Fe+3 system. Al-Majed, AA; Belal, F; Ibrahim, KE; Khalil, NY, )	0.13
" The developed methods were successfully applied to the determination of LOX, TEX, and MEX in bulk powder, laboratory-prepared mixtures containing different percentages of degradation products, and pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Stability-indicating chromatographic methods for the determination of some oxicams. Abdel Fattah, Lel-S; Salama, NN; Taha, EA, )	0.13
" Since pramipexole was well tolerated, an ideal dosage to control RLS symptoms could be reached rapidly."	( Low-dose pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome. An open label trial. Oertel, WH; Stiasny-Kolster, K, 2004)	0.32
" In rats dosed orally with [14C]MK-0767, a dihydrohydroxy-S-glutathionyl conjugate of the parent compound was identified in the bile using liquid chromatography-mass spectometry and 1H NMR techniques."	( Identification and metabolism of a novel dihydrohydroxy-S-glutathionyl conjugate of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist, MK-0767 [(+/-)-5-[(2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methoxy-N-[[(4-trifluoromethyl) phenyl]methyl]benzamide], in r Creighton, M; Doss, GA; Franklin, RB; Karanam, BV; Kochansky, CJ; Reddy, VB; Vincent, SH, 2004)	0.32
"As a follow-up to a previous publication we illustrate how multivariate analysis of dose-response trials can be done, providing single number, relative dose potency, results for the comparison between two treatments, also when a number of variables are measured."	( Multivariate estimation of the relative dose potency. Källén, A, 2004)	0.32
" Changes in prolactin concentration from 1 to 2 hours after the dosing were parallel with drug concentrations, and almost normal ranges of prolactin concentration were observed before the morning dose despite steady state."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of a new antipsychotic agent perospirone and its active metabolite, and its relationship with prolactin response. Furukori, H; Inoue, Y; Kaneko, S; Nakagami, T; Saito, M; Tateishi, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2004)	0.32
" Dosage was escalated during the first 10 weeks for patients with ongoing disability."	( Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a 4-year randomized controlled trial. Alexander-Brown, B; Atassi, F; Barclay, L; Bennett, S; Berry, D; Biglan, K; Borchert, L; Brocht, A; Brown, D; Daigneault, S; DeAngelis, M; Dillon, S; Dobson, J; Evans, S; Factor, S; Fahn, S; Fontaine, D; Ford, B; Fussell, B; Hall, J; Hammerstad, J; Harrigan, M; Hodgeman, K; Holloway, RG; Hubble, J; Jankovic, J; Kamp, C; Kieburtz, K; Kurlan, R; Lang, A; LeWitt, P; Marek, K; McDermott, M; Miyasaki, J; Montgomery, A; Musch, B; O'Connell, C; Pahwa, R; Panisset, M; Pantella, C; Petsinger, G; Pfeiffer, B; Pfeiffer, R; Rainey, P; Rajput, A; Richard, K; Riley, D; Rodnitzky, R; Ross, T; Rost-Ruffner, E; Russell, DS; Seibyl, J; Shinaman, A; Shirley, T; Shoulson, I; Shults, C; Sime, E; Stacy, M; Standaert, D; Suchowersky, O; Sutherland, L; Tennis, M; Waters, C; Watts, A; Weeks, C; Weiner, W; Welsh, M; Wood, S; Wooten, F, 2004)	0.32
" Repeated dosing with MTEP in this model eliminated the increase in punished responding observed with acute dosing."	( The behavioral profile of the potent and selective mGlu5 receptor antagonist 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pyridine (MTEP) in rodent models of anxiety. Anderson, JJ; Bristow, LJ; Brodkin, J; Busse, CS; Cosford, ND; Tattersall, D; Tehrani, L; Varney, MA; Warren, N, 2004)	0.32
" Concentrations of I and its major metabolites in rat urine were determined in samples collected between 0-24 h after dosing on the last day of administration of nine daily oral doses to three male (1000 mg/kg/day) and three female (300 mg/kg/day) Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Simultaneous determination of MK-0767 and seven metabolites in rat urine using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Bakhtiar, R; Franklin, RB; Kochansky, C; Shen, Z; Vincent, SH, 2004)	0.32
" The routes of excretion of BMS-387032 after intravenous dosing were investigated in bile-duct-cannulated rats."	( P-glycoprotein plays a role in the oral absorption of BMS-387032, a potent cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitor, in rats. Chang, M; Chong, S; Kamath, AV; Marathe, PH, 2005)	0.33
" However, a biphasic dose-response relationship compromises its straightforward development as a chemotherapeutic agent."	( Fluorinated 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)benzothiazoles induce CYP1A1 expression, become metabolized, and bind to macromolecules in sensitive human cancer cells. Alley, MC; Bradshaw, TD; Brantley, E; Hose, CD; Sausville, EA; Stevens, MF; Stinson, SF; Trapani, V, 2004)	0.59
"To determine pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) relationships and dose effects for meloxicam in horses and to propose a suitable dosage for use in clinical studies."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships and dose response to meloxicam in horses with induced arthritis in the right carpal joint. Cester, CC; Toutain, PL, 2004)	0.32
" The second phase used a multiple-dose regimen (daily oral administration of meloxicam for 14 days), with meloxicam administered at the recommended dosage (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in plasma and urine of horses. Bonnaire, Y; Garcia, P; Hirsch, A; Laroute, V; Narbe, R; Popot, MA; Reymond, N; Toutain, PL, 2004)	0.32
" Subjects who had received intramuscular ziprasidone were identified, and their age, gender, and dosage were recorded."	( Intramuscular ziprasidone in youth: a retrospective chart review. Staller, JA, 2004)	0.32
" The favorable neuroprotective efficacy, broad dose-response curve, and prolonged therapeutic window observed in all models strongly suggest that repinotan is a promising candidate for treating acute ischemic stroke in humans."	( Neuroprotective efficacy of repinotan HCl, a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, in animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury. Horváth, E; Mauler, F, 2005)	0.33
"The purpose of the study was to examine the clinical features of the course of coronary heart disease (CHD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to evaluate the effects of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COG-2) inhibitor movalis (meloxicam) in two dosage forms (as injections and tablets) on the course of CHD in this group of patients."	( [Use of meloxicam (movalis) in patients with rheumatic diseases with concomitant coronary heart disease]. Beliaeva, IB; Iakusheva, VA; Mazurov, VI, 2004)	0.32
" Gout flares occurred with similar frequency in the placebo (37%) and 40-mg febuxostat (35%) groups and with increased frequency in the higher dosage febuxostat groups (43% taking 80 mg; 55% taking 120 mg)."	( Febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase: a twenty-eight-day, multicenter, phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response clinical trial examining safety and efficacy in patients with gout. Becker, MA; Eustace, D; Joseph-Ridge, N; MacDonald, PA; Palo, WA; Schumacher, HR; Vernillet, L; Wortmann, RL, 2005)	0.33
" Several issues remain to be addressed, including the efficacy of once-daily dosing, the need to take the medication with food, and the correct dosing strategy."	( Ziprasidone: efficacy, tolerability, and emerging data on wide-ranging effectiveness. Bowie, CR; Harvey, PD, 2005)	0.33
" Mice were acclimated to individual housing, given ad libitum access to chow and water, dosed with placebo peanut butter pills for 1 week, and then dosed daily with AAPD-laced peanut butter pills for 4 weeks."	( Antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain: development of an animal model. Allison, DB; Casey, DE; Cope, MB; Fernández, JR; Geary, N; Nagy, TR, 2005)	0.33
"45 mug equiv/g, respectively, when dosed with [(14)C]lidorestat at 10 mg/kg po)."	( Discovery of 3-[(4,5,7-trifluorobenzothiazol-2-yl)methyl]indole-N-acetic acid (lidorestat) and congeners as highly potent and selective inhibitors of aldose reductase for treatment of chronic diabetic complications. Dicioccio, AT; Geraci, LS; Gunn, DE; Jacot, JL; Jones, JH; Jones, ML; Mitschler, A; Petrova, T; Podjarny, AD; Sawicki, DR; Sredy, J; Van Zandt, MC, 2005)	0.33
" Dosage alterations of olanzapine and clozapine, dependent on cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) for clearance, and quetiapine, dependent on cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), may be necessary when used with other drugs that inhibit or induce their metabolic enzymes."	( The dosing of atypical antipsychotics. Armstrong, SC; Cozza, KL; de Leon, J, )	0.13
" TDZ could inhibit the proliferation of tumors in vitro and in vivo; the possible antitumor mechanism might be inducing redifferentiation at a lower dosage on vitro."	( Redifferentiation of human hepatoma cell induced by 6-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-[1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1 H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-s-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole (TDZ). Pan, J; Wang, Q; Zhang, Q; Zheng, RL, 2005)	0.33
" The biological significance of most of these tumours is questionable due to a variety of factors, such as a lack of dose-response between tumour incidence and dose, and the effect of test article vehicle (corn oil) upon tumour rates."	( Human health risk assessment of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in drinking water. Gebhart, AM; Hammer, F; Miller, TC; Whittaker, MH, 2004)	0.32
" Four 12-week dosing regimens were used: 200 mg/day; 100 mg/week; 400 mg/week and placebo."	( A phase I/II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study evaluating the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of ravuconazole in the treatment of onychomycosis. Conetta, B; Gupta, AK; Leonardi, C; Pierce, PF; Stoltz, RR, 2005)	0.33
" This cytotoxicity assay, coupled with observations of the dose-response relationship and of changes in cellular morphology during the assay gave a characteristic toxin 'signature'."	( Lipophilic toxicity from the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevisulcata: use of the brevetoxin neuroblastoma assay to assess toxin presence and concentration. Ambrose, V; Hoe Chang, F; Keyzers, RA; Northcote, PT; Redshaw, NA; Truman, P, 2005)	0.33
" All other differences from controls, including those which attained a level of statistical significance, were minor or not dosage related in degree, or were not consistent over time and are, therefore, considered to be of little toxicological importance."	( The effects of solvents on embryonic stem cell differentiation. Adler, S; Bremer, S; Hartung, T; Paparella, M; Pellizzer, C, 2006)	0.33
"Following single dosing, ravuconazole demonstrated linear plasma pharmacokinetics across the investigated dosage range."	( Compartmental pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the antifungal triazole ravuconazole following intravenous administration of its di-lysine phosphoester prodrug (BMS-379224) in rabbits. Bacher, J; Groll, AH; Kelaher, A; Mickiene, D; Petraitiene, R; Petraitis, V; Sarafandi, A; Walsh, TJ; Wuerthwein, G, 2005)	0.33
") dosing in rats, six of eight drugs produced dose- and time-related antinociception on both the tail flick and hot plate tests over a nearly eight-fold range of potencies."	( Antinociceptive, brain-penetrating derivatives related to improgan, a non-opioid analgesic. Hough, LB; Lu, Q; Montero, MJ; Nalwalk, JW; Shan, Z; Svokos, K; Wentland, MP, 2005)	0.33
" In single and multiple dosing experiments, mice received ZD6126, gemcitabine, a combination of both agents, or no treatment."	( Vascular targeting in pancreatic cancer: the novel tubulin-binding agent ZD6126 reveals antitumor activity in primary and metastatic tumor models. Barge, A; Bruns, CJ; Friedrich, M; Jauch, KW; Kleespies, A; Köhl, G; Ryan, AJ, 2005)	0.33
"Means and standard deviations of absorbance values for each group and percentage inhibitory dosage (%ID) for each test material were calculated."	( Cytotoxicity of a new toothpaste based on an ion exchange resin mixture. Li, Y; Muñoz, CA; Torrado, A; Valiente, M; Zhang, W, 2005)	0.33
" 39n was dosed orally in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys once per day for 7 days."	( Design and synthesis of tri-ring P3 benzamide-containing aminonitriles as potent, selective, orally effective inhibitors of cathepsin K. Bryant, C; Burrill, LC; Cheung, H; Chung, T; Davis, DE; Enriquez, P; Falgueyret, JP; Janc, JW; Johnson, C; Kimmel, DB; Liu, L; McCarter, J; McGrath, M; Mendonca, RV; Oballa, R; Palmer, JT; Percival, MD; Prasit, P; Riendeau, D; Rodan, G; Rodan, SB; Rydzewski, RM; Setti, EL; Somoza, JR; Springman, E; Strickley, RM; Tian, ZQ; Venkatraman, S; Venuti, MC; Wang, DX; Wesolowski, G; Young, RN; Yu, ZW, 2005)	0.33
" It is possible, however, that local or topical treatment or altered dosing regimens may offer alternative approaches to the use of these drugs as antineoplastic agents."	( The in vitro effects of piroxicam and meloxicam on canine cell lines. Argyle, DJ; Chambers, G; Gault, E; Knottenbelt, C, 2006)	0.33
" Plasma concentrations of perospirone and ID-15036 up to 10 hours after perospirone dosing were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)."	( Effects of itraconazole and tandospirone on the pharmacokinetics of perospirone. Koyama, T; Kusumi, I; Masui, T; Takahashi, Y, 2006)	0.33
" The proposed method is rapid, accurate and selective; it may be used for the quantitative analysis of meloxicam from raw materials, in bulk drugs and other dosage formulations."	( A new RP-HPLC method for analysis of meloxicam in tablets. Arayne, MS; Siddiqui, FA; Sultana, N, 2005)	0.33
"5 mg/kg) given as single and repeated (once daily for 5 d) oral doses to female rabbits (n = 5/group) to define the optimal dose and dosing interval for clinical use."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in rabbits after single and repeat oral dosing. Chen, HC; Taylor, WM; Turner, PV, 2006)	0.33
" Using Tetrahymena pyriformis, a single-cell organism well established as a suitable model for human respiratory epithelium-cell functionalities, we investigated dose-response relationships of the mycotoxins gliotoxin and penicillic acid."	( Cytotoxicity assessment of gliotoxin and penicillic acid in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Gräbsch, C; Herbarth, O; Loffhagen, N; Müller, A; Wichmann, G, 2006)	0.33
" Treatment-related adverse events were experienced by 43% of the patients administered GW660511X 200 mg and 44% of those dosed with placebo with headache the most commonly reported."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study to assess the efficacy and safety of dual ACE/NEP inhibitor GW660511X in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients. Danoff, TM; Johnson, AG; Pearce, GL, 2006)	0.33
" The suggested procedures could be used for the determination of the above mentioned drugs in pure and dosage forms as well as in the presence of their degradation products."	( Spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric stability-indicating methods for determination of some oxicams using 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl). Fattah, Lel-S; Salama, NN; Taha, EA, 2006)	0.33
"The purpose of this study was to provide single-dose pharmacokinetic, safety, and tolerability data for ziprasidone in youths with tic disorder, for comparison to adult studies to discern whether ziprasidone pediatric dosing could be modeled from adult data."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of ziprasidone in children and adolescents. Miceli, JJ; Patel, NC; Robarge, L; Sallee, FR; Tensfeldt, T; Wilner, K, 2006)	0.33
" Dosing of ziprasidone oral suspension (40 mg/mL) was weight adjusted: >60 kg, 20 mg (group 1, n = 8); 31 to 60 kg, 10 mg (group 2, n = 8); and 16 to 30 kg, 5 mg (group 3, n = 8)."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of ziprasidone in children and adolescents. Miceli, JJ; Patel, NC; Robarge, L; Sallee, FR; Tensfeldt, T; Wilner, K, 2006)	0.33
" The following medications were randomly given to the patients who declared pain in the sixth hour after the operation: naproxen sodium, meloxicam, rofecoxib, paracetamol, dipyrone, and etodolac in proper dosage to form groups of 20 for each medication."	( [Postoperative pain management in clinics of otolaryngology]. Cağici, CA; Calişkan, EE; Erkan, AN; Gencay, S; Ozlüoğlu, LN; Sener, M; Yavuz, H; Yilmaz, I; Yilmazer, C, 2006)	0.33
" Moreover, 18 at a dosage of 10 mg/kg was found to be significantly neuroprotective in a mouse peripheral sympathetic nerve injury model induced by 8 mg/kg 6-hydroxydopamine."	( FK506-binding protein ligands: structure-based design, synthesis, and neurotrophic/neuroprotective properties of substituted 5,5-dimethyl-2-(4-thiazolidine)carboxylates. Hu, Y; Huang, W; Li, S; Liu, H; Wang, L; Xiao, J; Zhao, L; Zhong, W, 2006)	0.33
"Thirty-four patients received metronidazole at a dosage of 250 mg 4 times per day for 10 days, 40 patients received nitazoxanide at a dosage of 500 mg 2 times per day for 7 days, and 36 patients received nitazoxanide at a dosage of 500 mg 2 times per day for 10 days."	( Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Dupont, HL; Gupta, A; Hamill, RJ; Lentnek, A; Logan, N; Musher, DM; Rossignol, JF, 2006)	0.33
"88 mg/dL) for all doses and was dose linear for the 10-120 mg/day dosage range."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects. Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)	0.33
" There appeared to be a linear pharmacokinetic and dose-response (percentage decrease in serum uric acid) relationship for febuxostat dosages within the 10-120 mg range."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects. Grabowski, BA; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2006)	0.33
" Dose-response data yield an EC(50) value for ACh of 19 microm."	( Neonicotinoid insecticides display partial and super agonist actions on native insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Brown, LA; Buckingham, SD; Ihara, M; Matsuda, K; Sattelle, DB, 2006)	0.33
" The results obtained in the analysis of dosage forms agreed well with the contents stated on the labels."	( Spectrophotometric, difference spectroscopic, and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of cefixime in pharmaceutical formulations. Pundarikakshudu, K; Shah, PB, )	0.13
" The study was designed as a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response ROAT preceded by a diagnostic patch testing."	( An evaluation of dose/unit area and time as key factors influencing the elicitation capacity of methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) in MCI/MI-allergic patients. Gray, JE; Lerbaek, A; McNamee, PM; Menné, T; Wooder, M; Zachariae, C, 2006)	0.33
" Although in humans it is usually administered at 2 mg/ml, the dosage to be used in the treatment of other diseases is unknown."	( Baclofen and potential therapeutic use: studies of neuronal survival. Dario, A; Fesce, R; Peres, A; Pessina, F; Pisani, R; Protasoni, M; Reguzzoni, M; Sangiorgi, S; Soragna, A; Tomei, G, 2006)	0.33
" In adult patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, oral ziprasidone was effective at a dosage of 40-80 mg twice daily in patients experiencing a phase of acute illness, and at a dosage of 20-80 mg twice daily in those with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, including those who were symptomatically stable."	( Ziprasidone: a review of its use in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Scott, LJ; Swainston Harrison, T, 2006)	0.33
" The oral efficacy of this class of inhibitors was demonstrated with 12m in inhibiting the proinflammatory cytokine IL-2 ex vivo in mice (ED50 approximately 5 mg/kg) and in reducing TNF levels in an acute murine model of inflammation (90% inhibition in LPS-induced TNFalpha production when dosed orally at 60 mg/kg, 2 h prior to LPS administration)."	( 2-aminothiazole as a novel kinase inhibitor template. Structure-activity relationship studies toward the discovery of N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-[[6-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1- piperazinyl)]-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl]amino)]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide (dasatin Barrish, JC; Behnia, K; Chen, P; Cook, LS; Das, J; de Fex, HF; Doweyko, AM; Fang, Q; Gillooly, KM; Lin, J; McIntyre, KW; Moquin, RV; Norris, D; Padmanabha, R; Pang, S; Pitt, S; Schieven, GL; Shen, DR; Shen, Z; Shuster, DJ; Wityak, J, 2006)	0.33
" Dosing between children and adolescents significantly differed in the olanzapine group, whereas dosing was comparable in the ziprasidone group."	( A naturalistic evaluation of intramuscular ziprasidone versus intramuscular olanzapine for the management of acute agitation and aggression in children and adolescents. Khan, SS; Mican, LM, 2006)	0.33
" The study required fixed dosing with ziprasidone."	( [Switching patients with schizophrenia to ziprasidone from conventional or other atypical antipsychotics]. Bartkó, G; Bitter, I; Degrell, I; Faludi, G; Füredi, J; Trixler, M, 2006)	0.33
"The results of this study confirm a high percentage of tolerability to the maximum therapeutic dosage of nabumetone and meloxicam in patients with NSAID intolerance, both in those with cutaneous/mucous manifestations and in those with respiratory disease."	( Tolerability to nabumetone and meloxicam in patients with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug intolerance. De Barrio, M; de Castro, FJ; Fernández-Bohórquez, M; Herrero, T; Martín, E; Prieto, A; Rubio, M; Ruiz, FJ; Tornero, P, 2007)	0.34
"5 hours after dosing and approximately 60 ng/mL 18 hours after dosing, when consciousness became clear."	( [Pharmacokinetics of perospirone hydrochloride at an excessive dose and changes in the serum prolactin level]. Ishii, E; Ishimatsu, S; Kizu, J; Otani, N; Tsuchiya, M, 2007)	0.34
" Cells were dosed with a concentration range of nickel and chromium (0-10,000 microM) and cellular mitochondrial activity, viability, metal uptake and cytokine release were measured."	( The effects of nickel and chromium on human keratinocytes: differences in viability, cell associated metal and IL-1alpha release. Balafa, C; Curtis, A; Evans, GS; Gawkrodger, DJ; MacNeil, S; Morton, J; Warren, ND, 2007)	0.34
" Absorption and first-pass metabolism were evaluated as possible reasons for the incomplete oral bioavailability using various in vitro and in vivo models like Caco-2 cells, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) knockout mice, and intra-portal dosing in rats."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and in vitro metabolism of dasatinib (BMS-354825): a potent oral multi-targeted kinase inhibitor against SRC and BCR-ABL. Kamath, AV; Lee, FY; Marathe, PH; Wang, J, 2008)	0.35
"5 mg/kg) (MP group); and a group given a reduced dosage of ketoprofen (0."	( The interaction between orally administered non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prednisolone in healthy dogs. Hara, S; Motoishi, K; Naito, Y; Narita, T; Sato, R; Tani, K, 2007)	0.34
" Dose-response curves were described using a linear function with AOE expressed as a coefficient of the slope."	( Evaluation of antioxidative activity of Croatian propolis samples using DPPH* and ABTS*+ stable free radical assays. Besic, E; Bojic, M; Bucan, K; Jasprica, I; Medic-Saric, M; Mornar, A, 2007)	0.34
"The purpose of the present study was to develop the meloxicam transdermal dosage form."	( The effect of mixed-solvent and terpenes on percutaneous absorption of meloxicam gel. Chang, JS; Huang, YB; Tsai, YH; Wu, PC, 2007)	0.34
"Food caused a decrease in C(max) (38-49%) and AUC (16-19%) of febuxostat at different dose levels following single or multiple oral dosing with febuxostat."	( Effect of food or antacid on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat in healthy subjects. Grabowski, B; Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)	0.35
" Subtherapeutic dosing is highly likely to result in the selection of a resistant clone; thus, it is of paramount importance to ensure the imatinib dose is sufficient."	( New strategies in controlling drug resistance. Frame, D, 2007)	0.34
"New clinical data are beginning to supply us with effective dosing and monitoring parameters for imatinib and dasatinib treatment of CML."	( New strategies in controlling drug resistance. Frame, D, 2007)	0.34
" Ethanol (20 mM) reduced the potency of the PPARbeta ligand GW0742, evident by a rightward shift in the GW0742 dose-response curve, whereas for PPARalpha activation by GW7647, ethanol mediated its effects primarily through reducing efficacy as evidenced by a reduction in maximal response."	( PPARalpha and PPARbeta are differentially affected by ethanol and the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Aung, CS; Cabot, PJ; Monteith, GR; Roberts-Thomson, SJ; Venkata, NG, 2008)	0.35
" The mean level of perospirone at 11-15 h after a last dosing was much lower (0."	( Long-term perospirone treatment with a single dose at bedtime in schizophrenia: relevant to intermittent dopamine D2 receptor antagonism. Koyama, T; Kusumi, I; Masui, T, 2008)	0.35
" The objective of this study is to investigate MEL dosage regimens on COX-1, COX-2, and prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) expression in ovine intrauterine and fetal tissues."	( Dose-dependent effects of meloxicam administration on cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression in intrauterine tissues and fetal tissues of a sheep model of preterm labor. Adamson, SL; Challis, JR; Lye, SJ; Rac, VE; Rurak, D; Scott, CA; Small, C, 2007)	0.34
" The efficacy and tolerability of oral dasatinib has been established in the START phase II trials in adults with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-positive ALL) who were intolerant or resistant to imatinib, and optimal dasatinib dosage regimens were identified in phase III randomized trials."	( Dasatinib: in chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Keam, SJ, 2008)	0.35
" We examine here, the effect of calcitriol and cisplatin pre-clinically and clinically in canine spontaneous tumors through in vitro studies on tumor cells and through a phase I study of calcitriol and cisplatin to identify the maximum-tolerated dosage (MTD) of this combination in dogs with cancer and to characterize the pharmacokinetic disposition of calcitriol in dogs."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of combined calcitriol and cisplatin in dogs with spontaneously occurring tumors. Balkman, CE; Engler, KL; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Page, RL; Ramnath, N; Rassnick, KM; Trump, DL; Yu, WD, 2008)	0.35
" Cisplatin was given at a fixed dosage of 60 mg/m2."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of combined calcitriol and cisplatin in dogs with spontaneously occurring tumors. Balkman, CE; Engler, KL; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Page, RL; Ramnath, N; Rassnick, KM; Trump, DL; Yu, WD, 2008)	0.35
" The relationship between calcitriol dosage and either Cmax or AUC was linear."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of combined calcitriol and cisplatin in dogs with spontaneously occurring tumors. Balkman, CE; Engler, KL; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Page, RL; Ramnath, N; Rassnick, KM; Trump, DL; Yu, WD, 2008)	0.35
" Ziprasidone dosage ranged from 20 to 160 mg/day (mean, 98."	( Ziprasidone in adolescents with autism: an open-label pilot study. Cater, JR; Delaney, MA; Hyman, SB; Malone, RP, 2007)	0.34
"The objective of the present work was to improve the dissolution properties of the poorly water-soluble drug meloxicam by preparing solid dispersions with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and to develop a dosage form for geriatric population."	( Solid dispersion of meloxicam: factorially designed dosage form for geriatric population. Dahiya, S; Pathak, D; Pathak, K, 2008)	0.35
" With regard to allopurinol, the dosage reduction is recommended in patients with renal insufficiency for preventing from rare adverse effect, bone marrow depression."	( [New antihyperuricemic medicine: febuxostat, Puricase, etc]. Ichida, K, 2008)	0.35
" implanted minipump dosing regimens revealed that in vivo efficacy correlated with the duration of minimally effective plasma levels rather than maximal drug plasma levels."	( Pharmacologic properties of AG-012986, a pan-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor with antitumor efficacy. Arango, ME; Bender, S; Higgins, J; Huber, A; Jessen, B; Koudriakova, T; Lewis, C; Los, G; Lundgren, K; Nonomiya, J; O'Connor, P; Price, S; Skaptason, J; Troche, G; Yan, Z; Yang, M; Zhang, C, 2008)	0.35
" Interestingly, the compound exhibited maximum efficacy if dosed in the afternoon when plasma corticosterone is high; the morning dosing when plasma corticosterone is low did not lead to efficacy."	( Time of the day for 11beta-HSD1 inhibition plays a role in improving glucose homeostasis in DIO mice. Chen, MM; Fotsch, C; Hale, C; Komorowski, R; St Jean, DJ; Véniant, MM; Wang, M, 2009)	0.35
" For meloxicam, we found 100% tolerance at a dosage of 15 mg, including the patient who showed a reaction to the celecoxib."	( [Tolerance to celecoxib and meloxicam in patients with intolerance to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]. Martínez-Cócera, C; Reig Rincón de Arellano, I; Rodríguez-Alvarez, M; Vázquez-Cortés, S; Vázquez-Fuertes, L, 2008)	0.35
" Following multiple dosing with febuxostat, there were no statistically significant differences in the plasma or urinary pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters between subjects aged 18 to 40 years and >or=65 years."	( The effect of age and gender on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Joseph-Ridge, N; Khosravan, R; Kukulka, MJ; Vernillet, L; Wu, JT, 2008)	0.35
" Another two methods were also used to reduce the dosage of cantharidin, including labeling liposomal cantharidin with octreotide and exposing cells to hyperbaric oxygen."	( Liposome encapsulation reduces cantharidin toxicity. Chang, CC; Chang, CH; Ho, FM; Hou, WC; Huang, WJ; Liang, HJ; Liang, YC; Lin, SY; Liu, DZ, 2008)	0.35
"It is believed that acute pain suppresses nervus vagus, thereby, influencing gastrointestinal secretion and motility, which are the two factors that are necessary for disintegration and dissolution of solid dosage forms."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam administered as regular and fast dissolving formulations to the rat: influence of gastrointestinal dysfunction on the relative bioavailability of two formulations. Aghazadeh-Habashi, A; Jamali, F, 2008)	0.35
" Here, we review the clinical profile of dasatinib and discuss dosing strategies to manage these adverse events."	( Dasatinib dosing strategies in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia. Wong, SF, 2009)	0.35
" A Phase III dose optimization study showed that the safety profile of dasatinib is improved and efficacy maintained when administered on a 100 mg once-daily dosing schedule compared with the 70 mg twice-daily schedule in patients with chronic phase (CP) CML."	( Dasatinib dosing strategies in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia. Wong, SF, 2009)	0.35
" A dose of 70 mg twice daily remains the recommended dosage for use in patients with advanced phase CML or Ph+ ALL."	( Dasatinib dosing strategies in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia. Wong, SF, 2009)	0.35
"The inconvenience of subcutaneous insulin delivery leads to low patient compliance with the dosage regimens."	( Synthesis and characterization of PEGylated calcium phosphate nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. Paul, W; Ramachandran, R; Sharma, CP, 2009)	0.35
" Half maximal effective concentration values were consistently higher in striatal than in extrastriatal regions (temporal cortex: 39 ng/mL; putamen: 64 ng/mL), irrespective of the time between last dosing and scan."	( Striatal and extrastriatal D2/D3-receptor-binding properties of ziprasidone: a positron emission tomography study with [18F]Fallypride and [11C]raclopride (D2/D3-receptor occupancy of ziprasidone). Bartenstein, P; Boy, C; Bröcheler, A; Buchholz, HG; Cumming, P; Fellows, C; Gründer, G; Hiemke, C; Janouschek, H; Landvogt, C; Rösch, F; Schäfer, W; Spreckelmeyer, K; Vernaleken, I; Veselinovic, T; Wong, DF, 2008)	0.35
" antiarrhythmic agents that act as ventricular rate control agents, a selective response can be accomplished by careful dosing paradigms."	( A1 adenosine receptor agonists and their potential therapeutic applications. Elzein, E; Zablocki, J, 2008)	0.35
"The BCR-ABL inhibitor dasatinib achieves clinical remissions in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients using a dosing schedule that achieves potent but transient BCR-ABL inhibition."	( Transient potent BCR-ABL inhibition is sufficient to commit chronic myeloid leukemia cells irreversibly to apoptosis. Balbas, M; Bleickardt, E; Kasap, C; Nicaise, C; Nicoll, JM; Sawyers, CL; Shah, NP; Weier, C, 2008)	0.35
" The therapeutic group received the same dosage of NTZ for 10 days from the appearance of diarrhoea (between 1 and 5 dpi)."	( Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal calves. Deplazes, P; Hemphill, A; Kohler, L; Schnyder, M, 2009)	0.35
" Between Weeks 4 and 24, dosing could be adjusted to febuxostat 40 or 120 mg."	( Febuxostat in the treatment of gout: 5-yr findings of the FOCUS efficacy and safety study. Becker, MA; Lademacher, C; Lloyd, E; MacDonald, PA; Schumacher, HR, 2009)	0.35
" Bromine and isothiazolinone formulations may require higher dosage of concentrations than currently practiced if used in conjunction with molybdate- and phosphate-based scale/corrosion inhibitors."	( The efficacy of biocides and other chemical additives in cooling water systems in the control of amoebae. Bentham, R; Critchley, M, 2009)	0.35
" This study demonstrated that at recommended dosing concentrations, biocides had species-specific effects on environmental isolates of amoebae that may act as reservoirs for Legionella multiplication in cooling water systems."	( The efficacy of biocides and other chemical additives in cooling water systems in the control of amoebae. Bentham, R; Critchley, M, 2009)	0.35
"Community dwelling patients with schizophrenia were randomized to treatment with haloperidol (n=47) or ziprasidone dosed either once or twice daily (n=139)."	( Reduction of functional disability with atypical antipsychotic treatment: a randomized long term comparison of ziprasidone and haloperidol. Harvey, PD; Kremer, CM; Lombardo, I; Pappadopulos, E, 2009)	0.35
" An adaptive design was employed to concentrate dosage assignments at or near the MTD."	( An adaptive first in man dose-escalation study of NGX267: statistical, clinical, and operational considerations. Ivanova, A; Murphy, M, 2009)	0.35
" Recent clinical trial developments raise questions regarding the proper dosage and schedule of these newer agents as well as the timing of their use in the treatment of patients with CML."	( Efficacy of various doses and schedules of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bixby, DL; Talpaz, M, 2008)	0.35
" MTEP also decreased cocaine self-administration without a clear graded dose-response profile and did not modify SCM-reinforced responding."	( Dissociation of the effects of MTEP [3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]piperidine] on conditioned reinstatement and reinforcement: comparison between cocaine and a conventional reinforcer. Baptista, MA; Dayas, CV; Martin-Fardon, R; Weiss, F, 2009)	0.35
" Occasional mild hypomania responded to dosage reduction."	( Ziprasidone monotherapy in bipolar II depression: an open trial. Akhtar, J; Dunner, D; Johnson, AE; Liebowitz, MR; Mech, A; Pratap, R; Salmán, E, 2009)	0.35
" This, combined with an iterative rat cassette dosing strategy, was used to identify compounds with improved pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles to advance for in vivo evaluation."	( Novel tricyclic inhibitors of IkappaB kinase. Barrish, JC; Belanger, D; Burke, JR; Chen, L; Das, J; Dodd, JH; Dodier, M; Dyckman, AJ; Furch, JA; Gill, P; Gillooly, K; Guo, J; Kempson, J; Langevine, CM; Li, T; Marathe, PH; Marinier, A; Martel, A; McIntyre, KW; McKinnon, M; Moquin, RV; Nirschl, D; Pattoli, MA; Pitts, WJ; Quesnelle, C; Spergel, SH; Van Kirk, K; Wang-Iverson, D; Watterson, SH; Yang, Z, 2009)	0.35
"Dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of BCR-ABL, was originally approved for the second-line treatment of any-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia at a dosage of 70 mg twice daily."	( New approved dasatinib regimen available for clinical use. Snyder, DS, 2009)	0.35
" The milk was collected 12h after dosing from cows which received meloxicam (0."	( In-house reference materials: 5-hydroxyflunixin and meloxicam in cow milk-preparation and evaluation. Jedziniak, P; Olejnik, M; Szprengier-Juszkiewicz, T, 2009)	0.35
"To discuss the new dasatinib dosing regimen for the treatment of chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CP CML) in patients who failed or were intolerant to imatinib therapy."	( Once-daily dasatinib for treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Tyler, T, 2009)	0.35
" Dasatinib was approved for the treatment of imatinib-resistant/intolerant patients with CML or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia at the dosage of 70 mg twice daily."	( Once-daily dasatinib for treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Tyler, T, 2009)	0.35
" As more clinical data become available and additional novel agents are developed, specific therapy and dosing strategies for individuals with CML will depend on the status of their disease, the anticipated side effects, and concurrent drug therapy."	( Chronic myeloid leukemia therapy: focus on second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors. McFarland, KL; Wetzstein, GA, 2009)	0.35
" A chemistry effort was initiated to discover orally bioavailable analogues of carfilzomib, which would have potential for improved dosing flexibility and patient convenience over intravenously administered agents."	( Design and synthesis of an orally bioavailable and selective peptide epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor (PR-047). Aujay, MA; Bennett, MK; Dajee, M; Demo, SD; Fang, Y; Ho, MN; Jiang, J; Kirk, CJ; Laidig, GJ; Lewis, ER; Lu, Y; Muchamuel, T; Parlati, F; Ring, E; Shenk, KD; Shields, J; Shwonek, PJ; Stanton, T; Sun, CM; Sylvain, C; Woo, TM; Yang, J; Zhou, HJ, 2009)	0.35
"Consistent with previous reports, higher doses of ziprasidone (120-160 mg/d, dosed twice daily with meals) are associated with significantly lower all-cause discontinuation rates and more favorable NNTs versus placebo."	( Effect of ziprasidone dose on all-cause discontinuation rates in acute schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a post-hoc analysis of 4 fixed-dose randomized clinical trials. Citrome, L; Glue, P; Karayal, ON; Yang, R, 2009)	0.35
" Selected ligands also underwent multiple and delayed dosing regimens."	( Desferrithiocin analogue uranium decorporation agents. Bergeron, RJ; Singh, S; Wiegand, J, 2009)	0.35
" A secondary objective of this case series was to attempt to establish an age-specific dosage and identify possible side effects of this medication."	( Agitation and/or aggression after traumatic brain injury in the pediatric population treated with ziprasidone. Clinical article. Conrad, SA; Green, R; McCarthy, PJ; Scott, LK, 2009)	0.35
" That dosing regimen, combined with appropriate management of dasatinib-related adverse events, may help patients adhere to their prescribed treatment and achieve maximum therapeutic benefit."	( A once-daily dasatinib dosing strategy for chronic myeloid leukemia. Bryant, G, 2009)	0.35
" The preferred switch strategy was immediate discontinuation, and the preferred dosing regimen was 120 mg/day."	( Efficacy and tolerability of switching to ziprasidone from olanzapine, risperidone or haloperidol: an international, multicenter study. Akkaya, C; Alptekin, K; Brook, S; Danaci, AE; El Tallawy, H; Hafez, J; Karayal, ON; Lowe, W; Tzebelikos, E; Ucok, A, 2009)	0.35
" Masitinib was administered orally to 43 patients who had inadequate response to DMARDs, at initial randomised dosing levels of 3 and 6 mg/kg per day over a 12-week period."	( Masitinib in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis: results of a multicentre, open-label, dose-ranging, phase 2a study. Bourgeois, P; Dubreuil, P; Flipo, RM; Gaudin, P; Gineste, P; Guy, L; Hermine, O; Le Loët, X; Mansfield, CD; Mariette, X; Moussy, A; Sibilia, J; Tebib, J, 2009)	0.35
"Although clozapine has been shown to be the treatment of choice in people with schizophrenia that are resistant to treatment, one third to two thirds of people still have persistent positive symptoms despite clozapine monotherapy of adequate dosage and duration."	( Clozapine combined with different antipsychotic drugs for treatment resistant schizophrenia. Barbui, C; Boso, M; Cipriani, A, 2009)	0.35
" The airborne IC(50) (50% inhibition concentration) of benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde derived from the fitted dose-response curves were 17,400 +/- 1290, 16,000 +/- 250, 4680 +/- 500, and 620 +/- 310 ppm, respectively."	( An effort to test the embryotoxicity of benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde to murine embryonic stem cells using airborne exposure technique. Shen, S; Yuan, L; Zeng, S, 2009)	0.35
" The compound showed significant tumor growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner under a variety of dosing schedules including weekly, bi-weekly, and 5 days on/9 days off."	( SNS-314, a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor, shows potent anti-tumor activity and dosing flexibility in vivo. Arbitrario, JP; Belmont, BJ; Evanchik, MJ; Flanagan, WM; Fucini, RV; Hansen, SK; Harris, SO; Hashash, A; Hoch, U; Hogan, JN; Howlett, AR; Jacobs, JW; Lam, JW; Ritchie, SC; Romanowski, MJ; Silverman, JA; Stockett, DE; Taverna, P; Teague, JN; Zimmerman, KM, 2010)	0.36
"The purpose of this article is to review the utilization and dosing of ziprasidone in a state hospital system and to compare the dosing to dosing recommendations contained in product labeling that suggest a starting dose of 40 mg/day and a target dose range of 40 to 160 mg/day for schizophrenia."	( How dosing of ziprasidone in a state hospital system differs from product labeling. Citrome, L; Jaffe, A; Levine, J, 2009)	0.35
" The adequate condition for the chromatographic determination of these compounds in pharmaceutical dosage forms was established based on the different retention behaviors of the species."	( Determination of pKa values of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-oxicams by RP-HPLC and their analysis in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Alsancak, G; Demiralay, EC; Ozkan, SA, 2009)	0.35
" In dose-response studies, several compounds showed strong inhibitory activities with IC50 values at nanomolar or low nanomolar concentrations."	( Derivatives of (phenylsulfonamido-methyl)nicotine and (phenylsulfonamido-methyl)thiazole as novel 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors: synthesis and biological activities in vitro. Chen, JH; Du, LL; Leng, Y; Shen, JH; Shen, Y; Zhang, X; Zhou, Y, 2009)	0.35
" The model offers an in silico method to support an EHC hypothesis using standard pharmacokinetic data and might help to guide dosing recommendations of compounds undergoing EHC."	( A quantitative enterohepatic circulation model: development and evaluation with tesofensine and meloxicam. Kloft, C; Lehr, T; Schaefer, HG; Staab, A; Tillmann, C; Trommeshauser, D, 2009)	0.35
" The results demonstrated that simultaneous administration of α-AMA and each of tested antidotes (BPCN, CEFT, RIFSV) effectively protected human hepatocytes; however, in the group dosed with BPCN, the highest hepatocyte viability was observed."	( Comparative antidotal efficacy of benzylpenicillin, ceftazidime and rifamycin in cultured human hepatocytes intoxicated with α-amanitin. Dziędgiel, P; Gomułkiewicz, A; Magdalan, J; Ostrowska, A; Piotrowska, A; Szeląg, A, 2009)	0.35
" These drugs have predictable pharmacokinetics that allow fixed dosing without laboratory monitoring, and are being compared with vitamin K antagonists or aspirin in phase III clinical trials [corrected]."	( New anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation. Eikelboom, J; O'Donnell, M; Sobieraj-Teague, M, 2009)	0.35
" Discordant responses could be related to drug dosage variations and unknown BCR-ABL independent mechanisms."	( BCR-ABL mutational studies for predicting the response of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia to second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors after imatinib failure. Chan, YY; Kwan, TK; Lie, AK; Liu, HS; Ma, ES; Sim, JP; Wan, TS; Yeung, YM; Yip, SF, 2009)	0.35
" Mean time to discontinuation was evaluated across propensity score-matched dosing groups."	( Impact of real-world ziprasidone dosing on treatment discontinuation rates in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Citrome, L; Cuffel, B; Harnett, J; Lenhart, G; Montejano, LB; Palmer, L; Reist, C; Sanders, KN, 2009)	0.35
" Among the propensity score-matched dosing groups, the respective mean time to discontinuation for low, medium, and high doses was 90."	( Impact of real-world ziprasidone dosing on treatment discontinuation rates in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Citrome, L; Cuffel, B; Harnett, J; Lenhart, G; Montejano, LB; Palmer, L; Reist, C; Sanders, KN, 2009)	0.35
"Pleural effusion is minimized with dasatinib 100 mg QD dosing and its occurrence does not affect short- or long-term efficacy."	( Dasatinib 100 mg once daily minimizes the occurrence of pleural effusion in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase and efficacy is unaffected in patients who develop pleural effusion. Cortes, JE; Khoury, HJ; Matloub, Y; Paquette, RL; Porkka, K; Sinha, R, 2010)	0.36
" In an in vivo acute dosing model, selected members of this array were shown to induce the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4) and uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3), genes that are known to be involved in energy homeostasis and regulated by PPARdelta in skeletal muscle."	( Novel bisaryl substituted thiazoles and oxazoles as highly potent and selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Azimioara, M; Cow, C; Cuc Ngo, C; Epple, R; Gerken, A; Huang, D; Iskandar, M; Karanewsky, DS; Nguyêñ-Trân, VT; Russo, R; Saez, E; Seidel, HM; Spalding, T; Tian, SS; Tuntland, T; Wang, X; Wityak, J; Xie, Y, 2010)	0.66
"To observe the clinical effect of Wenhua Juanbi Recipe (WJR) in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), its effects in reducing the dosage of Western medicine used and stabilizing condition of disease, as well as its influences on peripheral blood levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP), for the sake of exploring its preliminary acting mechanism."	( [Effects of wenhua juanbi recipe on TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients]. Liu, XD; Ye, LH; Zhang, JL, 2009)	0.35
" Single-dose escalation from 50 to 400 mg resulted in a 164-fold increase in GS-9350 exposure, whereas multiple-dose escalation in the dosage range of 50-300 mg resulted in a 47-fold increase in exposure."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GS-9350: a novel pharmacokinetic enhancer without anti-HIV activity. German, P; Hui, J; Jain, A; Kearney, BP; Mathias, AA; Murray, BP; Warren, D; Wei, L; West, S, 2010)	0.36
"The present two studies were conducted to examine the optimal dosage of acotiamide hydrochloride (Z-338) in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) in Japan."	( Clinical trial: dose-dependent therapeutic efficacy of acotiamide hydrochloride (Z-338) in patients with functional dyspepsia - 100 mg t.i.d. is an optimal dosage. Aoki, H; Hongo, M; Kato, H; Matsueda, K; Saito, Y; Tack, J, 2010)	0.36
" Then, a dose-response of MPEP and MTEP (1."	( Effect of the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 antagonists MPEP and MTEP in parkinsonian monkeys. Di Paolo, T; Gasparini, F; Gomez-Mancilla, B; Grégoire, L; Morin, N, 2010)	0.36
" Segment 2 was designed to evaluate the safety of dasatinib as dosing was increased."	( Phase 1 pharmacokinetic and drug-interaction study of dasatinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Agrawal, S; Blackwood-Chirchir, A; Burris, H; Chiappori, AA; Dhillon, N; Hong, D; Johnson, FM; Kaul, S; Luo, FR; Rosen, L; Sy, O, 2010)	0.36
" Clinical trials found that 40 mg/d of febuxostat was noninferior to conventionally dosed allopurinol (300 mg/d) in the percentage of subjects achieving the primary end point of serum urate <6."	( Febuxostat: a selective xanthine-oxidase/xanthine-dehydrogenase inhibitor for the management of hyperuricemia in adults with gout. Ernst, ME; Fravel, MA, 2009)	0.35
" New recommendations have been presented on appropriate dosing of colchicine for acute gout flares and potential toxicities of combining colchicine with medications such as clarithromycin."	( Progress in the pharmacotherapy of gout. Sundy, JS, 2010)	0.36
"The clinical efficacy of dasatinib in a wide variety of solid tumors and important Phase I/II studies utilizing dasatinib and the optimal dosage used in solid tumors."	( Dasatinib in solid tumors. Haura, EB; Kim, LC; Rix, U, 2010)	0.36
" In patients with chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia, once-daily dosing has similar efficacy with improved safety, compared with twice-daily dosing."	( Dasatinib 140 mg once daily versus 70 mg twice daily in patients with Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia who failed imatinib: Results from a phase 3 study. Brigid Bradley-Garelik, M; Bullorsky, E; Charbonnier, A; Dombret, H; Ehninger, G; Larson, RA; Lilly, MB; Martinelli, G; Müller, MC; Ottmann, OG; Reiffers, JJ; Shah, NP; Zhu, C, 2010)	0.36
" In light of the potential role of NK cells in the immunesurveillance of residual leukemia and for future combinatory immunotherapeutic approaches, our data indicate that choice and dosing of the most suitable BCR/ABL-inhibitor for a given patient require careful consideration."	( The BCR/ABL-inhibitors imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib differentially affect NK cell reactivity. Grünebach, F; Hilpert, J; Krusch, M; Placke, T; Salih, HR; Salih, J; Steinle, A, 2010)	0.36
" In a rat model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, daily oral dosing of animals with GW0742 (30 mg/kg) for 3 weeks significantly reduced the associated right heart hypertrophy and right ventricular systolic pressure."	( The PPARbeta/delta agonist GW0742 relaxes pulmonary vessels and limits right heart hypertrophy in rats with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Desvergne, B; Garland, C; Harrington, LS; Mitchell, JA; Moreno, L; Reed, A; Wort, SJ; Zhao, L, 2010)	0.36
" This single dosage may be sufficient for the treatment of schizophrenia and might be useful as a new dosing schedule choice."	( Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by perospirone: a positron emission tomography study in patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Arakawa, R; Ito, H; Okubo, Y; Okumura, M; Suhara, T; Takahashi, H; Takano, A; Takano, H, 2010)	0.36
" The authors investigated the relationship between the dosage of perospirone and the plasma levels of perospirone and its active metabolite, ID15036, and also evaluated the impact of the plasma concentrations of perospirone and ID15036 on the plasma prolactin level to examine whether perospirone or ID15036 affected the dopamine D(2) blockade, in psychiatric patients treated with perospirone."	( The wide variability of perospirone metabolism and the effect of perospirone on prolactin in psychiatric patients. Fukui, N; Inoue, Y; Ono, S; Sawamura, K; Someya, T; Sugai, T; Suzuki, Y; Tsuneyama, N; Watanabe, J, 2010)	0.36
"The plasma ID15036 level was higher than the plasma perospirone, and a positive correlation was observed between the dosage of perospirone and the ID15036 levels (p=0."	( The wide variability of perospirone metabolism and the effect of perospirone on prolactin in psychiatric patients. Fukui, N; Inoue, Y; Ono, S; Sawamura, K; Someya, T; Sugai, T; Suzuki, Y; Tsuneyama, N; Watanabe, J, 2010)	0.36
" Prolactin concentrations before dosing during risperidone treatment were significantly higher than during treatment with olanzapine and perospirone in females."	( Prolactin fluctuation over the course of a day during treatments with three atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients. Fujii, A; Furukori, H; Inoue, Y; Kaneko, S; Sugawara, N; Tsuchimine, S; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2010)	0.36
" A twice-daily dosing regimen was found to significantly correlate with development of effusions, and therefore once-daily dosing is now approved for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia."	( Pleural effusions due to dasatinib. Brixey, AG; Light, RW, 2010)	0.36
" The amidoxime and N-methoxyamidine of 5a were the only produgs to provide cures (1/4 cures) in the same mouse model on oral dosage at 4x25mg/kg."	( Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of 2,5-bis[amidinoaryl]thiazoles. Boykin, DW; Branowska, D; Brun, R; Farahat, AA; Kumar, A; Liu, Y; Wenzler, T; Wilson, WD, 2010)	0.6
" Imatinib is remarkably effective as treatment for CML in the chronic phase (at a dosage of 400 mg/d) and the accelerated phase (at 600 mg/d)."	( Update on practical aspects of the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia with imatinib mesylate. Schiffer, CA; Zonder, JA, 2006)	0.33
"The objectives of this study were to establish dose-response and blood concentration-response relationships for robenacoxib, a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with selectivity for inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 isoenzyme, in a canine model of synovitis."	( Analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions of robenacoxib in acute joint inflammation in dog. Jung, M; King, JN; Lees, P; Schmid, VB; Seewald, W; Spreng, DE, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic investigation of 8bo in beagle dogs suggests that the compound is suitable for once daily dosing in humans."	( 2-imino-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives as potent, orally active S1P1 receptor agonists. Abele, S; Binkert, C; Bolli, MH; Bravo, R; Buchmann, S; Bur, D; Gatfield, J; Hess, P; Kohl, C; Mangold, C; Mathys, B; Menyhart, K; Müller, C; Nayler, O; Scherz, M; Schmidt, G; Sippel, V; Steiner, B; Strasser, D; Treiber, A; Weller, T, 2010)	0.36
" The switch from conventional antipsychotics to ziprasidone was achieved using one of three discrete schedules: (1) abrupt discontinuation of conventional antipsychotics on day 1; (2) fast taper-50% of conventional antipsychotic dosage on days 1 through 7, followed by discontinuation and (3) slow taper-100% of conventional antipsychotic dosage on days 1 and 2, followed by 50% on days 3 through 7, then discontinuation."	( Switching from conventional antipsychotics to ziprasidone: a randomized, open-label comparison of regimen strategies. Potvin, S; Stip, E; Tourjman, V; Zhornitsky, S, 2010)	0.36
" Dosage adjustment in mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency is unnecessary; however, data are lacking on the safety of febuxostat in patients with severe renal impairment."	( Urate-lowering therapy for gout: focus on febuxostat. Barrons, R; Love, BL; Snider, KM; Veverka, A, 2010)	0.36
"Determining a drug dosing regimen that produces consistent bioavailability and patient effects is one of the goals of the drug development process."	( How sequential studies inform drug development: evaluating the effect of food intake on optimal bioavailability of ziprasidone. Lincoln, J; Preskorn, SH; Stewart, ME, 2010)	0.36
" Seventy-three subjects with treatment-resistant GAD were recruited, and 62 were randomized to either ziprasidone or placebo treatment at a ratio of 2:1 using a flexible dosing strategy (20-80 mg daily)."	( Ziprasidone treatment of refractory generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Etemad, B; Gallop, R; Lohoff, FW; Mandos, LA; Rickels, K, 2010)	0.36
" Although laboratory and clinical studies had led to the prevailing view that continual inhibition of the BCR-ABL kinase was required for optimal efficacy, recent data on dasatinib have upended this notion and have led to a change in the recommended dosing schedule."	( How much and how long: tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia. Deininger, MW; Traer, E, 2010)	0.36
"The objectives of these investigations were: first, to describe the pharmacokinetic properties of meloxicam in cats following single and multiple oral administration and secondly, to simulate different oral dosage regimes for meloxicam in cats after multiple dose administration to illustrate and evaluate those dosage regimes for the alleviation of inflammation and pain in cats."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation of single and multiple dose administration of meloxicam in cats. Jöns, O; Kloft, C; Lehr, T; Narbe, R; Staab, A, 2010)	0.36
"001) dose-response for efficacy across the edoxaban dose groups for total VTE and for major VTE."	( Oral direct factor Xa inhibition with edoxaban for thromboprophylaxis after elective total hip replacement. A randomised double-blind dose-response study. Bocanegra, T; Cohen, AT; Eriksson, BI; Puskas, D; Raskob, G; Shi, M; Weitz, JI, 2010)	0.36
"5 h and 1 h after administration of BCD-meloxicam orally than those of unmodified meloxicam (both dosed at 10 mg/kg)."	( Influence on analgesic activity and serum levels after meloxicam complexation with beta-cyclodextrin in mice and rats. Dolezal, T; Janovský, M; Krsiak, M; Procháizková, M; Slíva, J, 2010)	0.36
" The proposed methods were applied for the determination of ziprasidone from pharmaceutical dosage forms and human serum samples without any time-consuming extraction, separation, evaporation or adsorption steps prior to drug assay except precipitation of the proteins using acetonitrile."	( Electroanalytical characteristics of antipsychotic drug ziprasidone and its determination in pharmaceuticals and serum samples on solid electrodes. Gumustas, M; Kul, D; Ozkan, SA; Uslu, B, 2010)	0.36
" dosing of mice and present predictions of the effects of CYC116 for a range of doses and drug scheduling regimes."	( An integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for an Aurora kinase inhibitor. Davidson, FA; Jackson, RC; Kamei, H; Zheleva, D, 2010)	0.36
" To assess potential toxicity, 4 iguanas were given meloxicam at a dosage of 1 or 5 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 12 days, and results of histologic examination were compared with results for another 4 iguanas given a single dose of meloxicam (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam following intravenous and oral administration in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Barron, GH; Budsberg, SC; Divers, SJ; Hernandez, SM; Koch, TF; McBride, M; Papich, M; Perpinan, D; Pethel, M; Stedman, NL, 2010)	0.36
" The hits were evaluated for their antiviral activity, cell toxicity, and selectivity in dose-response experiments."	( Discovery of novel benzoquinazolinones and thiazoloimidazoles, inhibitors of influenza H5N1 and H1N1 viruses, from a cell-based high-throughput screen. Ananthan, S; Chen, X; Hobrath, J; Jia, F; Jonsson, CB; Maddox, C; Maddry, JA; Noah, D; Noah, JW; Severson, WE; Smee, DF; Sosa, MI; White, EL; Xu, X, 2011)	0.37
" Finally, the small-molecule c-fms inhibitor Ki20227 was able to decrease in a dose-response manner, breast cancer cell invasion by up to fourfold."	( Inhibition of the c-fms proto-oncogene autocrine loop and tumor phenotype in glucocorticoid stimulated human breast carcinoma cells. Azodi, M; Chambers, SK; Lamb, T; Roy, WJ; Toy, EP; Woo, HH, 2011)	0.37
" Numbers of live whiteflies were well correlated with the dosage of active ingredients."	( Effectiveness of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid seed treatments against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton. Greenberg, SM; Liu, TX; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.37
" Our results indicate that the use of meloxicam or flunixin in accordance with the recommended dosage regimen in cattle do not have a clinically significant influence on apoptosis of peripheral blood T cells."	( Evaluation of the influence of meloxicam and flunixin meglumine on the apoptosis of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in calves. Jakubowski, P; Jaroszewski, JJ; Markiewicz, W; Maślanka, T, 2010)	0.36
" The different dosing requirements of dasatinib (once daily with or without food) and nilotinib (twice daily with fasting) may be an additional factor in selecting frontline agents."	( First-line treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia: dasatinib, nilotinib, or imatinib. Liu, D; Rafiyath, S; Wei, G, 2010)	0.36
" Principal advantages over some other second-generation antipsychotics are lurasidone's highly favourable metabolic profile and once-daily dosing regimen."	( Lurasidone for schizophrenia: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved second-generation antipsychotic. Citrome, L, 2011)	0.37
" The goals when treating gout are no different in these patients, but the choice and dosage of drugs may need to be modified."	( Managing gout: how is it different in patients with chronic kidney disease? El-Zawawy, H; Mandell, BF, 2010)	0.36
" We describe the pharmacokinetic properties and safety data after 7 days of dosing of FBS0701, a novel oral, once-daily iron chelator."	( A phase 1 dose-escalation study: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of FBS0701, a novel oral iron chelator for the treatment of transfusional iron overload. Chirnomas, D; Harmatz, P; Kramer, W; Kwiatkowski, JL; Neufeld, EJ; Porter, JB; Rienhoff, HY; Tapper, A; Tay, L; Vichinsky, E; Viprakasit, V, 2011)	0.37
" The maxium plasma concentration (C(max)) was reached within 60-90 minutes of dosing and the drug was rapidly distributed at the predicted therapeutic doses."	( A phase 1 dose-escalation study: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of FBS0701, a novel oral iron chelator for the treatment of transfusional iron overload. Chirnomas, D; Harmatz, P; Kramer, W; Kwiatkowski, JL; Neufeld, EJ; Porter, JB; Rienhoff, HY; Tapper, A; Tay, L; Vichinsky, E; Viprakasit, V, 2011)	0.37
" The results of this study suggest that acetamiprid is acceptable for application in/on zucchini under the recommended dosage conditions."	( Determination of acetamiprid residues in zucchini grown under greenhouse conditions: application to behavioral dynamics. Abd El-Aty, AM; Cho, SK; Choi, JH; Ghafar, MW; Kim, BM; Park, JH; Park, JY; Shim, JH, 2011)	0.37
" Dose-response curves were constructed, and drug interaction was assessed by the Combination Index (CI) method."	( Dasatinib (BMS-35482) has synergistic activity with paclitaxel and carboplatin in ovarian cancer cells. Adams, DJ; Ayeni, TA; Barry, WT; Berchuck, A; Grace, L; Murphy, SK; Rubatt, JM; Secord, AA; Starr, MD; Teoh, D, 2011)	0.37
" It had acceptable ADME properties; however, the low intrinsic solubility of this compound was limiting for its developability, because the oral bioavailability from dosing in suspension was significantly lower than the oral bioavailability from solution dosage."	( Discovery of phosphoric acid mono-{2-[(E/Z)-4-(3,3-dimethyl-butyrylamino)-3,5-difluoro-benzoylimino]-thiazol-3-ylmethyl} ester (Lu AA47070): a phosphonooxymethylene prodrug of a potent and selective hA(2A) receptor antagonist. Bang-Andersen, B; Brennum, LT; Bundgaard, C; Howells, ME; Jørgensen, EB; Kreilgård, M; Langgård, M; Larsen, M; Mikkelsen, GK; Sams, AG; Schrøder, TJ; Torup, L, 2011)	0.37
"EJ cells treated with LY294002 showed significant AKT phosphorylation suppressing in a dose-response manner."	( Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 suppresses proliferation and sensitizes doxorubicin chemotherapy in bladder cancer cells. Li, P; Lu, Q; Qing, W; Tao, J; Wu, D; Xu, B; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
"This article addresses points to consider when switching patients to the second-generation antipsychotic (SGA), ziprasidone, in everyday clinical practice: 1) the pharmacologic properties of the pre-switch antipsychotic and of ziprasidone; 2) switch and dosing strategies to ensure maintenance or attainment of efficacy; 3) recognition and management of possible rebound effects of the pre-switch medication discontinuation; 4) recognition and management of potential side effects of ziprasidone; and 5) education and support for patients/caregivers concerning correct ziprasidone administration."	( Switching among antipsychotics in everyday clinical practice: focus on ziprasidone. Cañas, F; Correll, CU; Fagiolini, A; Larmo, I; Levy, P; Montes, JM; Papageorgiou, G; Rossi, A; Sturlason, R; Zink, M, 2011)	0.37
" The recommended starting dosage is 40 mg orally once daily."	( Febuxostat for treatment of chronic gout. Gray, CL; Walters-Smith, NE, 2011)	0.37
" Palatability and accuracy of dosing were also assessed."	( Clinical evaluation of meloxicam versus ketoprofen in cats suffering from painful acute locomotor disorders. Grant, D; Johnston, L; Letellier, IM; Morton, CM; Narbe, R, 2011)	0.37
" We found substantial differences in baseline characteristics of subjects, administered dosage and disease severity in India compared to the USA and Russia."	( Impact of geographical and cultural factors on clinical trials in acute mania: lessons from a ziprasidone and haloperidol placebo-controlled study. Lombardo, I; Mandel, FS; Pappadopulos, E; Vieta, E, 2011)	0.37
" Decreases in estimated glomerular filtration rate occurred within the first few weeks of dosing in participants receiving EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF, remained within the normal range and did not progress at week 24 or 48; no participant experienced a clinical adverse event or discontinued study drug due to changes in serum creatinine or renal function."	( Randomized, phase 2 evaluation of two single-tablet regimens elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the initial treatment of HIV infection. Chuck, SL; Cohen, C; DeJesus, E; Elion, R; Kearney, BP; Liu, HC; Ramanathan, S; Rashbaum, B; Ruane, P; Shamblaw, D; Warren, DR; Yale, K, 2011)	0.37
" The population pharmacokinetic model was used to predict exposure of the active moiety R-125338 and thus to identify potential CS-917 dosage reduction criteria."	( Population pharmacokinetic model for a novel oral hypoglycemic formed in vivo: comparing the use of active metabolite data alone versus using data of upstream and downstream metabolites. Carrothers, TJ; Habtemariam, B; Kastrissios, H; Khariton, T; Kshirsagar, S; Mager, DE; Rohatagi, S; Walker, JR, 2012)	0.38
" Flunixin meglumine at the given dosage (2."	( Effects of buprenorphine, meloxicam, and flunixin meglumine as postoperative analgesia in mice. Blankenship-Paris, TL; Clark, JA; Goulding, DR; King-Herbert, AP; Kissling, GE; Travlos, GS; Tubbs, JT, 2011)	0.37
" Echocardiographic traces obtained after twenty-eight consecutive days of dosing revealed two animals with diminished left ventricular cardiac ejection fraction."	( A twenty-eight-day mechanistic time course study in the rhesus monkey with hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor BILN 2061. Huang, Q; Knight, BL; Pack, FD; Seidler, RW; Stern, JO; Stoltz, JH, 2011)	0.37
" Two dosing regimens of edoxaban tosylate are being compared with warfarin over 24 months in the ENGAGE AF TIMI 48 trial (NCT00781391) in over 21 000 patients with atrial fibrillation in North and South America, Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand."	( Edoxaban tosylate. , 2011)	0.37
" Iloperidone and asenapine are dosed twice daily, in contrast to lurasidone, which is dosed once daily with food."	( Iloperidone, asenapine, and lurasidone: a brief overview of 3 new second-generation antipsychotics. Citrome, L, 2011)	0.37
" Due to toxicity, the starting dosage was decreased to 70 mg twice daily."	( A phase 2 trial of dasatinib in advanced melanoma. Dudek, AZ; Jilaveanu, LB; Kluger, HM; McCann, C; Molinaro, A; Ritacco, J; Southard, N; Sznol, M, 2011)	0.37
" Four-year follow-up of a phase III dose-optimization trial confirmed that better progression-free survival (66%) and overall survival (82%) were obtained with a dose of 100 mg once daily (od) than with the standard 70 mg twice daily dosing (65% and 75%, respectively)."	( Activity and safety of dasatinib as second-line treatment or in newly diagnosed chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Alimena, G; Breccia, M, 2011)	0.37
" The elicitation doses were calculated, and fitted dose-response curves were drawn."	( Can exposure limitations for well-known contact allergens be simplified? An analysis of dose-response patch test data. Fischer, LA; Johansen, JD; Menné, T; Voelund, A, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic profile of a representative of this series (compound 19; ML089) was also assessed, demonstrating the potential of this series for in vivo efficacy when dosed orally in disease models."	( Potent, selective, and orally available benzoisothiazolone phosphomannose isomerase inhibitors as probes for congenital disorder of glycosylation Ia. Bravo, Y; Brown, B; Cosford, ND; Dahl, R; Dhanya, RP; Freeze, HH; Hedrick, M; Ichikawa, M; Mangravita-Novo, A; Rascon, J; Sergienko, E; Sharma, V; Smith, LH; Stonich, D; Su, Y; Vicchiarelli, M; Yang, L, 2011)	0.37
" Dasatinib, an oral Src family kinase inhibitor, has demonstrated both preclinical and clinical activity with twice-daily dosing in patients with metastatic CRPC."	( Once-daily dasatinib: expansion of phase II study evaluating safety and efficacy of dasatinib in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Carducci, MA; Culine, S; Fizazi, K; Gross, ME; Hudes, G; Massard, C; Paliwal, P; Posadas, EM; Sternberg, CN; Trudel, GC; Wilding, G; Yu, EY, 2011)	0.37
"Dasatinib 100 mg QD has a favorable safety profile and maintains a similar degree of activity as the previously reported twice-daily dosing schedules."	( Once-daily dasatinib: expansion of phase II study evaluating safety and efficacy of dasatinib in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Carducci, MA; Culine, S; Fizazi, K; Gross, ME; Hudes, G; Massard, C; Paliwal, P; Posadas, EM; Sternberg, CN; Trudel, GC; Wilding, G; Yu, EY, 2011)	0.37
"A multicenter study with randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel, intergroup comparison was carried out to evaluate the dose-response relationship, efficacy, and safety of febuxostat in 202 patients with hyperuricemia (including patients with gout) in Japan."	( Placebo-controlled double-blind dose-response study of the non-purine-selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat (TMX-67) in patients with hyperuricemia (including gout patients) in japan: late phase 2 clinical study. Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hisashi, Y; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kenjiro, K; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Naoyuki, K; Shin, F; Takanori, U; Tatsuo, H; Tetsuya, Y; Toshikazu, H; Toshitaka, N; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H; Yuji, M, 2011)	0.37
" A statistically significant dose-response relationship was found."	( Placebo-controlled double-blind dose-response study of the non-purine-selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat (TMX-67) in patients with hyperuricemia (including gout patients) in japan: late phase 2 clinical study. Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hisashi, Y; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kenjiro, K; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Naoyuki, K; Shin, F; Takanori, U; Tatsuo, H; Tetsuya, Y; Toshikazu, H; Toshitaka, N; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H; Yuji, M, 2011)	0.37
"In a 52-week, multicenter, open-label trial, febuxostat was initially administered at 10 mg/d; then, the dosage was increased in a stepwise fashion to 40 mg/d."	( Multicenter, open-label study of long-term administration of febuxostat (TMX-67) in Japanese patients with hyperuricemia including gout. Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H, 2011)	0.37
" There was no marked difference between the 2 dosage groups in terms of the incidence of adverse events."	( Multicenter, open-label study of long-term administration of febuxostat (TMX-67) in Japanese patients with hyperuricemia including gout. Fujimori, S; Hada, T; Hosoya, T; Kamatani, N; Kohri, K; Matsuzawa, Y; Nakamura, T; Ueda, T; Yamamoto, T; Yamanaka, H, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted with these formulations to examine the bioavailability of test formulations in fasted and fed state compared to commercial capsules (Geodon®) dosed in the fed state."	( Improved ziprasidone formulations with enhanced bioavailability in the fasted state and a reduced food effect. Alderman, JA; Herbig, SM; Thombre, AG, 2011)	0.37
" Two formulations when taken in the fasted or fed state were comparable to the commercial capsules dosed in the fed state with respect to total exposure."	( Improved ziprasidone formulations with enhanced bioavailability in the fasted state and a reduced food effect. Alderman, JA; Herbig, SM; Thombre, AG, 2011)	0.37
" Such formulations could provide simple and convenient dosing while retaining the familiar safety and efficacy profile of currently marketed capsules."	( Improved ziprasidone formulations with enhanced bioavailability in the fasted state and a reduced food effect. Alderman, JA; Herbig, SM; Thombre, AG, 2011)	0.37
"Participants, who were recently admitted inpatients with schizophrenia with an acute exacerbation of psychotic symptoms, were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of double-blind treatment with 40 mg of lurasidone, 120 mg of lurasidone, 15 mg of olanzapine (included to test for assay sensitivity), or placebo, dosed once daily."	( Lurasidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and olanzapine-controlled study. Cucchiaro, J; Kalali, AH; Loebel, A; Meltzer, HY; Ogasa, M; Phillips, D; Pikalov, A; Schweizer, E; Silva, R; Xu, J, 2011)	0.37
" Through this process a novel, high potency, full β(2)-agonist with high selectivity and long duration capable of being dosed once daily has been discovered."	( Design-driven LO: the discovery of new ultra long acting dibasic β2-adrenoceptor agonists. Alcaraz, L; Bailey, A; Cadogan, E; Christie, J; Connolly, S; Cook, AR; Fisher, AJ; Hill, S; Humphries, A; Ingall, AH; Kane, Z; Paine, S; Pairaudeau, G; Stocks, MJ; Young, A, 2011)	0.37
"Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop and optimize the mesomorphic phase formulation for a meloxicam transdermal dosage form."	( Formulation optimization of transdermal meloxicam potassium-loaded mesomorphic phases containing ethanol, oleic acid and mixture surfactant using the statistical experimental design methodology. Huang, CT; Huang, YB; Tsai, CH; Tsai, YH; Tsou, HY; Wu, PC, 2011)	0.37
" Evening dosing resulted in significant dose-dependent improvement in latency to persistent sleep, total sleep time and wake after sleep onset as measured by polysomnography."	( Phase I studies on the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SB-649868, a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist. Alexander, R; Bettica, P; Gomeni, R; Nucci, G; Pyke, C; Ratti, E; Squassante, L; Zamuner, S, 2012)	0.38

Class	Description
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,3-thiazoles
monocyclic heteroarene
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1719955	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-13, Volume: 63, Issue:15	Thiazoles, Their Benzofused Systems, and Thiazolidinone Derivatives: Versatile and Promising Tools to Combat Antibiotic Resistance.
AID1147922	Noncompetitive inhibition of electric eel AChE using acetylthiocholine chloride as substrate at pH 8.25 by Michaelis-Menten plot analysis	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by thiamine. A structure-function study.
AID701844	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-12, Volume: 55, Issue:13	Mitigating heterocycle metabolism in drug discovery.
AID1147920	Noncompetitive inhibition of electric eel AChE using acetylthiocholine chloride as substrate at pH 7 by Michaelis-Menten plot analysis	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by thiamine. A structure-function study.
AID1147921	Competitive inhibition of electric eel AChE using acetylthiocholine chloride as substrate at pH 8.25 by Michaelis-Menten plot analysis	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by thiamine. A structure-function study.
AID213129	Inhibition of Thromboxane synthetase at 100 uM	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 24, Issue:10	Highly selective inhibitors of thromboxane synthetase. 2. Pyridine derivatives.
AID1147919	Competitive inhibition of electric eel AChE using acetylthiocholine chloride as substrate at pH 7 by Michaelis-Menten plot analysis	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by thiamine. A structure-function study.
AID1147923	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound by potentiometric titration analysis	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by thiamine. A structure-function study.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	4051 (12.75)	18.7374
1990's	4265 (13.42)	18.2507
2000's	9975 (31.40)	29.6817
2010's	11515 (36.24)	24.3611
2020's	1965 (6.18)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	2,100 (6.33%)	5.53%
Reviews	2,207 (6.65%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1,134 (3.42%)	4.05%
Observational	88 (0.27%)	0.25%
Other	27,650 (83.34%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	4.26	5	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	3.78	11	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.13	1	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	2	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
chloroacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.42	2	0	organochlorine compound
ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene Chlorohydrin: Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.. chloroethanol : An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.	1.98	1	0	chloroethanol	xenobiotic metabolite
alpha-ketobutyric acid alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.	2.06	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; short-chain fatty acid
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	1.98	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
2-keto-4-methylvalerate alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.	2.01	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; branched-chain keto acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.25	1	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
3-hydroxykynurenine 3-hydroxykynurenine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.. hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is kynurenine substituted by a single hydroxy group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.	2.96	4	0	hydroxykynurenine	human metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	2.36	2	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.39	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids	1.98	1	0
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	10.79	45	5	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	3.9	12	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	3.22	6	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.98	4	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	5.12	43	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	5.85	23	1	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	4.58	7	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	4.09	15	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	17.1	99	25	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	2.01	1	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	3.07	5	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	6.86	12	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	3.27	6	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2.45	2	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	5.29	10	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	11.28	61	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	4.63	6	1	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	6.86	12	1	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	4.8	10	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	8.12	5	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	4.89	8	1	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	8.77	11	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
butyraldehyde [no description available]	2	1	0	butanals	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	3.44	7	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	3.43	7	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	19.92	248	43	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	3.37	7	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	3.12	5	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	2	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	4.46	8	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	3.01	4	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	8	38	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
choline [no description available]	4.43	22	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.	2.15	1	0	tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	8.18	18	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	7.07	79	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.94	13	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	4.53	22	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cuminol cuminol: an insulinotropic agent with protective activity toward beta-cells; structure in first source. 4-isopropylbenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring of benzyl alcohol has been replaced by an isopropyl group.	2.08	1	0	benzyl alcohols; p-menthane monoterpenoid	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component; xenobiotic metabolite
cuminaldehyde cuminaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities.	2.08	1	0	benzaldehydes	insecticide; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	7.44	90	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
digallic acid digallic acid: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzoate ester; gallate ester
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	3.52	8	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene 1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene: naphthalene metabolite; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol : A member of the class of naphthalenediols that is 1,2-dihydronaphthalene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.	2.02	1	0	dihydronaphthalenes; naphthalenediols	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-diaminopropionic acid 3-aminoalanine : A diamino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an amino group.	2.02	1	0	alanine derivative; amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; diamino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	4.13	15	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.	2.07	1	0	aryl phosphate	mouse metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.93	4	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	3.29	6	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	2.07	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
nornicotine nornicotine: agricultural or horticultural insecticide; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure	2.05	1	0
dihydrolipoic acid dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.	2.03	1	0	thio-fatty acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	5.93	9	1	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	4.23	5	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	3.23	5	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	2.42	2	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	2.1	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.02	1	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	2.01	1	0	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	3.61	9	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
phosphoglycolate phosphoglycolate: RN given refers to parent acid. 2-phosphoglycolic acid : The O-phospho derivative of glycolic acid.	2	1	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	4.51	24	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	7.78	3	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
creatine [no description available]	3.24	6	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	4.61	8	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	9.96	113	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	3.81	11	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diethyl phosphate diethyl phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethyl hydrogen phosphate : A dialkyl phosphate having ethyl as the alkyl group.	2.11	1	0	dialkyl phosphate	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
dihydroxyacetone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	ketotriose; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antifungal agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	6.68	70	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	7.42	90	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the acidic groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.	2.02	1	0	monophosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	algal metabolite; fundamental metabolite
glycine [no description available]	11.62	80	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	3.06	5	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	9.88	41	3	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	3.11	5	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glycolaldehyde [no description available]	2.44	2	0	glycolaldehydes	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.93	4	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2.38	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.36	2	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	3.48	2	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	6.26	11	1	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	13.8	33	13
histamine [no description available]	9.81	144	2	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
toxopyrimidine 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 are replaced by methyl, amino, and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively.	3.51	8	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic primary alcohol	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiocyanic acid thiocyanic acid : A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.05	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	13.04	29	1	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	3.27	6	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	3.08	5	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	11.69	29	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	5.38	17	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indole-3-acetaldehyde indoleacetaldehyde : An aldehyde that is acetaldehyde substituted by an indolyl group.. indol-3-ylacetaldehyde : An indoleacetaldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by a indol-3-yl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of tryptophan.	1.97	1	0	indoleacetaldehyde	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	4.64	8	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	10.78	29	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	5.16	15	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	5.65	23	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
lipoamide Lipozyme: lipase from Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on anion exchange resin	2.04	1	0	dithiolanes; monocarboxylic acid amide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	5.59	17	1	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	3.09	5	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	5.28	19	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	7.06	41	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	2.44	2	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	8.93	15	1	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	5.13	44	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	2.94	4	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
acetanilide acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.52	2	0	acetamides; anilide	analgesic
naphthalene [no description available]	2.75	3	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	10.27	69	3	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	13.28	68	4	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	5.64	15	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	8.05	42	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.44	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	5.46	4	1	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	9.22	74	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	4.7	5	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.72	3	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.71	3	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	3.21	6	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.	2.94	3	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	geroprotector; metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.06	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.92	4	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	3.05	5	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.46	2	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	4.6	25	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	2.44	2	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	2.04	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	3.71	10	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.02	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; phenylacetaldehydes	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.71	3	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	1.99	1	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.72	3	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	5.95	19	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.02	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.44	2	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	1.97	1	0	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	4.96	2	1	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.47	8	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	3.12	5	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	4.45	7	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	3.46	8	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	3.27	6	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	3.08	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazinoic acid pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.	2	1	0	pyrazinecarboxylic acid	antitubercular agent; drug metabolite
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	5.92	30	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	6.32	49	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	3.05	5	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	5.82	18	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	5.21	6	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	5.18	9	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	3.26	6	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	4.35	20	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	3.9	12	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	3.21	6	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	2.69	3	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	4.17	6	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	3.98	14	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	3.28	6	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	3.89	12	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	7.31	33	1	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.97	4	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	4.96	2	1	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	4.3	19	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	16.62	294	1	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	6.18	10	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethanol 2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethanol: the thiazole portion of thiamine; imparts flavor to cooked meats; RN given is for parent cpd; structure. 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is thiazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4 and a 2-hydroxyethyl group at position 5.	5.13	14	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary alcohol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	10.4	97	1	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	2.73	3	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
tryptamine [no description available]	3.14	5	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	7.19	22	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	19.15	150	50	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	13.81	173	7	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.75	3	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	5.76	11	2	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine: inhibitor of phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.02	1	0
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	4.42	8	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
sk&f 81297 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	benzazepine
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.41	8	0	tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	6.98	28	1	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	4.99	12	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sk&f 82958 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	benzazepine
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	2.72	3	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	2.05	1	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	3.27	6	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	2.38	2	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	4.01	5	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	2.76	3	0	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	3.44	7	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	3.28	6	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-didecanoylglycerol 1,2-didecanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	1,2-diglyceride; decanoate ester
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets	3.09	5	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.44	2	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	6.09	14	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide 1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide: RN given refers to parent cp; a 5-HT3 receptor agonist	2	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.49	2	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	7.35	58	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-o-hexadecyl-2-o-methylglycerol [no description available]	1.98	1	0
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	4.41	21	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	2.06	1	0	imidazoles
edelfosine edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.	2.91	4	0	glycerophosphocholine
pd 173074 [no description available]	2.75	3	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; dimethoxybenzene; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2.03	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
17-octadecynoic acid octadec-17-ynoic acid : An acetylenic fatty acid that is octadecanoi acid (stearic acid) which has been doubly dehydrogenated at positions 17 and 18 to give the corresponding alkynoic acid.	2.04	1	0	acetylenic fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.14.14.94 (leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.15.3 (alkane 1-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	3.13	5	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	3.49	2	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.67	3	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.38	2	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
gw 2433 GW 2433: binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha); structure in first source	2.44	2	0
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline n-oxide 2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide: structure. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide : An inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain at cytochrome bc1 and of photosynthetic electron flow immediately before cytochrome b559.	3.48	8	0	monohydroxyquinoline
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	3.68	10	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-methyl-5-ht 2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist	2	1	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	3.15	5	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
zopolrestat zopolrestat: structure given in first source	7.98	37	2
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	3.07	5	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.71	3	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	2.63	3	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-bromo-7-nitroindazole [no description available]	2.05	1	0
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.75	11	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	3.81	11	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
3-nitrosobenzamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole: a CK2 kinase inhibitor	2.05	1	0
cgp 52411 4,5-dianilinophthalimide: structure given in first source. 4,5-dianilinophthalimide : Phthalimide substituted at the 4- and 5-positions by anilino groups.	2.05	1	0	phthalimides	geroprotector; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	3.25	6	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	1.98	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
chlorocresol chlorocresol: injections for relief of intractable pain; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chloro-m-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is 3-methylphenol which is substituted by a chlorine at position 4. A ryanodine receptor agonist.	1.96	1	0	hydroxytoluene; monochlorobenzenes	antimicrobial agent; disinfectant; ryanodine receptor agonist
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.69	10	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	1.98	1	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	6.97	13	2	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site	2.02	1	0	quinolines
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	2.9	4	0	long-chain fatty acid
5-dimethylamiloride 5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity	2.08	1	0
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.	1.99	1	0	aromatic amine; azepanes; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; odorant receptor antagonist; sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	tryptamines
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	3.35	7	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist
6-chloromelatonin [no description available]	2.41	2	0	acetamides
6-hydroxymelatonin 6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.	2	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	2.94	4	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.12	5	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ro 48-8071 Ro 48-8071: a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor; structure in first source. Ro 48-8071 : An aromatic ketone that is 2-fluoro-4'-bromobenzophenone in which the hydrogen at position 4 (meta to the fluoro group) is replaced by a 6-[methyl(prop-2-en-1-yl)amino]hexyl}oxy group. An inhibitor of lanosterol synthase.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; bromobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; olefinic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.4.99.7 (lanosterol synthase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	3.25	6	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.7	3	0	monoazo compound
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	4.39	1	1	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acephate acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.85	3	0	mixed diacylamine; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	12.44	52	14	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	4.96	12	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetochlor acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.	2.57	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
acridone acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.	2.02	1	0	acridines; cyclic ketone
ethacridine Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.	2.37	2	0	acridines
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	3.2	6	0
ag-1296 6,7-dimethoxy-3-phenylquinoxaline: ATP-competitive inhibitor of receptor kinase	2.15	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
tyrphostin 25 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	benzenetriol
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
albendazole [no description available]	9.87	33	4	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	4.97	9	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	3.17	5	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	2	1	0
alpha-methylserotonin alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	4.63	6	1	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	1.95	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
aluminum fluoride [no description available]	2	1	0	aluminium coordination entity
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	2.97	4	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
am 580 Am 580: a selctive retinoic acid receptor (alpha) agonist; structure given in first source. 4-{[(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}benzoic acid : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)benzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid. A selective RARalpha agonist.	2.06	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	6.81	11	1	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.44	2	0	aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	3.09	5	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	3.77	3	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	9.09	40	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.65	3	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
ampyrone Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.	2.03	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazolone	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline [no description available]	6.94	28	3	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	8.97	119	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	6.14	9	1	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
dan 2163 [no description available]	13.93	36	8	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	4.76	7	1	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	4.62	8	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	3.32	1	1	barbiturates
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2.31	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
ampiroxicam ampiroxicam: prodrug of piroxicam; structure given in first source. ampiroxicam : A benzothiazine that is the 1-[(ethoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl ether of piroxicam. A prodrug for piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.	4.37	4	1	acetal; aminopyridine; benzothiazine; etabonate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amprolium Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.	2.37	2	0	pyridinium ion	coccidiostat
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.37	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	2.47	2	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
aniracetam [no description available]	2.02	1	0	N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.7	3	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	7.32	23	2	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version	2.02	1	0
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.95	4	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
aprindine Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	1.99	1	0	indanes
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	3.29	6	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.42	2	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
arotinolol arotinolol: structure given in first source; arotinolol is the (+-)-isomer	2.36	2	0	aromatic amide; thiophenes
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	15.76	132	24	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	1.98	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	3.78	2	1	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	3.69	9	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	1.99	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	4.89	11	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	1.98	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
azinphosmethyl Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.	2.02	1	0	benzotriazines; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
azosemide azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.	2.38	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide; tetrazoles; thiophenes	loop diuretic
aztreonam Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.	2.73	3	0
azepexole [no description available]	2.87	4	0
baclofen [no description available]	2.93	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane 2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane: structure	2.7	3	0	diarylmethane
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	1.92	1	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	3.77	11	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bemegride Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.	3.72	11	0	piperidones
bendiocarb bendiocarb: FICAM 80W contains 80% of the above chemical cpd as the active ingredient	2.41	1	0	benzodioxoles; carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
benfluorex [no description available]	3.1	1	0	benzoate ester
benphothiamine benfotiamine : A thioester that is a synthetic analogue of thiamine obtained by acylative cleavage of the thiazole ring and O-phospohorylation.	6.48	5	1	aminopyrimidine; formamides; organic phosphate; thioester	antioxidant; immunological adjuvant; nutraceutical; protective agent; provitamin B1
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.37	2	0	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	4.55	7	0	benzamides
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	6.73	8	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzethonium Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.	2.08	1	0	alkylbenzene
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	3.97	13	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	3.37	7	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	5.26	3	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma	2.41	2	0	benzenes; isothiocyanate	antibacterial drug
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	3.69	10	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	3.32	6	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	2.02	1	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	2.96	4	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	2.07	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	1.97	1	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	4.08	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.	5.05	3	1	piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	4.55	24	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	3.41	7	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	3.93	2	1	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
seratrodast [no description available]	2.92	4	0	organic molecular entity
bronopol [no description available]	3.49	8	0	nitro compound
brotizolam brotizolam: structure	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
bu 224 BU 224: a selective imidazoline 2-receptor blocker	2.02	1	0	quinolines
bufexamac Bufexamac: A benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.. bufexamac : A hydroxamic acid derived from phenylacetamide in which the benzene moiety is substituted at C-4 by a butoxy group. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxamic acid	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
buformin Buformin: An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation.. buformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide substituted by a butyl group at position 1. It is an antidiabetic drug with potential antitumor effect.	4.31	1	1	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; radiosensitizing agent
bumetanide [no description available]	3.8	11	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	4.71	6	1	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
bupranolol Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	3.14	5	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	4.21	5	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
1-0-octadecyl 2-0-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine 1-0-octadecyl 2-0-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine: reported to have same biological activity as natural PAF-acether; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	2.03	1	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	8.07	17	2	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	6.64	51	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	2.46	2	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	2.72	3	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	2.21	1	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.83	3	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	2.9	1	0	biphenyls
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	8.97	18	3	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.06	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carbazilquinone Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.39	7	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	10.63	43	16	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carvedilol [no description available]	2	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	3.52	8	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	12.13	63	9	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	1.99	1	0
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	1.98	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	3.75	10	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cetyl alcohol cetyl alcohol: has been used for eczema, skin irritations; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexadecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of sixteen carbon atoms.. hexadecan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.17	1	0	hexadecanol; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	algal metabolite; flavouring agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	4.54	7	0	pyridinium ion
cgp 12177 CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.	2.71	3	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
cgp 37157 CGP 37157: benzothiazepine derivative of clonazepam; inhibits the in vitro activity of mitochondrial sodium-calcium exchange	2.05	1	0	benzothiazepine
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	3.41	7	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	3.21	6	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.92	4	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	4.66	9	0	benzodiazepine
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	12.36	35	2	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	3.04	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	2.15	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	3.07	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	10.4	24	4	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	3.74	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorpropham Chlorpropham: A carbamate that is used as an herbicide and as a plant growth regulator.. chlorpropham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.	2.01	1	0	benzenes; carbamate ester; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide; plant growth retardant
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	4.3	17	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.36	2	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
ciclopirox [no description available]	4.72	3	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.	10.16	135	0	aromatic ether; thiazolidinone	antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol [no description available]	5.06	3	1	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	15.64	165	32	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.	3.31	1	0	cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate [no description available]	2.7	3	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	4.89	10	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	4.62	8	0	benzamides
platinum tetrachloride platinum chloride: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF; structure in first source: K2PtCl; see also platinum tetrachloride. platinum dichloride : A platinum coordination entity consisting of platinum(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.	2.43	2	0	platinum coordination entity	catalyst; reagent
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	8.09	14	3	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
5,7-dimethoxycoumarin 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin: has photobiological activity	2.04	1	0	coumarins
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.97	1	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.38	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobenpropit clobenpropit: histamine H3 receptor antagonist. clobenpropit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea bearing S-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propyl and N-4-chlorobenzyl substituents. An extremely potent histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist (pA2 = 9.93). Also displays partial agonist activity at H4 receptors; induces eosinophil shape change with an EC50 of 3 nM.	2.41	2	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester; organochlorine compound	H3-receptor antagonist; H4-receptor agonist
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	4.05	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	5.55	13	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	3.11	5	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.4	2	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	4.73	9	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	4.24	18	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	3.41	7	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
coumaphos Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.	2.13	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organochlorine compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antinematodal drug; avicide; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	2.08	1	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	2.48	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	3.34	6	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cystamine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
indibulin indibulin: Tubulin Modulator/Antineoplastic Agent; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	3.51	2	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	5.32	52	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	3.56	9	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.76	3	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone: ubiquinol analog. 6-decylubiquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.	2.43	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	4.56	4	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	6.21	26	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
dephostatin dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source	2	1	0
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	7.24	12	2	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.	3.76	2	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; human metabolite; sedative
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	9.66	28	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.68	3	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	7.31	136	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	7.04	23	4	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	8.58	9	1	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	7.47	2	0	dibenzothiophenes; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	keratolytic drug
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	2.71	3	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
dichlobanil 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile : A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; nitrile	agrochemical; cellulose synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	13.02	84	23	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	2.37	2	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.38	2	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	1.97	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; diarylmethane
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	2.35	2	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.39	2	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	2.03	1	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	2.13	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	4.84	11	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.43	2	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2.03	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dihydrocytochalasin b dihydrocytochalasin B: inhibits cell motility in many eucaryotic cells	2.7	3	0
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	1.98	1	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	4.89	36	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	2.88	4	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	3.43	6	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
dioctanoyl ethylene glycol [no description available]	1.97	1	0
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	3.92	13	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	3.25	6	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	3.01	4	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipivefrin dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.	1.96	1	0	ethanolamines; pivalate ester	adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	4.02	4	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
stallimycin [no description available]	2.45	2	0
distigmine distigmine : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of hexane-1,6-diylbis(methylcarbamic acid) with the hydroxy group of 3-hydroxy-1-methylpyridinium.	2.61	2	0	carbamate ester; pyridinium ion	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; muscarinic agonist
disulfiram [no description available]	3.04	5	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
disulfoton Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.	2.03	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	3.76	10	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	13.59	37	9	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	4.01	5	0
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2.42	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
n(6),n(6)-dimethyladenine N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenine : A tertiary amine that is adenine substituted at N-6 by geminal methyl groups.	2.1	1	0	tertiary amine
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	4.9	6	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	7.43	11	2	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
adtn ADTN: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.98	1	0
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	3.74	2	1	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	3.8	1	1	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	2	1	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	5.99	5	2	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	4.02	14	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.74	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	2.45	2	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	3.65	9	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	2.54	2	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	4.33	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
eperisone eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines
epirizole Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.	3.08	5	0	aromatic ether
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	6.69	70	0
etanidazole Etanidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes hypoxic tumor cells that are normally resistant to radiation therapy.. etanidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.	2.39	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	4.58	8	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	3	4	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	6.44	24	2	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	3.37	1	1	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	2.05	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	8.8	14	4	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	17.31	259	89	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	3.88	12	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.41	2	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	2.41	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	4.87	6	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	7.35	32	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	2.67	3	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.	3.49	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.37	2	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	4.03	5	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	1.95	1	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
fenvalerate fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.55	2	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; monochlorobenzenes	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	3.86	11	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	2.7	3	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	9.89	35	1	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	5.64	9	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.7	3	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.93	4	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.68	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	10.67	97	2	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	10.16	24	2	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	2.08	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	3.87	12	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	4.02	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	4.04	15	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	8.78	26	7	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	2.76	3	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	7.83	12	3	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	3.83	3	0	benzoate ester
gaboxadol gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure	2.44	2	0	oxazole
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.4	2	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil [no description available]	5.57	13	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.71	10	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	7.06	5	2	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	5.19	3	1	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	6.3	6	2	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	5.06	13	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	5.9	4	2	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	12.54	48	14	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	2.93	4	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
gö6983 [no description available]	2.52	2	0	indoles; maleimides
go 6976 [no description available]	2	1	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	4.49	7	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	7.93	15	5	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	2.65	3	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	6.33	28	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
bis(2-guanidinoethyl)disulfide bis(2-guanidinoethyl)disulfide: bifunctional cation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	4.49	23	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004 N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source	2	1	0	isoquinolines
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.73	3	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
ha14-1 ethyl 2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate: a BH3 mimetic; synergistic induction of apoptosis by simultaneous disruption of the Bcl-2 and MEK/MAPK pathways in acute myelogenous leukemia	4.56	4	0	1-benzopyran
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	18.34	194	42	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	4.51	5	1	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	2.37	2	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	4.08	3	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	4.73	9	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	1.99	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	3.04	5	0	barbiturates
hexylresorcinol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	resorcinols
tele-methylhistamine tele-methylhistamine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist. N(tele)-methylhistamine : A primary amino compound that is the N(tele)-methyl derivative of histamine.	1.97	1	0	imidazoles; primary amino compound	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-methylhistamine alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.	3.49	8	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	animal metabolite; H3-receptor agonist
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	4.96	37	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.	3.45	2	0	thioxanthenes	mutagen; schistosomicide drug
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.08	5	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	5.37	4	1	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	10.75	12	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	8.1	28	1	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	2.42	2	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin [no description available]	3.46	7	0
ibudilast [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	13.26	51	10	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	2.44	2	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	7.94	29	8	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
batyl alcohol batyl alcohol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. batilol : An alkylglycerol that is glycerol in which one of the primary hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding octadecyl ether. It is used in cosmetics as a stabilising ingredient and skin-conditioning agent.	1.99	1	0	alkylglycerol
idebenone [no description available]	3.12	5	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	2.41	2	0	piperidines
ifosfamide [no description available]	1.95	1	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imetit imetit: structure given in first source. imetit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea in which the thiol hydrogen is substituted by a 2-(imidazol-4-yl)ethyl group. An extremely potent, high affinity agonist at H3 and H4 receptors (Ki values are 0.3 and 2.7 nM respectively). Induces shape change in eosinophils with an EC50 of 25 nM. Centrally active following systemic administration.	2	1	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester	H3-receptor agonist; H4-receptor agonist
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	5.41	14	1	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	1.97	1	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	1.96	1	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indirubin-3'-monoxime indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.	2.03	1	0
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.45	2	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	11.86	177	10	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
indoprofen Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.	2.04	1	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles; monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	2.06	1	0	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.93	4	0
iofetamine Iofetamine: An amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs and from there redistributed primarily to the brain and liver. It is used in brain radionuclide scanning with I-123.	2.13	1	0
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	3.85	2	1	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iomeprol iomeprol: structure given in first source. iomeprol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.	2.03	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	2.06	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
ioversol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
indolepropionic acid indolepropionic acid: structure in third source. 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid : An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.	2.03	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; plant metabolite
iproniazid [no description available]	2.63	3	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	3.81	2	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	4.25	18	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	7.85	16	4	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	5.37	23	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	4.7	11	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	5.18	48	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	3.68	10	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
itopride [no description available]	4.85	5	0	benzamides
juglone juglone: structure. juglone : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.	7.96	4	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	geroprotector; herbicide; reactive oxygen species generator
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	4.35	6	0
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	8.73	17	2	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	3.26	6	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	9.99	24	6	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	8.96	30	7	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	5.39	7	2	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	2.43	2	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.93	4	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kojic acid [no description available]	2.71	3	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	4.17	16	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mimosine Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.	2.42	2	0	alpha-amino acid
2-phenylglycine 2-phenylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. alpha-phenylglycine : An amino acid with a structure in which a phenyl ring is bonded to the alpha-carbon of glycine.	2.05	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	human metabolite
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	2	1	0
lamotrigine [no description available]	9.16	16	1	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	5.72	4	1	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.75	3	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.41	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
lavendustin a lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	aromatic amine
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	4.84	10	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	4.87	7	1	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
tetramisole 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole : An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.. tetramisole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levamisole and dexamisole.	3.21	6	0	imidazothiazole	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lg 100268 LG 100268: a retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective compound; structure given in first source	5.35	18	0
lidoflazine Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane
lomustine [no description available]	3.81	2	1	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.87	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.73	3	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	6.79	10	2	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	6.22	10	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	2.01	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	5.96	3	3	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
ly 171883 LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.	2.9	4	0	acetophenones; aromatic ether; phenols; tetrazoles	anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	6.02	42	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.	2.03	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
mabuterol mabuterol: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.99	4	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source	2.39	2	0	isopropyl ester
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	7.01	1	0	organic molecular entity
edaravone [no description available]	3.35	6	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	6.87	11	1	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.02	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	3.08	5	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.98	4	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	6.24	7	2	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
mefruside Mefruside: A benzene-sulfonamide-furan. It is used as a diuretic that affects the concentrating ability of the KIDNEY, increases SODIUM CHLORIDE excretion, but may not spare POTASSIUM. It inhibits CARBONIC ANHYDRASES and may increase the blood URIC ACID level.	4.3	2	2	organic molecular entity
memantine [no description available]	7.62	9	2	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	3.12	5	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	3.03	5	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	2.85	4	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	2.01	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	2.85	4	0	organic molecular entity
mequitazine mequitazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.01	1	0	phenothiazines
2-mercaptoethylguanidine 2-mercaptoethylguanidine: proposed as a radiation protective agent; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search GUANIDINES (75-83); RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	5.85	8	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	1.97	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	19.86	188	48	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.47	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	7.36	7	2	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	2.35	2	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	4.36	6	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	2.41	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methoxyamine methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	organooxygen compound
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	3.52	2	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	2.03	1	0	organochlorine insecticide
nocodazole [no description available]	6.41	53	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.01	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	4.9	2	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.4	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	5.59	5	1	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
methixene methixene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	piperidines; thioxanthenes	antiparkinson drug; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	4.9	2	1	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.	1.96	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	6.43	5	2	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	11.22	69	7	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	5.14	8	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	3.8	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	8.65	19	4	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	2.67	3	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	2.25	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	4.92	6	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	2.17	1	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	4.03	14	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
ml 7 ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).	3.27	6	0	N-sulfonyldiazepane; organoiodine compound	EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	4.34	6	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	6.31	6	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	3.11	5	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
monodansylcadaverine monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.	1.97	1	0	aminonaphthalene; primary amino compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; protective agent
entinostat [no description available]	2.48	2	0	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.93	4	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
n(1),n(11)-diethylnorspermine N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	1.99	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-arylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	4.42	22	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142 FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist	1.97	1	0	beta-carbolines
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	4.51	7	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	1.96	1	0	catecholamine
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.02	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	1.93	1	0	purine nucleoside
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	8.47	13	4	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	3.21	1	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	4.32	3	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
nan 190 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.	2.9	4	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phthalimides	serotonergic antagonist
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.74	3	0
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	4.36	3	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.	3.89	2	1	benzoxazocine; tertiary amino compound
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	3.31	6	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
netropsin Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.	5.04	13	0
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	3.28	6	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	1.94	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	3.37	7	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	4.46	7	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	8.6	37	4	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	3.35	6	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	10.78	38	8	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	4.81	10	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.39	2	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nisoxetine nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	3.24	6	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	4.77	7	1	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	2.07	1	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.96	4	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	2.41	2	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2.02	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	5.86	30	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
nu2058 NU2058: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
nu6102 NU6102: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	2.66	3	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	7.61	6	3	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	10.72	33	4	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	2.38	2	0	carbazoles
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	2.38	2	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	2.99	4	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
1,2-cyclohexanediamine 1,2-cyclohexanediamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	3.46	2	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.11	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.08	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxibendazole oxibendazole: structure	1.97	1	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	5.12	43	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	2.38	2	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	8.72	16	2	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	3.96	4	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	3.33	7	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	5.35	18	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2.67	3	0	phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.52	2	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
pamidronate [no description available]	4.27	5	0	phosphonoacetic acid
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	4.56	8	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.	2	1	0	dichlorobenzene	insecticide
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	4.7	9	0	aromatic amine
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.73	3	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 169316 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor	2.72	3	0	imidazoles
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	4.94	36	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	3.51	8	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.9	13	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	5.46	8	2	oxopurine
perazine Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.	4.43	2	2	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	13.67	37	26	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.35	2	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	5.93	2	1	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.	1.98	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amino compound
phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.	1.95	1	0	morpholines	metabolite; sympathomimetic agent
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	4.86	35	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	2.03	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	3.46	8	0	aromatic amine
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	2.01	1	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	8.22	29	2	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	2.08	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	8.62	83	0	aromatic ketone
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	3.43	1	1	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.69	3	0	pyridines
pindobind [no description available]	1.99	1	0
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	3.23	6	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	20.48	404	33	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piperazine [no description available]	9.69	8	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	4.02	4	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	13.25	50	2	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure	4.17	5	0	aromatic ether
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.	4.03	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
piromidic acid Piromidic Acid: Antibacterial against mainly gram negative organisms. It is used for urinary tract and intestinal infections.. piromidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid, substituted at position 2 by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic antibacterial which is used for the treatment of urinary tract and intestinal infections.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pyridopyrimidine; pyrrolidines; quinolone antibiotic; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	5.02	40	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	1.92	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.45	2	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	3.77	10	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2.02	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	3.05	5	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	3.09	5	0	chromones
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	6.27	10	1	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	3.26	6	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
pridinol pridinol: antispasmodic & muscle relaxant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7539. pridinol : A piperidine substituted at position 1 by a 3-hydroxy-3,3-diphenylpropyl group.	2.04	1	0	piperidines; tertiary alcohol	antiparkinson drug; muscle relaxant
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.03	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	3.44	2	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	3.08	5	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	7.85	17	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	3.62	3	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	4.29	4	1	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	3.78	11	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	2.42	2	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.08	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	3.99	4	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	3.73	2	1	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	6.06	9	1	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propachlor propachlor: structure. propachlor : An anilide that consists of 2-chloroacetanilide bearing an N-isopropyl substituent.	1.96	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propanil Propanil: A chlorinated anilide that is used as an herbicide.. propanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of propanoic acid with the amino group of 3,4-dichloroaniline. It is a herbicide used for the treatment of numerous grasses and broad-leaved weeds in rice, potatoes, and wheat.	2.02	1	0	anilide; dichlorobenzene	herbicide
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	4.3	4	1	xanthenes
proxymetacaine proxymetacaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.9	1	0	benzoate ester
propentofylline [no description available]	2	1	0	oxopurine
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	5.66	75	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propiverine propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome	4.58	2	2	diarylmethane
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	7.1	10	2	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propoxur Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	6.39	40	1	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	2.69	3	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protopine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dibenzazecine alkaloid	plant metabolite
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	3.29	6	0
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	1.96	1	0	pyridines
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	5.13	46	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	5.4	4	1	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	2.42	2	0	piperazines; pyridines
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	5.36	4	3	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	4.11	3	1	secondary carboxamide
pf 5901 alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	2.68	3	0	quinolines
1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase	4.12	16	0	carbamate ester; organonitrogen compound
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	16.3	114	14	benzothiazoles
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	21.36	254	64	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	3.13	5	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate	2.06	1	0	tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	3.1	5	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
rofecoxib [no description available]	12.14	42	7	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	3.61	9	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole [no description available]	13.1	70	4	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
roxatidine acetate roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source	4.28	3	0	piperidines
3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2h,5h-(1)benzopyrano(4,3-b)-1,4-oxazin-9-ol 3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2H,5H-(1)benzopyrano(4,3-b)-1,4-oxazin-9-ol: RN given refers to (+/-)-isomer; RN, RRs & structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
4-bromotetramisole 4-bromotetramisole: available in levo & dextro form; L-form potent inhibitor of non specific alkaline phosphatase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
butyl phosphorotrithioate butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide	2.01	1	0	organic thiophosphate	defoliant
etiron etiron: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.4	2	0
s-methylisothiopseudouronium S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	4.26	19	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	2.49	2	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	3.7	1	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.44	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sb 239063 SB 239063: structure in first source. SB-239063 : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 4-fluorophenyl and 2-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl substituents at positions 1, 4 and 5 respectively.	2.05	1	0	imidazoles
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	3.28	6	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sc-10 N-(m-heptyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: protein kinase C activator	2.01	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
sebacic acid sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.	1.96	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	1.94	1	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	3.43	1	1	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.67	3	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.11	5	0	morpholines
sk&f 86002 6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-(4-pyridinyl)imidazo(2,1-b)thiazole: inhibits p38 MAP kinase	10.96	68	4	imidazoles
sk&f 97541 3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid: structure given in first source; GABA-A receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0
sodium fluoride [no description available]	6.11	9	1	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.42	2	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	2.05	1	0	pyridines
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.39	2	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	5.09	10	1	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
fenofibrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzochromenone; delta-lactone; naphtho-alpha-pyrone	platelet aggregation inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.44	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	5.16	8	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	2.35	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	1.94	1	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.93	4	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	1.94	1	0	pyridazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	5.24	17	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	5.1	10	1
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	3.32	7	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	7.13	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.45	2	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	14.12	44	8	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	5.01	9	1	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
4-methylglutamic acid 4-methylglutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is glutamic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glutamic acid derivative
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	5.6	24	0	azepine
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.45	2	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	2.08	1	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source	3.21	5	0
tegafur [no description available]	2.75	3	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temefos Temefos: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. temephos : An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.	2.17	1	0	organic sulfide; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; ectoparasiticide
temozolomide [no description available]	6.69	16	1	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
tempol-h TEMPOL-H: hydroxylamine (protonated, reduced) form of TEMPOL; a N-hydroxyl form of LASTAR A; TEMPOL is paramagnetic radical used in NMR as SPIN LABELS whereas TEMPOL-H is not. 4-hydroxy-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4. It is a radical scavenger which exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.	2.02	1	0
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.34	7	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	3.1	5	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	3.58	3	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	3.11	5	0	quaternary ammonium ion
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	2.44	2	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
tetrahydrozoline tetrahydrozoline: used as nasal decongestant; Visine is a form of eye drops; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	carboxamidine; imidazolines	nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent
3-hydroxyaspartic acid 3-hydroxyaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyaspartic acid : A hydroxy-amino acid that is aspartic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.96	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; aspartic acid derivative; C4-dicarboxylic acid; hydroxy-amino acid
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	7.15	18	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	2.68	3	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	11.51	37	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	17.29	264	3	thiazolidenedione
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	4.59	8	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	2.36	2	0	aziridines
thiothixene Thiothixene: A thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. Its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.	2.07	1	0	thioxanthenes
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	3.94	13	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tiaramide tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	5.54	17	1	benzothiazoles
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	8.65	16	1	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	6.66	6	1	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	2.68	3	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	2.46	2	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
m-(n,n,n-trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone m-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone: structure in first source	2.41	2	0
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	3.95	4	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tofisopam tofisopam: structure; dextofisopam is the R-enantiomer of tofisopam & antidiarrheal	3.19	1	0	organic molecular entity
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	3.05	5	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	6.79	13	2	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tosufloxacin tosufloxacin: quinolone anti-infective agent; structure given in first source. tosufloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tosufloxacin.. 7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively.	3.41	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; aminopyrrolidine; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound; quinolone antibiotic; tertiary amino compound
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	2.01	1	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	2.59	2	0	amino acid
trapidil Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.	1.96	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	4.09	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tremorine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	2.35	2	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	2.89	4	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
bromoform bromoform: structure	1.96	1	0	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	1.98	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
triclosan [no description available]	3.68	9	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	2.44	2	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.71	3	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2	1	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.11	1	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	2.96	4	0	amine
trimebutine Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.	3.25	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.	1.94	1	0	phenothiazines
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	3.45	2	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.89	4	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.	1.95	1	0	dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	23.77	948	114	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.	2.37	2	0
tyramine [no description available]	4.58	8	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.06	1	0	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urethane [no description available]	2.65	3	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
usnic acid [no description available]	2.21	1	0	benzofurans
vesnarinone [no description available]	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	2.9	4	0
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	6.38	62	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
xanthurenic acid xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	animal metabolite; iron chelator; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source	4.19	17	0
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	5.06	5	2	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.02	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.42	2	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.06	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	4.8	2	1	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	3.19	1	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
zotepine zotepine: structure	5.91	8	0	dibenzothiepine; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic drug
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	4.94	37	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	7.6	52	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	5.84	30	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	2.39	2	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	1.93	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	8.37	22	2	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	1.94	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.06	5	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
6-methylthiopurine 6-methylthiopurine : A thiopurine that is 9H-purine substituted by a methylsulfanyl group at position 6.	2.1	1	0	thiopurine
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	5.79	29	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.88	4	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	7.11	109	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	4.18	5	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.4	2	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	5.61	13	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
triethylenemelamine Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.	1.94	1	0	1,3,5-triazines	alkylating agent; insect sterilant
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	3.77	11	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	6.65	17	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.36	2	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	5.08	42	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	3.46	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	5.55	6	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	1.95	1	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	5.67	26	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	7.32	22	2	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	4.48	5	1	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
paramethasone Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)	1.95	1	0	fluorinated steroid
androsterone [no description available]	2.42	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	4.65	6	1	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene: structure	1.99	1	0
hydroxyacetylaminofluorene Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.	2	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	2.36	2	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	4.56	26	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.	2.35	2	0	phenylethanolamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	3.54	8	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	4.5	24	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.	1.97	1	0	aminopyridine
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	4.02	14	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.39	2	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
methyldimethylaminoazobenzene Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene: A very potent liver carcinogen.. 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene : A member of the class of azobenzenes that is azobenzene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group, while the other is substituted at position 4 by a dimethylamino group. It is a potent liver carcinogen.	1.96	1	0
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.37	2	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	9.93	38	0	guanidines
dipropylenetriame N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	polyazaalkane	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	4.25	18	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	3.43	7	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	14.64	104	5	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	5.51	66	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.08	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
benz(a)anthracene benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	2.02	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	7.22	10	2	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	6.32	37	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	12.64	27	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	7.53	66	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.76	3	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	6.74	46	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	5.97	8	1	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2.94	4	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	13.02	28	2	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	6.81	5	5	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.38	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	3.08	5	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	8.04	37	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	3.83	12	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
phenoxarsine oxide phenoxarsine oxide: structure	2.43	2	0
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	4.46	8	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	2.4	2	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	6.76	58	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2.35	2	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	3.39	7	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	10.99	20	7	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	6.16	8	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	3.92	2	1	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	8.39	92	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	5.6	23	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	20.02	213	39	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	4.4	21	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
thiamine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
benzoxazolone benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.72	3	0	benzoxazole	allelochemical; phytoalexin
n-nitrosomorpholine N-nitrosomorpholine : A nitrosamine that is morpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. A carcinogen and mutagen, it is found in snuff tobacco.	3.08	5	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	16.18	102	22	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	5.3	21	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	4.22	18	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	3.14	5	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	12.13	137	3	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	4.68	29	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.37	2	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
mepazine mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.	1.93	1	0	phenothiazines
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	3.84	2	1	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	2.66	3	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	9.82	27	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	8.38	7	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
n,n-dimethyltryptamine N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.. N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.	1.95	1	0	tryptamine alkaloid; tryptamines
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	7.7	17	2	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	2.35	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	6.23	13	1	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.1	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	17.21	118	30	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	1.98	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	4.53	9	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	3.09	5	0	anilines; primary arylamine
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	2.39	2	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	3.77	11	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	4.5	5	1	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.39	2	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.7	3	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.94	4	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	6.56	64	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	3.42	7	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	9.74	50	2	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.08	5	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	11.1	55	1	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	3.57	8	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-hexanal [no description available]	2.01	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	3.2	6	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	4.97	38	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.39	2	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	4.42	21	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	3.64	10	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	4.05	15	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	sulfone
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	2.03	1	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	4.94	8	1	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.92	4	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	5.21	4	3	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	1.94	1	0	oxo steroid
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	2.1	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	3.05	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	6.82	25	3	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	4.73	29	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	11.43	47	4	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.9	4	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	3.81	2	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ticlatone [no description available]	1.94	1	0	benzothiazoles
phenacyl bromide phenacyl bromide: structure. phenacyl bromide : An alpha-bromoketone that is acetophenone substituted by a bromo group at position 2.	2.77	3	0	acetophenones; alpha-bromoketone	metabolite
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	3.41	7	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	4.58	8	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	3.39	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	12.78	54	1	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	3.13	5	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2.4	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	13.79	110	13	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	6.35	30	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	3.04	1	0	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
alizarin [no description available]	3.3	6	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)	1.95	1	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	xenobiotic metabolite
cordycepin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
etozolin etozolin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	9.11	22	7	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	7.78	90	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	4.61	26	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	12.21	90	3	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.31	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	7.71	28	1	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	3.76	11	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	2.71	3	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.15	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	3.11	5	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	2.05	1	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.08	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	4.28	18	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	3.13	5	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	6.17	43	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	3.53	2	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	3.4	7	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
2-propylamine 2-propylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.92	1	0	alkylamines; primary aliphatic amine
vinylidene chloride vinylidene chloride: potent hepatotoxin. 1,1-dichloroethene : A member of the class of chloroethenes that is ethene in which both of the hydrogens attached to one of the carbons are replaced by chlorines.	1.97	1	0	chloroethenes	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite; mutagen
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	2.66	3	0	acyl chloride
fluoroform fluoroform: structure	2.25	1	0	fluoromethanes	refrigerant
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
bromotrichloromethane Bromotrichloromethane: A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride.	1.98	1	0
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.47	2	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.43	2	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	4.45	21	0	fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	4.04	14	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
methyl sulfate methyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl sulfate : An alkyl sulfate that is the monomethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2.02	1	0	alkyl sulfate; one-carbon compound
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.37	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.75	3	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
chloropicrin chloropicrin: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED (66-85); Index Medicus search CHLOROPICRIN (66-85). chloropicrin : A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antifungal agrochemical; fumigant insecticide; nematicide
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	2.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
bromcresol green Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.	2	1	0	benzofurans
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	7.09	25	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	2.01	1	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
dimethyl sulfate dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2.01	1	0	alkyl sulfate	alkylating agent; immunosuppressive agent
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	4.18	5	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.21	6	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	2.41	1	0
triethyl phosphate triethyl phosphate: structure. triethyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the triethy ester derivative of phosphoric acid.	2.13	1	0	trialkyl phosphate
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	2.44	2	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	6.39	54	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
chloroacetone [no description available]	2.36	2	0	alpha-chloroketone
propionamide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; primary fatty amide
acrylamide [no description available]	3.43	7	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
chloroacetamide [no description available]	2.39	2	0
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	11.51	13	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	2.78	3	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
isobutyric acid isobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isobutyric acid : A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.	2.03	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; fatty acid 4:0; methyl-branched fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
methacrylamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	acrylamides; primary carboxamide
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	3.32	7	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
tetrabromobisphenol a tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.	2.01	1	0	brominated flame retardant; bromobisphenol
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	3.56	8	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
n-methyl-n-nitrosotoluene-p-sulfonamide diazalo: noncarcinogenic cpd involved in transnitrosating activity in rats & human gastric juice	1.98	1	0	sulfonamide
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	2.37	2	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.94	4	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	3.62	9	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	5.3	3	1	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
benzanthrone benzanthrone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	phenanthrenes
skatole [no description available]	1.94	1	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	4.77	7	1	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.	1.96	1	0
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	6.31	58	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher	2.08	1	0
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	2.05	1	0	anthraquinone
1-naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid 1-naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid: fluorophore used for fluorescent nucleotide substrates	2.02	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	2.73	3	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
tetrahydrophthalimide tetrahydrophthalimide: captan metabolite in fruit crops	2.38	2	0
phthalimide phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.81	3	0	phthalimides
phthalic anhydride phthalic anhydride : The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.	2	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride	allergen
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	3.73	10	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol [no description available]	2.08	1	0
brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	1.95	1	0	organobromine compound; pyridines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
propoxycaine Propoxycaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)	2.9	1	0	benzoate ester
fluorene [no description available]	2.07	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	7.52	2	0	carbazole
1-naphthaleneacetic acid 1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.	1.96	1	0	naphthylacetic acid	synthetic auxin
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	3.46	8	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
acetopyrrothine acetopyrrothine: structure. thiolutin : A dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic that is 4,5-dihydro[1,2]dithiolo[4,3-b]pyrrole in which the hydrogens at positions 4,5 and 6 have been replaced by methyl, oxo and acetamido groups, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of RNA polymerases, inhibits the angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and also inhibits JAMM metalloproteases.	1.97	1	0	acetamides; dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; chelator; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; marine metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor; toxin
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	6.3	30	0	penicillanic acids
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene trichlorobenzene: commercial grade of trichlorobenzene containing 70% 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene & 30% 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene; see also record for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. trichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.. 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene : A trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.	2.06	1	0	trichlorobenzene
2,6-dichlorophenol 2,6-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2,6-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol with the chloro substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.97	1	0	dichlorophenol
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.9	4	0
2,4,6-trichlorophenol [no description available]	2.46	2	0	trichlorophenol	carcinogenic agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	6.98	22	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-nitrophenol nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.	1.97	1	0	2-nitrophenols
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.39	2	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	3.81	3	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.69	3	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
2-phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.	1.98	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; environmental food contaminant
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	2.06	1	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether: structure. 2,6-dimethoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.05	1	0	dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	11.55	48	5	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	3.71	9	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	8.96	12	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.4	2	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	2.13	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.39	2	0
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.36	7	0
6-methylcoumarin 6-methylcoumarin: synthetic fragrance causing contact photoallergy. 6-methylcoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.1	1	0	coumarins	allergen; fragrance
proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.	2.03	1	0	aminoacridines	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator
4-phenylphenol 4-phenylphenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. biphenyl-4-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.	2.38	2	0	hydroxybiphenyls
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	9	59	1	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	8.06	5	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	2.64	3	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
2-acetylnaphthalene 2-acetylnaphthalene : A naphthyl ketone that is naphthalene substituted at position 2 by an acetyl group.	2.02	1	0	naphthyl ketone
methyleugenol methyleugenol: structure	2.04	1	0	phenylpropanoid
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	1.94	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
mecoprop mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	5.54	21	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.02	1	0	carbonyl compound
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	2.72	3	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiophene [no description available]	4.47	3	0	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	8.56	128	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
thiohexam thiohexam: rubber cure accelerator	2.89	4	0
2-toluidine 2-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is ortho to the methyl group.	2.72	2	0	aminotoluene	carcinogenic agent
2,4-diaminotoluene 2,4-diaminotoluene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure. 2,4-diaminotoluene : An aminotoluene that is para-toluidine with an additional amino group at position 2.	2	1	0	aminotoluene	metabolite
2,4,5-trichlorophenol 2,4,5-trichlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4,5-trichlorophenol : A trichlorophenol carrying chloro groups at positions 2, 4 and 5.	2.06	1	0	trichlorophenol
dilactide dilactide: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	dioxanes
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	7.51	21	2	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
n-methylpyrrole [no description available]	2.02	1	0	pyrroles
2,4-di-tert-butylphenol 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol: structure given in first source. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.13	1	0	alkylbenzene; phenols	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite
lactobionic acid [no description available]	2.71	3	0	disaccharide	antioxidant
fentichlor fentichlor: structure. fenticlor : An aryl sulfide having two 5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl groups attached to sulfur; an antiinfective drug mostly used in veterinary medicine.	1.97	1	0	aryl sulfide; bridged diphenyl antifungal drug; monochlorobenzenes; polyphenol	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
1,3-ditolylguanidine 1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain	2	1	0	toluenes
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.	1.95	1	0	5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
ethyl lactate ethyl lactate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate : The ethyl ester obtained of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid.	2.01	1	0	ethyl ester; lactate ester; secondary alcohol	metabolite
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.73	3	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furfuryl alcohol furfuryl alcohol: structure. furfuryl alcohol : A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.06	1	0	furans; primary alcohol	Maillard reaction product
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	1.94	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde: structure in first source. formylthiophene : An aldehyde that is thiophene substituted by a formyl group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	aldehyde; thiophenes	metabolite
benzenesulfonyl chloride benzenesulfonyl chloride: structure	1.96	1	0
arsanilic acid Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.	2.5	2	0	organoarsonic acid
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	3.51	2	0	phenols	allergen
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	14	228	28	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.08	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2	1	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	3.32	6	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carveol carveol: structure given in first source; prolongs tumor latency and decreases tumor yield. carveol : A limonene monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 5.	2.15	1	0	limonene monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	2.97	4	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
3-dinitrobenzene dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.	2	1	0	dinitrobenzene	neurotoxin
4-bromophenacyl bromide 4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure	1.97	1	0
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.94	4	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
gamma-terpinene gamma-terpinene: RN given refers to gamma-terpinene; structure. gamma-terpinene : One of three isomeric monoterpenes differing in the positions of their two double bonds (alpha- and beta-terpinene being the others). In gamma-terpinene the double bonds are at the 1- and 4-positions of the p-menthane skeleton.	2.05	1	0	cyclohexadiene; monoterpene	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.57	2	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
4-nitroaniline [no description available]	2.6	1	0	nitroaniline	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
benzyl bromide benzyl bromide: structure given in first source. benzyl bromide : A member of the class of benzyl bromides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with bromine.	2.03	1	0	benzyl bromides	lachrymator
ethylbenzene [no description available]	4.8	1	1	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.05	1	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2.94	4	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.46	2	0	benzenes; nitrile
methylaniline methylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylaniline : A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.	2.02	1	0	methylaniline; phenylalkylamine; secondary amine
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	3.18	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
n-nitrosopiperidine N-nitrosopiperidine: structure. N-nitrosopiperidine : A nitrosamine that is piperidine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. One of the many carcinogens detected in cigarette smoke, it is found in meat, cheese and spices that have been treated with the preservative sodium nitrite.	2.01	1	0	nitrosamine; piperidine	apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mutagen
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	5.96	10	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	2.63	3	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
n,2,6-trichloro-4-benzoquinone imine N,2,6-trichloro-4-benzoquinone imine: universal thin-layer chromatographic visualization reagent	2.01	1	0
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.	2.01	1	0	aromatic amine	allergen; carcinogenic agent
diphenylguanidine diphenylguanidine: vulcanization accelerator; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,3-diphenylguanidine : Guanidine carrying a phenyl substituent on each of the two amino groups. It is used as an accelerator in the rubber industry.	1.98	1	0	guanidines	allergen
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	1.99	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
n-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide N-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide: structure in first source	3.22	6	0
boric acid [no description available]	2.43	2	0	boric acids	astringent
4,4'-dithiodimorpholine 4,4'-dithiodimorpholine: rubber vulcanizing agent causing occupational dermatitis; structure	2.66	3	0
n-methylbenzylamine N-methylbenzylamine: precursor of carcinogen benzylmethylnitrosamine; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.47	2	0
phenyl isocyanate [no description available]	2.15	1	0	benzenes; isocyanates	allergen; hapten
phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.	2.82	3	0	isothiocyanate	allergen; reagent
chlorphenesin Chlorphenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant. Its mode of action is unknown. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1203). chlorphenesin : Glycerol in which the hydrogen of one of the primary hydroxy groups is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group. It has antifungal and antibacterial properties, and is used for treatment of cutaneous and vaginal infections. Its 1-carbamate is used as a skeletal muscle relaxant for the treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.07	1	0	glycol; monochlorobenzenes; propane-1,2-diols	antibacterial drug; antifungal drug; muscle relaxant
betazole Betazole: A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.. betazole : Pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.	3.35	1	1	primary amino compound; pyrazoles	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug; histamine agonist
ethyl cyanoacetate ethyl cyanoacetate: affect muscarinic and nicotinic receptors; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.25	1	0
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	5.21	3	1	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
lauroyl peroxide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
citronellal citronellal: aldehyde of citronellol; found in citronella oil. citronellal : A monoterpenoid, the main component of citronella oil which gives it its distinctive lemon aroma.	1.99	1	0	aldehyde; monoterpenoid	antifungal agent; metabolite
4-toluidine 4-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.	2.15	1	0	aminotoluene
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	4.63	4	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
glycidyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.	2.1	1	0	enoate ester; epoxide
ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.	1.97	1	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	4.42	21	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.01	1	0	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.41	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.69	3	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
propargyl alcohol propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.46	2	0	propynol; terminal acetylenic compound; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	3.45	7	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
isethionic acid Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.39	2	0	alkanesulfonic acid	human metabolite
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	2.11	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
tert-butylacrylamide tert-butylacrylamide: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
hydroxycitronellal hydroxycitronellal : The tertiary alcohol arising from addition of water across the C=C double bond of citronellal.	1.97	1	0	tertiary alcohol	allergen; fragrance
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	3.17	5	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.44	2	0
2-cyanoacetamide 2-cyanoacetamide: used in fluorimetric labeling of monosaccharides; structure	2.02	1	0
vinyl acetate [no description available]	2.41	2	0	acetate ester
biuret Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.	6.97	1	0	condensed ureas
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	2.44	2	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
3-xylene m-xylene : A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.01	1	0	xylene
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	3.83	3	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene [no description available]	2.38	2	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
4-methylpyridine 4-methylpyridine: structure in first source. 4-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine in which the methyl substituent is at position 4.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridine
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2	1	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	6.87	9	3	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2.75	3	0	aryl thiol
3-methylpyridine 3-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 3.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridine
3-hydroxypyridine 3-hydroxypyridine: RN given refeirs to parent cpd. 3-pyridinol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It has been detected as a thermal degradation product from the smoke of the burning leaves of Salvia divinorum, a Mexican psychoactive plant.	2.05	1	0	monohydroxypyridine
2-picoline 2-picoline: structure in first source. 2-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridine
2-aminopyrimidine pyrimidin-2-amine : An aminopyrimidine carrying an amino group at position 2.. aminopyrimidine : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.	2.21	1	0	aminopyrimidine
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	4.57	5	1
n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.	2	1	0	short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.44	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
allyl cyanide TL 350: structure given in first source. allyl cyanide : An aliphatic nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an allyl group.	7.06	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; olefinic compound	antifeedant; neurotoxin; plant metabolite
dicyanmethane malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.52	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; dinitrile
diethylamine [no description available]	2.72	3	0	secondary aliphatic amine
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	14.8	187	2	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.97	4	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	3.48	8	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	19.03	332	13	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
2,5-hexanedione 2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone	2.47	2	0	diketone; methyl ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	4.96	2	1	fatty acid ester
pentanal pentanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.	2.03	1	0	saturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.52	2	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	4.6	8	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	4.19	5	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.92	4	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
diethylenetriamine diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.94	4	0	polyazaalkane; triamine
hexahydroazepine hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.17	1	0	azacycloalkane; azepanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1-octene 1-octene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-octene : An octene with an unsaturation C-1.	2	1	0	octene
heptanol Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.	2.01	1	0	heptanol; primary alcohol	flavouring agent; fragrance; gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; plant metabolite
pelargonic acid pelargonic acid: K salt acts as cariostatic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nonanoic acid : A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.	1.97	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antifeedant; Daphnia magna metabolite; plant metabolite
octyl acetate octyl acetate : The acetate ester of octan-1-ol.	2.1	1	0	acetate ester	plant metabolite
triethylene glycol triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.06	1	0	diol; poly(ethylene glycol); primary alcohol	plasticiser
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.43	2	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
dimethyl ether dimethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to two methyl groups.	1.97	1	0	ether
isobutylene 2-methylprop-1-ene : An alkene that is prop-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.17	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity
pentaerythritol pentaerythritol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6904. pentaerythritol : A tetrol that is neopentane in which one of the methyl hydrogens of all four methyl groups are replaced by hydroxy groups. It is a chemical intermediate used in the production of explosives, plastics, paints, appliances, and cosmetics.	2.06	1	0	primary alcohol; tetrol	flame retardant; laxative
tetrafluoroethylene tetrafluoroethylene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	fluorocarbon
2-methylbutanoic acid 2-methylbutanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2-methylbutyric acid : A methylbutyric acid comprising a butyric acid core carrying a 2-methyl substituent. Produced from amino acid leucine during nutrient starvation in bacteria.	2.72	3	0	methylbutyric acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
tecnazene tetrachloronitrobenzene: sprout suppressant for potatoes; can be either the 1,2,4,5- and/or the 1,2,3,5-tetrachloro isomer; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. tecnazene : A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which the four hydrogens located ortho- and para- to the nitro group have been replaced by chlorines. A fungicide used to control dry rot, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	2.02	1	0	aromatic fungicide; C-nitro compound; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.13	5	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
etryptamine etryptamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0	indoles
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	2.01	1	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	2.03	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	6.42	13	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin [no description available]	2.95	4	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
tetralin tetralin: structure given in first source. tetralin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.	2.6	1	0	ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon; tetralins
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.49	2	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
scoparone scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; coumarins	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antilipemic drug; immunosuppressive agent; plant metabolite
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.1	1	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
2-naphthoxyacetic acid 2-naphthoxyacetic acid: used as plant hormone to promote the growth of roots on clippings, to prevent fruit from falling prematurely; structure	2.02	1	0	naphthyloxyacetic acid
dichlorprop dichlorprop: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid : An aromatic ether that is 2-hydroxypropanoic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted to its 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether.. dichlorprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dichlorprop. It is widely used as a herbicide for killing annual and broad leaf weeds. Only the R-enantiomer has herbicidal activity; the S-enantiomer is inactive.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid
sulfoxide sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).	2.49	2	0	benzodioxoles
dibenzothiazyl disulfide dibenzothiazyl disulfide: vulcanizing accelerant. dibenzothiazol-2-yl disulfide : An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of two molecules of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol. It is used as an accelerator in the rubber industry.	4.51	24	0	benzothiazoles; organic disulfide	allergen
2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.06	1	0	dichlorophenol
cyclopentanone [no description available]	2.41	1	0	cyclopentanones	Maillard reaction product
ethylene urea ethylene urea: used in manufacture of polymers, finishing agents for textiles & leather, in formulation of plasticizers, lacquers & adhesives; structure. imidazolidinone : An imidazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	1.98	1	0	imidazolidinone; ureas
n-methylpyrrolidine N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
trimethyl borate trimethyl borate : A member of the class of borate esters obtained by the formal condensation of three equivalents of methanol with boric acid.	2.17	1	0	borate esters
triethylamine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	tertiary amine
2-amino-5-nitrothiazole 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.01	15	0	C-nitro compound; thiazoles
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	5.24	15	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
iodoantipyrine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
1,4-naphthoquinone naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.	2.74	3	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	3.27	6	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
monobutyl phthalate monobutyl phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	phthalic acid monoester
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. naptalam : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide which results from addition of one equivalent of 1-naphthylamine to phthalic anhydride.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; N-(1-naphthyl)carboxamide	herbicide
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	3.06	5	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	1.96	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.74	3	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	4.49	23	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
oxythiamine Oxythiamine: Thiamine antagonist, antimetabolite.. oxythiamine(1+) : A 1,3-thiazolium cation that is 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole alkylated at the N3 position by a (2-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.	11.02	38	0	1,3-thiazolium cation	antimetabolite; vitamin B1 antagonist
diamthazole diamthazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.01	15	0	benzothiazoles
ziram Ziram: An industrial fungicide with low mammalian toxicity, although it does possess an irritant capacity for skin and mucous membranes.. ziram : A dithiocarbamate salt that is the zinc salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is a broad-spectrum fungicide and bird and animal repellent that is also used to accelerate the vulcanisation of rubber.	2.7	3	0	dithiocarbamate salt; zinc molecular entity	antifungal agrochemical; apoptosis inducer
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	3.47	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrosodimethylaniline 4-nitrosodimethylaniline: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline having a nitroso group at the 4-position.	2.01	1	0	dimethylaniline; nitroso compound; tertiary amino compound
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	1.99	1	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
nithiamide [no description available]	7.87	24	1	acetamides; aromatic amide
cyacetacide cyacetacide: structure	2	1	0
ethylxanthate ethylxanthate: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
n-butyl acrylate butyl acrylate : An acrylate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol with the carboxy group of acrylic acid.	2.31	1	0	acrylate ester
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	3.13	5	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.53	2	0	monohydroxypyridine	plant metabolite
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.03	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	2.71	3	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.48	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	3.76	11	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	3.81	4	0	D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	2	1	0	purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	6.95	21	4	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	3.61	9	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
2-vanillin ortho-vanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is salicylaldehyde substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	1.94	1	0	benzaldehydes; guaiacols	antimutagen; plant metabolite
3-hydroxyanisole 3-hydroxyanisole: structure in first source. 3-methoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol having a methoxy-substituent at the 3-position.	2	1	0	monomethoxybenzene; phenols
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	5	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	6.64	19	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	6.16	40	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	7.69	55	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
homoarginine L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.	1.95	1	0	homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	3.78	10	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
benzo(k)fluoranthene [no description available]	2.17	1	0	naphthalenes
triphenylene triphenylene: structure. triphenylene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	2.02	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene
cinnoline cinnoline: structure in first source. cinnoline : An azaarene that is the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of cinnolines.	2.21	1	0	azaarene; cinnolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	15.44	134	8	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	7.22	41	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	8.28	35	1	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	2.74	3	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzisothiazole benzisothiazole: structure in first source. 1,2-benzisothiazole : A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole.	4.18	16	0
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	12.12	116	3	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
1,3-benzodioxole 1,3-benzodioxole : A benzodioxole consisting of a benzene ring substituted by a the methylenedioxy group.	2.03	1	0	benzodioxole
triethylenediamine triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.	2.41	1	0	bridged compound; diamine; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent; tertiary amino compound	antioxidant; catalyst; reagent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	6.47	22	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	6.54	60	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	13.79	109	9	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	14.78	351	4	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	4.52	7	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyridazine pyridazine: structure given in first source	4.53	4	0	diazine; pyridazines
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	12.34	38	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	18.19	75	2	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
12-crown-4 12-crown-4: structure in first source. 12-crown-4 : A crown ether that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.1	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	4.8	12	0	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.43	2	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	4.31	19	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	3.05	5	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
allylisopropylacetamide Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.	1.95	1	0
diiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.	3.04	1	0	diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	6.76	10	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	12.07	129	2	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	2.49	2	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
2h-benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 2H-Benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-Ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-: Proposed catecholamine depletor.	1.98	1	0
paraoxon [no description available]	2.97	4	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	2.05	1	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	3.62	9	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	3.42	7	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
5-fluorouridine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organofluorine compound; uridines	mutagen
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	3.73	3	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	3.66	9	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity	2.07	1	0	aminopyridine
6-aminonicotinamide 6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.	1.95	1	0	aminopyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary amino compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; teratogenic agent
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	2.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
methyl triflate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	2.66	3	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	2.77	3	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
carbutamide Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)	1.94	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
3-acetylpyridine 3-acetylpyridine: inhibits tremors	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	3.82	3	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	6.61	15	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	2.9	4	0	ergoline alkaloid
phenylbenzoquinone phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	1.98	1	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	2.43	2	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.7	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
metofenazate metofenazate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist. metofenazate : A phenothiazine derivative having a chloro subsitituent at the 2-position and a 4-substituted 3-(piperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	1.98	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines
silicon carbide silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses	2.07	1	0	organosilicon compound
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	2.99	4	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
ethylene sulfide [no description available]	2	1	0	organosulfur heterocyclic compound; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	1.99	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	3.32	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd	10.81	123	5	alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfur-containing amino acid; thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antidote; antioxidant; hepatoprotective agent
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.46	2	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.05	1	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	12.85	35	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	4.93	8	1	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocystines	human metabolite
propadiene [no description available]	2.1	1	0	allenes
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2.9	4	0	ketene
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	3.37	1	1	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
chlorfenvinphos Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.	2.13	1	0	dichlorobenzene; organic phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	1.98	1	0	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	5.85	4	2	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
continentalic acid continentalic acid: from Acanthopanax species; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
thiazosulfone thiazosulfone: structure	4.87	37	0	sulfonamide
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.79	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.02	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
naphthazarin naphthazarin: fish toxin; isolated for first time from the walnut onigurmi, Juglans mandshurica maxim var. Sieboldiana Makino; structure. naphthazarin : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 8 are replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.03	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; plant metabolite
isocorydine isocorydine: from root tubers of Stephania Kwangsiensis H.S. Lo; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5017	2.07	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	4.37	20	0
funiculosin (anthraquinone) funiculosin (anthraquinone): see also a pyridone cpd called funiculosin; structure	3.47	8	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone
boldine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
rhein [no description available]	2	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide 2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide: was heading 1975-94 (see under LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-90); BROMO-LSD was see 2-BROMOLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-94; use LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE to search 2-BROMOLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-94; a serotonin antagonist	1.93	1	0
indirubin [no description available]	2.51	2	0
lucanthone Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.	4.94	7	0	thioxanthenes	adjuvant; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; mutagen; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; schistosomicide drug
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.53	2	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	2.42	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	2.96	4	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
menadiol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	methylnaphthalenes; naphthalenediols; naphthohydroquinone
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.. 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.	1.96	1	0	acyl sulfate; adenosine bisphosphate; purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	5.51	13	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
reticulin Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.	2.03	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	plant metabolite
cytisine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	3.82	4	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
quinoline-4-carboxylic acid quinoline-4-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	quinolinemonocarboxylic acid
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	4.31	19	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
indole-3-carbaldehyde indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.	2.06	1	0	heteroarenecarbaldehyde; indole alkaloid; indoles	bacterial metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
amiphenazole amiphenazole: used as a respiratory tonic, morphine antagonist, & antidote in barbiturate poisoning; RN given refers to parent cpd; sturcture	7.1	34	3	thiazoles
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	10.04	12	5	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
1,4-benzodioxan 1,4-benzodioxan: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	indoles
dithiol dithiol: structure	2.02	1	0
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	3.36	6	0	butenolide
2-norbornene norbornene : A bridged compound that is cyclohexane with a methylene bridge between carbons 1 and 4 and a double bond at position 2.	2.11	1	0
arecaidine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	citraconoyl group
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	2.04	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.03	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	2.66	3	0	quinone imine	dye
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.32	6	0	epsilon-lactone
azetidine [no description available]	3.55	2	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
isovaleric acid isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.07	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methylbutyric acid; short-chain fatty acid	mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	12.44	75	2
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	24.25	1,249	45	thiazolidine
1,3-dithiane 1,3-dithiane: structure	1.98	1	0	dithiane
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	3.11	5	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	3.23	6	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.94	12	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
abietic acid abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.	2.01	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
dithiazanine Dithiazanine: 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.. dithiazanine : A cationic C3-cyanine dye with 3-ethylbenzothiazol-2-yl groups at both ends.	3.73	3	0	benzothiazoles; benzothiazolium ion	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.75	3	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	3.53	8	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
triphenylmethane triphenylmethane : A triarylmethane in which the three aryl groups are phenyl. It forms the basic skeleton of several synthetic dyes.	2.06	1	0	triarylmethane	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.78	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	1.94	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	3.8	11	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	3.1	5	0
1,2-naphthoquinone naphthalene-1,2-dione: structure given in first source. 1,2-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.	2	1	0	1,2-naphthoquinones	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.01	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.83	3	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.03	4	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	10.57	37	3	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.	3.61	2	0
tropic acid tropic acid: acid moiety of ester alkaloids hyoscyamine & scopolamine; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tropic acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a phenyl group, and one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.1	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
coumarin-3-carboxylic acid coumarin-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	coumarins
furothiazole furothiazole: carcinogen for mouse, rat, dog, hamster; structure	2.36	2	0	aromatic amide
thiamine monophosphate Thiamine Monophosphate: Thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. The monophosphate ester of thiamine. Synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin B1 monophosphate.. thiamine(1+) monophosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) monophosphate.	3.35	7	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	10.47	59	4	thiazoles
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	2.15	1	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
2-methylfuran 2-methylfuran : A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	1.97	1	0	furans; volatile organic compound	flavouring agent; fuel; hepatotoxic agent; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.	3.61	2	0	dinitrophenol acaricide; hydroxytoluene; nitrotoluene	dinitrophenol insecticide; fungicide; herbicide
pyrithiamine Pyrithiamine: A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency.. pyrithiamine : A pyridinium ion that is 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridine substituted at position 1 by a (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.	8.83	12	0
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	3.54	8	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
4-toluenesulfinic acid 4-toluenesulfinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
perillyl alcohol perillyl alcohol: inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase; structure in first source. perillyl alcohol : A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.	2.01	1	0	limonene monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
phenylacetylene phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS	2.06	1	0	benzenes
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	5.36	18	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	2.92	4	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
4-iodophenol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	iodophenol
aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.	2.06	1	0
3-aminobutyric acid 3-aminobutyric acid: GABA uptake inhibitor. 3-aminobutanoic acid : A beta-amino acid that is butyric acid which is substituted by an amino group at position 3.	2.74	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
muscone muscone: structure in first source	4.61	1	1
delta-valerolactone [no description available]	2.08	1	0	delta-lactone
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	8.04	80	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
aceturic acid aceturic acid: structure. N-acetylglycine : An N-acylglycine where the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.02	1	0	N-acetyl-amino acid; N-acylglycine	human metabolite
3-hexen-1-ol 3-hexen-1-ol: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a green odor chemical. hex-3-en-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hex-3-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.75	3	0	alkenyl alcohol; homoallylic alcohol; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
n-butyl nitrite n-butyl nitrite: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1570	2.11	1	0	nitroso compound
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.93	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.94	4	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	3.44	7	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
phenalen-1-one phenalen-1-one: fossil fuel combustion product	2	1	0
violacein [no description available]	2.03	1	0
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	5.78	17	0
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	6.41	31	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	6.72	42	0	phenoxazine
aminopenicillanic acid aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.	2.4	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; penicillanic acids	allergen
trimellitic anhydride trimellitic anhydride: structure. trimellitic anhydride : A 2-benzofuran compound having oxo groups at the 1- and 3-positions and a carboxy substituent at the 5-position; the cyclic anhydride formed from the carboxy groups at the 1- and 2-positions of trimellitic acid.	2	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	allergen; epitope; hapten
paeonol paeonol: structure	2.15	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	2.68	3	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	7.84	89	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
nicotinic acid hydrazide nicotinic acid hydrazide: structural homolog of isoniazid; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
2,4-dichloroaniline 2,4-dichloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,4-dichloroaniline : A dichloroaniline carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.06	1	0	dichloroaniline
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	9.47	10	2	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
tripalmitin tripalmitin: structure. tripalmitin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.06	1	0	triglyceride
2-hydroxybutyric acid 2-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hydroxybutyric acid : Any compound comprising a butyric acid core carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.. 2-hydroxybutyric acid : A hydroxybutyric acid having a single hydroxyl group located at position 2; urinary secretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid is increased with alcohol ingestion or vigorous physical exercise and is associated with lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis in humans and diabetes in animals.	2.06	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
isoserine isoserine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	10.73	156	0	bis(azo) compound
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.06	1	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	3.14	5	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
8-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.54	2	0
succinimide succinimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. succinimide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5.	1.93	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	2.4	2	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	7.05	18	5	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	1.93	1	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
butylurea butylurea: CNS depressant	2.01	1	0
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	3.14	5	0	organic sulfide
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
1,1'-binaphthyl 1,1'-binaphthyl: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	2	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.96	1	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
toyocamycin Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.	2.05	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; nitrile; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
galactitol [no description available]	2.38	2	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-methylbenzamide N-methylbenzamide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0
n-methyl-n-nitrosoaniline N-methyl-N-nitrosoaniline: structure	1.97	1	0
2-hydrazinobenzothiazole [no description available]	3.32	6	0
2-(methylthio)benzothiazole 2-methylthio-1,3-benzothiazole : An organic sulfide that is the methyl thioether of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol.	2.37	2	0	benzothiazoles; methyl sulfide	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; xenobiotic metabolite
methyl carbonate methyl carbonate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure. dimethyl carbonate : A carbonate ester that is carbonic acid in which both hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A flammable, colourless liquid (m.p. 2-4degreeC, b.p. 90degreeC) with a characterstic ester-like odour, it is used as a 'green' methylating agent and as a solvent.	2.25	1	0	carbonate ester	reagent; solvent
2-pyrrolidone 2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).	2.05	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	metabolite; polar solvent
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	9.25	99	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
chorismic acid Chorismic Acid: A cyclohexadiene carboxylic acid derived from SHIKIMIC ACID and a precursor for the biosynthesis of UBIQUINONE and the AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS.. chorismic acid : The (3R,4R)-stereoisomer of 5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid.	2.41	2	0	5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol [no description available]	2.41	2	0
3-hydroxyacetanilide metacetamol : A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug.	2	1	0	acetamides; phenols	non-narcotic analgesic
n-nitroso(di-n-propyl)amine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	nitroso compound
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	2	1	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
6-methyluracil 6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.	3.39	1	1	pyrimidone	metabolite
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.07	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester	hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	4.01	14	0
clopenthixol Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	3.86	3	0	N-alkylpiperazine; primary alcohol; thioxanthenes	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
glycochenodeoxycholic acid Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.	2.08	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	3.74	2	1	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	5.89	7	1	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
precocene ii precocene II: has antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidant activities; from plants of genus Ageratum; an antiallotropin compound capable of inhibiting juvenile hormone biosynthesis	1.97	1	0	chromenes	precocenes
formal glycol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	cyclic acetal; dioxolane
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	6.34	5	3	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannoheptulose Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.. D-keto-manno-heptulose : The open chain form of D-manno-heptulose.. D-manno-heptulose : A manno-heptulose with a D-configuration. It has been found in avocados.	2.84	3	0	D-manno-heptulose
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	2.46	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diketene [no description available]	1.94	1	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.6	8	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
perfluoropentane perfluoropentane: inert expander of tissue spaces, liquid at room temperature, but gaseous at body temperatures; used in experimental eye surgery; structure. perfluoropentane : A fluorocarbon that is pentane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	2.08	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon	radioopaque medium; ultrasound contrast agent
hempa Hempa: A chemosterilant agent that is anticipated to be a carcinogen.	1.95	1	0	phosphoramide	insect sterilant; mutagen
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.36	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide [no description available]	2.42	2	0
4-methylthiazole [no description available]	3.48	8	0	1,3-thiazoles	Maillard reaction product
pyridine n-oxide pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.	2.49	2	0	pyridine N-oxides	drug metabolite
2,3,5-trimethylquinol 2,3,5-trimethylquinol: reducing agent. 2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is hydroquinone substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 5.	1.96	1	0	hydroquinones; methylbenzene
3-acetylindole 3-acetylindole: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde : A member of the class of naphthaldehydes that is naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. Active core of sirtinol (CHEBI:73158).	2.31	1	0	naphthaldehydes; naphthols
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.69	3	0
phosmet Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.	2.5	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phthalimides	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.03	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester acetylenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation	2.95	4	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	9.41	6	5	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dimethyl phosphate dimethyl phosphate: excreted in urine after exposure to mevinphos; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.11	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
calcium lactate [no description available]	2	1	0
4-nitrophenyl acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenyl acetates
ametryne ametryne: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, TRIAZINE (75-83) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & TRIAZINES (72-74); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. ametryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethylamino and an isopropylamino group at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	1.96	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	3.67	9	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
n-methylpyrrolidone 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.	2.1	1	0	lactam; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones	polar aprotic solvent
2-phenylbenzothiazole 2-phenylbenzothiazole: structure given in first source	4.46	21	0
terbutryne terbutryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by a tert-butylamino and an ethylamino group at positions 2 and 4 respectively.	2.58	2	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
amaranth dye Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.99	1	0
lithium citrate lithium citrate: RN given refers to the trilithium salt. lithium citrate (anhydrous) : A lithium salt that is the anhydrous form of the trilithium salt of citric acid. The tetrahydrate form is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression.	2.05	1	0	lithium salt
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	3.83	11	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
dibutylnitrosamine dibutylnitrosamine: structure	1.96	1	0	nitroso compound
cyclopentenone 2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.	3.11	5	0	alicyclic ketone; enone	Hsp70 inducer
n-nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine: Carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism.	2.9	4	0	pyrrolidines
2-aminobenzimidazole 2-aminobenzimidazole: metabolite of benomyl; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-aminobenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.	2.13	1	0	benzimidazoles	marine xenobiotic metabolite
nitrosobenzylmethylamine nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure	2.67	3	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	17.1	93	29	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	3.56	8	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.	2.91	4	0	dichlorobenzene; quinone imine
2'-deoxyadenosine 2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	3.5	2	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.77	3	0
pyrrolnitrin Pyrrolnitrin: 3-Chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. Antifungal antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia. It is effective mainly against Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium.. pyrrolnitrin : A member of the class of pyrroles carrying chloro and 3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	4.24	5	0	alkaloid; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles	antifungal drug; bacterial metabolite
bunamidine bunamidine: veterinary anti-platyhelmintic agent used for taenia infestations; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search AMIDINES (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
acetylhydrazine acetylhydrazine: metabolite of isoniazid in animals and humans; RN given refers to parent cpd. acetohydrazide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.07	1	0	carbohydrazide; carbohydrazonic acid	drug metabolite
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	2.9	4	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	2.05	1	0	phenylacetaldehydes
dichlofluanid dichlofluanid: structure. dichlofluanid : A member of the class of sulfamides that is sulfamide in which the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by methyl groups, while those attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a phenyl and a [dichloro(fluoro)methyl]sulfanediyl group. A fungicide introduced in 1965 and used in the cultivation of fruit and vegetables, as well as in wood preservatives, it is no longer approved for use in the European Union.	2.95	4	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylsulfamide fungicide; sulfamides	acaricide; antifungal agrochemical
2-acetylpyridine 2-acetylpyridine: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	aromatic ketone
lauryl gallate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	gallate ester
ethylenediamine-n,n'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid): synthetic iron chelator; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in 3rd source	1.99	1	0
citiolone citiolone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.99	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	2.39	2	0
calcium peroxide [no description available]	5.2	2	1	calcium oxides
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	4.92	34	0
cadmium oxide cadmium oxide: causes severe lung damage; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.78	3	0	cadmium molecular entity
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	8.49	8	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
molybdenum trioxide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	molybdenum oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	6.64	15	1	zinc molecular entity
monolaurin monolaurin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified monolaurin locant. 1-monolauroylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride with dodecanoyl (lauroyl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monolauroylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-lauroyl-sn-glycerol and 3-lauroyl-sn-glycerol	1.99	1	0	1-monoglyceride; dodecanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	5.73	15	0
beta-pinene beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.	2.21	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
calcium silicate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	inorganic calcium salt	antacid; flame retardant; food anticaking agent
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	10.95	28	3	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	3.82	3	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	10.16	91	3	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	3.27	6	0
propanidid Propanidid: An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)	2.35	2	0	methoxybenzenes
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	1.98	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
1,2-epoxyhexane [no description available]	4.61	1	1
pseudouridine [no description available]	3.97	2	0	pseudouridines	fundamental metabolite
picolinamide picolinamide: degradation product of diquat. pyridinecarboxamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is a substituted pyridine in which at least one of the substituents is a carboxamide or N-substituted caraboxamide group.. picolinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of picolinic acid.	2.58	2	0	pyridinecarboxamide
isonicotinamide isonicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of isonicotinic acid.	1.94	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.77	3	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
2-amino-4-methylbenzothiazole 2-amino-4-methylbenzothiazole: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.	3.16	5	0	diarylmethane
4-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
azaperone Azaperone: A butyrophenone used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. azaperone : An N-arylpiperazine that is 2-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(4-fluobenzoyl)propyl group. Used mainly as a tranquiliser for pigs and elephants.	3.87	2	1	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
diphenyldiselenide diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	1.98	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-diethyl-(phenylmethyl)ammonium denatonium: a potent bittering agent	2.25	1	0	amino acid amide
nitroxinil Nitroxinil: Proposed anthelmintic for fasciola and liver fluke infestations.	2.39	2	0
2-amino-6-methoxybenzothiazole 2-amino-6-methoxybenzothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
2-aminothiazoline 2-aminothiazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source & in Negwer, 5th ed, #97. 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A 1,3-thiazole that is 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	5.94	25	1	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
pentachloromethylthiobenzene [no description available]	1.96	1	0
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.42	2	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
phenyl chloroformate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	2	1	0
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	3.14	5	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
phenyltrimethylammonium phenyltrimethylammonium: d9-cpd suppresses methylation artifacts in gas chromatography of serum extracts; RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethylphenylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of N,N-dimethylaniline.	2.05	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	5.18	18	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
pristane pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.	1.98	1	0	long-chain alkane; norterpene	biomarker; immunological adjuvant
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.88	10	0	tertiary amine
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	3.27	6	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	3.19	5	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	6.44	34	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	5.39	19	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
methiocarb Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.	2.17	1	0	aryl sulfide; carbamate ester; methyl sulfide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; molluscicide; xenobiotic
meldrum's acid Meldrum's acid: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	4.52	7	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
decyltrimethylammonium decyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one decyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.54	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	4.3	4	1	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
flumethasone Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.	2.41	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
2-amino-delta(2)-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid 2-amino-delta(2)-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-amino-Delta(2)-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid : A 1,3-thiazole that is 4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by an amino and a carboxy group, respectively.	6.19	24	0	1,3-thiazoles; amino acid zwitterion; sulfur-containing amino acid
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	2.06	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol: produced by Pseudomonas aurantiaca. 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol : A benzenetriol that is phloroglucinol in which two of the ring hydrogens are replaced by acetyl groups.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; diketone; methyl ketone	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	3.15	5	0	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
aminorex Aminorex: An amphetamine-like anorectic agent. It may cause pulmonary hypertension.	2.08	1	0	benzenes
n-isopropylacrylamide N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands	2.07	1	0
octachloronaphthalene Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.	2.69	2	0
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	1.97	1	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
butylcaptax butylcaptax: a herbicide	2.66	3	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	3.81	11	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
2-methylthiazoline [no description available]	3.3	6	0	thiazoles
fast green fcf Fast Green FCF: structure. Fast green FCF : An organic sodium salt having 2-{(4-{ethyl[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]amino}phenyl)[4-{ethyl[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]iminio}cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl}-5-hydroxybenzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used as a substitute for Light green SF yellowish in Masson's trichrome as it is less likely to fade, and is more brilliant in colour. Also used as a food colouring agent.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; food colouring; histological dye
diethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomer [no description available]	2.04	1	0
nile blue Nile Blue: RN given refers to chloride; structure. nile blue A : An organic chloride salt having 5-amino-9-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazin-7-ium as the couterion. fluorescent dye which is also a potent photosensitiser for photodynamic therapy.	2.41	2	0
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	17.29	1,310	2	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	3.82	3	0	thioxanthenes
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.74	3	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzophenoneidum Benzophenoneidum: An aniline dye used as a disinfectant and an antiseptic agent. It is weakly fluorescing and binds specifically to certain proteins.. auramine O : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 4,4'-carbonimidoylbis(N,N-dimethylaniline) with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride. A fluorescent stain for demonstrating acid fast organisms in a method similar to the Ziehl Neelsen. It also can be used to make a fluorescent Schiff reagent.	3.14	5	0	hydrochloride	fluorochrome; histological dye
2-nitrosofluorene [no description available]	1.99	1	0
gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane: used to immobilize carbonic anhydrase into mesoporous supports; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	3.46	1	1	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
c.i. direct blue 1 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	2.7	3	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acadesine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
isoprocarb [no description available]	2.57	2	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one: a preservative in water-based solutions such as paints, cutting fluids, printing inks, cleaning agents, polyvinyl chloride gloves, etc.. benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one : An organic heterobicyclic compound based on a fused 1,2-thiazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the S atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.	9.49	96	1	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	disinfectant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sensitiser; xenobiotic
methiocarb sulfoxide methiocarb sulfoxide: a metabolite of methiocarb; structure given in first source. methiocarb-sulfoxide : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid. It is a metabolite of the pesticide methiocarb.	2.17	1	0	carbamate ester; sulfoxide	marine xenobiotic metabolite
nitrosyl chloride nitrosyl chloride: a strong oxidizing agent; capable of nitrosylating organic compounds and thereby generating mutagens or promutagens	2.11	1	0
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride glycidyl trimethylammonium: causes dermatitis on contact; structure given in first source; RN given refers to chloride	1.99	1	0
4-nitroimidazole 5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.	3.52	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	3.24	6	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
n-isopropyl-n-phenyl-4-phenylenediamine N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-4-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in sixth source	1.98	1	0
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	2.39	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	2.35	2	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
sudan red [no description available]	1.98	1	0
ornithylaspartate ornithylaspartate: used therapeutically in hepatic coma	2.02	1	0
didodecyldimethylammonium didodecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.94	4	0
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0	primary alcohol
n-(3-aminopropyl)cyclohexylamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	5.22	47	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
benzolamide Benzolamide: Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.	2.01	1	0
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	4.16	15	0	thujene	plant metabolite
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole 2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)phenol : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 1,3-benzothiazole substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group at position 2.	2.42	2	0	benzothiazoles; phenols	geroprotector
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.94	4	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	4.13	16	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
phenoxyacetic acid phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant growth retardant
ecdysone [no description available]	2	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
cyclic cmp Cyclic CMP: A cyclic nucleotide formed from CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE by the action of cytidylate cyclase. It is a potential cyclic nucleotide intracellular mediator of signal transductions.. 3',5'-cyclic CMP : A 3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.04	1	0	3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide	human metabolite
dimethyl trisulfide [no description available]	2	1	0	organic trisulfide
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.4	2	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
diloxanide furoate diloxanide furoate: structure. diloxanide furoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of furan-2-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2,2-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. It is a drug used for the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis.	2.37	2	0	carboxylic ester; furans; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	antiamoebic agent; prodrug
bpmc BPMC: structure. fenobucarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 2-sec-butylphenol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.88	3	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; insecticide
2-pentylfuran 2-pentylfuran: structure in first source. 2-pentylfuran : A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a pentyl group. It is found in many heat-processed foods and drinks.	2.15	1	0	furans	Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; flavouring agent; human urinary metabolite; insect repellent; plant growth stimulator; volatile oil component
2-(alpha-thenoylamino)-2-nitro-5-thiazole [no description available]	2.35	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
streptomycin [no description available]	4.45	24	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	4.38	6	0	carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	2.46	2	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
l 451167 L 451167: structure given in first source	2.73	3	0
2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.64	3	0
sulisobenzone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	benzophenones
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	2.42	2	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
quinacrine mustard Quinacrine Mustard: Nitrogen mustard analog of quinacrine used primarily as a stain in the studies of chromosomes and chromatin. Fluoresces by reaction with nucleic acids in chromosomes.	2	1	0	hydrochloride	intercalator
cladribine [no description available]	3.27	6	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.03	1	0	phthalic acid monoester
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	8.3	10	8
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	2.95	4	0
2-cyanoethylene oxide 2-cyanoethylene oxide: acrylonitrile metabolite; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
2-(2-hydroxyethylmercapto)benzothiazole 2-(2-hydroxyethylmercapto)benzothiazole: reaction product of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, well-known rubber vulcanization accelerator; structure in first source	2.36	2	0
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	2.13	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
ochratoxin b ochratoxin B: structure given in first source. ochratoxin B : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid. Ochratoxin B differs from the more naturally abundant ochratoxin A in the absence of the dihydroisocoumarin chlorine atom. It has cytotoxic effects on kidney and liver cells in vitro but only minor effects in vivo, due to its rapid metabolism and excretion. It inhibits cell proliferation of human liver HepG2 cells at doses as low as 1 mug/ ml but lacks the genotoxic activity of ochratoxin A, even at higher concentrations.	2.03	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
vantocil polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0
1-methyl-5-chloro-4-nitroimidazole [no description available]	2.25	1	0
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	12.74	69	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
trioctylmethylammonium trioctylmethylammonium: used in high performance liquid chromatography for the separation of tRNA; RN given refers to chloride. methyltrioctylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion with three octyl groups and one methyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.08	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	2.25	1	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
1-nitropyrene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	nitroarene	carcinogenic agent
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	7.05	14	1	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate [no description available]	2.43	2	0
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	3.79	3	0	dioxolane
dimethindene Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.	3.33	1	1	indene
maleic hydrazide Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.	2.1	1	0	pyridazinone
2-amino-1-butanol 2-amino-1-butanol: structure	2.05	1	0
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.7	3	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
chlorphenamidine Chlorphenamidine: An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.	2.11	1	0
octocrylene [no description available]	2.06	1	0	diarylmethane
methylene bis(thiocyanate) methylene bis(thiocyanate) : A member of the class of thiocyanates that is methane in which two of the hycrogens have been replaced by thiocyanato groups. Used as a biocide for the control of various pathogens and algae in industrial water systems and as a fungicide for the control of surface moulds and sapstain fungi on wood.	1.96	1	0	thiocyanates	antibacterial agent; fungicide
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	7.09	42	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin 1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin: structure given in first source	2.49	2	0
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	7.38	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-one : A pyridone that is pyridin-2(1H)-one substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical chlorpyrifos.. 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol : A hydroxypyridine that is pyridin-2-ol substituted by chloro groups at positions 3,5 and 6. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical chlorpyrifos.	2.02	1	0	chloropyridine; hydroxypyridine; pyridone	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	3.32	6	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
helenalin helenalin: toxic principle of Helenium microcephalum (smallhead sneezeweed); structure. helenalin : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).. NF-kappaB inhibitor : An inhibitor of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), a protein complex involved in the transcription of DNA.	2.67	3	0	cyclic ketone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; plant metabolite
olaflur Olaflur: cariostatic agent	2.1	1	0
hepes [no description available]	2.01	1	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
molindone Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)	8.9	8	0	indoles
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	3.81	10	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	2.92	4	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	6.88	21	1	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	7.47	39	1	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	6.13	9	1	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	2.07	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	2.05	1	0	vanadium group element atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	6.52	57	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	4.24	17	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	3.32	6	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	8.46	7	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	4.34	19	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	7.76	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
scandium Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.	2.05	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	8.57	37	2	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	3.17	5	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	3.15	5	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.78	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	4.61	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	10.04	66	2	titanium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.47	2	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	4.98	38	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	3.22	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	7.57	25	1	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.8	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	5.32	12	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	8.34	37	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.44	2	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	5.41	4	1	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	3.65	9	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	2.03	1	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	2.5	2	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	3.69	9	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.41	2	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	3.13	5	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	6.01	15	2	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.02	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	3.39	7	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	6.26	43	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
meladrazine nitrosoproline: RN given refers to 1-nitroso-L-proline	5.98	21	0
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	5.97	8	1	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
titanium tetrachloride titanium tetrachloride: RN given refers to TiCl4	2	1	0
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.37	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
palladium chloride palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.	2.44	2	0	palladium coordination entity	catalyst
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	2.11	1	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	3.74	10	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.87	33	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	3.75	10	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	1.99	1	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
thionyl chloride thionyl chloride: methylating agent; structure given in first source. thionyl chloride : A sulfinyl halide in which both of the halide atoms are chorines.	2.05	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; sulfinyl halide
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	2.94	4	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.71	3	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	9.21	18	0	diatomic bromine
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	2.04	1	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
s-methylcysteine S-methylcysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. S-methylcysteine : A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.	1.97	1	0	S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion; S-alkyl-L-cysteine	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	5.46	4	1	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	3.49	2	0	inorganic sodium salt
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	2.05	1	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	7.32	31	1	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	iron coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	4.45	7	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	3.12	5	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
tungstate [no description available]	2.43	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; tungsten oxoanion
metoprine metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist	2	1	0
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	3.77	11	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.06	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
sodium chromate(vi) sodium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with (MF) CR-H2-O4.Na. sodium chromate : An inorganic sodium salt consisting of sodium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	carcinogenic agent; diagnostic agent; oxidising agent; poison
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	3.02	4	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	2.9	4	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
zinc phosphate zinc phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified Zn salt; see also record for ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT RN 7779-90-0; hopeite was non-print entry term to ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT 1982-91	2.69	3	0
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	6.59	26	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	4.45	22	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	4.7	30	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.07	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	3.59	8	0	metal sulfate	allergen
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	3.79	3	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
calcium pyrophosphate Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).	2.92	4	0	calcium phosphate
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.07	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	4.41	1	1
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	5.74	6	1
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	2.06	1	0	epoxide
sodium hydride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	6.95	12	2	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	2.72	3	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.05	1	0	aluminium sulfate
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	3.26	6	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	3.28	6	0	cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.69	3	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide: structure	2.02	1	0
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	1.96	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
camphoroquinone camphoroquinone: a natural monoterpene, non-aromatic quinone; structure given in first source. bornane-2,3-dione : A bornane monoterpenoid that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 7 and 7 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 3.	2.08	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	9.73	50	4
tetrazepam tetrazepam: structure	2.15	1	0	benzodiazepine
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.	2.31	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent; androgen
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.97	4	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	2.96	4	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
chrysotile Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)	2.95	4	0
ammonium bromide ammonium bromide : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	2.41	1	0	ammonium salt; bromide salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.86	4	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
tricalcium silicate tricalcium silicate: might be used as injectable bioactive cement	4.38	4	0
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2.66	3	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate Arabinofuranosylcytosine Triphosphate: A triphosphate nucleotide analog which is the biologically active form of CYTARABINE. It inhibits nuclear DNA synthesis.	1.99	1	0
n-nitrososarcosine N-nitrososarcosine : A nitrosamine that is sarcosine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group.	2.89	4	0	nitrosamine; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative	carcinogenic agent
kitazine kitazine: see also record for kitazin P; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
melarsonic acid melarsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	7.06	23	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	1.97	1	0
indium nitrate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
menthone menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).	2.05	1	0	menthone
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	6.03	27	1
myrmicacin myrmicacin: found in secretions of South American leaf-cutting ant; inhibitor for mitotic progression after metaphase. 3-hydroxydecanoic acid : A medium-chain fatty acid that is decanoic acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.11	1	0	3-hydroxy fatty acid; medium-chain fatty acid	antimitotic; Escherichia coli metabolite
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	7.03	16	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
phytanic acid Phytanic Acid: A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.. phytanic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.	2.03	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.83	12	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl	2.03	1	0	nereistoxin analogue insecticide
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	4.84	4	2	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
vinyl carbamate vinyl carbamate: promutagen & more carcinogenic analog of ethyl carbamate (urethane); structure	1.99	1	0	carbamate ester
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	3.5	8	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
eedq EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent	2.91	4	0
ferric nitrilotriacetate ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)	1.99	1	0	iron chelate	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	7.22	92	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
2,4',5-trichlorobiphenyl [no description available]	1.96	1	0
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	2.43	2	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
showdomycin Showdomycin: 3-beta-D-Ribofuranosylmaleimide. Antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces showdoensis. It is possibly active also as a sulfhydryl reagent.	3.97	2	0
2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aminopyridine; monohydroxypyridine
fluorides [no description available]	7.68	28	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	3.49	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
ochracin ochracin: produced by Aspergillus alutaceus; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	isochromanes
tomatine alpha-tomatine: in tomato fruits and vegetative plant tissues; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; glycoalkaloid; glycoside; steroid alkaloid; tetrasaccharide derivative	antifungal agent; immunological adjuvant; phytotoxin
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	9.49	30	12	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
benomyl [no description available]	2.92	4	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
reactive red 2 reactive red 2: inhibitor of ecto-nucleotidase and P(2y)-selective purinoceptor antagonist; structure in first source. procion red MX-5B : A 2,4-dichloro-1,3,5-triazine with a multi-substituted napthalen-1-ylamino substituent at the 6-position.	2.08	1	0
fenclozic acid fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	4.82	10	0
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	5.44	8	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
fentiazac [no description available]	8.83	47	13	thiazoles
n,n-dimethyl-4-(6-benzothiazolylazo)aniline N,N-dimethyl-4-(6-benzothiazolylazo)aniline: do not confuse with 5-isomer (RN: 18463-90-6) also given this name in 9CI; structure	3.98	14	0
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	2.75	3	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
methabenzthiazuron [no description available]	1.95	1	0	benzothiazoles
oryzalin oryzalin: a dinitroaniline; preemergence herbicide; structure. oryzalin : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by nitro groups and at position 4 by a dipropylamino group.	4.4	21	0	aromatic amine; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; antimitotic; herbicide
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	4.72	5	0	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
n-n-propylnorapomorphine N-n-propylnorapomorphine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.97	1	0
iodine [no description available]	5.67	25	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	6.53	36	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
metribuzin metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.	2.47	2	0	1,2,4-triazines; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.07	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine
2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole: structure given in first source	3.11	5	0
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	4.69	28	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
fenamiphos [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organophosphate insecticide; organophosphate nematicide; phosphoramidate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	3.04	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	10.18	23	2	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	2.52	2	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
cetalkonium chloride cetalkonium chloride: Note: Bonjela is a multimeaning drug name.	2.06	1	0
zingerone zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.	2.69	2	0	methyl ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antiemetic; antioxidant; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	14.06	175	15	benzenes; phenyl acetates
phenoxyethanol phenoxyethanol: structure. 2-phenoxyethanol : An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.96	4	0	aromatic ether; glycol ether; primary alcohol	antiinfective agent; central nervous system depressant
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	4.68	3	2	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
acetylacetone acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.	2.88	4	0	beta-diketone
pyrrolidine [no description available]	4.27	5	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
dioctyl adipate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carboxylic ester
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.76	3	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
isoamyl acetate isoamyl acetate: structure in Merck, 9th ed, #4958. isoamyl acetate : The acetate ester of isoamylol.	2	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbamide peroxide Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.	2.46	2	0	mixture	disinfectant; oxidising agent; reagent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.15	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
azetepa [no description available]	1.94	1	0	phosphoramide
dimedone dimedone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.31	1	0
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	3.76	2	1	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.71	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.99	1	0	alkylbenzene; phenols	antioxidant
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.83	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	3.07	5	0
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	7.63	8	3	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
dihydro-beta-erythroidine Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.	2.02	1	0	delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	nicotinic antagonist
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
pronamide pronamide: structure. propyzamide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-amine. It is used as a systemic post-emergent herbicide for the control grass and broadleaf weeds in a wide range of in a wide variety of fruit and root crops.	2.41	2	0	benzamides; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound	agrochemical; herbicide
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	5.97	34	0
fanft FANFT: A potent nitrofuran derivative tumor initiator. It causes bladder tumors in all animals studied and is mutagenic to many bacteria.	5.67	81	0
aluminum oxide hydroxide aluminum oxide hydroxide: RN given refers to Al2O3.xH2O	2.07	1	0	aluminium hydroxides; aluminium oxides
2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
jingsongling jingsongling: structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
alkenes [no description available]	6.16	41	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	7.75	6	2	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	11.73	165	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	2.4	2	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	2.73	3	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
pyoluteorin pyoluteorin: from Pseudomonas fluorescens; protects various plants from diseases caused by soilborne pathogenic fungi. pyoluteorin : A member of the class of resorcinols that is resorcinol in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 4,5-dichloro-1H-pyrrole-2-carbonyl group. It is a natural product found in Pseudomonas fluorescens which exhibits antibacterial properties and is a strong inducer of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ketone; beta-hydroxy ketone; diol; organochlorine compound; organochlorine pesticide; polyketide; pyrroles; resorcinols	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	3.4	7	0
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	1.95	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
frentizole frentizole: RN given refers to parent cpd	5.51	6	3
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloromethylisothiazolinone : A 1,2-thiazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom and a chlorine at C-5. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the major active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).	12.71	224	4	1,2-thiazoles; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
pivampicillin Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.. pivampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.	1.95	1	0	penicillanic acid ester; pivaloyloxymethyl ester	prodrug
amoscanate amoscanate: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. amoscanate : An isothiocyanate that is phenyl isothiocyanate in which the hydrogen at the para- position has been replaced by a 4-nitroanilinyl group.	2.66	3	0	C-nitro compound; isothiocyanate; secondary amino compound	schistosomicide drug
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	2.76	3	0
2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one octhilinone : A member of the class of 1,2-thiazole that is 1,2-thiazol-3-one substituted on the nitrogen (position 2) by an octyl group. A fungicide and antibacterial agent, it is used for treatment of canker and other fungal and bacterial diseases in fruit trees. It is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	5.85	29	0	1,2-thiazoles	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	4.52	9	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	9.81	33	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	3.4	7	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	8.59	8	4	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	1.96	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
penfluridol Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.	1.99	1	0	diarylmethane
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	6.47	9	5	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
norflurazone norflurazone: structure. norflurazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.	2.04	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; organochlorine compound; pyridazinone; secondary amino compound	agrochemical; carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; herbicide
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	2	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ferrozine Ferrozine: A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron.	2.06	1	0
phalloin phalloin: oligopeptide similar to phalloidin; structure given in first source & 9th CI Chem Subs Index	1.98	1	0
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.71	3	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
enterobactin [no description available]	5.3	16	0	catechols; crown compound; macrotriolide; polyphenol	bacterial metabolite; siderophore
dibromothymoquinone Dibromothymoquinone: At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity.	1.96	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cytochrome-b6f complex inhibitor
pirimiphos methyl pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	aminopyrimidine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	3.36	2	0	sulfonium betaine	human metabolite
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	6.61	28	2	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
etofenamate etofenamate: structure	2.15	1	0	benzoate ester
flubendazole flubendazole: the p-fluoro analog of mebendazole. flubendazole : A member of the class of mebendazole in which the benzoyl group is replaced by a p-fluorobenzoyl group. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	3.36	6	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; organofluorine compound	antinematodal drug; teratogenic agent
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	2.21	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.13	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	13.19	149	7	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.	3	4	0	formamidines; tertiary amino compound	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
etoposide [no description available]	5.26	50	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	6.81	19	1	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
ethylene thiuram monosulfide ethylene thiuram monosulfide: breakdown product of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate; structure	3.34	7	0
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	4.1	3	1	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
norsalsolinol norsalsolinol: rigid dopamine analog; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. norsalsolinol : An isoquinolinol that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7. It is present in the dopamine-rich areas of the human brain, including the substantia nigra.	2.05	1	0	isoquinolinol	animal metabolite; apoptosis inducer; human metabolite; marine metabolite
2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hexachlorobiphenyl
chlotazol chlotazol: for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; condensation product of chloral hydrate & 2-aminothiazole	2.88	4	0
diflubenzuron Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.	2.05	1	0	benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes	insect sterilant
1,10-decanediol [no description available]	2.13	1	0
enilconazole enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.	2.69	2	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
avridine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	amino alcohol
4-methylhistamine 4-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 5 position on the ring.	3.86	12	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	histamine agonist; metabolite
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	16.39	63	27	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.89	4	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ciclazindol ciclazindol: highly selective inhibitor of noradrenaline uptake; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.4	2	0
anft ANFT: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	4.1	16	0
flunixin flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	6.4	11	4	aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
imidazolidinyl urea imidazolidinyl urea: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.32	4	1	ureas	antimicrobial agent
4-hexyloxyaniline [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; substituted aniline
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	2.69	3	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
pendimethalin pendimethalin : A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.	2.07	1	0	C-nitro compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide
n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Duxon: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.74	3	0
profenofos [no description available]	2.11	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.75	3	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
tricyclazole tricyclazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. tricyclazole : A triazolobenzothiazole that is [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3]benzothiazole which is substituted at position 5 by a methyl group. A fungicide used for the control of rice blast, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	7.18	66	0	triazolobenzothiazole	antifungal agrochemical; melanin synthesis inhibitor
bezafibrate [no description available]	5.51	21	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	1.98	1	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	6.85	36	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	8.56	17	8	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	3.08	5	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
2-phenylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-phenylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
levobunolol Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclic ketone; propanolamine	antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	4.58	25	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
lonidamine lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.	2.11	1	0	dichlorobenzene; indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; antispermatogenic agent; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
n-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine: reactive arylating intermediate from acetaminophen & N-hydroxyacetaminophen; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	ketoimine; quinone imine
vx VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.	2.11	1	0	organic thiophosphate; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. methylisothiazolinone : A 1,2-thazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the minor active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).	13.56	328	6	1,2-thiazoles	antifouling biocide; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	4.59	25	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran: toxic product which was generated in Italy due to an explosion in a plant manufacturing 2,4,5-trichlorophenol	2.06	1	0	polychlorinated dibenzofuran
denotivir [no description available]	5.61	18	1
1'-hydroxyestragole 1'-hydroxyestragole: structure	2.04	1	0
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	2.95	4	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
phenthiazamine phenthiazamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.14	5	0
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	3.16	5	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	2.06	1	0
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	2.93	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.85	10	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2.01	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	4.28	18	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
vindesine Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).	2.69	3	0	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
oxfendazole [no description available]	3.43	1	1	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; sulfoxide	antinematodal drug
lodoxamide ethyl lodoxamide ethyl: inhibits anaphylactic reactions; structure	2.04	1	0
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.44	2	0
meglitinide meglitinide: structure given in first source & in Negwer, 5th ed, #6436	6.1	7	0
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	2.41	2	0	epoxide	intercalator
impromidine Impromidine: A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.	4.11	16	0
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.	1.96	1	0	dichlorobenzene
heptacaine heptacaine: structure; RN given refers to the HCl salt	1.96	1	0
phosphopantothenic acid phosphopantothenic acid: RN given refers to (R)-isomer. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenic acid : An amidoalkyl phosphate that is the 4-phosphate derivative of (R)-pantothenic acid.	2	1	0	amidoalkyl phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
kathon cg Kathon 886: industrial biocide & cosmetic preservative formulation; contains methylcholoro-isothiazolinone and methylcholoroisothiazolinone	10.51	126	5
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	22.4	474	77	benzamides; carboxylic ester
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	3.53	8	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	2.04	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4.02	4	0
hymenovin hymenovin: major toxic constituent of poisonous range plant Hymenoxys odorate; shown to be mutagenic; structure	1.97	1	0	oxanes
thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid : A thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine substituted by a carboxy group at position 2.	1.98	1	0	thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid
closantel closantel: structure. N-{5-chloro-4-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-2-methylphenyl}-2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzamide : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.. closantel : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clostanel. An anthelmintic, it is used (as the dihydrate of the sodium salt) in veterinary medicine for the treatment of fluke and nematode infections.	2.21	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organoiodine compound; phenols
metalaxyl metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.	3.47	7	0	alanine derivative; aromatic amide; carboxamide; ether; methyl ester
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	2.72	3	0
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	3.27	6	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	3.57	8	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
n-cyano-n'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-n''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine N-cyano-N'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-N''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine: potassium channel opener	1.99	1	0	pyridines
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	2.02	1	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.17	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	5.72	7	3	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
acifluorfen [no description available]	2.7	3	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; C-nitro compound; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	4.61	10	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
mezlocillin Kassinin: Dodecapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system of the amphibian Kassina senegalensis. It is similar in structure and action to other tachykinins, but is especially effective in contracting smooth muscle tissue and stimulating the micturition reflex.	2.07	1	0
salsoline salsoline: monomethylated metabolite of salsolinol; endogenous neurotoxin found in CSF of patients with Parkinson's disease	2.06	1	0	isoquinolines
oltipraz oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.	1.97	1	0	1,2-dithiole; pyrazines	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; protective agent; schistosomicide drug
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
benzamido-2-nitro-5-thiazole [no description available]	2.39	2	0
triflumuron triflumuron: insect growth inhibitor	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2.02	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	2.38	2	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	12.06	31	6	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
cyromazine cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	mouse metabolite; triazine insecticide
flutolanil flutolanil : A member of the class of benzamides, obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3-(ispropyloxy)aniline. A fungicide used to control a range of pathogens especially Rhizoctonia spp. on rice, turf and other crops.	3.68	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; benzamides; benzanilide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	6.02	43	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
fluperlapine fluperlapine: structure given in first source	2	1	0	benzazepine
buserelin Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide
triclabendazole [no description available]	3.01	4	0	aromatic ether
tiotidine tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	8.19	28	2	thiazoles
buprofezin buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.	2.53	2	0	thiadiazinane; ureas
amonafide xanafide: salt formulation of amonafide; DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor	2.46	2	0	isoquinolines
fluvalinate fluvalinate: RN given refers to 2-cyano isomer (DL)-isomer	2.82	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
indoxyl 3-hydroxyindole: inhibits amyloid fibril formation; structure in first source	1.97	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; hydroxyindoles
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride: monomer used in 4-META resin; which is used as dental resin; structure given in first source; Cover-Up II is a 4-META bases bonding agent	2.1	1	0
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	1.99	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
itazigrel [no description available]	5.71	11	2
octenidine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	dihydropyridine
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	4.07	15	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.	2.1	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
oxmetidine oxmetidine: specific histamine H2 receptor antagonist with MW around 1.8 times that of cimetidine; differs from cimetidine by carrying an isocytosine ring instead of a cyanoguanidine in side chain; RN given refers to parent cpd. oxmetidine : A 2-aminopyrimidin-4(1H)-one derivative bearing a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl group at the 5-position and with a 4-(5-methyl-(1H)imidazol-4-yl)-3-thiabutyl substituent attached to the 2-amino group. It is a specific histamine H2-receptor antagonist.	4.82	6	0	benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyrimidone	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist
nitrosocimetidine nitrosocimetidine: possible metabolite of cimetidine	1.97	1	0
n-nitrosothiazolidine N-nitrosothiazolidine: structure given in first source	3.84	12	0	nitrosamine; thiazolidines
metsulfuron methyl metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.	2.01	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
albendazole sulfone albendazole sulfone: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	organic sulfide
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.65	9	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source	3.09	5	0	naphthalenes	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
fosfedil fosfedil: structure	5.99	27	1
loceryl amorolfine: RN given refers to parent cpd. amorolfine : A member of the class of morpholines that is cis-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a racemic 2-methyl-3-[p-(2-methylbutan-2-yl)phenyl]propyl group. An inhibitor of the action of squalene monooxygenase, Delta(14) reductase and D7-D8 isomerase and an antifungal agent, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) for the topical treatment of fungal nail and skin infections.	4.07	1	0	morpholine antifungal drug; tertiary amino compound	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.70 (Delta(14)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
fanetizole [no description available]	2.9	4	0
bm 13505 daltroban: thromboxane antagonist	2.4	2	0
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	7.74	19	3	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	3.7	10	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.44	2	0	dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	3.7	10	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
balsalazide balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.	2.01	1	0
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	4.2	5	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	9.42	18	2	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
amflutizole amflutizole: xanthine oxidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	4.75	7	1
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.02	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	4.67	6	1	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
cicletanine [no description available]	3.21	1	0	organochlorine compound
ilmofosine ilmofosine: used in treatment of colonic adenocarcinoma in rats; structure given in first source; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt	1.98	1	0
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	4.83	10	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	10.68	39	3	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
gusperimus gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride	2	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
loxtidine loxtidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parenet cpd. loxtidine : A triazole that consists of 1,2,4-triazole bearing a methyl substituent at position 1, a hydroxymethyl substituent at position 3 and a {3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl}amino group at position 5. A highly potent and selective H2-receptor antagonist.	4	4	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; primary alcohol; triazoles	H2-receptor antagonist
temelastine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	pyrimidone
3-deazaguanine 3-deazaguanine: structure	1.98	1	0
tiospirone tiospirone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
fluorodopa f 18 fluorodopa F 18: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	3.11	1	0	(18)F radiopharmaceutical; 6-fluoro-L-dopa
tzu 0460 TZU 0460: RN given refers to HCl; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	piperidines
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	4.8	1	1	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	2.17	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
ipsapirone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	4.21	17	0
quinelorane quinelorane: LY 175887 is dextrorotary isomer; LY 137157 is a racemic mixture	2.39	2	0	quinazolines
eticlopride eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.69	3	0	salicylamides
flesinoxan [no description available]	2.91	4	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.01	1	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.57	2	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
naxagolide naxagolide: structure given in first source. naxagolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine substituted by propyl and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, respectively. It is a potent dopamine D2-receptor agonist and its hydrochloride salt was under clinical development by Merck & Co as a potential antiparkinsonian agent (now discontinued).	2.02	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
sdz 208-912 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0	tetralins
thiophenoxyacetic acid thiophenoxyacetic acid: structure	2.05	1	0
fadrozole Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.	2.53	2	0	imidazopyridine
tepoxalin tepoxalin : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]propanoic acid with the amino group of N-methylhydroxylamine. It is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation caused by musculoskeletal disorders such as hip dysplasia and arthritis in dogs.	6.58	8	2	aromatic ether; hydroxamic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antipyretic; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sabeluzole sabeluzole: structure given in first source	9.73	29	10	benzothiazoles
clinafloxacin clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl	1.98	1	0	quinolines
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	8.62	19	0	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.01	1	0	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
aromasil [no description available]	3.7	1	1	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
englitazone englitazone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	5.48	21	0
zileuton [no description available]	3.24	6	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide remacemide: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	stilbenoid
enalkiren [no description available]	3.51	2	0	peptide
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	10.71	17	4	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	2.41	2	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	1.99	1	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
marbofloxacin [no description available]	2.49	2	0	quinolines
liarozole liarozole: inhibits all-trans-retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase; effective against hormone-dependent and hormone-independent tumors; R 75251 is chlorohydrate of R 61405; a potent inhibitor of retinoic acid metabolism; USAN name - liarozole fumarate	2.01	1	0	benzimidazoles
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	4.01	2	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
sezolamide sezolamide: decreases intraocular pressure, topically in vivo; inhibits carbonic anhydrase; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
mirfentanil mirfentanil: selectively reverses the respiratory depressant effects of morphine; RN given refers to HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 9/91	2.05	1	0
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	2.44	2	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
tenidap tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer	4.51	4	0
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	5.46	4	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	10.12	38	4	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
temoporfin temoporfin: used as PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY	2.43	2	0
ro 24-4736 Ro 24-4736: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	2.39	2	0
fananserin fananserin: RN & structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	17.92	132	26	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
sipatrigine sipatrigine: a glutamate release inhibitor which protects against focal cerebral ischemic damage	3.09	1	0	pyrimidines
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	2.07	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	8.01	14	2	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	5.09	10	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	7.3	8	3	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	5.3	12	1	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
aptiganel aptiganel: NMDA receptor antagonist used to study the effects of stroke; structure given in first source; RN given refers to hydrochloride	3.11	1	0	naphthalenes
pobilukast pobilukast: a leukotriene receptor antagonist; an antiasthmatic agent; structure in first source; RN refers to (R-(R,S)-isomer	2.38	2	0
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	5.44	4	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.49	2	0
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	25.77	943	258	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	5.06	3	1	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.	3.17	1	0	organoiodine compound
darglitazone [no description available]	5.33	13	1
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.07	1	0	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	14.59	36	21	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mifobate mifobate: has antiatherosclerotic properties	4.43	2	0	trialkyl phosphate
kynostatin 272 kynostatin 272: structure given in first source; contains allophenylnorstatine as a transition-state mimic	1.98	1	0	peptide
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	5.62	3	2	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	8.71	44	1	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
safranal safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.	2.05	1	0	monoterpenoid
ep 201 EP 201: structure	2.03	1	0	oxacycle
octyl gallate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	gallate ester	food antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	1.95	1	0	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
coomassie brilliant blue r kenacid blue: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.4	2	0
pyranine pyranine: structure	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	2.48	2	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine: has antibacterial activity; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
gallium nitrate gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	5.21	15	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing	2.08	1	0
difluorophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	1.96	1	0
1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane: biocide used in glue implicated in contact dermatitis; euxyl K 400 is a 2-phenoxyethanol mixture. 2-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile : An organobromine compound that consists of pentanedinitrile bearing bromo and bromomethyl substituents at position 2.	7.76	16	1	aliphatic nitrile; organobromine compound	allergen; sensitiser
3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate 3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate: RN & structure given in first source. 3-iodoprop-2-yn-1-yl butylcarbamate : A carbamate ester that is carbamic acid in which the nitrogen has been substituted by a butyl group and in which the hydrogen of the carboxy group is replaced by a 1-iodoprop-2-yn-3-yl group. A fungicide, it is used as a preservative and sapstain control chemical in wood products and as a preservative in adhesives, paints, latex paper coating, plastic, water-based inks, metal working fluids, textiles, and numerous consumer products.	3.84	3	0	acetylenic compound; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; organoiodine compound	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
diazolidinylurea diazolidinylurea: structure given in first source	2.71	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
thiolactic acid thiolactic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	mercaptopropanoic acid
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	4.51	23	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
vanillyl alcohol vanillyl alcohol: structure. vanillyl alcohol : A monomethoxybenzene that is 2-methoxyphenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	benzyl alcohols; guaiacols	plant metabolite
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.41	2	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
1-lauryl-2-pyrrolidone 1-dodecylpyrrolidin-2-one : Pyrrolidin-2-one substituted at nitrogen by an n-dodecyl group.	2.05	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	epitope
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	6.7	9	1	hydracid; one-carbon compound
titanium trichloride [no description available]	1.96	1	0
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.4	2	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
2-isobutyl-1,3-thiazole 2-isobutyl-1,3-thiazole: isolated from preorbital gland of the grey duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia and the red duiker, Cephalophus natalensis; structure given in first source. 2-isobutylthiazole : A 1,3-thiazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by an isobutyl group. A food flavour component with a green note that adds the characteristics of ripe tomatoes. Used in blackcurrent, papaya, melon, raspberry, and roast beef flavours, it also enhances the flavour of fresh lime.	2.98	4	0	1,3-thiazoles	flavouring agent; Maillard reaction product; pheromone
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	2.08	1	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	4.89	4	2	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.46	23	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	8.86	10	6	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	5.76	6	1	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
1-adamantanol [no description available]	2.25	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	10.23	59	3	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.43	2	0
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	4.21	5	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
sulfametrole N1-(4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)sulfanilamide: structure in first source. sulfametrole : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid with the amino group of 4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-amine.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; thiadiazoles
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
ursolic acid [no description available]	4.42	6	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	2.54	2	0
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	3.4	1	1	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
norharman norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.	2.44	2	0	beta-carbolines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	21.19	4,398	19	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.	1.99	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.98	4	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
calanolide a calanolide A: NSC 661122 and costatolide are isomers; a novel HIV-inhibitory class of coumarin derivatives from the tropical rainforest tree, Calophyllum lanigerum (Clusiaceae); structure in first source. (+)-calanolide A : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 11,12-dihydro-2H,6H,10H-dipyrano[2,3-f:2',3'-h]chromen-2-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 12, methyl groups at positions 6, 6, 10 and 11 and a propyl group at position 4 (the 10R,11S,12S stereoisomer). Isolated from Calophyllum lanigerum var austrocoriaceum and Calophyllum brasiliense, it exhibits potent activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.	1.98	1	0	cyclic ether; delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol	HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; plant metabolite
2'3'-didehydro-2'3'-dideoxyadenosine 2'3'-didehydro-2'3'-dideoxyadenosine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	2.42	2	0	lignan
baicalin [no description available]	5.93	7	1	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
1-((2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl)-6-(phenylthio)thymine 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylsulfanyl)thymine : A pyrimidone that is thymine which is substituted at positions 1 and 6 by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl group and a phenylsulfanyl group, respectively.	3.79	3	0	aryl sulfide; primary alcohol; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
abbott 77003 Abbott 77003: a symmetry-based inhibitor of HIV-1 protease	1.98	1	0
emivirine emivirine: a non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. emivirine : A pyrimidone that is uracil which is substituted at positions 1, 5 and 6 by ethoxymethyl, isopropyl, and benzyl groups, respectively. A non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, emivirine was an unsuccessful experimental agent for the treatment of HIV.	1.99	1	0	pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	5.34	6	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
amprenavir [no description available]	4.86	4	2	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	7.48	7	1	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
allicin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	1.96	1	0
diacetylfluorescein [no description available]	3.42	7	0
diphenylcyclopropenone diphenylcyclopropenone: strong contact sensitizer; a photosensitizing agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. diphenylcyclopropenone : A cyclopropenone compound having phenyl substituents at the 2- and 3-positions.	2.21	1	0	cyclopropenone	drug allergen; hapten; photosensitizing agent
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	4.62	25	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.05	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
cholesteryl sulfate cholesteryl sulfate: component of human seminal plasma & spermatozoa; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesterol sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is cholesterol substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3.	2.11	1	0	steroid sulfate	human metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	3.74	10	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	2.49	2	0	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
1,3-oxathiolane 1,3-oxathiolane: structure	2.05	1	0
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2.41	2	0
chlorin chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.	2.07	1	0
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	6.41	12	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thomsen-friedenreich antigen Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen: do not confuse with T antigens, which are viral	2.47	2	0
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	2.07	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
hexamidine hexamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of hexane-1,6-diol.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2.46	2	0
bathocuproine bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
testosterone undecanoate [no description available]	2.15	1	0	steroid ester
aconitic anhydride aconitic anhydride: RN refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
kasugamycin kasugamycin: experimental antimicrobial agent from Streptomyces kausugaensis; used in pseudomonas infections; interfers with protein synthesis in susceptible Escherichia coli. kasugamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis and exhibits antibiotic and fungicidal properties.	2.05	1	0
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside: enzyme substrate for beta-galactosidase. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside : An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-galactoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which cleaved the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; D-aldohexose derivative; indolyl carbohydrate; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound	chromogenic compound
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.99	4	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.87	4	0	iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	4.41	21	0
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.08	1	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.17	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	12.36	170	8
o-(6)-methylguanine O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.	1.98	1	0	methylguanine	mutagen
surfactin peptide surfactin peptide: antineoplastic product isolated from Bacillus sp.	2	1	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	3.62	9	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	2.91	4	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	3.79	11	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1	2.44	2	0	purine nucleoside
sinefungin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	adenosines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.03	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	6.33	51	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
ritipenem ritipenem: carbapenem antibiotic; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
tenilsetam tenilsetam: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
imirestat imirestat: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
trofosfamide trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure	2.01	1	0	ifosfamides
benzenesulfohydrazide benzenesulfohydrazide: structure in first source	6.96	1	0
tretoquinol Tretoquinol: An adrenergic beta-agonist used as a bronchodilator agent in asthma therapy.	2.41	2	0	isoquinolines
tizoprolic acid [no description available]	1.95	1	0
trithiozine trithiozine: structure	1.95	1	0	methoxybenzenes
milnacipran Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.	2.05	1	0	acetamides
ro 22-4839 Ro 22-4839: RN given from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 7/87; calmodulin antagonist	1.98	1	0
eltoprazine eltoprazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; suppresses hyperpolarizing responses to serotonin in rat hippocampus	1.99	1	0
ebrotidine ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector	12.6	86	18	sulfonamide
kb 3022 KB 3022: structure given in first source	3.86	12	0
leminoprazole [no description available]	2	1	0
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	4.72	30	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
tiprotimod tiprotimod: structure given in first source	3.07	5	0
bepafant bepafant: RN given from Toxlit 6/90; PAF antagonist	1.98	1	0
rp 59227 RP 59227: platelet activating factor antagonist	4.97	9	1
sesamodil sesamodil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to fumarate	6.32	50	0
moguisteine [no description available]	6.18	18	2
goralatide goralatide: from fetal calf bone marrow; exerts a high inhibitory activity on the proliferation of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells. goralatide : A tetrapeptide that is Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in which the N-terminal amino group carries an acetyl group. It is selective inhibitor of primitive haematopoietic cell proliferation and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties.	2.02	1	0	oligopeptide; tetrapeptide	anti-inflammatory agent; pro-angiogenic agent
pidotimod pidotimod: RN given refers to compound with unspecified stereochemistry	10.51	54	20	peptide
telmesteine telmesteine: RN refers to (-R)-isomer	4.64	3	2	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
azelnidipine azelnidipine: structure given in first source	3.43	1	1	isopropyl ester
pazufloxacin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	quinolines
setipafant Setipafant: platelet activating factor antagonist	1.98	1	0
repaglinide [no description available]	11.01	23	1	piperidines
furnidipine furnidipine: an L-type calcium channel blocker	1.99	1	0
lubeluzole lubeluzole: a benzothiazole compound; used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke; R-91154 is the inactive isomer	12.69	65	10	benzothiazoles
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	4.35	4	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
methacycline [no description available]	4.59	8	0	1,2-diglyceride
lumiflavin lumiflavin : A compound showing yellow-green fluorescence, formed by a photolysis of riboflavin in alkaline solution.	2.1	1	0	flavin
boron nitride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	nitride
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	2.43	2	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
zinc iodide zinc iodide: used with osmium in stains; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.55	2	0
dexamisole dexamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has R configuration.	1.96	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antidepressant
2-ethyl-2-oxazoline 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.02	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine [no description available]	2.08	1	0
hexaconazole 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.47	2	0	dichlorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	chelator
perylenediimide perylenediimide: structure in first source. perylenediimide : The 3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide derivative of perylene.	2.11	1	0	dicarboximide; organic heteropolycyclic compound	fluorochrome
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	3.32	6	0
violuric acid violuric acid: an antihypoxic agent	2.07	1	0
chloranilic acid chloranilic acid: structure	2.03	1	0
salicylhydroxamic acid [no description available]	3.08	5	0	hydroxamic acid; phenols	antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug
divinyl benzene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	styrenes
thiochrome thiochrome: structure	3.46	8	0
3-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid 3-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.89	4	0
isocytosine 2-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine in which the pyrimidine ring bears amino and hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 4, respectively.	2.41	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone
synthalin a synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.	2.44	2	0	guanidines	hepatotoxic agent; hypoglycemic agent; nephrotoxin
methyridine methyridine: veterinary anthelmintic & nematocide; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PYRIDINES (75-85)	2	1	0	pyridines
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	2.48	2	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
phenoxazine phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.	2.06	1	0	phenoxazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2,4-diaminopyrimidine 2,6-diaminopyrimidine: structure in first source. pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.	2.11	1	0	aminopyrimidine
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	6.64	28	0	phenanthroline
anthranil 2,1-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,2-oxazole ring across positions 3 and 4.	2.1	1	0	2,1-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
1h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 1H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: structure given in first source. 4-azabenzimidazole : The [4,5-b]-fused isomer of imidazopyridine.	2.98	3	0	imidazopyridine
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole [no description available]	4.23	5	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	17.14	341	10	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	4.07	4	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
1,2,4-triazine [no description available]	2.87	3	0	1,2,4-triazines; triazine
guanidinopropionic acid guanidinopropionic acid: alters creatine metabolism; structure. 3-guanidinopropanoic acid : A guanidine compound bearing an N-(2-carboxyethyl) substituent. It is a creatine analogue that has been found to decreases plasma glucose levels	2.02	1	0	guanidines; zwitterion	hypoglycemic agent
2-benzothiazolesulfonamide 2-benzothiazolesulfonamide: structure given in first source	6.98	1	0	benzothiazoles; sulfonamide
difluorotoluene difluorotoluene: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
2,4-diaminopyridine 4-amino-2-iminopyridine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	diaminopyridine
formamidine formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.	2.06	1	0	carboxamidine; formamidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benzofuroxan [no description available]	2.52	2	0
isoimperatorin isoimperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist isolated from Glehniae root. isoimperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.04	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
isocoumarins Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.	1.99	1	0	isocoumarins
2-pyrone 2-pyrone: structure in first source. pyranone : Any of a class of cyclic chemical compounds that contain an unsaturated six-membered ring with one ring oxygen atom and an oxo substituent.	2.08	1	0	2-pyranones
rotenolone rotenolone: decomposition product of rotenone; RN given refers to (2 alpha,6a beta,12a beta)-isomer	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
duroquinone tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source. duroquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2.67	3	0	1,4-benzoquinones
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	2.93	4	0	anthocyanidin chloride
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	benzodioxoles
nebularine nebularine: structure. nebularine : A purine ribonucleoside that is 9H-purine attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage.	1.99	1	0	purine ribonucleoside; purines D-ribonucleoside	fungal metabolite
1-octacosanol 1-octacosanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. octacosan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is octacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	fatty alcohol 28:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol	plant metabolite
1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene: isolated from mutant of Wangiella dermatitidis; structure given in first source. naphthalene-1,8-diol : A member of the class of naphthalenediols that is naphthalene in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 8 are replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.71	3	0	naphthalenediol	fungal metabolite
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
setoperone [no description available]	3.79	2	1
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	16.38	179	10	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	7.02	9	2	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	2.44	2	0	aryl sulfate; pyridines
letosteine letosteine : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is the monoethyl ester of 2-{2-[(carboxymethyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. A mucolytic used in the treatment of chronic bronchopneumopathies and related conditions.	6.04	8	4	aliphatic sulfide; dicarboxylic acid monoester; thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid	mucolytic
rilmenidine Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.	2.69	3	0	isourea
selfotel selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment	3.11	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	3.47	7	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
tazofelone tazofelone: structure in first source	2.69	3	0
nitraquazone nitraquazone: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
cicloxilic acid cicloxilic acid: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure. cicloxilic acid : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-cicloxilic acid. It is a choleretic agent that has antilithogenic activity.. (1S,2R)-cicloxilic acid : A 2-hydroxy-2-phenylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid that has (1S,2R)-stereoconfiguration.	2.36	2	0	2-hydroxy-2-phenylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid
elmustine elmustine: structure	1.98	1	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	3.54	8	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	2.1	1	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
flunoxaprofen flunoxaprofen: structure given in first source. flunoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group (the S-enantiomer). Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the clinical use of flunoxaprofen was discontinued due to possible hepatotoxic side-effects.	2.38	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	antirheumatic drug; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	4.08	4	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
fluindione fluindione: structure	5.93	2	1	cyclic ketone; indanones
4-aminopyrimidine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aminopyrimidine
1-methylhydantoin 1-methylhydantoin: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	bacterial metabolite
3,4-diaminobenzoic acid 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
4-bromobenzenesulfonamide 4-bromobenzenesulfonamide: a metabolite of ebrotidine	2.4	2	0
5-fluoroorotic acid 5-fluoroorotic acid: inhibits the dietary induction of serine dehydratase. 5-fluoroorotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic that is orotic acid which is substituted by fluorine at position 5. It is used in yeast molecular genetics to detect expression of the URA3 gene, which encodes orotine-5'-monophosphate dicarboxylase. A yeast with and active URA3 gene converts 5-fluoroorotic acid to fluorodeoxyuridine, which is toxic to cells.	1.99	1	0
indole-3-carboxylic acid indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.	4.44	6	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
benzosuberone benzosuberone: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
3-methoxysalicylic acid 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	methoxysalicylic acid	metabolite
fibric acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0
tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
n-acetyltryptamine N-acetyltryptamine: antagonizes the melatonin-induced inhibition of dopamine release from retina; RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetyltryptamine : A tryptamine compound having an acetyl substituent attached to the side-chain amino function.	2.49	2	0	acetamides; indoles
3-amino-1,2,4-triazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
glutarimide [no description available]	1.93	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones
bicinchoninic acid [no description available]	2.97	4	0
dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.	2.05	1	0	fatty amide	geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	2.74	3	0	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	2.38	2	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.78	3	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.42	2	0
ethofenprox ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.	3.06	4	0	aromatic ether	pyrethroid ether insecticide
mifentidine [no description available]	2.88	4	0
lazabemide lazabemide: structure given in first source	5.79	29	0
atipamezole [no description available]	2.15	1	0
romazarit [no description available]	2.05	1	0
uk 68798 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
danofloxacin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	quinolines
lifarizine lifarizine: sodium-calcium channel modulator; reduces ischemic brain damage	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
binospirone mesylate binospirone mesylate: structure given in first source; a serotonin 1A receptor agonist; a putative 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
ocaperidone ocaperidone: structure given in first source	2	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
dapoxetine [no description available]	4.61	1	1	naphthalenes
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	11.54	21	8	1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	2.45	2	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	4.48	23	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.63	9	0	tocol
sanfetrinem sanfetrinem: orally absorbed hexetil ester of GV-104326	2	1	0
trichlorosucrose trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.	2	1	0	disaccharide derivative; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	11.23	33	2	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
prethcamide prethcamide: mixture of cropropamide & crotethamide used as respiratory stimulant & analgesic; major descriptor (66-85); on-line search AMINOBUTYRIC ACIDS (66-85); Index Medicus search PRETHCAMIDE (66-85)	3.73	3	0
tazolol tazolol: structure	3.46	8	0
ranimustine ranimustine: RN given refers to (alpha)-(D)-isomer; structure	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
quinfamide [no description available]	3.39	1	1	quinolines
aceclofenac [no description available]	3.82	2	1	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
penethamate hydroiodide penethamate hydroiodide: structure	2.05	1	0
secnidazole [no description available]	3.08	4	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; secondary alcohol	epitope
siccanin siccanin: structure	3.1	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	antifungal drug; fungal metabolite
olaquindox olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure	1.96	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
2-tetradecylglycidic acid 2-tetradecylglycidic acid: structure	1.99	1	0
alacepril [no description available]	2.9	1	0	dipeptide; thioacetate ester	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
prednisolone phosphate prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.	1.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; glucocorticoid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; glucocorticoid receptor agonist; prodrug
octylonium octylonium: RN given refers to bromide; structure	2.31	1	0	benzamides
2-carboxythiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-carboxythiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: hepatoprotective drug; structure given in first source	2.67	3	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
tioxidazole tioxidazole: structure	3.22	6	0	benzothiazoles
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	2.48	2	0
zidovudine triphosphate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
7-hydroxystaurosporine [no description available]	3.12	1	0
hesperetin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	2.38	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
magnolol [no description available]	2.52	2	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	3.17	5	0	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.02	1	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	4.17	4	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.61	2	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
teleocidin b-4 teleocidins: structure; RN given refers to teleocidin	1.98	1	0
leupeptin [no description available]	2.39	2	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
topsentin topsentin: structure given in first source; a marine natural product	7.08	1	0
grepafloxacin grepafloxacin: structure in first source	2	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
beta-thujaplicinol beta-thujaplicinol: inhibits ribonuclease H activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
zaluzanin C zaluzanin C: from Ainsliaea yunnanensis and Zaluzania robinsonii; structure in first source. zaluzanin C : A sesquiterpene lactone that is decahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2(3H)-one substituted by methylidene groups at positions 3, 6 and 9 and a hydroxy group at position 8.	2.02	1	0	gamma-lactone; guaiane sesquiterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; sesquiterpene lactone	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite
juncusol juncusol: cytotoxic dihydro phenanthrene from Estuarian marsh plant Juncus roemerianus; structure	2.25	1	0
benzoylpropionic acid benzoylpropionic acid: structure in first source. 4-oxo-4-phenylbutyric acid : A 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing oxo and phenyl substituents at position 4.	2.02	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid	hapten
methanesulfonamide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	1.97	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.	1.99	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative
rebeccamycin rebeccamycin: from actinomycete strain C-38,383; structure given in first source. rebeccamycin : An N-glycosyl compound consisting of a heteropolycyclic ring system with a glucosyl group attached to one of the indolic nitrogens.	2.17	1	0	indolocarbazole; N-glycosyl compound; organic heterohexacyclic compound; organochlorine compound
difluoromethylene diphosphonate difluoromethylene diphosphonate: inhibits bone resorption	2.05	1	0
bax 439 Bax 439: decreases concentrating ability of kidney; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.11	16	0
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	2.06	1	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
isoalantolactone isoalantolactone: RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure. isoalantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.	2.08	1	0	eudesmane sesquiterpenoid; sesquiterpene lactone	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	2.08	1	0	carbapenems
amperozide amperozide : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by ethyl and 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]piperazin-1-yl groups. An atypical antipsychotic which was in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance-related disorders. It is a potent 5-HT2A antagonist and used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs.	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary carboxamide; ureas	anxiolytic drug; dopamine uptake inhibitor; geroprotector; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halistanol trisulfate halistanol trisulfate: structure given in first source; isolated from marine sponges	2.03	1	0	ergostanoid
calpeptin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	amino acid amide
prochloraz Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.	2.15	1	0	amide fungicide; aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazoles; trichlorobenzene; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
isoxaben isoxaben : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid and the amino group of 3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-amine.	2	1	0	benzamides; isoxazoles	cellulose synthesis inhibitor; herbicide
thifensulfuron methyl thifensulfuron methyl: structure in first source. thifensulfuron-methyl : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of thifensulfuron with methanol. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control of grass and broad-leaved weeds.	2.1	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; methyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; thiophenes	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	5.51	21	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	2.07	1	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
haba 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid : An azo compound that is azobenzene in which one phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group, while the other phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a carboxy group. It is used as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry.	2	1	0
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.76	3	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
triphenylmethylphosphonium triphenylmethylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	3.83	4	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
reuterin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals
dicetylphosphate dicetylphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dicetyl hydrogen phosphate : The dihexadecyl ester of phosphoric acid.	2.06	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
malonamic acid malonamic acid: structure	1.97	1	0	beta-alanine derivative
2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group.	1.99	1	0	alanine derivative; alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	human urinary metabolite
octadecyl palmitate octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.	2.35	2	0	hexadecanoate ester; wax ester	coral metabolite; cosmetic
c.i. direct red 80 Solophenyl red 3BL: structure in first source. Sirius red F3B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Sirius red F3B (acid form) with six equivalents of sodium hydroxide. A polyazo dye used principally in staining methods for collagen and amyloid.	2.67	3	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.88	4	0	aminoalkylpyridine; primary amine	histamine agonist; metabolite
janus green b Janus Green B: used in electrodeposition of copper; RN given refers to chloride; structure	2.06	1	0	organic chloride salt	dye
tri-n-butylmethylammonium tri-n-butylmethylammonium: RN given refers to iodide	2.02	1	0
diaminodurene diaminodurene: structure	2	1	0
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	2.96	4	0	monocarboxylic acid
5-aminofluorescein 5-aminofluorescein: used to determine progesterone in human serum or plasma. 5-aminofluorescein : A primary amino compound that is fluorescein carrying an amino substituent at C-5. Building block/intermediate for the synthesis of the fluorescent dye flourescein; also used to produce N-(fluorescein-5-yl)maleamic acid.	1.97	1	0	primary amino compound
bendamustine hydrochloride [no description available]	3.43	1	1
monomethyl succinate monomethyl succinate: RN given refers to parent cpd. monomethyl succinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is succinic acid in which one of the carboxy groups has been converted to its methyl ester.	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.45	2	0
rivastigmine [no description available]	4.77	5	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.	2.02	1	0	indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	21.54	536	59	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
2-aminopyrazine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrazines
imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine imidazo(1,2-a)pyridine: structure	2.51	2	0
6-chloronicotinic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	2.1	1	0
cyclopropanecarboxamide cyclopropylcarboxamide : Carboxamides RC(=O)NR'R'' where R is a cyclopropyl group.	2.08	1	0	cyclopropylcarboxamide
2-(carboxymethylthio)benzothiazole 2-(carboxymethylthio)benzothiazole: oxidation product of 2-(hydroxyethylthio)benzothiazole; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
n,n-diisopropylethylamine N,N-diisopropylethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	tertiary amino compound
2-acetamido-4-chloromethylthiazole 2-acetamido-4-chloromethylthiazole: structure	7.65	3	0
2-aminoimidazole 2-aminoimidazole: from catabolism of arginine	2.49	2	0
2-bromopalmitate 2-bromopalmitate: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-bromohexadecanoic acid : A bromo fatty acid that is hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid carrying a single bromo substituent at position 2.	3.09	5	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; bromo fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain fatty acid	fatty acid oxidation inhibitor
bexarotene [no description available]	3.29	6	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
s20098 [no description available]	3.51	8	0	acetamides
2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid 2-(4-toluidino)-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0
5-ethylphenazine [no description available]	2.9	4	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	2.03	1	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
n-oxydiethylenethiocarbamoyl-n-oxydiethylene sulfenamide N-oxydiethylenethiocarbamoyl-N-oxydiethylene sulfenamide: structure in first source	2.36	2	0
albendazole sulfoxide albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	3.03	4	0	sulfoxide
tetramethrin tetramethrin: structure	2.11	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; maleimides; phthalimide insecticide	pyrethroid ester insecticide
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	9.06	10	3	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
nordimaprit nordimaprit: effective agonist in the inhibition of lymphocyte activation	1.97	1	0
5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: used as a proline analog in spectroscopic studies; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	3.1	5	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
difenoconazole difenoconazole : A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A broad spectrum fungicide with novel broad-range activity used as a spray or seed treatment. It is moderately toxic to humans, mammals, birds and most aquatic organisms.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dioxolane; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
n-(2,4-dichloro-5-(4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2,4-dichloro-5-(4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide: FP 846 is purified form of sulfentrazone; protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor. sulfentrazone : A member of the class of triazoles that is 5-oxo-1,2,4-triazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 4 by 2,4-dichloro-5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl, methyl, and difluoromethyl groups, respectively. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide to control broad-leaved weeds in soya and tobacco crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.	2.08	1	0	dichlorobenzene; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide; triazoles	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
thifluzamide thifluzamide: a fungicide; structure in first source. thifluzamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dibromo-4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline. Used to control Rhizoctonia spp. diseases on rice, potatoes, maize, grass and other crops.	5.58	19	0	1,3-thiazoles; anilide fungicide; aromatic amide; aromatic ether; dibromobenzene; organofluorine compound	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
fludioxonil fludioxonil: structure in first source. fludioxonil : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.	2.81	3	0	benzodioxoles; nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyrroles	androgen antagonist; antifungal agrochemical; estrogen receptor agonist
s-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate S-methyl benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioate: induces system acquired resistance in wheat; structure in first source. acibenzolar-S-methyl : A benzothiadiazole that is the S-methyl thioester derivative of acibenzolar. A profungicide (by hydrolysis of the thioester group to give the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as a fungicide and plant activator on a variety of crops, including cotton, chili peppers, lettuce, onions, spinach, tobacco, and tomatoes.	2.41	2	0	benzothiadiazole; thioester	antifungal agrochemical; plant activator; profungicide
2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-(1',2',3',4'-tetrahydroxybutyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: cyclic condensation product of ribose and cysteine; structure given in first source; prodrug of L-cysteine; stimulates glutathione biosynthesis; has protective effect against radiation-induced injury and oxidative stress	3.78	11	0
2,6-difluorobenzamide 2,6-difluorobenzamide: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	3.34	7	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole 2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole: receptor H1 agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	5.15	47	0	1,3-thiazoles
2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide 2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfide: thiation agent; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
2,2-dimethylthiazolidine 2,2-dimethylthiazolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	3.47	8	0
5-thio-d-glucose 5-thio-D-glucose: RN given refers to 5-thio-D-glucose	2.02	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	9.6	44	2	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	2.88	3	0
n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors	2.01	1	0	pyrrolidines
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	8.07	21	4	iditol	fungal metabolite
oxazine 1 oxazine 1: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index & given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0	organic cation; phenoxazine	fluorochrome
tandospirone tandospirone: structure given in first source. tandospirone : A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM).	4.54	5	1	bridged compound; dicarboximide; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyrimidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug
vinblastine sobrerol: RN given is for parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	2.04	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	2.43	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.48	2	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	3.43	7	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile): free radical initiator in liposome systems	2	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	5.45	20	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
methylglucoside [no description available]	2	1	0
oryzemate oryzemate: induces disease resistance against rice blast fungus in rice; structure in first source. probenazole : A member of the class of 1,2-benzothiazoles that is 1,2-benzothiazole 1,1-dioxide substituted at position 3 by an allyloxy group. A fungicide used to control rice blast.	4.6	25	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; aromatic ether; benzothiazole fungicide; sulfone	antifungal agrochemical; plant activator
salsolinol salsolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; EP to SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); on-line search SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); Index Medicus search ISOQUINOLINES (78-82). (S)-salsolinol : A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.	2.73	3	0	1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol	human urinary metabolite
irgarol 1051 irgarol 1051: a booster biocide; structure given in first source. irgarol 1051 : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine carrying a N-tert-butyl, N'-cyclopropyl and a methylsulfanyl group at position 6.	3.84	11	0	aryl sulfide; cyclopropanes; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	antifouling biocide; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde: structure in first source	3.87	3	0
2-methylhistamine 2-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 2 position on the ring.	2.89	4	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	histamine agonist; metabolite
p 1487 P 1487: mixture of 4,4'-(2-ethyl-2-nitrotrimethylene)dimorpholine & 4-(2-nitrobutyl)morpholine; cutting oil preservative; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
hydroxyflutamide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
2,2',4,6,6'-pentachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2	1	0
kathon 930 Kathon 930: cp was added to finishing agents in textile factories; caused contact dermatitis; structure given in first source. 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone : A 1,2-thiazole that is 1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one substituted by chloro groups at positions 4 and 5 and an octyl group at position 2. It is used as a fungicide.	5.18	44	0	1,2-thiazoles; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; fungicide; xenobiotic
lyngbyatoxin a lyngbyatoxin A: indole alkaloid from blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscula Gomont; responsible for dermatitis known as swimmers' itch in Hawaii	2.41	1	0	indoles
mefenacet mefenacet: structure in first source	3.27	6	0	benzothiazoles; tertiary carboxamide	antimitotic; herbicide
cadusafos cadusafos: pesticide; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
pyriproxyfen pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.	3.13	5	0	aromatic ether; pyridines	juvenile hormone mimic
pyridaben [no description available]	2.94	1	0	organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; pyridazinone	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
fosthiazate fosthiazate: structure in first source	2.94	4	0	organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
sk&f 95282 zolantidine: structure given in first source	4.9	36	0	piperidines
tebufenozide tebufenozide: structure given in first source. tebufenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.	2.02	1	0	carbohydrazide	ecdysone agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
thiazopyr thiazopyr: structure in first source	2.91	4	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
chlorfenapyr chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.	3.61	8	0	hemiaminal ether; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide; pyrroles	proacaricide; proinsecticide
maleopimaric acid maleopimaric acid: RN given refers to (4 alpha,8 alpha,12 alpha,13R,14R)-isomer	2.31	1	0
n-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid N-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid: structure given in first source	2	1	0	diarylmethane
mci 9038 [no description available]	3.1	5	0	peptide
lopinavir [no description available]	10.66	11	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
androstan-3-ol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	3.22	6	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
dextromoramide Dextromoramide: An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070). dextromoramide : An N-acylpyrrolidine arising by formal condensation of pyrrolidine with (3S)-3-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid. An opioid analgesic that is structurally related to methadone, it is more poweful than morphine but shorter acting. It has been used (particularly as the hydrogen tartrate salt) for the treatment of severe pain, but was discontinued in the UK in 2004.	2.34	2	0	morpholines; N-acylpyrrolidine	opioid analgesic
1,2-pentanediol [no description available]	2.01	1	0
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	4.64	8	0
titanium nitride (tin) titanium nitride: RN given refers to unspecified MF	2.96	4	0
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, (r)-isomer l-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source. L-thioproline : An optically active version of thioproline having L-configuration.. thioproline : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is proline in which the methylene group at position 4 is replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.03	1	0	thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid; thioproline	geroprotector; metabolite
thiram ef thiram EF: vulcanizing agent for rubbers used for food packaging; RN given refers to (N,N'-diethyl-N,N'-diphenyl)-isomer	1.96	1	0
acequinocyl acequinocyl: structure in first source. acequinocyl : An acetate ester consisting of 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing acetoxy and dodecyl substituents at positions 2 and 3 respectively.	2.13	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; acetate ester	acaricide; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
melamine formaldehyde [no description available]	2.25	1	0
panaxytriol panaxytriol: from panax ginseng	2.4	2	0
aminozolamide aminozolamide: used in therapy of ocular hypertension	5.01	5	2
novaluron novaluron: insecticide	2.72	3	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol: used to locate cadmium not bound to metallothionein	2.48	2	0
mycobacidin mycobacidin: structure	2.89	4	0
erythrose D-erythrose : The D-enantiomer of erythrose.	2.01	1	0	erythrose	plant metabolite
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2.01	1	0
coumarin 7 coumarin 7: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.31	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
sesaminol sesaminol: structure given in first source; RN given from CAS Index Guide 1990; RN given refers to the (1S-(alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/90. sesaminol : A furofuran that is cis-tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by a 6-hydroxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 1S and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 4S. It is metabolite found in sesame seeds.	2.02	1	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; organic hydroxy compound	antioxidant; plant metabolite
diprotin a [no description available]	2	1	0	peptide
6-hydroxyethoxzolamide 6-hydroxyethoxzolamide: structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	3.65	9	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid: an ascorbate peroxidase antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid : A member of the class of pyridines that is isonicotinic acid which is substituted by chlorine at positions 2 and 6.	2.7	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; pyridines	EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound
2-(4'-chlorophenyl)benzothiazole [no description available]	1.97	1	0
benzothiazoline [no description available]	2.94	4	0
3-isothiazolone 3-isothiazolone: has inhibitory effect on human cancer cells in vitro; structure; active ingredient of biocide Kathon	3.4	7	0
eupatorin eupatorin: a flavonoid from the East Asian medicinal plant Orthosiphon spicatus; prevents oxidative inactivation of 15-lipoxygenase; structure given in first source. eupatorin : A trimethoxyflavone that is 6-hydroxyluteolin in which the phenolic hydogens at positions 4', 6 and 7 have been replaced by methyl groups.	2.04	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; polyphenol; trimethoxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Brassica napus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; P450 inhibitor; vasodilator agent
10-hydroxycamptothecin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
benzoylphenylalanine N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine : An N-acyl-L-phenylalanine that is L-phenylalanine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a benzoyl group.	2.01	1	0	2-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoic acid; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine
1,3,4-oxadiazole 1,3,4-oxadiazole: structure in first source	2.93	4	0
s-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.	2.4	2	0	glutathione conjugate
2'-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2'-thiazoline-4'-carboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole having a carboxy group at the 4-position.	3.39	7	0	imidothioate; monocarboxylic acid
3-methoxybenzamide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
4-acryloylmorpholine 4-acryloylmorpholine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
n-glycylglutamic acid N-glycylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-Glu : A dipeptide formed from glycyl and L-glutamic acid residues.	2.01	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline) 6,6'-methylene bis(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline): structure	1.96	1	0
tetrathiafulvalene tetrathiafulvalene: used in carbon paste amperometric enzyme electrode for the determination of glucose in flowing systems. tetrathiafulvalene : A member of the class of fulvalenes that is ethene substituted by 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene groups at positions 1 and 2.	7.02	1	0	fulvalenes; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
diosgenin [no description available]	3.2	5	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs	2.01	1	0
4-hydroxycyclophosphamide 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide: primary activation metabolite of cyclophosphamide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide : A phosphorodiamide that consists of 2-amino-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-4-ol 2-oxide having two 2-chloroethyl groups attached to the exocyclic nitrogen.	1.99	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; phosphorodiamide	alkylating agent; metabolite
nimbolide nimbolide: isolated from Nigerian medicinal plant Azadirachta indica; RN given refers to 4alpha,5alpha,6alpha,7alpha,15beta,17alpha-isomer; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	5.38	18	0
gamma-l-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene gamma-L-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene: sulfhydryl reagent from sporulating gill of mushroom Agaricus bisporus; structure	1.98	1	0
combretastatin combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN	3.82	3	0
2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fangchinoline fangchinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; limacine is the (1'beta)-isomer; 7-O-demethyltetrandrine is the (1S,1'S)-isomer. fangchinoline : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is (1beta)- berbaman which has been substituted by methyl groups at the 2 and 2' positions, by methoxy groups at the 6, 6', and 12 positions, and by a hydroxy group at position 7. Isolated from Stephania tetrandra, it has been found to possess neuroprotective and anti-tumour activity.	2.01	1	0
aeroplysinin i aeroplysinin I: isolated from sponge Aplysina sp.; RN refers to (1S-trans)-isomer; structure given in second source	2.42	2	0	tertiary alcohol
coumarin 6 coumarin 6: structure in first source	8.54	166	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
saframycin a saframycin A: structure given in first source	3.16	1	0
7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin coumarin 151: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
diphenylditelluride [no description available]	2.02	1	0
effusol effusol: from the pith of Juncus effusus L.; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
leukogen [no description available]	4.05	3	1
sesamolin sesamolin: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to the (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha)-isomer); inhibits proliferation of human lymphocytic leukemia cells in culture	2.02	1	0	benzodioxoles
carbobenzoxyproline carbobenzoxyproline: an inhibitor of prolidase	2.03	1	0
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	2.58	2	0	methyladenosine
4-nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranoside 4-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-2-deoxyglucopyranoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide : An N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide in which the anomeric hydroxy hydrogen is replaced by a 4-nitrophenyl group.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide	chromogenic compound
2-amino-4-phenylbutyric acid 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).	2.05	1	0	nitrile; phenols	estrogen receptor agonist
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate: RN given refers to unknown molecular fragment in Chemline	2.05	1	0
km 200 Grotan BK: contains 1,3,5-tris(hydroxyethyl)hexahydrotriazine; releases formaldehyde; bactericidal agent in coolant liquids; structure	2.68	3	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	6.13	40	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.08	5	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	13.42	36	12	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
mafosfamide mafosfamide: RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer	2.38	2	0
hydrogen sulfite [no description available]	2.1	1	0	sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	3.39	7	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	2.4	2	0
mizoribine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
monocrotaline pyrrole monocrotaline pyrrole: RN given refers to (13alpha,14alpha)-isomer	1.98	1	0
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	2.48	2	0
desethylamiodarone desethylamiodarone: metabolite of amiodarone; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination [no description available]	4.66	3	2
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	2	1	0	organic thiophosphate
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	3.83	11	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	4.17	16	0	oligopeptide
wr 1065 WR-1065 : An alkanethiol that is the N-3-aminopropyl derivative of cysteamine. Used as the S-phosphorylated prodrug, amifostine, for cytoprotection in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	2.43	2	0	alkanethiol; diamine	antioxidant; drug metabolite; radiation protective agent
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	2.96	4	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.98	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
sr141716 [no description available]	3.93	12	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	2.41	2	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	2.08	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
n-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: found in human urine	6.35	31	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
p-tert-butylphenolformaldehyde resin p-tert-butylphenolformaldehyde resin: irritant; used in glues; RN given refers to parent cpd; PTBP plastic is the macromolecular form of the resin	1.96	1	0
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	3.74	10	0
cyfluthrin cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
u 74389f U 74389F: a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant (lazaroids); inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
cp 96345 CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345	2	1	0
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.69	3	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
sr 48968 SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968	2	1	0
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure	4.61	1	1	imidazo[2,1-i]purine	mutagen
indolactam v indolactam V: only the (-)-isomer of indolactam V showed carcinogenic activity; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	indoles
n2 dental cement N2 Dental Cement: root canal filling material containing 92% eugenol, rose oil, powder containing 72% zinc oxide & paraformaldehyde; do not confuse with N2, synonym for ethyl nitrite spirit; also used as dental cement; RN in Chemline for Kalzinol (no MF): 56748-44-8; RN for zinc-eugenol cement (contains zinc octadecanoate, cottonseed oil, eugenol, rosin, zinc acetate & zinc oxide): 8027-50-7	2	1	0
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	3.47	8	0	aromatic ketone
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	3.99	13	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.45	2	0
methoxyfenozide methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.	2.05	1	0	carbohydrazide; monomethoxybenzene	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
fructose 2,6-diphosphate fructose 2,6-diphosphate: phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P. beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	3.25	6	0	D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.55	2	0
dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes	1.98	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	4.8	10	0
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer	2.72	3	0
indo-1 indo-1: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	indoles	fluorochrome
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	2	1	0
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	3.1	5	0
u 69593 U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.	2.01	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; organic heterobicyclic compound; oxaspiro compound	anti-inflammatory agent; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
4-ketoproline 4-ketoproline: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-oxo-L-proline : The L-enantiomer of 4-oxoproline.	2.01	1	0	4-oxoproline; amino acid zwitterion; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.72	3	0
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	11.41	424	1	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
fluorocitrate fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	1.99	1	0	carbonyl compound
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	2.66	3	0	oligopeptide
u 78517f U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl	2.02	1	0
eudragit-e Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker	2.06	1	0
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	6.38	54	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	beta-carbolines
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
indoxacarb indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.	3.32	6	0	methyl ester; organochlorine insecticide	voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
22-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	cholanoid
racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor	2.03	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
cv 6209 CV 6209: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pyronaridine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aminoquinoline
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets	2.69	3	0
fusarochromanone fusarochromanone: from Fusarium sp.; consists of an amino acid bearing chromone	2.01	1	0	1-benzopyran
gr 127935 GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	2.02	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
5-dimethylaminophenylazoindazole 5-dimethylaminophenylazoindazole: noncarcinogenic bacterial mutagen DAB analog; structure given in first source	3.06	5	0
saikosaponin d [no description available]	2.1	1	0
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.11	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aminosulfinic acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane 1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
tryptoline tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0	beta-carbolines
enkephalin, ser(2), leu(5), thr(6)- enkephalin, Ser(2), Leu(5), Thr(6)-: specific probe for the delta-opiate receptor subtype in brain membranes	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide
afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	benzodiazepine
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	3.43	7	0	proanthocyanidin
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	3.15	5	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	2.45	2	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.74	3	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
4-desmethoxyverapamil [no description available]	1.97	1	0
deguelin deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; plant metabolite
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	6.91	13	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	3	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
parinaric acid parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15.	2.05	1	0	octadecatetraenoic acid
dihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	capsaicinoid
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid
triptolide [no description available]	2.75	3	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole 4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole: structure given in first source	3.35	7	0
3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-n-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide 3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide: a dopamine receptor imaging agent; RN refers to (S)-isomer; RN & structure given in first source	3.41	1	1
ramosetron [no description available]	2.41	2	0	indoles
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine: a potent agonst of metabotropic glutamate receptors	3.18	5	0	alpha-amino acid
cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX	2.41	2	0
n-chlorotaurine N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase	2.02	1	0
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole [no description available]	2.39	2	0	indoles
r 56865 R 56865: prevents electrical & mechanical signs of ouabain intoxication in guinea pig papillary muscle	8.87	69	1
sri 63-441 SRI 63-441: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.66	3	0
ml 9 [no description available]	2	1	0
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	2.95	4	0
parthenolide [no description available]	2.44	2	0	germacranolide
tryptoquivaline tryptoquivaline: tremor-producing metabolite from Aspergillus clavatus; tetrapeptide derived from tryptophan, anthranilic acid, valine, & methylalanine; structure & N1 names previously assigned to tryptoquivaline C & tryptoquivaline D found to be incorrect & are revised in third source; see also record for tryptoquivalone; structure in third source	2.05	1	0
rx 821002 2-methoxyidazoxan: 2-methoxy analog of idazoxan. 2-methoxyidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group.	2.7	3	0	benzodioxine; cyclic ketal; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	2.02	1	0
sch 28080 Sch 28080: not related structurally to other known anti-ulcer agents; inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric secretion; prevents gastric lesions induced by aspirin, indomethacin & ethanol	2	1	0	imidazopyridine
tamibarotene tamibarotene: has retinoid-binding activity. tamibarotene : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.	2.87	3	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; retinoid; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
senktide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	3.54	2	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	10.87	220	7	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
4'-deoxy-4'-iododoxorubicin 4'-deoxy-4'-iododoxorubicin: lipophilic derivative of doxorubicin which differs from the parent compound in substitution of hydroxyl group on the daunosamine sugar moiety	2	1	0	organoiodine compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
zacopride [no description available]	1.97	1	0	benzamides
exp3174 losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.	3.81	2	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles; organochlorine compound	metabolite
ci 988 PD 134308: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonist; inhibits growth of LoVo, a human colon cancer cell line; structure given in first source	2	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	6.77	58	1
5-hydroxythiabendazole 5-hydroxythiabendazole: thiabendazole metabolite	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles
tadalafil [no description available]	6.21	3	1	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroperoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroperoxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone: a butylated hydroxytoluene hydroperoxide; structure given in first source	2	1	0
1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol RV 538: noninactivating inhibitor of ceramide-UDPG glucosyltransferase; RN given for unspecified HCl; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil 3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart	1.98	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
cholesterol 7-hydroperoxide cholesterol 7-hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (3beta,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	5.01	2	1	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	3.08	5	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
4-n-pyrrolidinylazobenzene 4-N-pyrrolidinylazobenzene: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
monobromobimane monobromobimane: fluorescent when reacted with thiol group; RN & N1 from CA Vol 91 Form Index; inhibits platelet calcium-dependent protease activity & the ability of dibucaine-stimulated platelets to support factor X activation; structure in first source. monobromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.03	1	0	organobromine compound; pyrazolopyrazole	fluorochrome
sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine : A sulfonamide compound having a 4-hydroxylaminophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom and a 1,2-oxazol-3-yl group attached to the nitrogen atom.	2.01	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	allergen; metabolite
u 73343 U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122	1.98	1	0
liquiritigenin liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.	2.04	1	0	4',7-dihydroxyflavanone	hormone agonist; plant metabolite
3-deoxyglucosone 3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.	2	1	0	deoxyglucose; deoxyketohexose
aluminum phthalocyanine aluminum phthalocyanine: the aluminum phthalocyanine can be sulfonated to different degrees; see also record for aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	1.99	1	0
n-n-propyl-n-phenylethyl-4(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	1.98	1	0
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.	2.44	2	0	disaccharide derivative; glycoside	detergent
glutathione monoisopropyl ester glutathione monoisopropyl ester: prevents mitochondrial damage in muscle after marked depletion of glutathione	1.98	1	0
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	3.33	6	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane 1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable	3.4	1	1	straight-chain fatty acid
1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
listerine Listerine: hydroalcohol solution containing thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate & alcohol	2.05	1	0
norbuprenorphine norbuprenorphine: metabolite of buprenorphine found in urine & feces; RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.41	1	1	phenanthrenes
rh-0345 N-4-chlorobenzoyl-N'-benzoyl-N'-tert-butylhydrazine: structure in first source	2.42	2	0	bisacylhydrazine insecticide; monochlorobenzenes
sc 41930 SC 41930: leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.67	3	0
bn 50739 BN 50739: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
monobutyryl cyclic amp monobutyryl cyclic AMP: RN given refers to parent cpd. N(6)-butyryl-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the exocyclic amino group on the purine fragment is carrying a butyryl substituent.	1.97	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; butanamides	protein kinase agonist
gastrodin gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;	2.31	1	0	glycoside
10-n-nonylacridinium orange 10-N-nonylacridinium orange: stains mitochondria of living HeLa-cells	2.44	2	0
way 100135 WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source	2.9	4	0	piperazines
ponasterone a ponasterone A: RN given refers to (2 beta,3 beta,5 beta,22R)-isomer	2.01	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 6-oxo steroid; phytoecdysteroid
icrf 193 4,4'-(1,2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-2,6-piperazinedione: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. ICRF-193 : An N-alkylpiperazine that is butane which is substituted by a 3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl group at positions 2 and 3. The meso isomer.	2.42	2	0
dihydro-dids [no description available]	3.05	1	0
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone: do not confuse with Pro-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl or with Phe-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl, both sometimes also referred to as PPACK	2.7	3	0
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.96	4	0	purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
2,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran 2,5-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)tetrahydrofuran: orally active & competitive receptor antagonist of platelet activating factor; structure given in first source	3.35	7	0
ici 198615 ICI 198615: an LTD4 receptor antagonist; SRS-A antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	6.74	68	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
sc 58125 1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole: a COX-2 inhibitor	2.92	4	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
4'-phosphopantetheine D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate : Pantetheine 4'-phosphate with D (R) configuration at the 2' position.	2	1	0	pantetheine 4'-phosphate	prosthetic group
s-methyl glutathione [no description available]	1.97	1	0	methyl sulfide; S-substituted glutathione; zwitterion
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	2.75	3	0	monoterpenoid
4-s-cysteaminylphenol [no description available]	1.98	1	0
perospirone perospirone: structure given in first source	13.08	98	22	N-arylpiperazine
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	2.01	1	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
janus green janus green: RN given refers to Cl	1.98	1	0
cynaropicrin cynaropicrin: structure given in first source; RN given for ((3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha,8beta,9aalpha,9bbeta)))-isomer	2.03	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
3-n-methylspiperone 3-N-methylspiperone: (11(C))-labeled cpd used in positron tomography; dopamine agonist & dopamine receptor ligand; structure given in first source	3.41	1	1	aromatic ketone
4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-6,9-dimethyl-6h-thieno(3,2-f)(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)diazepine 4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-6,9-dimethyl-6H-thieno(3,2-f)(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)diazepine: PAF antagonist	1.99	1	0
clofarabine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
u 99194a (5,6-dimethoxyindan-2-yl)dipropylamine: has 20-fold preference for D3 versus D2 dopamine receptors	2.05	1	0
dioscin [no description available]	2.52	2	0	hexacyclic triterpenoid; spiroketal; spirostanyl glycoside; trisaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
morphiceptin morphiceptin: synthetic tetrapeptide with morphinelike activities, highly specific for morphine receptors, but not for enkephalin receptors; is the amide of a fragment of the milk protein beta casein; deproceptin is the D-Pro(4)-isomer; see also related heptapeptide beta-casomorphin; RN given refers to parent cpd(L-Tyr-L-Pro-L-Phe-L-Pro)-isomer	2	1	0	oligopeptide
ginsenoside rh2 ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
5-fluoromethylornithine 5-fluoromethylornithine : An ornithine derivative in which one of the hydrogens at position 5 is replaced by a fluoromethyl group. It is an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine aminotransferase.	2.44	2	0	organofluorine compound; ornithine derivative	EC 2.6.1.13 (ornithine aminotransferase) inhibitor
foropafant Foropafant: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	7.47	36	4
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	3.29	6	0
nitroflurbiprofen nitroflurbiprofen: a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. nitroflurbiprofen : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of flurbiprofen with the free hydroxy group of 4-(nitrooxy)butanol. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent showing inhibitory effects against the cyclooxygenases COX1 and COX2.	2.05	1	0	biphenyls; carboxylic ester; nitrate ester; organofluorine compound	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; vasodilator agent
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.79	11	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source	8.79	11	0	thiadiazole
s-(2-benzothiazolyl)cysteine S-(2-benzothiazolyl)cysteine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
dopachrome dopachrome: cyclization product of L-DOPA	1.98	1	0	orthoquinones
4-methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile 4-methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile: precursor of mutagens in Chinese cabbage	2.02	1	0
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	2.05	1	0	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
n-nitrosomorpholinoaminoacetonitrile [no description available]	2.01	1	0
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	20.1	300	63	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
lexitropsin lexitropsin: structure given in first source; information reading oligopeptide	3.1	5	0
mosapride 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.	4.85	5	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound
pentosidine pentosidine: structure given in first source. pentosidine : An imidazopyridine having norleucine and ornithine residues attached via their side-chains at the 4- and 2-positions respectively.	2.43	2	0	imidazopyridine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; cross-linking reagent
valdecoxib [no description available]	3.13	5	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
parecoxib parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.	2.73	3	0	isoxazoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
clidanac clidanac: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line search INDENES & CYCLOHEXANES (71-74) & INDANS (75-89); INDEX MEDICUS search INDENES (71-89)	3.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
phenazine-1-carboxamide phenazine-1-carboxamide: used as a root colonization. phenazine-1-carboxamide : An aromatic amide that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carbamoyl group.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenazines
hydroquinidine hydroquinidine: urinary quinine metabolite; RN given refers to (9S)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4703	2	1	0	cinchona alkaloid
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.05	1	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
rp 48740 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1H,3H-pyrrolo(1,2-c)thiazole-7-carboxamide: platelet activating factor antagonist	4.37	21	0
medica 16 MEDICA 16 : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is hexadecanedioic acid carrying methyl groups at positions 3 and 14. It is a free fatty acid 1 (FFA1/GPR40) receptor agonist and an ATP citrate lyase inhibitor, and exhibits hypolipidemic and antidiabetogenic properties.	2.42	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	antilipemic drug; EC 2.3.3.8 (ATP citrate synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.4.1.2 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) inhibitor; G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; hypoglycemic agent
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	1.99	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
fpl-52694 FPL-52694: mast cell stabilizer; RN given refers to parent cpd; FPL-52694 is mono-Na salt; structure given in first source	2	1	0
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source	2.52	2	0
methylthio-adp [no description available]	2.01	1	0
bw a868c BW A868C: a selective DP receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
prisma-fil heliobond: visible-light-curing monomer component of composite resins	2.01	1	0
ly 255283 LY 255283: structure given in UD; leukotriene B4 antagonist	2.07	1	0	aromatic ketone
pd 81723 PD 81723: adenosine binding enhancer; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
sr 27897 SR 27897: structure given in first source; a CCK(A) receptor antagonist	7.08	31	3	indolyl carboxylic acid
soyasaponin bb soyasaponin Bb: has activity against polycystic kidney disease; isolated from soybean; structure in first source. soyasaponin I : A triterpenoid saponin that is composed of soyasapogenol B having an alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid moiety attached at the 3-position via a glycosidic linkage.	2.05	1	0	carbohydrate acid derivative; pentacyclic triterpenoid; trisaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin	sialyltransferase inhibitor
2-n-(4-(1-azitrifluoroethyl)benzoyl)-1,3-bis-(mannos-4-yloxy)-2-propylamine 2-N-(4-(1-azitrifluoroethyl)benzoyl)-1,3-bis-(mannos-4-yloxy)-2-propylamine: an azi-ethyl-benzoyl-propylamine with mannose attached at two locations of the propylamine	1.98	1	0
dx 9065a (2S)-2-(4-(((3S)-1-acetimidoyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-(7-amidino-2-naphtyl)propanoic acid: structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
ym 022 YM 022: a potent and selective gastrin/cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
kadsurenone kadsurenone: platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist from Chinese herbal plant, haifenteng; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2s-(2alpha,3beta,3aalpha))-isomer	4.45	7	0	benzofurans
luzindole luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.07	1	0	acetamides; indoles	melatonin receptor antagonist
brl 35135 BRL 35135: structure given in first source	2	1	0
rti 121 RTI 121: structure given in first source; selectively binds to dopamine transporters	2.05	1	0
inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
ru 24926 RU 24926: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to HCl; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
dansylsarcosine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl ester inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl ester: RN given refers to the 1,4-bis(dihydrogen phosphate)-5-isomer	2	1	0
ici 169369 2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)thio)-3-phenylquinoline: structure & RN given in first source	1.98	1	0
efegatran efegatran: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd (D)-isomer	1.99	1	0
5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	acetate ester	fluorochrome
saccharolactone saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.1	1	0	aldarolactone; delta-lactone
aj 76 5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(n-propylamino)tetralin: RN given refers to cis-(+)-isomer; structure given in first source. (1S,2R)-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(propylamino)tetralin : A secondary amino compound that consists of tetralin bearing methyl, propylamino and methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 5 respectively. Dopamine receptor antagonist with preferential action at presynaptic receptors (pKi values are 6.95, 6.67, 6.37, 6.21 and 6.07 at hD3. hD4, hD2S, hD2L and rD2 receptors respectively).	1.99	1	0	secondary amino compound; tetralins	dopaminergic antagonist
n-benzyloxycarbonylprolylprolinal N-benzyloxycarbonylprolylprolinal: inhibitor of prolyl endopeptidase	2.71	3	0
5-ethynyl-1-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide 5-ethynyl-1-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide: used in therapy of experimental leukemia	1.98	1	0
1-(2',6'-difluorophenyl)-1h,3h-thiazolo(3,4-a)benzimidazole 1-(2',6'-difluorophenyl)-1H,3H-thiazolo(3,4-a)benzimidazole: anti-HIV agent; a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; structure given in first source	3.61	9	0
astragaloside a [no description available]	2.49	2	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin: structure in first source. 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is the 9- epimer of 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin.	2.03	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound; phenols	antineoplastic agent
aloe emodin anthrone aloe emodin anthrone: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	anthracenes
betulonic acid betulonic acid: isolated from Rush javanica; strucure in first source	7.25	1	0	triterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
imidodiphosphonic acid imidodiphosphonic acid: in combination with technetrium, a superior radiopharmaceutical for myocardial infarct imaging; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0
benzyne benzyne: structure in first source. benzyne : 1,2-didehydrobenzene and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.21	1	0	aryne; benzyne
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	10.13	14	0	carbene; methanediyl
diazene [no description available]	2	1	0	nitrogen hydride
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	6.41	12	1	nitrogen oxoacid
1,3-indandione 1,2-indanedione: use for detection of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	3.56	8	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	23.58	593	72	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 0663 [no description available]	6.37	6	2	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib [no description available]	9.82	23	2	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	4.11	4	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
cholesterol hydroperoxide cholesterol hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer	2.05	1	0
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline (3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline: potent agonist at dopamine receptors mediating neuronal inhibition; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in UD indicates phenyl-imino group	2.02	1	0
aerobactin [no description available]	3.92	12	0	L-lysine derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; siderophore; virulence factor
galactosyl-(1-3)galactose galactosyl-(1-3)galactose: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer	2.02	1	0	O-acyl carbohydrate
c & b metabond Super-bond: an adhesive resin composed of 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic anhydride (4-META), methylmethacrylates (MMA) and tri-n-butylborane (TBB)	2.97	4	0
ru-28362 11,17-dihydroxy-6-methyl-17-(1-propynyl)androsta-1,4,6-triene-3-one: glucocorticoid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (11beta,17beta)-isomer	2.03	1	0
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	3.55	8	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine 2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors	2.25	1	0
5,5'-bis(8-(phenylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonate) [no description available]	3.13	5	0
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	2.01	1	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
polytrimethylene carbonate trimethylene carbonate: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
dihydrotetrabenazine dihydrotetrabenazine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.1	5	0	isoquinolines
nuclear yellow nuclear yellow: RN from 10th CI, Chem Subs Index; RN refers to tri-HCl	1.98	1	0
hoe 694 3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl guanidine: structure given in first source; a potent inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger	3.1	1	0
htr composite HTR composite: biocampatible composite of patented technology combining polymethylmethacrylate & polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate without addition of catalysts, inducers or impurities	1.99	1	0
h-d-phe-pip-arg-pna S 2238: chromogenic substrate for thrombin; used in amidolytic assay; patterned after N-terminal portion of A alpha chain of fibrinogen; synonym S-2238 refers to di-HCl	2	1	0
antibiotic g 418 antibiotic G 418: from Micromonospora rhodorangea	2.08	1	0
4-iodoamphetamine 4-iodoamphetamine: used as tracer with iodine radioisotopes for local cerebral blood flow in rats	2.01	1	0
glycerophosphoethanolamine glycerol 3-phosphoethanolamine: a membrane lipid degradation product	2.02	1	0	phosphoethanolamine; sn-glycerol 3-phosphates
ramatroban [no description available]	3.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate: structure given on p.19451 of first source. sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate : A crown compound that is 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane in which the hydrogens of the amino groups at position 7 and 13 are replaced by 2-(2,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-1-benzofuran-6-yl groups. It is a cell-impermeant fluorescent sodium indicator.	2.38	2	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; crown compound; tetracarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
bradykinin, leu(8)-des-arg(9)- bradykinin, Leu(8)-des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.02	1	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	3.62	9	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
rmi 12330a RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure	2.01	1	0
bq 610 BQ 610: endothelin A receptor antagonist; endothelin-1 antagonist	2.01	1	0
gamma-glutamylcysteine L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.	3.48	2	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naadp nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate : A nicotinic acid dinucleotide that is NADP(+) in which the carboxamide group on the pyridine ring is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.01	1	0	nicotinic acid dinucleotide	calcium channel agonist; metabolite; signalling molecule
27-hydroxycholesterol (25R)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,26-diol : A 26-hydroxycholesterol in which the 25-position has R-configuration.	2.43	2	0	26-hydroxycholesterol	apoptosis inducer; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
zd 7288 ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function	2.02	1	0
dehydroalanine 2-ammonioprop-2-enoate : An amino acid zwitterion resulting from a transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of 2-aminoacrylic acid.. 2-aminoacrylic acid : A 2,3-dehydroamino acid that is alanine which has been dehydrogenated to introduce a double bond between positions 2 and 3.	3.02	4	0	2,3-dehydroamino acid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; enamine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	alkylating agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyro(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-histidyl-l-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide pyro(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-histidyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.95	1	0
ferric bleomycin iron bleomycin: iron-bleomycin complexes	1.98	1	0
4-(1-(2-fluoro-4-biphenyl)ethyl)-2-methylaminothiazole 4-(1-(2-fluoro-4-biphenyl)ethyl)-2-methylaminothiazole: structure given in first source	2.9	4	0
n-acetyl-4-s-cysteaminylphenol N-acetyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol: has antimelanoma effect; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
histamine trifluoromethyl-toluidide histamine trifluoromethyl-toluidide: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
solutol hs 15 Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous RN 105109-85-1	2.07	1	0	aliphatic alcohol
3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid [no description available]	3.27	6	0
4-methylumbelliferyl-6-sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucopyranoside 4-methylumbelliferyl-6-sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucopyranoside: used for diagnosis of B variants of GM2 gangliosidosis	2.03	1	0
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	3.7	10	0
1,3-bis(tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)propane bis-tris propane : A water-soluble buffer substance used for the preparation of the biochemical and biological buffer solutions; pKa = 6.8 at 20 degreeC.	2.08	1	0	hexol	buffer
dibutyryl cyclic-3',5'-cytidine monophosphate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
rb 6145 RB 6145: structure given in first source; prodrug to RSU 1069; PD 144872 is the R-enantiomer of RB 6145	2.01	1	0
rti-coc 32 RTI-COC 32: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 4/91	5.74	2	2
blonanserin [no description available]	4.64	4	0	organic molecular entity
be 10988 BE 10988: from a strain of actinomycetes; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0
7-goniofufurone 7-goniofufurone: from Goniothalamus giganteus; structure given in first source	2.41	1	0
panaxydol [no description available]	2.44	2	0	acetylenic compound; epoxide; olefinic compound
cp 46665 CP 46665: immunomodulator; RN given refers to di-HCl	1.96	1	0
4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine [no description available]	4.05	4	0
dendrodoine dendrodoine: structure given in first source;RN from Chem Abst. Index Guide 1986; from the tunicate Dendrodoa grossularia	2.46	2	0
lestaurtinib [no description available]	4.06	4	0	indolocarbazole
2-phenyl-3-(n,n-dimethylaminopropyl)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one 2-phenyl-3-(N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one: structure given in first source; RN refers to monohydrochloride	1.97	1	0
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: resembles the RGD peptides; supports receptor-mediated cell adhesion; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/90	2.01	1	0
amthamine amthamine: histamine H2 receptor agonist; structure & RN given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.62	26	0	thiazoles
methotrexate [no description available]	11.56	42	4	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
sr 11237 SR 11237: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
2-phenyl-6-(2'-(4'-(ethoxycarbonyl)thiazolyl))thiazolo(3,2-b)(1,2,4)triazole 2-phenyl-6-(2'-(4'-(ethoxycarbonyl)thiazolyl))thiazolo(3,2-b)(1,2,4)triazole: structure given in first source	5.41	11	0
ono 3307 ONO 3307: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether
u 66985 U 66985: structure given in first source	3.75	3	0
ono 6240 [no description available]	5.01	13	0
triclabendazole sulfoxide [no description available]	2.17	1	0
r 79882 R 79882: a non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; structure given in first source	2	1	0
rhodamine 800 rhodamine 800: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methyl sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
sulfosuccinimidyl acetate sulfosuccinimidyl acetate: inhibits Rubisco activase	2.01	1	0
(3-nitrobenzoyl)alanine (3-nitrobenzoyl)alanine: inhibits kynurenine hydroxylase; structure in first source	3.1	5	0
vb 20b7 2-(1-(4-piperonyl)piperazinyl)benzothiazole: a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and 5-HT4 receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.91	4	0	N-arylpiperazine
1192u90 1192U90: structure given in first source	3.09	5	0
hx 600 HX 600: structure given in first source	2	1	0
3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-hydroxy-n-(4-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl)benzamide 3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl)benzamide: a 5-HT(1D) receptor antagonist; RN given refers to HCl salt	2.02	1	0
l 656224 L 656224: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
dioctanoylphosphatidic acid dioctanoylphosphatidic acid: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate; octanoate ester
sri 63072 SRI 63072: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	3.58	9	0
beta-methylene thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide beta-methylene thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide: a phosphodiesterase-resistant analog of TAD; structure in first source	3.25	6	0
ad 5075 [no description available]	3.09	5	0
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	3.14	5	0
tei 3096 TEI 3096: structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
n-nitrosothioproline N-nitrosothioproline: found in normal human urine	3.47	8	0
thiochrome diphosphate thiochrome diphosphate: binds along with thiamine diphosphate to pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex	2.35	2	0
cyanidin cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.	2.04	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine [no description available]	2.46	2	0
e 6080 [no description available]	3.68	10	0
tamsulosin [no description available]	11.25	20	13	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source	2.42	2	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
opc 15161 OPC 15161: degradation product of OPC-15160; structure given in first source; superoxide inhibitor	1.99	1	0
sk&f 105809 SK&F 105809: prodrug to SK&F 105561; structure given in first source; dual inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism	1.98	1	0
s(alpha)-methyl-6-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)-2-naphthaleneacetic acid S(alpha)-methyl-6-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)-2-naphthaleneacetic acid: inhibitor of leukotriene-mediated reactions; structure in first source; WY-50295K is the tromethamine salt	1.98	1	0
6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone: structure given in first source	2.71	3	0
4-hydroxy-25-desoxyneorollinicin 4-hydroxy-25-desoxyneorollinicin: isol from Rollina papilionella; structure given in first source	2	1	0
dioctadecylamidoglycylspermine dioctadecylamidoglycylspermine: a lipospermine used to coat DNA to facilitate gene transfer into mammalian primary endocrine cells; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
ci 953 CI 953: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
sulfinosine sulfinosine: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
sulbactam [no description available]	2.77	3	0	penicillanic acids
sri 62-834 SRI 62-834: related to ET-18-OCH(3); MLS-266-337 is (R(+))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
pd 128483 PD 128483: structure given in first source; a potential antipsychotic drug candidate found to be a potent frameshift mutagen	3.08	5	0
nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-n-oxide [no description available]	2.88	4	0
ulipristal acetate RTI 3021-012: progesterone receptor antagonist. ulipristal acetate : A 20-oxo steroid obtained by acetylation of the 17-hydroxy group of (11beta,17alpha)-17-acetyl-11-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3-oxoestra-4,9-dien-17-ol (ulipristal). A selective progesterone receptor modulator, which is employed as an emergency contraceptive.	5.91	2	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester; tertiary amino compound	contraceptive drug; progesterone receptor modulator; progestin
nagstatin nagstatin: structure given in first source	3.15	1	0
n-(((4-benzoylamino)phenyl)sulfonyl)glycine N-(((4-benzoylamino)phenyl)sulfonyl)glycine: structure given in first source	2	1	0
cornuside cornuside: a bisiridoid glucoside from Cornus officinalis Sieb et Zucc; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
pak 104p PAK 104P: used for reversing multidrug resistance	2	1	0
umifenovir umifenovir: an antiviral agent	5.21	2	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
ym 264 YM 264: PAF antagonist	3.37	7	0
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	2.01	1	0	sulfonamide	prodrug
5-(dipropylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4h-imidazo-(5,1ij)quinolin-2(1h)-one 5-(dipropylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo-(5,1ij)quinolin-2(1H)-one: structure given in first source; U 86170F is the monohydrobromide hydrate	1.98	1	0
4-diethoxyphosphorylmethyl-n-(4-bromo-2-cyanophenyl)benzamide 4-diethoxyphosphorylmethyl-N-(4-bromo-2-cyanophenyl)benzamide: increases lipoprotein lipase activity with resulting elevation of high density lipoprotein cholesterol	2.06	1	0
1-((4-fluorobenzoylamino)ethyl)-4-(7-methoxy-1-naphthyl)piperazine hydrochloride 1-((4-fluorobenzoylamino)ethyl)-4-(7-methoxy-1-naphthyl)piperazine hydrochloride: a 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist; RN given for HCl salt. 4-fluoro-N-{2-[4-(7-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}benzamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of 4-fluoro-N-{2-[4-(7-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}benzamide with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. Highly potent selective 5-HT1A receptor full agonist (pKi values are 9.0, 6.6, 7.5, 6.6 and < 6.0 for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors respectively). Possibly binds between the agonist binding site and the G protein interaction switch site, affecting the activation mechanism, and may display positive cooperativity. Anxiolytic following central administration in vivo.	1.98	1	0	hydrochloride	anxiolytic drug; serotonergic agonist
s 14671 S 14671: serotonin receptor agonist; RN from toxlit	1.98	1	0
l-n-(n-hydroxy-2-isobutylsuccinamoyl)seryl-l-valine [no description available]	2	1	0
cl 184005 CL 184005: platelet activating factor antagonist; maybe useful in the treatment of gram-negative bacterial sepsis; structure given in first source	3.08	5	0
cp-166,572 [no description available]	2.4	2	0
ici d2138 ICI D2138: structure given in first source; inhibitor of leukotriene B4 synthesis	2.38	2	0
cizolirtine cizolirtine: structure given in first source; analgesic with no ulcerogenic effects	2.05	1	0
4-nitrophenyl myo-inositol-1-phosphate 4-nitrophenyl myo-inositol-1-phosphate: structure given in first source; a chromogenic substrate for phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C; RN given refers to monoammonium salt	2.01	1	0
ilomastat CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor	2.04	1	0	hydroxamic acid; L-tryptophan derivative; N-acyl-amino acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
5-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine ethane sulfonate [no description available]	3.09	1	0
sc 51089 SC 51089: structure in first source; dinoprostone antagonist	3.84	3	0
4-(benzodioxan-5-yl)-1-(indan-2-yl)piperazine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	6.32	14	1	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
pd 85639 PD 85639: sodium channel blocker; structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
u-91356 5-propylamino-5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo(4,5,1-ij)quinolin-2(1H)-one: an imidazoquinolinone dopamine D2 agonist; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
abiraterone [no description available]	5.46	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
dk-ah 268 DK-AH 268: a bradycardic agent and sinus node inhibitor	2.02	1	0
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	3.92	3	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
rupatadine rupatadine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to trihydrochloride	2	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine
ml-3000 [no description available]	2.1	1	0
risarestat [no description available]	6.06	16	2	thiazolidinone
3-(mercaptomethyl)-2-oxo-1-piperidineacetic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0
fr 66973 FR 66973: antitumor antibiotic from Streptomyces sandaensis; more potent against B16 melanoma & P388 leukemia than mitomycin C; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	20.83	247	55	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
pixantrone pixantrone: an immunosuppressant; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines
carbapenems [no description available]	4.62	8	0
b-ht 958 B-HT 958: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
butoxamine Butoxamine: A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS.	2.65	3	0
alpha-ergocryptine ergocryptine: a component of the ergotoxine complex; it is the main ergot alkaloid of Japanese & South American wid grasses; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (76-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). alpha-ergocryptine : Ergotaman bearing hydroxy, isopropyl, and 2-methylpropyl groups at the 12', 2' and 5' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid. Ergocryptine discussed in the literature prior to 1967, when beta-ergocryptine was separated from alpha-ergocryptine, is now referred to as alpha-ergocryptine.	2	1	0	ergot alkaloid
aspartame [no description available]	2.41	2	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
calcium borate calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7	4.61	1	1
5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-3-methylisocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid 5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-3-methylisocoumarin-7-carboxylic acid: hydrolysate of ochratoxin A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
pomalidomide 3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source	3.61	2	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	3.14	5	0	D-xylose
l 645151 L 645151: structure given in first source	3.08	5	0
valerylsalicylate valerylsalicylic acid: significantly inhibited [3H]thymidine; inhibitor of normal epithelial cell proliferation and growth of malignant cells. valerylsalicylic acid : A valerate ester that is salicylic acid in which the phenolic hydrogen is replaced by a valeryl (pentanoyl) group.	2.11	1	0	benzoic acids; salicylates; valerate ester	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor
cd 437 CD 437: selective for retinoic acid receptors gamma. CD437 : A naphthoic acid that is 6-phenylnaphthylene-2-carboxyic acid in which the phenyl substituent has been substituted at positions 3 and 4 by adamant-1-yl and hydroxy groups, respectively. It acts as a selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)gamma and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells.	2.47	2	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid; phenols	apoptosis inducer; retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	2.43	2	0	quinomethane
duroquinol durohydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol carrying four methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 5 and 6.	2.67	3	0	hydroquinones; methylbenzene	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; volatile oil component
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	5.44	20	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
sperm motility inhibitor 2 [no description available]	2.1	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	17.87	173	31	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	3.02	4	0
diprotin b diprotin B: from Bacillus cereus BMF673-RF1; structure given in first source	2	1	0	oligopeptide
n-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-pyridinyl)-1h,3h-pyrrolo(1,2-c)thiazole-7-carboxamide N-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-pyridinyl)-1H,3H-pyrrolo(1,2-c)thiazole-7-carboxamide: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	3.36	7	0
escitalopram Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.	2.41	1	0	1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile	antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
l 650719 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
aminotris(methylenephosphonato)diamminoplatinum (ii) aminotris(methylenephosphonato)diamminoplatinum (II): structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
rastim 30 dkv Rastim 30 DKV: structure in first source	2.69	3	0
gl 331 GL 331: structure in first source	2	1	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	11.17	53	5	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
perifosine [no description available]	4.1	4	0	ammonium betaine; phospholipid	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
yh 439 YH 439: structure given in first source	4.35	20	0	aromatic amide; isopropyl ester; secondary carboxamide
irofulven irofulven: structure in first source	2.42	2	0	cyclohexenones
ym 872 YM 872: structure in first source	3.11	1	0
tariquidar [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzamides
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2.02	1	0
n-(2,6-dimethylergoline-8-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide N-(2,6-dimethylergoline-8-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	1.98	1	0
patellamide d patellamide D: from marine invertebrate Lissoclinum patella; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	cyclic peptide
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	6.18	3	1	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.05	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	4.22	5	0
pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid: a degradation product of melanins	2.4	2	0
columbianetin columbianetin: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. columbianetin : The angular furanocoumarin analogue of the linear furanocoumarin marmesin.	2.05	1	0	furanocoumarin; tertiary alcohol
dx 8951 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.	2.03	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast [no description available]	3.35	1	0	methoxybenzenes
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
mk 767 5-((2,4-dioxo-5-thiazolidinyl)methyl)-2-methoxy-N-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)benzamide: an antihyperlipidemic agent that also functions as an insulin sensitizer, PPARalpha agonist, and PPARgamma agonist; structure in first source	5.82	12	0
vatalanib [no description available]	4.09	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
altritol altritol: structure given in first source. D-altritol : A hexitol that is hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having (2R,3R,4S,5R) configuration; the D-enantiomer of altritol.	2.02	1	0	hexitol	algal metabolite; marine metabolite
s-carbamylcysteine S-carbamylcysteine: L-glutamine analog; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.03	1	0
evodiamine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	beta-carbolines
2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.02	1	0	L-serine derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite
3-hydroxyhexanoic acid 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid: abnormal metabolite in urine & serum of diabetic ketoacidotic patients	2.25	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid
salicylic acid glucoside salicylic acid glucoside: structure given in first source; induces pathogenesis-related protein expression in tobacco; involved in systemic acquired resistance. 2-(D-glucosyloxy)benzoic acid : A monosaccharide derivative that is salicylic acid in which the phenolic hydrogen is replaced by a D-glucosyl residue.	2.05	1	0	benzoic acids; D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative
methylmercury cysteine methylmercury cysteine: degradation product of methylmercury glutathione; RN given refers to (L-cysteinato)-isomer	1.98	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion
1,4-diaminobutanone 1,4-diaminobutanone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
6-hydroxybenzothiazole [no description available]	3.3	6	0
arginylarginine Arg-Arg : A dipeptide formed from two L-arginine residues.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
1,2-dihexanoylglycerol 1,2-dihexanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.39	2	0	1,2-diglyceride
leucylarginine leucylarginine: blocks antinociception induced by L-arginine. Leu-Arg : A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-arginine joined by peptide linkages.	2.13	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	7.3	8	3	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
pralnacasan pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source	2.02	1	0
cyc 682 sapacitabine: structure in first source. sapacitabine : A nucleoside analogue resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the amino group of CNDAC. It is the prodrug of CNDAC and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).	3.18	1	0	nitrile; nucleoside analogue; secondary carboxamide	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug
borneo Borneo: An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)	2.13	1	0	organofluorine acaricide
ruboxistaurin ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source	4.74	5	0
jtt 501 JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source	5	7	0
abt 491 ABT 491: a highly potent platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
dehydrocrotonin dehydrocrotonin: a 19-nor-clerodane diterpene; isolated from the bark of Croton cajucara; structure given in first source	2.94	4	0
besonprodil besonprodil: CI-1041 is also known as PD19680; NMDA receptor antagonist for treatment of Parkinson's disease; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ym 09151-2 nemonapride: structure in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. nemonapride : A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.. (2R,3R)-nemonapride : An optically active form of nemonapride having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.69	3	0	N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)benzamide
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	13.88	50	12	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
canertinib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	2.41	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
birb 796 [no description available]	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; morpholines; naphthalenes; pyrazoles; ureas	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	4.99	38	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
bila 2157 bs BILA 2157 BS: renin inhibitor; RN given for (1S-(1R(S),2S,3R))-isomer; structure in first source	2.69	3	0
lidorestat lidorestat: might prove useful in treating chronic diabetic complications; structure in first source	2.74	3	0
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	11.22	14	9	organic sulfate salt
nesosteine [no description available]	5.66	7	3
tecadenoson tecadenoson: an A1 adenosine receptor agonist	3.25	1	0
1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1h)-one 1,1,1-triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one: used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
malvidin malvidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; coloring agent from flowers of Malvaviscus conzatti. malvidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is delphinidin carrying methyl substituents at positions 3' and 5'.	2.02	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	biological pigment; metabolite
adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphate adenosine 3',5'-bismonophosphate : An adenosine bisphosphate having two monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions.	2.01	1	0	adenosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
tipifarnib [no description available]	2.02	1	0	imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
torcetrapib [no description available]	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; carbamate ester; quinolines	anticholesteremic drug; CETP inhibitor
calcium aluminate [no description available]	2.46	2	0
westiellamide westiellamide: from blue-green algae Westiellopsis prolifica; also from the marine ascidian Lissoclinum bistratum; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	cyclic peptide
pf 1022a PF 1022A: structure given in first source; isolated from Mycelia Sterilia	3.1	1	0	cyclooctadepsipeptide
atrasentan Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.	5.73	3	0	pyrrolidines
resiquimod S 28463: structure given in first source	3.6	8	0	imidazoquinoline
cerium sulfate [no description available]	2.34	2	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	8.84	11	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.94	4	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	5.71	10	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	3.11	5	0	carbodiimide
flaviolin flaviolin: isolated from mutants of Wangiella dermatitidis; structure given in first source. flaviolin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone having three hydroxy substituents placed at the 2-, 5- and 7-positions.	2.38	2	0
ar-turmerone ar-turmerone: potent antivenom against snake bites; isolated form Curcuma longa; structure given in first source. (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 2-methylhept-2-en-4-one substituted by a 4-methylphenyl group at position 6. It has been isolated from Peltophorum dasyrachis.	2.02	1	0	enone; sesquiterpenoid	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
cannabidiolic acid cannabidiolic acid: structure. cannabidiolic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is olivetolic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a 3-p-mentha-1,8-dien-3-yl (limonene) group.	2.25	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide; resorcinols
anonaine anonaine: smooth muscle relaxant; aporphine alkaloid isolated from roots of Annona cherimolia; structure in first source. (-)-annonaine : An aporphine alkaloid that exhibits anti-cancer, trypanocidal and antiplasmodial activites.	2.04	1	0	aporphine alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxacycle	antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; trypanocidal drug
2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: serves as a protective agent against acetaldehyde toxicity by generating free SH groups; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure; RN for compound without isomeric designation not available 12/90	3.59	9	0
dimethylsulfonioacetate dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	sulfonium betaine
chrysamine g chrysamine G: structure given in first source; RN refers to disodium salt	4.64	4	0
columbianetin acetate columbianetin acetate: from Angelica pubescens; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/92. columbianetin acetate : An acetate ester obtained by formal acetylation of the tertiary hydroxy group of 2-[(8S)-2-oxo-8,9-dihydro-2H-furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-8-yl]propan-2-ol.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; furanocoumarin	plant metabolite
leonurine leonurine: has neuroprotective activity; isolated from leaves of Leonurus artemisia; has uterotonic effect; structure	2.05	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
thiazolo(3,2-a)perimidine thiazolo(3,2-a)perimidine: structure given in first source	5.26	15	0
aminoimidazole ribotide 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazole that is 5-aminoimidazole in which the proton at position 1 has been replaced by a 5-phospho-beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.	2.44	2	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazole; aminoimidazole	bacterial metabolite
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.13	1	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
jolkinolide b jolkinolide B: isolated from Euphorbia fischeriana	2.03	1	0	diterpene lactone	metabolite
n-acetyl-1,6-diaminohexane [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2-(sec-butyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole 2-(sec-butyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole: volatile pheromone constituent of male mouse urine	5.36	18	0
decamethoxine decamethoxine: structure	1.98	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aloenin aloenin: bitter glucoside constituent of Aloe arborescens; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	glycoside
benzimidazol-2-one benzimidazol-2-one: non-catechol D1 & D2 dopamine receptor agonists; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
scytolone scytolone: intermediate in melanin biosynthesis by Verticillium dahliae. scytalone : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, and 8.	3.24	6	0
dopamine quinone dopamine quinone: product of the autoxidation of dopamine. dopaminoquinone : A member of the class of 1,2-benzoquinones that is 1,2-benzoquinone in which a hydrogen at para to one of the oxo groups has been replaced by a 2-aminoethyl group.	2.02	1	0	1,2-benzoquinones; primary amino compound	metabolite
(sulfobromophthalein)glutathione conjugate [no description available]	2	1	0
gingerdione gingerdione: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	beta-diketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.	6.62	10	0	5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
sclareol sclareol: structure given in first source. sclareol : A labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea.	2.15	1	0	labdane diterpenoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; fragrance; plant metabolite
ascidiacyclamide ascidiacyclamide: structure given in first source; isolated from the marine tunicate Ascidian	3.02	4	0	cyclic peptide
naphthalenesulfonamide [no description available]	2.01	1	0
cholecystokinin 9 cholecystokinin 9: nonapeptide	2.02	1	0
2-(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)aminothiazole 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)aminothiazole: structure given in first source; cpd is also a free radical scavenger	4.75	7	1	organic molecular entity
antiflammin p1 antiflammin P1: nonapeptide fragment of uteroglobin has no phospholipase A2 inhibitory & anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	2.05	1	0
fr 110302 FR 110302: structure given in first source; a potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor	1.98	1	0
bn 50726 BN 50726: platelet activating factor inhibitor; antagonizes PAF receptor binding	1.97	1	0
ici 211965 ICI 211965: structure given in first source	3.23	6	0
tinuvin 770 Tinuvin 770: used as a light stabilizer for polyolefins; an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
aminopotentidine aminopotentidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the oxalate. aminopotentidine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 1-(2-aminoethyl)-2-cyano-3-{3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl}guanidine.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; guanidines; nitrile; piperidines; substituted aniline	H2-receptor antagonist
serrawettin w2 serrawettin W2: extracellular cyclic lipopeptide which promotes flagellum-dependent & -independent spreading growth of Serratia marcescens; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.1	1	0
edba [no description available]	2	1	0	alpha-amino acid
enniatin b enniatins: cyclohexadepsipeptides containing valine, isoleucine & valeric acid from Fusarian; form complexes with cations & cellular membranes; there are at least three different enniatins H, B & C; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PEPTIDES, CYCLIC (76-86); see also record for enniatin D, E, F. enniatin B : An enniatin obtained from formal cyclocondensation of three N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl]-N-methyl-L-valine units.	2.49	2	0	enniatin	antimicrobial agent
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	1.99	1	0
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	1.96	1	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
2-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazol-3-(2h)-one 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazol-3-(2H)-one: structure given in first source; sulfur analog of ebselen	3.24	6	0
ferric thiocyanate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
2-n-propylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-n-propylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: cystene prodrug; structure in first source	5.36	13	1
chlorzolamide chlorzolamide: structure	2.41	2	0
thiocysteine cysteine persulfide: structure in first source. 3-disulfanyl-L-alanine : An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as sulfanyl.	2.45	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; S-substituted L-cysteine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carboxyaminoimidazole ribotide carboxyaminoimidazole ribotide: reacts with alanosine to form antimetabolite; substrate for EC 4.1.1.21; structure in second source	2.06	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazole; aminoimidazole; imidazole-4-carboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
isovaleryl-coenzyme a [no description available]	2.02	1	0	methylbutanoyl-CoA; short-chain fatty acyl-CoA	mouse metabolite
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	6.51	15	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-(8,24)-dien-3-beta-ol 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-(8,24)-dien-3-beta-ol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 14-demethyllanosterol : A 3beta-sterol formed formally by loss of a methyl group from the 14-position of lanosterol.	2.01	1	0	3beta-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
silver fluoride [no description available]	2.44	2	0	fluoride salt; silver salt
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	4.54	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	3.43	1	1
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	1.95	1	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
thiophosphoric acid thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	phosphorothioic acid
cysteinolic acid cysteinolic acid: RN given from Toxlit 5/88	1.99	1	0
anacardic acid anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.	2.13	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybenzoic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
boswellic acid boswellic acid: ursane type; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; active principle of salai guggal; see also record for salai guggal	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid
2-acetyl-2-thiazoline 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline: structure in first source	4.25	5	0	thiazoles
aminochrome 1 dopaminechrome: structure given in first source. dopaminechrome (enol form) : A member of the class of indolones that is 3,5-dihydro-2H-indole substituted by an oxo group at position 5 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. dopaminechrome (keto form) : A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.	2.02	1	0	indoledione; orthoquinones	neurotoxin
bathocuproine disulfonate bathocuproine sulfonate: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd. bathocuproine disulfonic acid : A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.. copper chelator : A chelator that is any compound containing a ligand (typically organic) which is able to form a bond to a central copper atom at two or more points.	1.98	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; phenanthrolines	chelator
farglitazar farglitazar: a non-thiazolidinedione insulin sensitiser and PPARgamma agonist	2.42	2	0
glycyl-prolyl-arginine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide
lactogluconic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0
n,n'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(ii) N,N'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(II): structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	7.22	28	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	3.21	6	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	7.74	50	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
udp-n-acetylglucosamine-enolpyruvate UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-alpha-D-glucosamine : A UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine in which the anomeric centre of the glucosamine fragment has alpha-configuration.	2.25	1	0	UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine
campesterol campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure	2.05	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C28-steroid; phytosterols	mouse metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	4.17	17	0
4-(3-((2-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethyl)-4-oxo-2-thiazolidinyl)propyl)benzoic acid 4-(3-((2-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethyl)-4-oxo-2-thiazolidinyl)propyl)benzoic acid: isosterically modified prostaglandin analog; structure given in first source	4.96	9	1
bn 227 BN 227: structure	4.02	4	0
7-hydroxy-5,11-dioxotetranorprostane-1,16-dioic acid [no description available]	3.38	1	1	prostanoid
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.75	3	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	2	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
sb 203580 [no description available]	5.93	32	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
sb 216763 [no description available]	3.17	5	0	indoles; maleimides
enzastaurin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	indoles; maleimides
zm 241385 ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor	2.5	2	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	10.61	27	4	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
cilengitide Cilengitide: an alphaVbeta3 integrin antagonist that paralyzes cancer cells	2.43	2	0	oligopeptide
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	16.74	84	25	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
dexketoprofen trometamol dexketoprofen trometamol: a water-soluble tromethamine salt of the racemic ketoprofen, rac(+-)-ketoprofen	2.1	1	0
antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).	2.13	1	0	pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
jtp 4819 JTP 4819: a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
alnespirone alnespirone: S 20499 is the (+)-enantiomer; S 20500 is the (-)-enantiomer	1.98	1	0
ly 231617 LY 231617: structure given in first source; LY 231617 is the HCl salt; RN given refers to the parent compound	2.39	2	0
asimadoline asimadoline: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
brevicomin brevicomin: RN given refers to (1R-exo)-isomer; structure	2.4	2	0
iodoaminopotentidine iodoaminopotentidine: histamine H2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	2.21	1	0	very long-chain fatty acid
3-(piperidine-1-yl)propyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate hydrochloride 3-(piperidine-1-yl)propyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate hydrochloride: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0
topsentin a topsentin A: number of carbony group = 1 for topsentin A and no carbonyl group for nortopsentin B and D; structure in first source	2.61	2	0
dn 108 DN 108: RN & structure in first source	2.69	3	0
melagatran [no description available]	3.03	4	0	azetidines; carboxamidine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
sibenadet sibenadet: structure in first source	8.47	22	7
imidaclothiz imidaclothiz: an insecticide; structure in first source	4.38	18	0
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	2.02	1	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
2-naphthylalanine 2-naphthylalanine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.39	2	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.24	6	0
spirobrassinin spirobrassinin: structure in first source	4.84	10	0
bd 1047 N-(2-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethandiamin: sigma receptor ligand; putative sigma receptor antagonist with antidystonic activity	2.02	1	0	primary amine
dehydromethionine dehydromethionine: structure given in first source	3.12	5	0
7-aminocoumarin 7-amino coumarin: structure in first source	2	1	0
isochorismic acid isochorismic acid: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid
hydroxyethylthiamine [no description available]	3.06	1	0
ascididemin ascididemin: can be viewed as a fused phenanthroline with quinoline; from the Mediterranean ascidian Cystodytes dellechiajei; structure in first source	3.18	1	0
6-amino-2-n-pentylthiobenzothiazole 6-amino-2-n-pentylthiobenzothiazole: structure given in first source	3.79	11	0
1-oxoisoindole 1-oxoisoindole: structure	2.04	1	0
methyl-1alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-oate methyl-1alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-oate: structure; RN given refers to (1alpha,7alpha)-isomer	1.93	1	0
phenserine phenserine: a carbamate analog of physostigmine; a long-acting inhibitor of cholinesterase	3.48	1	1
3,7-diazabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane 3,7-diazabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane: 7-aza analog of azabicyclane; structure	2.1	1	0
calcium aluminate ferrite [no description available]	2.08	1	0
desferri-ferricrocin desferri-ferricrocin: sideramine from Aspergillus viridi-nutans; acts also as microbial iron chelator which inhibits growth of P. falciparum	1.97	1	0
2-anilino-5-thiazolinone [no description available]	3.52	8	0
n(2)-(gamma-d-glutamyl)-meso-2,2'-diaminopimelic acid N(2)-(gamma-D-glutamyl)-meso-2,2'-diaminopimelic acid: intermediate in synthesis of FK-156 which is an immunostimulant; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2.05	1	0
5-o-methyllicoricidin 5-O-methyllicoricidin: structure given in first source; a new and potent benzodiazepine-binding stimulator from glycyrrhiza uralensis. licorisoflavan A : A member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is the 7-O-methyl derivative of licoricidin. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antibacterial activity.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxyisoflavans; methoxyisoflavan	antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
1-((4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thiazoyl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine 1-((4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-thiazoyl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: structure given in first source	4.05	14	0
7-(3-(2-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3-methoxy-4-((methylamino)carbonyl)phenoxy)propoxy)-3,4-dihydro-8-propyl-2h-1-benzopyran-2-propanoic acid 7-(3-(2-(cyclopropylmethyl)-3-methoxy-4-((methylamino)carbonyl)phenoxy)propoxy)-3,4-dihydro-8-propyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-propanoic acid: structure in first source; inhibits leukotriene B4 receptors	1.98	1	0
n-(3-pyridylmethyl)adriamycin [no description available]	2.48	2	0
pd 140376 PD 140376: a highly selective antagonist radioligand for the cholecystokinin(B)-gastrin receptor in guinea pig cerebral cortex & gastric mucosa; structure given in first source	2	1	0
ad 5467 AD 5467: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
repinotan hydrochloride repinotan hydrochloride: 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist; structure in first source	10.33	35	4
amythiamicin a amythiamicin A: isolated from Amycolatopsis	3.09	5	0
amythiamicin d amythiamicin D: isolated from Amycolatopsis	3.4	7	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	1.95	1	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
maropitant maropitant: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for treatment and prevention of emesis	3.57	2	0
mcc-555 [no description available]	5.63	14	0
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	4.07	14	0	anabasine
dronedarone Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	4.22	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tesaglitazar tesaglitazar: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
lapatinib [no description available]	7.27	11	1	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
firocoxib firocoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor; structure in first source. firocoxib : An enol ether that is the cyclopropylmethyl ether of 3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-4-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]furan-2-one. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in horses and dogs.	6.19	5	2	butenolide; cyclopropanes; enol ether; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
arimoclomol arimoclomol: a coinducer of heat shock proteins, delays disease progression in ALS mice	3.33	2	0
bifeprunox bifeprunox: an antipsychotic agent	2.45	2	0	biphenyls
albaconazole albaconazole: UR-9825 is the (1R,2R)-isomer; structure in first source	5.48	8	0
4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid 4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; thiazoles
bmy 7378 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	7.65	73	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	6.61	5	3	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
eglumetad eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source	2.77	3	0	L-alpha-amino acid
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	5.32	5	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	17.47	286	2	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tolvaptan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib [no description available]	8.95	36	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
alagebrium alagebrium: an advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) cross-link breaker	17.14	92	16
lenalidomide [no description available]	6.81	7	1	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	15.19	66	31	isoquinolines
n-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamide N-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamide: structure in first source. indisulam : A chloroindole that is 3-chloro-1H-indole substituted by a [(4-sulfamoylphenyl)sulfonyl]nitrilo group at position 7. It is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and a potential anti-cancer agent currently in clinical development.	3.52	2	0	chloroindole; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	2.05	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
phenoxodiol phenoxodiol: a synthetic derivative of DAIDZEIN	2.05	1	0
2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	2.41	2	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.03	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.1	5	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
delrin delrin: linear polyoxymethylene type acetal resin made by polymerization of formaldehyde; RN refers to multi-polymer	2.05	1	0
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.13	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	3.21	6	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole 2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole: an agent with selective profile of in vitro anti-tumour activity; structure in first source	5.32	10	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	4.29	18	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
lanosterol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nsc 74859 NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.	2.07	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; tosylate ester	STAT3 inhibitor
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	2.04	1	0
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.95	4	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	13.65	76	10
nsc 83265 3-tritylthio-L-alanine: RN & NM given refers to (L)-isomer	2.08	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	3.09	5	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.07	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
fusicoccin fusicoccin: phytotoxic glycoside from Fusicoccum amydali; structure	1.96	1	0
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.	2.92	4	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	5.82	6	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin [no description available]	2.68	3	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid tert-butylglycine : A glycine derivative that is glycine with a tertiary butyl group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	metabolite
u-104 SLC-0111: a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
pnu 120596 1-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)urea: an alpha7nAChR agonist; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	ureas
wortmannin [no description available]	5.64	29	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
3-methoxyphthalic acid 3-methoxyphthalic acid: degradation product of anthracycline antineoplastic drugs; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.49	2	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
pifithrin mu 2-phenylacetylenesulfonamide: induces p53-independent apoptotic killing of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells; also inhibits Hsp70 and autophagy	2.1	1	0	benzenes
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.07	1	0
rocaglamide rocaglamide: RN refers to (1alpha,2alpha,3beta,3abeta,8bbeta)-isomer; isolated from stems of Aglaia elliptifolia; structure given in first source. rocaglamide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8b, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 8, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at position 3a, a phenyl group at position 3 and a N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl group at position 1. Isolated from Aglaia odorata and Aglaia duperreana, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.07	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; organic heterotricyclic compound	antileishmanial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
sorbinil sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.	3.7	10	0	azaspiro compound; chromanes; imidazolidinone; organofluorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
acronine Acronine: A pyrano-acridone alkaloid found in RUTACEAE plants.. acronycine : An alkaloid antineoplastic agent isolated from Acronychia baueri.	3.47	2	0	acridone derivatives; alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid: metabolite of caffeic acid; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.	2.01	1	0	(dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
2-amino-5-methylthiazole 2-amino-5-methylthiazole: binds the W191G cavity of E coli cytochrome c peroxidase	8.1	5	0
indole-3-acetonitrile indole-3-acetonitrile: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-acetonitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	3.31	6	0	indoles; nitrile	auxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
annonacin annonacin: linear polyketide isolated from extracts of the stembark of Annona densicoma; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	5.43	4	1
(4-methoxyphenyl)(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone (4-methoxyphenyl)(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone: a tubulin inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	2.01	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
miltefosine 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1-dioxide: used to probe serine proteases; structure in first source	3.42	7	0
nsc 663284 NSC 663284: structure in first source	3.13	1	0	quinolone
cryptophycin cryptophycin: a potent antitumor cyclic depsipeptide active against drug-resistant cells; from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) of the genus Nostoc; structure given in first source;	2.02	1	0
nsc 674495 NSC 674495: structure in first source	5.22	9	0
ochraceolide a ochraceolide A: structure given in first source; isolated from Kokoona ochracea stem bark	2.41	1	0
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	3.64	3	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	8.93	24	2	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
2-(2-nitro-1h-imidazol-1-yl)-n-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide 2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide: a pentafluorinated derivative of etanidazole	2	1	0
aminoflavone aminoflavone: structure in first source	2.52	2	0
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	3.84	11	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	16.91	102	25	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
acetogenins Acetogenins: Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.	2.43	2	0
tizoxanide tizoxanide: major metabolite of nitazoxanide; structure in first source	9.58	39	4	salicylamides
5f-203 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole: structure in first source	10.63	23	0
4-amino-5-benzoyl-2-(4-methoxyphenylamino)thiazole 4-amino-5-benzoyl-2-(4-methoxyphenylamino)thiazole: upregulates the DR5 receptor; structure in first source	3.67	9	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	9.76	60	2
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.72	3	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	2.69	3	0
2,3-diaminophenazine 2,3-diaminophenazine: product form horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of o-phenylenediamine	2	1	0
gant 61 GANT 61: a sonic hedgehog pathway inhibitor and Gli inhibitor; structure in first source. GANT61 : An aminal that is hexahydropyrimidine which is substituted on each nitrogen by a 2-(dimethylamino)benzyl group, and at the aminal carbon by a pyridin-4-yl group. A Hedgehog signaling pathway and Gli protein inhibitor.	2.15	1	0	aminal; dialkylarylamine; pyridines; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor
permanganate [no description available]	4.61	1	1	manganese oxoacid
secalonic acid secalonic acid: consists of 4 acids (A,C,D,E) differing only in their stereochemistry; RN given is for parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	4.04	14	0
carboplatin [no description available]	8.97	20	4
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	5.87	22	1	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
leptomycin b [no description available]	2.47	2	0
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2.77	3	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.	1.99	1	0	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	mouse metabolite
5'-methylthioadenosine 5'-methylthioadenosine: structure. 5'-S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine : Adenosine with the hydroxy group at C-5' substituted with a methylthio (methylsulfanyl) group.	2.13	1	0	thioadenosine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	9.06	47	0
arabinose [no description available]	1.95	1	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	4.29	4	1	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.02	1	0	D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	3.45	7	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	4.57	26	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	2.67	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	5	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	8.41	18	2	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	3.53	8	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	4.05	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.72	3	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	3.39	7	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.05	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	2.05	1	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	3.92	13	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
pantetheine Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.	2.41	2	0	pantetheines; thiol	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
dithioerythritol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
7-dehydrocholesterol [no description available]	2.17	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid; Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	4.14	16	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	5.79	29	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
allose [no description available]	2.02	1	0	allopyranose; D-allose	antioxidant
scopolin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; coumarins; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
amastatin amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence	1.99	1	0	tetrapeptide	EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor; protease inhibitor
puromycin [no description available]	3.09	5	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.04	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
desmosterol Desmosterol: An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.. desmosterol : A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol.	2.46	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	1.99	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
alpha-aminobutyric acid alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.	2.41	2	0	alpha-aminobutyric acid; D-alpha-amino acid
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.4	2	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
3,4-dihydro-2h-pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid: structure. 1-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid zwitterion : A zwitterion resulting from the transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the nitrogen of 1-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid; major species at pH 7.3.. 1-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid : The product resulting from formal oxidation of DL-proline by loss of hydrogen from the nitrogen and from the carbon alpha to the carboxylic acid, with the formation of a C=N bond.	1.97	1	0	1-pyrrolinecarboxylic acid; zwitterion
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.02	1	0
1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene: intermediate in polyketide biosynthesis. naphthalene-1,3,6,8-tetrol : A naphthalenetetrol that is naphthalene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6 and 8.	2	1	0	naphthalenetetrol
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.42	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pelargonidin pelargonidin: influences flower phenotype. pelargonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'.	2.05	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	plant metabolite
nivalenol nivalenol: RN given refers to 3alpha,4beta,7alpha-isomer	2.73	3	0	trichothecene
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.46	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.07	1	0	cellotriose
psicose, (d)-isomer [no description available]	2.02	1	0	monosaccharide
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	3.22	6	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	5.98	8	1	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	3.6	8	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2.67	3	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
actinorhodin actinorhodin: structure. actinorhodin : A member of the class of benzoisochromanequinone that is produced by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and exhibits antibiotic activity.	2.05	1	0
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	2.7	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
vibriobactin vibriobactin: siderophore (iron transport cpd) from Vibrio cholera; structure given in first source. vibriobactin : A catecholate siderophore produced exclusively by Vibrio cholerae. It contains three molecules of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate linked either directly or through L-threonine residues to the polyamine norspermidine.	4.04	4	0	1,3-oxazoles; secondary carboxamide	siderophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	2.91	4	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	6.82	24	3	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	2.68	3	0	benzazocine
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	2.13	1	0
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	2.03	1	0
miglitol [no description available]	4.53	4	0	piperidines
7-aminocephalosporanic acid 7beta-aminocephalosporanic acid : The alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is the active nucleus for the synthesis of cephalosporins and intermediates.	2.01	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion
terconazole terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.	2.33	2	0	1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
linezolid [no description available]	3.21	5	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
perseitol perseitol: RN given refers to (D-glycero-D-galacto)-isomer. perseitol : A heptitol that is heptane-1,2,3,4,5,6,7-heptol that has R-configuration at positions 2, 3, 4 and 5, and S-configuration at position 6.	2.07	1	0
canaline canaline: structure	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	5.91	32	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	4.21	5	0
ginsenoside re [no description available]	2.11	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	3.31	6	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
brucine brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94	2.44	2	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	5.83	2	2	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
genipin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
altholactone altholactone: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	furopyran
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	3.63	9	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	6.29	28	0
spinosyn a spinosyn A: a macrolide ; structure in first source. spinosyn A : A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.	2.02	1	0	spinosyn insecticide; spinosyn	pediculicide
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	2.4	2	0
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	1.99	1	0	cyclic peptide
e 3040 E 3040: a dual inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase and thromboxane A2 synthetase; structure given in first source	4.08	15	0	benzothiazoles; organic hydroxy compound; pyridines; secondary amino compound	anti-inflammatory drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; uricosuric drug
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	4.95	38	0	tripeptide
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	3.61	9	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
teprotide Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.	1.95	1	0	peptide
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	3.28	6	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
pyochelin pyochelin: phenolic iron-binding cpd from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; promotes the growth of bacterium when added to iron-deficient media. pyochelin : A member of the class of thiazolidines that is (4R)-3-methyl-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a (4R)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl group. A siderophore that is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (via condensation of salicylic acid and two molecules of cysteine) as a mixture of two easily interconvertible diastereoisomers, pyochelin I (major) and pyochelin II (minor). The enantiomeric compounds, enant-pyochelin, are produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens.	8.56	151	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols; thiazolidines	metabolite; siderophore
yersiniabactin yersiniabactin: from clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica; an iron-chelating virulence factor of Yersinia pestis; yersiniabactin is a thiazole phenol analog of pyochelin; biosynthesized from salicylate, cysteine and malonyl CoA. yersiniabactin : A member of the class of thiazolidines that is (4S)-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a (1S)-1-hydroxy-1-{(4R)-2-[(4R)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-1,3-thiazolidin-4-yl}-2-methylpropan-2-yl group. A siderophore found in the gram-negative bacterium species, Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pestis.	8.81	114	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols; secondary alcohol; thiazolidines	bacterial metabolite; siderophore
actinonin actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure	2.45	2	0
soyasaponin ii soyasaponin II: isolated from the soybean Glycine max; RN given for (3beta,4beta,22beta)-isomer	2.05	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
temocapril hydrochloride temocapril hydrochloride: structure given in first source	2	1	0	dipeptide
dironyl dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	5.29	5	0	organic molecular entity
sultamicillin sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam	2.13	1	0	penicillanic acid ester
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	4.31	3	1	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	7.69	46	1	cyclodextrin
sucrose octasulfate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2.46	2	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.75	3	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.44	2	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	3.97	13	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	4.11	15	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	9.52	82	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	9.86	79	4	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	4.32	4	1	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.95	4	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.	2.46	2	0	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	6.17	40	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	6.28	11	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
latrunculin a latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source. latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.	7.99	263	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.41	2	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	4.78	30	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	7.49	23	1	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferric hydroxide ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9	2.48	2	0
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	4.86	7	1	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	4.37	6	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.44	2	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	12.16	65	7	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	4.34	4	1	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist. (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist.	2.48	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	4.03	14	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	4.4	6	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
tetragastrin Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.	2.67	3	0	peptidyl amide; tetrapeptide	anxiogenic; human metabolite
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	2.7	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	3.29	6	0
gw 409544 GW 409544: a PPARalpha agonist; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
keratan sulfate Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.	2.44	2	0
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent	1.99	1	0
gw 6471 GW 6471: a PPARalpha antagonist; structure in first source	2.99	4	0
lycopene [no description available]	2.98	4	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.07	1	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	9.39	13	4	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.96	4	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
drf 2725 ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma	2.93	4	0
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	2.06	1	0	enal
pd 166326 PD 166326: a pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidine src tyrosine kinase inhibitor	3.13	1	0
obeticholic acid obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.	2.31	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	farnesoid X receptor agonist; hepatoprotective agent
desoxyepothilone b desoxyepothilone B: microtubule-targeted antitumor agent; lacking the epoxide of epothilone B; may be equiv to epothilone D. epothilone D : An epithilone that is epithilone C in which the hydrogen at position 13 of the oxacyclohexadec-13-ene-2,6-dione macrocycle has been replaced by a methyl group.	5.97	20	0	epothilone	microtubule-stabilising agent
stigmatellin stigmatellin: isolated from myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca; structure in first source. stigmatellin A : A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.	7.12	27	0	aromatic ether; chromones; olefinic compound; phenols	bacterial metabolite; quinol oxidation site inhibitor
gw 3965 GW 3965: a liver X receptor ligand	2.99	4	0	diarylmethane
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	3.17	5	0
hts 466284 HTS 466284: a TGFbeta-RI inhibitor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	pyrazoles; pyridines; quinolines	TGFbeta receptor antagonist
epothilone b [no description available]	7.17	49	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-stabilising agent
n-(4-methoxybenzyl)-n'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea: structure in first source	6.55	69	0
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	4.52	23	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	2.15	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	9.19	131	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	3.08	5	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
bms 214662 7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.	3.54	2	0	benzenes; benzodiazepine; imidazoles; nitrile; sulfonamide; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	9.62	91	1	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
eptifibatide [no description available]	2.01	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide	anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime: structure in first source. 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin substituted at position 6 by a bromo group and in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.	2.78	3	0
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	4.4	21	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
roflumilast [no description available]	4.64	4	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.52	8	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.44	2	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	4.08	15	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
kni-727 KNI-727: structure in first source	2.93	4	0
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	2.68	3	0	oligopeptide
decitabine [no description available]	3.29	6	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
texas red Texas red: hydrophilic Texas red; structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.74	3	0
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.69	3	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
pa 824 pretomanid: nitroimidazopyran derived from 5-nitroimidazoles; a prodrug that requires activation by a bacterial F420-depedent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd) and nitroreductase to activate components that then inhibit bacterial mycolic acid and protein synthesis; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
purvalanol a 6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;	2.47	2	0	purvalanol
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	4.52	24	0	actinomycin	mutagen
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	3.24	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	3.1	5	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
arsphenamine Arsphenamine: An organoarsenic compound that was commonly used for treating SYPHILIS and other diseases.	3.04	1	0
carbodine carbodine: RN given refers to (R-(1alpha,2beta,3beta,4alpha))-isomer	2.39	2	0
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	4.02	14	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
a 80987 A 80987: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	amino acid amide
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	3.38	7	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	3.82	11	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
pms 601 PMS 601: structure in first source	2	1	0
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	14.76	39	22	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
resorcinomycin a resorcinomycin A: from Streptoverticillium roseoverticillatum; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
ravuconazole ER 30346: structure in first source. ravuconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the butyl group is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 3 by hydroxy, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively (the R,R stereoisomer). It exhibits antifungal activity by inhibition of 14alpha demethylase, an enzyme involved in sterol synthesis, resulting in lysis of the fungal cell wall and fungal cell death. (NCIO4)	14.41	100	7	1,3-thiazoles; fluorobenzenes; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	antifungal drug; antileishmanial agent; EC 1.14.14.154 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	8.8	28	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
l 743,872 [no description available]	6.92	11	0
5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine: structure in first source	3.35	6	0
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.	2.04	1	0	C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
terameprocol [no description available]	2.15	1	0	lignan
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	5.13	8	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	3	4	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
6,8-diprenylgenistein 6,8-diprenylgenistein: a lysoPAF acetyltransferase inhibitor isolated from licorice root; structure in first source. 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is genistein substituted by prenyl groups at positions 6 and 8. It has been isolated from Derris scandens and Glycyrrhiza uralensis.	2.11	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
pmx 464 PMX 464: induces Nrf2; structure in first source	2.94	4	0
glucosulfone glucosulfone: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym promin refers to di-Na salt	2.33	2	0	sulfonamide
bay 41-4109 BAY 41-4109: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
bay 57-1293 pritelivir: herpes simplex virus 1 helicase-primase inhibitor	11.13	32	3
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	11.18	11	2	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
stachyflin stachyflin: from fungus Stachybotrys; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	xanthenes
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	5.5	13	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
phorbol 13-monoacetate phorbol 13-monoacetate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1aalpha,1bbeta,4abeta,7aalpha,7balpha,8alpha,9beta,9aalpha)-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 11/86	2.07	1	0	phorbol ester
2'-c-methylcytidine 2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source	3.04	4	0
lisofylline lisofylline: metabolite of pentoxifylline; structure given in first source. (R)-lisofylline : A 1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione that has (R)-configuration. A synthetic small molecule which was under development for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus.	2.01	1	0	1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione	anti-inflammatory agent; immunomodulator
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source	4.61	1	1
2-hydroxy-4h-isoquinoline-1,3-dione 2-hydroxy-4H-isoquinoline-1,3-dione: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
sodium thiocyanate sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.	2	1	0	organic sodium salt
potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.	4.29	5	0	potassium salt
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	2.66	3	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.03	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.49	2	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
sodium cyanate sodium cyanate: used in treatment of sickle cell anemia; RN given refers to cyanic acid, Na salt	2.07	1	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.01	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	metallophthalocyanine; zinc tetrapyrrole	fluorochrome
davanone davanone: antifungal and antispasmodic isolated from natural Davana oil and Artemisia pallens; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	oxolanes
2-Acetylthiazole 2-acetylthiazole: rice flavoring compound	4.31	4	0	aromatic ketone
6-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine 6-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine: structure in first source. 6-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine bearing an acetyl group in the 6 position. It is the tautomer of CHEBI:59533	3.13	1	0	tetrahydropyridine
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl: Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent.. 4-oxo-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an oxo group at position 4.	2.01	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidones	radical scavenger
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	5.44	5	3	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	2.39	2	0	inorganic sodium salt
2-acetyl-1-pyrroline 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline: volatile component of uncooked Khao Dawk Mali 105 brown rice were extracted using indirect steam distillation under reduced pressure and controlled temperature in order to prevent cooking. 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline : A pyrroline that is 1-pyrroline in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an acetyl group. It is an aroma and flavour compound present in jasmine rice and basmati rice. It is responsible for the 'popcorn' aroma in a large variety of cereal and food products. It is one of the key odourants of the crust of bread and considered to be responsible for the cracker-like odour properties. In bread, it is primarily generated during baking but amounts are influenced by ingredient composition and fermentation conditions.	3.52	2	0	acylimine; methyl ketone; pyrroline	flavouring agent; Maillard reaction product; metabolite
3,4-dehydrobrevicomin 3,4-dehydrobrevicomin: testosterone-dependent volatile constituent of male mouse urine; structure given in first source; RN given refers to exo-isomer	3.78	3	0
oxazolidine oxazolidine: structure given in first source	3.42	7	0	oxazolidine
5-nitrothiazole 5-nitrothiazole: structure in first source	3.83	12	0
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	4.1	15	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
11-mercaptoundecanoic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0
2-bromooctanoic acid 2-bromooctanoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
2-aminooxazole 2-aminooxazole: structure in first source	2.49	2	0
3-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 3-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
pyrrolopyrimidine pyrrolopyrimidine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
ck-0944636 CK-0944636: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ck-0944666 CK-0944666: structure in first source. CK-666 : A member of the class of indoles that is 2-methyltryptamine in which a hydrogen attached to the primary amino group has been replaced by a 2-fluorobenzoyl group. It is a cell-permeable inhibitor of actin assembly mediated by actin-related protein Arp2/3 complex which works by binding to Arp2/3 complex, stabilising the inactive state of the complex and preventing its movement into the active conformation.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; indoles; organofluorine compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor
tolfenamic acid tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.	5.84	8	3	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
artemisin [no description available]	2.01	1	0
aceglatone aceglatone: structure in Merck	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.74	3	0	triterpenoid
hectochlorin hectochlorin: structure in first source	3.43	7	0
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.45	2	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
camalexin camalexin : An indole phytoalexin that is indole substituted at position 3 by a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group.	9.29	183	0	1,3-thiazoles; indole phytoalexin	metabolite
deformylflustrabromine deformylflustrabromine: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Flustra folicea; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	tryptamines
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	3.53	8	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
geraniol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	2.15	1	0	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	6.9	37	0
4-oxothiazolidine 4-oxothiazolidine: structure in first source	4.85	10	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	5.45	11	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	2.07	1	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.96	62	1	isomethyleugenol
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	2.08	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
beta-ionone beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.	2.01	1	0	ionone	antioxidant; fragrance
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.02	1	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	2.03	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.7	3	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	10.57	76	2	stilbene
2'-hydroxychalcone 2'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2'.	2.03	1	0	chalcones; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.69	3	0
curvularin curvularin: from Penicillium Baradicum Baghdadi; structure	2.02	1	0
thiopyran thiopyran: structure in first source	7.55	2	0
2-methoxycinnamaldehyde 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde: inhibits growth & mycotoxin production in fungi; structure	2.1	1	0	cinnamaldehydes
hirsutanol a hirsutanol A: from fungus chondrostereum sp.; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
xanthoangelol xanthoangelol: from Angelica keiskei; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer	2.04	1	0
salicylihalamide a salicylihalamide A: structure in first source	3.14	1	0
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	3.36	7	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.31	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	4.72	11	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	8.88	28	8	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	3.78	11	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	3.91	13	0	diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	2.68	3	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	4.98	14	0	benzamides
s 1033 [no description available]	20.64	327	23	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S))-isomer. sphinganine 1-phosphate : A sphingoid 1-phosphate that is the monophosphorylated derivative of sphinganine.	2.02	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite
dodecylphosphocholine dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine	2.13	1	0	phosphocholines	detergent
azidopine azidopine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	benzamides
amygdalin [no description available]	4.05	3	1
glucobrassicin glucobrassicin: isolated from Brussels sprouts; structure given in first source. glucobrassicin : An indolylmethylglucosinolic acid that is 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-(sulfooxy)ethanimidoyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.04	1	0	indolyl carbohydrate; indolylmethylglucosinolic acid
4-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate 4-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate: from cabbage, cauliflower & brussels sprouts. 4-methoxyglucobrassicin : An indolylmethylglucosinolic acid that is glucobrassicin bearing a methoxy substituent at position 4 on the indole ring.	2.46	2	0	indolyl carbohydrate; indolylmethylglucosinolic acid
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	2.01	1	0
omapatrilat omapatrilat: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	dipeptide
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	2.39	2	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.44	2	0	S-glycosyl compound
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.41	2	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine [no description available]	7.05	14	1	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	3.56	9	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
r 59949 R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor	4.64	8	0	diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	7.89	99	0
chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.	2.86	4	0	chlorprothixene
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	4.7	9	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	3.95	4	0	pyrimidone
thiobarbital thiobarbital: structure	1.92	1	0
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.13	1	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2-mercaptonicotinic acid 2-mercaptonicotinic acid: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
1-methyltryptophan 1-methyltryptophan: an immunomodulator. 1-methyltryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan carrying a single methyl substituent at position 1 on the indole.	2.17	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	2.44	2	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	3.75	11	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
sch-202676 SCH-202676: An allosteric modulator of both agonist and antagonist binding to G protein-coupled receptors; structure in first source	5.54	8	0
thiobenzamide thiobenzamide: structure; hepatotoxin in rats	7.39	2	0	benzenes
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.77	3	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole 1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0	tetrazoles
captax captax: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol : 1,3-Benzothiazole substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.	7.16	70	0	aryl thiol; benzothiazoles	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
diphenylthiourea N,N'-diphenylthiourea : Thiourea in which each nitrogen carries a phenyl substituent.	2.01	1	0	thioureas	allergen
n-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine N-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine: calcium-activated small conductance potassium channels inhibitor; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
stf 62247 STF 62247: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	4.81	9	0	substituted aniline
2-mercaptobenzimidazole 2-mercaptobenzimidazole: purine synthesis antimetabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	3.39	7	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
2-phenylamino-4-methyl-5-acetylthiazole 2-phenylamino-4-methyl-5-acetylthiazole: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
isoferulic acid isoferulic acid: isomer of ferulic acid; structure. isoferulic acid : A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.	2.05	1	0	ferulic acids	antioxidant; biomarker; metabolite
n-(pyridin-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine N-(pyridin-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)thiazol-2-amine: an SK channel inhibitor	2.52	2	0
vrt 532 VRT 532: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	2.41	2	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
6-amino-2-mercaptobenzothiazole [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.42	2	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
heliotrine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	pyrrolizines
virosecurinine virosecurinine: isomer of the securinine group of alkaloids; isolated from plant Securinega virosa	2.07	1	0
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	5.09	14	0	diarylmethane
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	2.43	2	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	8.71	55	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
ica-121431 ICA-121431: structure in first source	2.52	2	0
jk184 JK184: structure in first source	3.17	5	0
pyridine-2-carboxylic acid thiazol-2-ylamide pyridine-2-carboxylic acid thiazol-2-ylamide: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
ptc-209 PTC-209: inhibits BMI-1 protein; structure in first source	5.37	19	0
pyrabactin pyrabactin: structure in first source. pyrabactin : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-bromonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with the exocyclic amino group of 2-pyridylmethylamine. Mimics the action of the abscisic acid, a phytohormone.	2.11	1	0	naphthalenes; organobromine compound; pyridines; sulfonamide	abscisic acid receptor agonist; hormone; plant growth regulator
hc 030031 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker	2.15	1	0
thiazoline-2-thione thiazoline-2-thione: carboxyl-activating reagent in peptide synthesis	3.59	9	0
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	11.49	61	0	thiazolidinone
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
necrostatin-7 necrostatin-7: a necroptosis inhibitor; structure in first source	2.78	3	0
penicillic acid Penicillic Acid: A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of PENICILLIUM and ASPERGILLUS. It has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn.	2.03	1	0
nootkatone nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).	7.69	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; enone; sesquiterpenoid	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	4.53	8	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
5-(4-ethylbenzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one [no description available]	5.32	49	0
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	11.24	11	1
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	3.38	7	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
urb 597 cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	biphenyls
p-cyanophenylalanine p-cyanophenylalanine: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
4-thioxothiazolidin-2-one 4-thioxothiazolidin-2-one: structure in first source	2.98	4	0
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.65	3	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	4.79	7	1	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	4.26	18	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	6.34	5	3
metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.	3.06	5	0	imidazoles
terbinafine [no description available]	5.69	9	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.	5.01	13	0	monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
hexyl cinnamic aldehyde [no description available]	2.39	2	0	cinnamaldehydes
3-methylglutaconic acid (E)-3-methylglutaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid comprising (E)-glutaconic acid carrying a 3-methyl substituent.	2.02	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone: a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitor; structure in first source	3.52	8	0
3-iodo-5-chloro-n-(2-chloro-5-((4-chlorophenyl)sulphonyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide 3-iodo-5-chloro-N-(2-chloro-5-((4-chlorophenyl)sulphonyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide: induces rapid damage to the inner mitochondrial membrane prior to the cytochrome c release from mitochondria	2.05	1	0
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	3.88	12	0
ac 55649 4'-octyl-4-biphenylcarboxylic acid: an RAR beta2 agonist; structure in first source	2.46	2	0	biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	5.42	4	1	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
longifolene longifolene: from plant products; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,3abeta,4alpha,8abeta))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.6	1	0	longifolene
zln024 ZLN024: an AMP-activated protein kinase activator; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
fatostatin fatostatin: inhibits activation of SREBP; structure in first source	6.49	30	0	thiazoles
tg 003 TG 003: a Clk inhibitor; structure in first source	3.95	12	0
sr 3335 SR 3335: a retinoic acid receptor-related receptor alpha (RORalpha) inverse agonist; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	sulfonamide
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	2.66	3	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	2.65	3	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	2.69	3	0
ethylenethiourea Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.	2.89	4	0	imidazolidines
2-mercaptothiazoline [no description available]	3.95	13	0
n-methylthiourea N-methylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a methyl group.	2.38	2	0	thioureas	drug metabolite; hepatotoxic agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	3.21	6	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	9.7	125	1	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.	2.42	2	0	organic sodium salt	antifungal drug; food preservative
5-(4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)rhodanine 5-(4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)rhodanine: silver-specific dye	1.96	1	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	8.52	47	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
4-thiopyridine 4-thiopyridine: RN given refers to 4-thiopyridine cpd	1.93	1	0
sodium ethoxide sodium ethoxide : An organic monosodium salt that has ethoxide as the counterion.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	nucleophilic reagent
4-amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol 4-amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol: for detection of aldehydes as a spray reagent; structure	2.02	1	0
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	4.46	7	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	2.4	2	0
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.75	3	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	2.77	3	0
4-maleimido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl 4-maleimido-TEMPO : A member of the class of piperidines that is TEMPO carrying a maleimido group at position 4.	2	1	0	aminoxyls; dicarboximide; maleimides; piperidines	radical scavenger; spin label
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	8.37	12	2	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.02	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.75	3	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.71	3	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	7.29	29	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
buclizine 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 3-methyl-1-octylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is octyl.	2.08	1	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
nadp [no description available]	7.7	59	0
scandium triflate scandium triflate: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	7.31	94	1
xanthane hydride xanthane hydride: a sulfurising agent; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	1.94	1	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester [no description available]	2.05	1	0
8-azidoethidium 8-azidoethidium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
1-pyrenebutanol 1-pyrenebutanol: a fluorescent substrate of P450eryF; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium chloride 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium: a fluorescent redox probe used to provide direct visualization of actively respiring bacteria	2	1	0
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2h-tetrazolium 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium: structure given in first source	7.2	86	0
2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone: structure in first source. 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone : A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.	2.49	2	0	quinolone	signalling molecule
4-hydroxyisoleucine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	isoleucine derivative
wiskostatin wiskostatin: induces folding of N-WASP's GTPase-binding domain into its autoinhibited conformation; structure in first source. wiskostatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-wiskostatin.. 1-(3,6-dibromocarbazol-9-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 1-(carbazol-9-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-ol bearing two additional bromo substituents at positions 3 and 6 on the carbazole ring system.	2.02	1	0	carbazoles; organobromine compound; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
t 0070907 T 0070907: a PPARgamma antagonist; structure in first source	2.46	2	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
n-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxamide N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxamide: activates the plant defense response; structure in first source. tiadinil : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-chloro-4-methylaniline. It is a fungicide used particularly for the control of fungal diseases in rice.	2.05	1	0	anilide fungicide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; organosulfur compound; thiadiazoles	antifungal agrochemical
krn 7000 KRN 7000: has an alpha-galactosylceramide structure; structure given in first source. alpha-galactosylceramide : A galactosylceramide in which the galactosyl residue has alpha anomeric conofiguration.. 1-O-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine : A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.08	1	0	glycophytoceramide; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine	allergen; antigen; antineoplastic agent; epitope; immunological adjuvant
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole 2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole: an amyloid imaging agent; structure in first source	21.65	886	24
adhesamine adhesamine: synthetic diaryldispirotripiperazine that targets selective cell-surface glycosaminoglycans,especially heparan sulfate, for increasing cell adhesion and growth; a useful reagent for culturing neuronal cells	3.17	1	0
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
4,6-dimorpholino-n-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine 4,6-dimorpholino-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine: an mTOR activator; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
10074-g5 10074-G5: structure in first source	2.75	3	0
3-benzylbenzothiazolium 3-benzylbenzothiazolium: RN refers to bromide	1.97	1	0
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	2.04	1	0	macrolide
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	3.17	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
r-82913 R-82913: antiviral target on reverse transcriptase of HIV-1	1.98	1	0
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	2.07	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	3.59	9	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	4.04	3	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
trovirdine trovirdine: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor	1.98	1	0
uc-781 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	16.3	168	61	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ly 73497 LY 73497: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.69	3	0
thiamine disulfide thiamine disulfide: structure	2.6	1	0	aminopyrimidine; formamides; homoallylic alcohol; organic disulfide
thiambutosine thiambutosine: thiourea antileprotic agent used in patients who cannot tolerate sulfones; minor descriptor (77-85); on-line & Index Medicus PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (77-85)	1.93	1	0
latoconazole latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.41	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc [no description available]	2.31	1	0	tropane alkaloid
nnd 502 luliconazole: structure in first source	2.41	1	0	dichlorobenzene
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
thioformamide thiocarboxamide : Any primary amide having its amide oxygen replaced by sulfur.	7.06	1	0
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	5.92	23	1	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
dieckol dieckol: found in brown Eisenia and Ecklonia algae, have several pharmacologically beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation; structure in first source. dieckol : A phlorotannin isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava which exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant activities.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; oxacycle; phlorotannin	anticoagulant; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; radical scavenger
telaprevir [no description available]	9.28	20	1	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	3.44	7	0
pica Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.	3.87	2	1
6-oxopiperidine-2-carboxylate 6-oxopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid: associated with penicillin V from Penicillium chrysogenum; structure given in first source. 6-ketopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid : A delta-lactam that is piperidine-2-carboxylic acid substituted at position 6 by an oxo group.	2.01	1	0	delta-lactam; monocarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole: inhibits oxidant-induced reduction of cytochrome b	5.84	31	0
7-mercaptoheptanoic acid 7-mercaptoheptanoic acid: found in methanogenic bacteria; RN & structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid
n-bromotaurine N-bromotaurine: cpd able to kill the schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni	2.02	1	0
tetomilast [no description available]	8.06	18	1
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	6.71	41	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
bms 387032 N-(5-(((5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl)methyl)thio)-2-thiazolyl)-4-piperidinecarboxamide: a CDK2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. N-(5-{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of piperidine-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-amine. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of CDK2, CDK7 and CDK9 kinases and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	9.1	44	3	1,3-oxazoles; 1,3-thiazoles; organic sulfide; piperidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	15.85	23	5	alkali metal atom
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.39	2	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.74	10	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	5.33	3	1	nitrogen oxide
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	2.07	1	0
thiouridine Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.	1.96	1	0	nucleoside analogue; thiouridine	affinity label; antimetabolite
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	2.25	1	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
burimamide Burimamide: An antagonist of histamine that appears to block both H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It has been used in the treatment of ulcers.	3.47	2	0	imidazoles
nizatidine Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.	13.33	85	39
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	8.01	16	6	salicylamides
mannomustine Mannomustine: Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.	1.95	1	0	amino alcohol
bn 50730 BN 50730: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	4.64	3	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	2.65	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	3.04	4	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
nitenpyram nitenpyram: a nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source. (E)-nitenpyram : A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.. nitenpyram : A C-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine where one of the nitrogens bears ethyl and (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl while the other nitrogen carries a methyl group.	4.48	20	0	chloropyridyl insecticide; nitenpyram
6-thioguanylic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organic molecule
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	3.41	7	0
2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid: in urine of workers exposed to carbon disulfide	6.15	42	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
amrubicin amrubicin: structure in first source; a 9-amino-anthracycline antibiotic. amrubicin : A synthetic anthracycline antibiotic with molecular formula C25H25NO9. A specific inhibitor of topoisomerase II, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of cancer, especially lung cancer, where it is a prodrug for the active metabolite, ambrucinol.	2.73	3	0	anthracycline antibiotic; methyl ketone; primary amino compound; quinone; tetracenes	antineoplastic agent; prodrug; topoisomerase II inhibitor
peptidoglycan pentapeptide-mdap3 peptidoglycan pentapeptide-mDap3: peptide portion of peptidoglycan-mDap3 in Gram-negative bacteria	1.98	1	0
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
3-diazotyramine [no description available]	3.06	1	0
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	3	4	0
brassinin [no description available]	5.03	7	0	dithiocarbamic ester; indole phytoalexin
2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene sulfonic acid [no description available]	2	1	0
gea 3162 GEA 3162: structure given in first source; a nitric oxide-releasing compound	1.99	1	0
cgp 20376 [no description available]	6.94	23	1
e 7010 E 7010: inhibits tubulin polymerization; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	sulfonamide
raphanusamic acid raphanusamic acid: RN given for (R)-isomer; structure in first source. raphanusamic acid : A thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid that is 2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidine with the carboxy group located at position 4 (the R-enantiomer).	3.12	5	0	thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; mouse metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
n,n'-methylene-bis(2-amino-5-sulfhydryl-1,3,4-thiadiazole) bismerthiazol: a bactericide and fungicide	2.05	1	0
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	3.78	11	0	primary aliphatic amine
cystine [no description available]	4.44	23	0
ospemifene Ospemifene: structure in first source. ospemifene : An organochlorine compound that is a selective estrogen receptor modulator; used for treatment of dyspareunia.	3.35	1	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor modulator
ly335979 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	carbopolycyclic compound
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.11	1	0	benzazepine
chuangxinmycin chuangxinmycin: produced by Actinoplanes tsinanensis; structure. (-)-chuangxinmycin : A thiinoindole that is 3,5-dihydro-2H-thiino[4,3,2-cd]indole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by carboxy and methyl groups, respectively (the 2R,3S diastereoisomer).	3.35	1	0	indole alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid; thiinoindole	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 6.1.1.2 (tryptophan--tRNA ligase) inhibitor
sdz 216-525 SDZ 216-525: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist	3.86	12	0
chaetomellic acid a chaetomellic acid A: structure given in first source; an inhibitor of farnesyl-protein transferase	2.03	1	0
vx-745 [no description available]	3.55	2	0	aryl sulfide; dichlorobenzene; difluorobenzene; pyrimidopyridazine	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
amiflamine amiflamine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2	1	0
modipafant modipafant: structure given in first source ; PAF antagonist	2.04	1	0
rasagiline [no description available]	4.75	5	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
deracoxib SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.	5.45	5	3	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	25.75	1,287	140	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
s 15261 S 15261: S15261 is the (L)-isomer; structure given in first source; for treatment of insulin resistance	2	1	0
ly 303070 GYKI 53784: a 2,3-benzodiazepine cpd	2	1	0
oxalylglycine oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.	2.17	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
chitotetrose chitotetrose: isolated from acid hydrolysates of chitin	2.25	1	0
gelusil Gelusil: antacid containing Al-H3-O3.Mg2-O8-Si3	3.35	1	1
cysteine-glutathione disulfide cysteine-glutathione disulfide: a peptide pheromone that induces male ragworms to release sperm	2.03	1	0
glycyl-prolyl-glutamic acid glycyl-prolyl-glutamic acid: N-terminal cleavage product of IGF-1; has neuroprotective activity	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide
2-methylselenobenzanilide 2-methylselenobenzanilide: metabolite of ebselen	1.98	1	0
redta REDTA: combination of di-Na EDTA , cetyltriammonium bromide & sodium hydroxide soln	2.93	1	0
2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline: structure given in first source	3.26	6	0	benzofurans
n-(3-iodo-4-azidophenylpropionamido)-s-(2-thiopyridyl)cysteine N-(3-iodo-4-azidophenylpropionamido)-S-(2-thiopyridyl)cysteine: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
levomecol levomecol: used to treat maxillofacial phlegmons; contains levomycetin & methyluracil in a polyethylene glycol base	3.39	1	1
sr 144528 SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).	2.05	1	0	bridged compound; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles; secondary carboxamide	CB2 receptor antagonist; EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	7.3	6	2	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
telavancin telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.	2.03	1	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
bottromycin bottromycin: bottromycin is a complex of 5 compounds of which the main one is bottromycin A(2)	2.25	1	0
nitinol nitinol: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Ti; do not confuse with titanium nickelide; other nitinols (nitinol SE and nitinol 55) are Co-Ni-Ti alloys	2.01	1	0
bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)(dipyrido(3,2-alpha-2',3'-c)phenazine)ruthenium (ii) bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)(dipyrido(3,2-alpha-2',3'-c)phenazine)ruthenium (II): serves as molecular light switch for DNA, displaying no photoluminescence in aqueous solution but luminescing intensively in presence of DNA; structure given in first source	2	1	0
7-o-ethyl fangchinoline 7-O-ethyl fangchinoline: RN given refers to the (1beta)-isomer;	2.05	1	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	4.08	4	0
pca 50941 PCA 50941: a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative containing a 1,2-benzisothiazole-3-one-1,1-dioxide group; structure given in first source	2.9	4	0
5-hydroxybenzimidazole 5-hydroxybenzimidazole: only base detected in cobamide cpds from methanol-grown Methanosarcina barkeri. 5-hydroxybenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole carrying a single hydroxy substituent at position 5.	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; phenols	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; rat metabolite
uk 66914 UK 66914: Class III antiarrhythmic agent; structure given in first source; RN from Toxlit	1.98	1	0
4-bromohomoibotenic acid 4-bromohomoibotenic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/89	2.02	1	0
sanorg 34006 idraparinux: a synthetic analogue of the pentasaccharide sequence in heparins	4.37	3	0
mycosubtiline mycosubtiline: antifungal agent isolated from Bacillus subtilis which is a mixture of homologous lipopeptides	3.31	1	0
mycobactin mycobactins: cell wall iron transporting growth factor from Mycobacterium tuberculosis	3.11	1	0
albomycin albomycin: iron containing antibiotic. albomycin : A mixture of iron(III) hydroxamate antibiotics produced by various Streptomyces species (e.g. Streptomyces subtropicus) and consisting of iron(III) complexed to pentapeptide trihydroxamate siderophores.	3.35	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.67	3	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	1.96	1	0
gnidimacrin gnidimacrin: a daphnane-type orthoester diterpene similar in structure to phorbols; antileukemic; found in Gnidia, Stellera, Pimelea; structure	2	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	3.92	12	0
quinagolide quinagolide: structure & RN given in first source; a non-ergot dopamine D(2)-agonist	3.11	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
tribendimidine tribendimidine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	2	1	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
zankiren hydrochloride zankiren hydrochloride: structure given in first source	7.15	9	2
1,4-benzothiazine [no description available]	7.11	1	0
chromeceptin chromeceptin: inhibits Igf2 at the transcriptional level; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
6-nitrotryptophan [no description available]	2.11	1	0
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	2.42	2	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	3.42	7	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	6.57	47	1
epoxiconazole epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	2.13	1	0	epoxide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; triazoles
gw 7647 GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.	3.54	8	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; ureas	PPARalpha agonist
nafadotride nafadotride: structure given in first source. nafadotride : A naphthalenecarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 4-cyano-1-methoxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 1-(1-butylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methanamine. It is a highly potent, competitive, preferential dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, centrally active upon systemic administration.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenecarboxamide; nitrile; pyrrolidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
led209 LED209: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	5.15	44	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
fh535 FH535: inhibits Wnt signaling	2.13	1	0	sulfonamide
sto 609 STO 609: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	naphthoic acid
blister blebbistatin: structure in first source. blebbistatin : A pyrroloquinoline that is 1,2,3,3a-tetrahydro-H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolin-4-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3a, a methyl group at position 6 and a phenyl group at position 1. It acts as an inhibitor of ATPase activity of non-muscle myosin II.	3.13	5	0	cyclic ketone; pyrroloquinoline; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	inhibitor
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	2.78	3	0
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	2.02	1	0	oligosaccharide
dimethyldithiocarbamate Dimethyldithiocarbamate: A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent.. dimethyldithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.	1.98	1	0	dithiocarbamate anions
ck-869 [no description available]	2.17	1	0
nefurthiazole nefurthiazole: structure	2.65	3	0	C-nitro compound; furans
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	4.96	37	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
sb 242084 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source	2.01	1	0
2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine 2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine: activates mGlu(5) receptors; structure in first source	3.79	10	0
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	2.4	2	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
mrs 1523 2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist	2.11	1	0
flavan-3-ol flavan-3-ol: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	3.52	8	0	quinoxaline derivative
primuline primuline: a fluorescent terbenzothiazole; do not confuse with a malvidin anthocyanin which sometimes uses a similar name; transported retrogradely through axons to the neuronal soma. primuline : An organic sodium salt having 2'-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methyl[2,6'-bi-1,3-benzothiazole]-7-sulfonate as the counterion.	4.51	24	0	organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2.44	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
alizarin red s Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.	5.33	12	0	organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt	histological dye
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	4.44	22	0
sew2871 SEW2871: structure in first source	2.49	2	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins	2.1	1	0
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.46	2	0	benzenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
sb 415286 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.49	2	0	C-nitro compound; maleimides; monochlorobenzenes; phenols; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	7.96	42	0
jhw 015 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	indolecarboxamide
am 281 AM 281: radioligand for cannabinoid CB1 receptors; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
am 630 iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	N-acylindole
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.95	4	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	2.04	1	0
sb 408124 SB 408124: a hypocretin receptor type 1 (HcrtR1) antagonist	2.46	2	0	organohalogen compound; quinolines
2-(2-(5-bromo-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(1-methylethoxyphenyl)-4-(3h)-quinazolinone 2-(2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(1-methylethoxyphenyl)-4-(3H)-quinazolinone: CCK2 receptor antagonist	2.08	1	0	quinazolines
digitoxigenin Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.. digitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).	2.05	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	3.85	11	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.9	4	0
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	2.96	4	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	3.47	7	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	5.81	34	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
bms-986122 BMS-986122: mu receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.	7.29	8	1	2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols	antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	3.82	11	0
tcn 201 [no description available]	2.31	1	0
jnj 7777120 1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
alsterpaullone alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; caprolactams; organic heterotetracyclic compound	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
pyrroloquinoline pyrroloquinoline: check to see if actually PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE (PQQ COFACTOR)	2.04	1	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.69	3	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene 1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene: reagent for determination of selenium in milk with gas chromatograph. 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine : The primary amino compound that is 1,2-phenylenediamine (o-phenylenediamine) substituted at the 4- (para-) position by a nitro group.	2.25	1	0	C-nitro compound; primary amino compound
3-hydroxychromone 3-hydroxychromone: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
iodoazomycin arabinoside iodoazomycin arabinoside: marker of tissue hypoxia; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	3.48	8	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
cinnamamide cinnamamide: structure in first source. cinnamamide : The simplest member of the class of cinnamamides that consists of acrylamide bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position.. trans-cinnamamide : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamamide.	7.17	1	0	cinnamamide
eupatilin eupatilin: isolated from Artemisia argyi. eupatilin : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-7 and methoxy groups at C-6, C-3' and C-4' respectively. Isolated from Citrus reticulata and Salvia tomentosa, it exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antineoplastic activities.	2.04	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; anti-ulcer drug; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; metabolite
catechin gallate catechin gallate: structure in first source. (+)-catechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3S)-hydroxy group of (+)-catechin.	2.03	1	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	metabolite
jtk-303 [no description available]	14.95	40	20	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
ku 55933 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	7.12	45	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	9.78	30	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2 Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.48	2	0	ubiquinones
bilirubin [no description available]	9.22	30	7	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	12.92	182	11	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	6.81	34	2	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.06	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sterigmatocystin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	sterigmatocystins	metabolite
12-oxophytodienoic acid 12-oxophytodienoic acid: structure given in first source; a jasmonate precursor that induces phytoalexin synthesis	2.76	3	0	carbocyclic fatty acid; olefinic fatty acid; oxo carboxylic acid
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	2.01	1	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3.57	8	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	6.19	9	1	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	6.75	18	1	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	6.88	25	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
psychosine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	glycosylsphingoid	human metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	3.14	5	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	16	86	12
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	3.83	11	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.47	2	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	10.03	49	3	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	3.61	9	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	4.01	14	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
prostaglandin f2beta prostaglandin F2beta: RN given refers to (5Z,9 beta,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer. prostaglandin F2beta : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is the 9beta-hydroxy epimer of prostaglandin F2alpha.	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins Fbeta	human metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.43	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	2.9	4	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
luteolin-7-glucoside luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.1	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
rosin rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.	3.8	3	0
chrysoeriol chrysoeriol: isolated from leaves of Eurya japonica & E. emarginata. 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone : The 3'-O-methyl derivative of luteolin.	2.02	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
apigetrin apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.1	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alprostadil [no description available]	5.09	14	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	2.02	1	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	2.1	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.51	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	6.39	12	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	3.16	5	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	3.41	7	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	3.6	9	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	2.41	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
prostaglandin a2 prostaglandin A2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer	2.89	4	0	prostaglandins A	human metabolite
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin d2 9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin D2: has potent antineoplastic & weak smooth muscle contracting activities; structure given in first source. prostaglandin J2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins J that consists of prosta-5,9,13-trien-1-oic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 11 and a hydroxy group at position 15 (the 5Z,13E,15S stereoisomer).	5.63	24	0	prostaglandins J	human metabolite
9-deoxy-9,10-didehydro-12,13-didehydro-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin d2 9-deoxy-9,10-didehydro-12,13-didehydro-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin D2: PGD2 metabolite in human plasma. 13,14-dihydro-Delta(12)-prostaglandin J2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins J that is prosta-5,9,12-trien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydsroxy substituents at positions 11 and 15 respectively (the 5Z,12E,15S-stereoisomer).	2.41	2	0	prostaglandins J; secondary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent
15-ketoprostaglandin f2alpha [no description available]	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins Falpha
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	4.49	5	1	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	3.46	1	1	thromboxane	human metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	2.02	1	0	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
senecionine senecionine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. senecionine : A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio.	2.11	1	0	lactone; pyrrolizidine alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	1.99	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	3.12	5	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	2.36	2	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	3.57	8	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	9.66	27	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	7.91	40	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	2.05	1	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	3.41	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
pyrantel pamoate Pyrantel Pamoate: Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.	2.69	3	0	organic molecular entity
pyrvinium pyrvinium: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms vanquin & vankin refer to pamoate[2:1]; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7810. pyrvinium : A quinolinium ion that is 1-methylquinolinium substituted by dimethylamino group at position 6 and a (E)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethenyl at position 2. It is a anthelminthic drug active against pinworms. The salts of pyrvinium can also be used as anticancer agents.	2.1	1	0	quinolinium ion	anthelminthic drug; antineoplastic agent
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	5.75	7	1	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	7.7	11	2	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
oxantel oxantel: oxyphenyl analog of pyrantel; RN given refers to (E)-isomer; synonym CP-14,445-16 refers to oxantel pamoate	2	1	0	styrenes
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	5.09	41	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
2-hexenal, z-isomer 2-hexenal: product of lipid peroxidation in the rat liver; a green odor chemical; do not confuse with the hexabarbital synonym, hexenal; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hexenal : A hexenal having the double bond at the 2-position.. (2E)-hexenal : A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.	2.75	3	0	2-hexenal	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	3.66	3	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	2.95	4	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
isobavachalcone isobavachalcone: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source. isobavachalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'.	2.03	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antibacterial agent; metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
azadirachtin azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).	3.02	4	0	acetate ester; azadirachtin; cyclic hemiketal; enoate ester; epoxide; methyl ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent
mezerein mezerein: toxic component of plant Daphne mezereum with anti-leukemic activity against P-388 & P-1210 in mice; can act as a tumor promoter; RN given refers to (12beta(E,E))-isomer; structure	2.37	2	0	diterpenoid
harman harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.	2.72	3	0	harmala alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	2.17	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
alpha-farnesene alpha-farnesene: structure given in first source. alpha-farnesene : A farnesene that is 1,3,6,10-tetraene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 respectively.. farnesene : A sesquiterpene that is any of the four possible isomers of 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene (alpha-farnesene) or of the two possible isomers of 7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene.	2	1	0	alpha-farnesene
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	5.33	3	1	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	2.05	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	3.14	5	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	6.4	12	1	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	2.98	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	2.03	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.07	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.74	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	3.56	8	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
quercetagetin quercetagetin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. quercetagetin : A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.17	1	0	flavonols; hexahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	2.02	1	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.42	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	2.05	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.75	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
riddelliine riddelliine: structure. riddelliine : A macrodiolide that is 13,19-didehydrosenecionan bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 12 and 18 as well as two additional oxo groups at positions 11 and 16.	2.11	1	0	macrodiolide; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; pyrrolizine alkaloid	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
seneciphylline seneciphylline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.11	1	0	pyrrolizine alkaloid
echinacoside echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity	2.11	1	0	oligosaccharide
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.73	3	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	2.73	3	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	3.56	1	1	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.41	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	4.22	5	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
ginkgolic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	3.98	12	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	4.5	5	1	homodetic cyclic peptide
prostaglandin a1 [no description available]	2.91	4	0	prostaglandins A
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	3.71	10	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
curacin a curacin A: RN refers to curacin A (the Z,E,E-isomer), the major lipid component of a strain of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula; structure given in first source	6.69	29	0	thiazoles
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.98	4	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
(e)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate: structure in first source. (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising (2E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.	2.41	1	0	prenol phosphate	epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; phosphoantigen
thiocillin thiocillin: closely related to microccin P; RN given refers to mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(Z)))-isomer	4.34	5	0	azamacrocycle; lactam
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	2.72	3	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
cinnamyl acetate cinnamyl acetate: structure in first source. cinnamyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of cinnamyl alcohol with acetic acid. Found in cinnamon leaf oil.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester	plant metabolite
cilnidipine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug
gefarnate Gefarnate: A water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue.	3.35	1	1	organic molecular entity
plaunotol plaunotol: RN refers to (Z,E,E)-isomer. plaunotol : A diterpenoid that is geranylgeraniol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 18.	3.16	1	0	diterpenoid; primary alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
geranylgeranylacetone geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).	3.16	1	0
travoprost Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.	2.44	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.58	2	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	3.75	3	0	stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	2.42	2	0	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	3.27	6	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	3	4	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	phosphatidylglycerol
n,n-dimethylsphingenine N,N-dimethylsphingosine: a sphingosine kinase inhibitor. N,N-dimethylsphingosine : A sphingoid that is sphingosine in which the two amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	3.44	7	0	aminodiol; sphingoid; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
ro 61-8048 [no description available]	6.15	39	0	C-nitro compound
tocotrienol, alpha alpha-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been found in palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis.	2.02	1	0	tocotrienol; vitamin E	ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
menatetrenone menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	2	1	0	menaquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.69	3	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	6.49	8	1
dinoprost tromethamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.01	1	0	cinnamic acids
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	2.38	2	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
fondaparinux Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.	8.58	15	1	amino sugar; oligosaccharide sulfate; pentasaccharide derivative	anticoagulant
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.04	1	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.	2.37	2	0
trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid having (10E,12Z)-configuration.	3.5	1	1	octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid
9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid 9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. 9-HODE : A HODE that consists of (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid with the hydroxy substituent located at position 9.	4.64	6	1	HODE; octadecadienoic acid	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: chemorepellant factor which maintains blood vessel wall thromboresistance; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer	4.49	5	1	octadecadienoic acid
12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid 12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.	3.84	2	1	ketone; prostaglandins Falpha	metabolite
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	1.96	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
17-phenyltrinorprostaglandin e2 17-phenyltrinorprostaglandin E2: an EP1 receptor agonist. 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is 18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin E2 in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.07	1	0	alicyclic ketone; beta-hydroxy ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; olefinic compound; oxo monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	human metabolite; prostaglandin receptor agonist
prostaglandin f2 isopropyl ester prostaglandin F2 isopropyl ester: has ocular hypotensive effect	1.96	1	0	prostanoid
prostaglandin f2 methyl ester prostaglandin F2 methyl ester: has ocular hypotensive effect; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	1.96	1	0	prostanoid
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	10.02	46	14	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	3.89	3	0	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide: 5-HPETE is used inconsistently in literature as syn for cpds with various tetraene locants; RN given refers to (6,8,11,14)-isomer; RN in CA Vol 91 Form Index for (E,Z,Z,Z)-isomer: 70968-82-0; RN for (5,8,11,13)-isomer: 71133-12-5; in Merck, arachidonic acid is the (5,8,11,14)-isomer. 5-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 5.	2.41	2	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-hexenal 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal: metabolite from senecionine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.73	3	0	fatty aldehyde
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.38	20	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
2,4-decadienal (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal : A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.	2.01	1	0	polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde	apoptosis inducer; nematicide
n-oleoylethanolamine N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.	2.02	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1	EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
ubiquinone 8 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	ubiquinones	biomarker
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	5.22	3	1
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	6.19	24	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
ceramide 1-phosphate ceramide 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid consisting of any ceramide phosphorylated at position 1. N-octadecanoylsphingosine 1-phosphate : A ceramide 1-phosphate that is the N-octadecananoyl (stearoyl) derivative of sphingosine.	1.99	1	0	N-acylsphingosine 1-phosphate
codeine [no description available]	5.52	9	2	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
amsonic acid amsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.46	2	0
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.44	2	0	hydrochloride
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	2.02	1	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.41	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.48	2	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	2.4	2	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
hydrocodone Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.	1.93	1	0	morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	2.15	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	4.37	3	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	3.11	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	2.63	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	5.69	19	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	5.87	2	2	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	11.65	42	4	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	4.54	4	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	4.24	4	0
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.44	2	0	cyclodextrin
6-methylpurine 6-methylpurine : Purine bearing a methyl substituent at position 6.	1.99	1	0	purines	EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	4.61	1	1	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a [no description available]	4.32	19	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	5.36	10	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
enacyloxin iia enacyloxin IIa: produced by Frateuria sp. W-315; structure given in first source	4.33	3	0
vitamin a acid ethylamide vitamin A acid ethylamide: ethylamide of all-trans B-retinoic acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
topiroxostat FYX-051: xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor	4.58	4	0
ic 261 IC 261: a caseine kinase-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
kh 1060 KH 1060: structure given in first source; a new 20-epi-vitamin D3 analog	2.01	1	0
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.	3.45	1	1	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	9.34	79	5	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
n-acetylglucosamine thiazoline N-acetylglucosamine thiazoline: an analog of the oxazolinium bicyclic intermediate leading from N-acetylglucosamine to 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid	5.46	19	0
3-methoxy-2-(2-styrylphenyl)propenic acid methyl ester 3-methoxy-2-(2-styrylphenyl)propenic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source; fluorescence inhibitor	2.69	3	0
pactamycin Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.	3.31	1	0
peridinin peridinin: structure	2.13	1	0
pyoverdin pyoverdin: a partly cyclic octapeptide linked to a chromophore, derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline, which confers color and fluorescence to the molecule; yellow-green pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; pyoverdin Pf from P. fluorescens; structure has been determined	5.08	41	0
su 5402 SU 5402: structure given in first source. SU5402 : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	2.02	1	0
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid 4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).	2	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor agonist; teratogenic agent
xylulose [no description available]	2.39	2	0	xylulose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)histamine 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)histamine: a selective histamine H1-receptor agonist	2.92	4	0
n-acetyl-4-aminomethyl-6-methoxy-9-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole N-acetyl-4-aminomethyl-6-methoxy-9-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole: a melatonin receptor agonist; (-)-isomer is more active than the (+)-isomer; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).	2.48	2	0	fatty amide; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; synthetic cannabinoid	CB1 receptor agonist; CB2 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	1.95	1	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
bibo 3457 BIBO 3304: BIBO-3457 is the inactive enantiomer	2.43	2	0
bimatoprost Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.01	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent
istradefylline [no description available]	2.25	1	0	oxopurine
cicaprost cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R,4R),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer	2.41	2	0	monoterpenoid
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.41	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
cloprostenol Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.	2.44	2	0	prostanoid
cp 99994 3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer	2.03	1	0
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	5.61	6	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	2.83	3	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
endomorphin 2 endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain	2.45	2	0
sb 277011 SB 277011: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	5.05	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
pd 180970 PD 180970: inhibits p210(Bcr-Abl) tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	3.55	2	0
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	3.64	2	0	organic molecular entity
gv 150013x GV 150013X: CCK-B receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.41	2	0	benzodiazepine
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.97	4	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
preclamol preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors	3.08	5	0
l 745870 3-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine: selective for D(4) receptors; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	piperazines
l 365260 L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively	3.62	9	0	benzodiazepine
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.	8.34	93	0	prostaglandins J	electrophilic reagent; insulin-sensitizing drug; metabolite
lacidipine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.45	2	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
enprostil Enprostil: A synthetic PGE2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. It has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.	3.5	2	0
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	3.74	10	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	5.77	11	0
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	4.63	27	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	2.07	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
ro 41-1049 Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source	6.2	44	0
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	7.09	8	1	phenylalanine derivative
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	1.97	1	0
11-dehydrocorticosterone 11-dehydrocorticosterone : An 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidised to give the corresponding ketone.	2.08	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	3.52	8	0
l796778 L796778: structure in first source. L-796,778 : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-{[(2S)-1-(4-nitroanilino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-D-norleucyl-L-lysine with methanol. It is a partial agonist of somatostatin subtype receptor 3 (Ki = 24 nM) that exhibits anticonvulsant effects.	2.01	1	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; L-lysine derivative; L-phenylalanine derivative; methyl ester; oligopeptide; secondary carboxamide; ureas	somatostatin receptor agonist
u 44069 U 44069: has contractile effect on rat pulmonary veins & arteries; a thromboxane-A2 mimetic	1.96	1	0	prostanoid
rioprostil Rioprostil: A synthetic methylprostaglandin E1 analog that reduces gastric acid secretion and enhances the gastric mucus-bicarbonate barrier. It is effective in the therapy of gastric ulcers and gives significant protection against NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage. The drug also prevents cyclosporin A-induced damage to endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretions. It shows a low order of acute toxicity and there is no evidence of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, or mutagenicity in animal studies.	1.97	1	0	aliphatic alcohol
sib 1893 SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.74	3	0
caulerpenyne caulerpenyne: from the marine algae Caulerpa taxifolia; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	2.42	2	0
cl 316243 disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source	2.96	4	0
silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source	5.56	5	3	indolecarboxamide
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	3.18	5	0	piperazines
su 6656 SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.	3.86	3	0
s 145 S 145: TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (+)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/88; S-1452 is the calcium hydrate form of S-145	1.99	1	0	monoterpenoid
sb 271046 SB 271046: 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid: metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood platelet suspension; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid	metabolite
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.72	3	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
casticin casticin: from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia; structure in second source. casticin : A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; tetramethoxyflavone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.17	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
cannabigerol cannabigerol: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. cannabigerol : A member of the class of resorcinols that is resorcinol which is substituted by a (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group at position 2 and by a pentyl group at position 5. It is a natural product found in Cannabis sativa and Helichrysum species.	2	1	0	phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antioxidant; appetite enhancer; cannabinoid receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
centaureidin centaureidin: structure given in first source; isolated from Tanacetum microphyllum, Brickellia veronicaefolia. centaureidin : A trihydroxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii and Athroisma proteiforme.	2.03	1	0	trihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	1.97	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
beta-farnesene beta-farnesene: structure given in first source	2	1	0	beta-farnesene
andrographolide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
icaritin icaritin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
icariin [no description available]	2.77	3	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one: isolated from the Chinese herb Scutellariae radix. oroxylin A : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.	2.46	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
quercetin 3-o-gentiobioside quercetin 3-O-gentiobioside: an antioxidant with hypoglycemic and anticholesteremic activities; structure in first source. quercetin 3-beta-gentiobioside : A quercetin O-glycoside in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 3 of quercetin has been replaced by a gentiobiosyl group.	2.25	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	Brassica napus metabolite
thebaine Thebaine: A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.93	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.41	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	3.88	11	0
erbstatin erbstatin: from actinomycetes; an inhibitor of EGF-receptor kinase & other protein-tyrosine kinases; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.5	2	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
bosutinib 4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	11.71	44	1	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; N-methylpiperazine; nitrile; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cb676475 CB676475: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	quinazolines
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.02	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
su 11248 [no description available]	11.6	33	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib [no description available]	3.12	4	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
jnj-7706621 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	sulfonamide
mitoguazone Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.	1.97	1	0	guanidines; hydrazone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	4.54	7	0
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.37	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
guttiferone a guttiferone A: antibacterial from Clusiaceae family; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
hemiasterlin hemiasterlin: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	5.65	5	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
sulindac sulfide sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.	2.44	2	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2.38	2	0
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.71	3	0
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.98	4	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
bw b70c BW B70C: arachidonic acid antagonist. BW B70C : A hydroxamic acid that is urea in which both the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by a hydroxy and a (1E)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl]but-1-en-3-yl group. A selective inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, it can be used for the treatment of asthma.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxamic acid; organofluorine compound; ureas	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
indanocine indanocine: a microtubule-binding indanone with antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	3.54	8	0	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
morantel Morantel: Antinematodal agent used mainly for livestock.	2	1	0
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	3.13	5	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	3.89	12	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	7.24	19	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.42	2	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	3.22	6	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
triphenyltin triphenyltin: triphenyltin derivatives widely used as pesticides; all of first source is triphenyltin cpds	3.14	5	0
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.39	2	0	alkali metal atom
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2.72	3	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	7.03	24	1	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	2.03	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	5.8	6	1	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	6.8	10	1	metal atom; pnictogen
levallorphan Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)	3.34	1	1	morphinane alkaloid
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.44	2	0	boron group element atom
alternariol alternariol: structure. alternariol : A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.	2.11	1	0	benzochromenone; phenols	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	8.98	40	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.7	3	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	4.04	4	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	5	3	3	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
dextrorphan Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.	2	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	2.08	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	3.65	9	0	boron group element atom
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	6.93	13	6	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
cefodizime cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	1.98	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.11	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2	1	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	4.32	3	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
batimastat batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.	2.43	2	0	hydroxamic acid; L-phenylalanine derivative; organic sulfide; secondary carboxamide; thiophenes; triamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	6.58	27	2	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	10.15	91	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.96	4	0
methyl oleate [no description available]	2.45	2	0	fatty acid methyl ester
2,3-oxidosqualene 2,3-oxidosqualene: an oxidized derivative of SQUALENE that can fold in several ways: chair-boat-chair-boat to LANOSTEROL; chair-chair-chair-boat to dammarane; or all chair to hopane and on to cycloartenol; RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer. 2,3-epoxysqualene : A squalene triterpenoid obtained by formal epoxidation across the 2,3 C=C bond of squalene.	2.02	1	0	epoxide; squalene triterpenoid
beta-damascenone beta-damascenone: from Ipomoea pes-caprea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; RN 23726-93-4 refers to beta-damascenone; structure given in first source. beta-damascenone : A cyclic monoterpene ketone that is 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene substituted at position 1 by a crotonoyl group.	2.01	1	0	apo carotenoid monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone; enone	fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
costunolide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
dicrotophos dicrotophos: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.17	1	0	dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
indole-3-acetaldoxime (E)-indol-3-ylacetaldehyde oxime : An indol-3-ylacetaldehyde oxime in which the oxime moiety has E configuration.	2.96	4	0	indol-3-ylacetaldehyde oxime
sorbicillin sorbicillin: RN given for (E,E)-isomer; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	phenols
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.93	4	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
2',4'-dihydroxychalcone 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
4,4'-dichlorochalcone 4,4'-dichlorochalcone: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
jaceosidin jaceosidin : A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone with hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' and methoxy groups at positions 3' and 6. Isolated from Salvia tomentosa and Artemisia asiatica, it exhibits anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis inducing activties.	2.15	1	0	dimethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	2	1	0	alkaloid
puerarin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
sanglifehrin a sanglifehrin A: binds cyclophilin A; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source	3.31	1	0
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	3.25	6	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	3.2	6	0
cytochalasin a [no description available]	2.43	2	0	cytochalasin
cytochalasin e cytochalasin E: structure	2.02	1	0	cytochalasan alkaloid	metabolite
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.	2.08	1	0	trichothecene	epitope; mycotoxin
nsc 600032 combretastatin A-1: from Combretum caffrum; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	2.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	3.68	9	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.72	3	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxyribose [no description available]	2.43	2	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	5.32	13	1	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phycocyanobilin phycocyanobilin: tetrapyrrole prosthetic group of phycocyanin protein. phycocyanobilin : A bilin that consists of 8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-18-ethyl-3-ethylidene-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydrobilin bearing two oxo substituents at positions 1 and 19.	2.08	1	0
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	2.37	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	12.76	265	6	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	5.6	13	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate: component B of the methylcoenzyme M methylreductase system of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	L-threonine derivative	coenzyme
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	6.49	14	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	3.21	5	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.88	4	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
benazeprilat benazeprilat: structure given in first source. benazeprilat : A benzazepine that is 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a carboxy methyl group and in which the 3-pro-S hydrogen is replaced by the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, it is used as its monoester prodrug benazepril in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.02	1	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	7.4	105	1
n-hydroxy-n'-aminoguanidine N-hydroxy-N'-aminoguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
amocarzine amocarzine : A thiourea resulting from the formal condensation of the secondary amino group of 1-methylpiperazine and the primary amino group of N-(4-nitrophenyl)benzene-1,4-diamine with carbonothioic O,O-acid.	5.53	13	0	C-nitro compound; N-methylpiperazine; secondary amino compound; thioureas	antinematodal drug
mofarotene mofarotene: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
panaxynol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	long-chain fatty alcohol
cystothiazole a cystothiazole A: a bithiazole-type antibiotic isolated from Cystobacter fuscus; structure in first source. cystothiazole A : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic that is 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted by an isopropyl group at position 2' and a 3,5,7-trimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl group at position 4 (the 2E,4R,5S,6E stereoisomer). It is isolated from the culture broth of myxobacterium, Cystobacter fuscus, and exhibits antifungal and cytotoxic activity.	3.52	8	0	1,3-thiazoles; biaryl; enoate ester; enol ether; methyl ester; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
callystatin a callystatin A: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	diterpenoid
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2.01	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan 1,5-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)formazan: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	1.99	1	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.	7.13	6	1	amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor
sarcodictyin a sarcodictyin A: structure in first source	2.69	3	0
pradimicin a pradimicin A: from actinomycete strain No. P157-2; has inhibitory effect against HIV in vitro; structure given in first source. pradimicin A : A member of the class of pradimicins that is isolated from the cultured broth of Actinomadura hibisca No. P157-2 (ATCC 53557).	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic acid; disaccharide derivative; L-alanine derivative; p-quinones; polyphenol; pradimicin; secondary alcohol
phytochlorin phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source	2.49	2	0
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	isoquinolines
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
benzoporphyrin d benzoporphyrin D: C42H44N4O8, MW 732.821	2.03	1	0
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.74	3	0
n-methylnaloxone N-methylnaloxone: quaternary derivative of naloxone	2.06	1	0
6-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1h,4h)-quinoxalinedione 6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedione: inhibits AMPA receptor binding; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine 3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine: potent inhibitor of endogenous respiration of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; RN given refers to iodide; RN for parent cpd not in Chemline 10/24/83; structure	1.96	1	0
talaporfin Talaporfin: effective tumor localizer that brings about the selective degradation of tumor tissue following light exposure; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
l 643441 L 643441: structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	4.37	4	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
cgp 52608 CGP 52608: structure given in first source	4.65	27	0	thiazolidinone
cefetamet cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.	2.02	1	0	cephalosporin
centaurein centaurein: isolated from Centaurea corcubionensis; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
glucose-cysteine glucose-cysteine: RN refers to (D-glucose-L-Cys)-isomer	2.03	1	0
oxyhyponitrite oxyhyponitrite: nitrosating agent; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent acid	2.43	2	0
ochnaflavone ochnaflavone: from Lonicera japonica; structure given in first source. ochnaflavone : A biflavonoid with an ether linkage between the B-rings of the apigenin and luteolin subunits. It has been isolated from several members of the Ochnaceae plant family.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiatherogenic agent; antibacterial agent; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; plant metabolite
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
vx680 [no description available]	5.78	11	0	N-arylpiperazine
n'-((1e)-(4-(diethylamino)phenyl)methylene)-4-hydroxybenzohydrazide N'-((1E)-(4-(diethylamino)phenyl)methylene)-4-hydroxybenzohydrazide: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
n-acetylsphingosine N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.	3.11	5	0	N-acylsphingosine
docosapentaenoic acid docosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C22 fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosapentaenoic acid : The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.	2.07	1	0	docosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0	isoquinolines
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
bafilomycin a [no description available]	3.81	3	0
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	1.99	1	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	3.75	10	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
n-caproylsphingosine N-(hexanoyl)sphing-4-enine : An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.	2.48	2	0	N-acylsphingosine
3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine 3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine: a fluorescent probe	2.72	3	0
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.	2.41	2	0	Cy5 dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	5.21	48	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	2.07	1	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.69	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
n-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-alanyl-alanyl-phenylalanine-4-aminobenzoate N-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-alanyl-alanyl-phenylalanine-4-aminobenzoate: inhibitor of Endopeptidase-24.15	1.99	1	0
deglycobleomycin [no description available]	2.01	1	0
viroxime [no description available]	2.08	1	0
3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone: RN given refers to parent cpd	5.19	49	0
apaziquone apaziquone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	2.02	1	0	indoles
2-(2-chloroacetamidothiazol-4-yl)-(z)-2-methoxyiminoacetic acid 2-(2-chloroacetamidothiazol-4-yl)-(Z)-2-methoxyiminoacetic acid: starting material in SCE-1365 synthesis; structure in first source	1.96	1	0
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	2.02	1	0
zearalenol zearalenol: RN given refers to (3S-(3R,7S,11E))-isomer	2.04	1	0
5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,4-pentadienal [no description available]	2.05	1	0
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one 6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2	2.01	1	0	naphthalenes
nitroblue formazan nitroblue formazan: RN from CA Index Guide 1982-1986	1.97	1	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.63	3	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
c.i. fluorescent brightening agent 28 4,4'-bis({4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid : An organosulfonic acid comprising stilbene having 4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino groups at the 4 and 4'-positions and sulfo groups at the 2- and 2'-positions.	2.1	1	0
kresoxim-methyl kresoxim-methyl: strobilurin analogue; an industrial fungicide. kresoxim-methyl : A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; oxime O-ether	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
aurachin d aurachin D: extracted from myxobacterium, Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15; MF: C25-H33-N-O; MW: 363; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	4.61	8	0
monorden monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II	2.71	3	0	cyclic ketone; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antifungal agent; metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
coomassie brilliant blue [no description available]	2.79	3	0
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
mastoparan [no description available]	1.99	1	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
ro 42-5892 remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).	3.5	2	0	cyclopropanes; diol; L-histidine derivative; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor; peptidomimetic; vasodilator agent
saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.	1.97	1	0	oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	5.44	24	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
lasiocarpine lasiocarpine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1S-(1alpha(Z),7(2S,3R),7aalpha))-isomer; structure	2.11	1	0	pyrrolizines
apratoxin a apratoxin A: a potent cytotoxin with a novel skeleton, has been isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula Harvey ex Gomont; structure in first source. apratoxin A : An aprotoxin having the common aprotoxin cyclodepsipeptide skeleton where the isoleucyl residue carries an N-methyl substituent and the side-chain adjacent to the lactone is tert-butyl.	4.27	5	0	1,3-thiazoles; apratoxin	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.06	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	5.8	29	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.	2.45	2	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.74	3	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
boron oxide boron oxide: RN given refers to B2O3	2.11	1	0	boron oxide
radium Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.	3.17	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	6.1	9	1
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	2.01	1	0	organic anion
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture	3.76	2	1
cefovecin cefovecin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
clinoptilolite clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF	2.49	2	0
aminopropylsilane [no description available]	2.02	1	0
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	4.24	5	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine: RN given refers to 3H-labeled parent cpd	3.36	7	0
n-desmethyltamoxifen N-desmethyltamoxifen: main metabolite of tamoxifen; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	1.98	1	0	stilbenoid
psammaplin a psammaplin A: isolated from marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in second source	2.21	1	0
diacetylmonoxime diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.	3.62	9	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	5.26	50	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	8.2	141	0	amidobenzoic acid
cyc 116 4-methyl-5-(2-(4-morpholinophenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)thiazol-2-amine: an aurora kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.34	6	0
pyrachlostrobin pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.	2.89	3	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; carbanilate fungicide; methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester 5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
imidafenacin imidafenacin: structure in first source	5.66	4	4	diarylmethane
neramexane [no description available]	2.03	1	0
robenacoxib robenacoxib: an NSAID, COX-2 inhibitor, and analgesic. robenacoxib : An aromatic amino acid that is 2-amino-5-ethylphenylacetic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl group. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor that is used in veterinary medicine for the relief of pain and inflammation in cats and dogs.	6.1	6	5	aromatic amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; phenylacetic acids; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
s-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine: RN given refers to (L-Cys)-isomer; structure given in first source. S-(cis-1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine : An S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in which the dichlorovinyl group has cis- (Z-) geometry.	1.97	1	0	S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine
quaternium-15 quaternium-15 : A quaternary ammonium salt derived from hexamethylenetetramine; used as a preservative in many cosmetics and industrial substances. Also acts as a disinfectant and allergenic agent.	4.24	5	0
hygromycin a hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B	1.98	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid	metabolite
bongkrekic acid Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.	2.71	3	0	ether; olefinic compound; tricarboxylic acid	apoptosis inhibitor; ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; toxin
ascofuranone ascofuranone: structure. ascofuranone : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde which is substituted by a (2E,6E)-7-[(2S)-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-3-methylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group at position 3, chlorine at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6. A meroterpenoid produced by the soil fungus, Acremonium sclerotigenum. It is a promising drug candidate against the tropical disease, African trypanosomiasis.	2.04	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde; meroterpenoid; monochlorobenzenes; olefinic compound; resorcinols; sesquiterpenoid; tetrahydrofuranone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	1.99	1	0
avermectin b(1)a avermectin B(1)a: RN given refers to avermectin B(1)a; see also avermectins & demethylavermectins	1.95	1	0	avermectin
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.1	1	0
ozolinone ozolinone: active metabolite of etozolin; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; structure in first source	6.97	24	1
pranidipine pranidipine: structure given in UD 37:228m	3.09	1	0
piroxicam cinnamate piroxicam cinnamate: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	cinnamate ester
ralitoline [no description available]	4.98	7	0
cinalukast cinalukast: structure given in first source; orally active LTD4 antagonist; an anti-asthmatic agent. cinalukast : 2,2-Diethylsuccinanilic acid substituted at a meta- position by an (E)-2-(4-cyclobutyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)ethenyl group. It selectively antagonizes leukotriene D4 at the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, in the human airway, preventing airway edema, smooth muscle contraction, and enhanced secretion of thick, viscous mucus. It is used in the treatment of asthma.	5.26	12	1	1,3-thiazoles; carboxylic acid	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
nitrocefin nitrocefin: chromogenic cephalosporin used for detection of beta-lactamase activity; Cefinase is name for nitrocefin on paper disc; RN given refers to (6R-(3(E),6 alpha,7 beta))-isomer; structure for mono-Na salt in second source	2.41	2	0
latrunculin b latrunculin B: 14-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin A; structure given in first source. latrunculin B : A macrolide consisting of a 14-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica.	8.39	236	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.96	4	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
aminoethoxyvinylglycine aminoethoxyvinylglycine: RN given for (S-(E))-isomer	2.04	1	0
carboprostacyclin carboprostacyclin: potent stable prostacyclin analog which inhibits platelet aggretation; do not confuse with carboprost (15-methyl-PGF2alpha); RN given refers to (3aS-(2Z,3aalpha,4alpha(1E,R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	3.11	5	0	prostanoid
ethyldeshydroxysparsomycin ethyldeshydroxysparsomycin: structure given in first source; RN for (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer	1.98	1	0
diniconazole diniconazole: structure given in first source. diniconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diniconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including mildew, bunts and smuts.. (1E)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol substituted at position 1 by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.13	1	0	dichlorobenzene; olefinic compound; secondary alcohol; triazoles
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	3.85	12	0	1,2-diglyceride
involucrin involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor	2.74	3	0
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.	2.39	2	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
myxothiazol myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.	10	265	0
rhizoxin rhizoxin: from Rhizopus chinensis; causal agent of rice seedling blight; structure given in first source. rhizoxin : An macrolide antibiotic isolated from the pathogenic plant fungus Rhizopus microsporus. It also exhibits antitumour and antimitotic activity.	2.02	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	2.71	3	0
mucidin mucidin: produced by basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida; strobilurin A produced by wood rot fungus Strobilurus tenacellus;. mucidin : An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E,3Z,5E)-2-(methoxymethylene)-3-methyl-6-phenylhexa-3,5-dienoic acid.	5.02	13	0	enoate ester; enol ether	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite
pectenotoxin 2 pectenotoxin 2: isolated from the marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	polycyclic ether; spiroketal	marine metabolite
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid 2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2	1	0
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2	1	0	phosphatidylethanolamine
piericidin a piericidin A: pyridine-substituted fatty alcohol antibiotic; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search ANTIBIOTICS (75-85); RN given refers to (S-(R,R-(all-E)))-isomer. piericidin A : A member of the class of monohydroxypyridines that acts as an irreversible mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor that strongly associates with ubiquinone binding sites in both mitochondrial and bacterial forms of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; secondary allylic alcohol	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.6.5.3 [NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)] inhibitor; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
n-(2-hydroxyethyl)retinamide N-(2-hydroxyethyl)retinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
kt 362 KT 362: structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidine)quinolinium, tetraiodide 1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN refers to the tetraiodide compound	3.78	11	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
concanamycin a concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.	4.23	5	0	carbamate ester; concanamycin	antifungal agent; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-(beta)(2-(di-n-butylamino)-6-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium betaine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
manumycin manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source. manumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.	2.02	1	0	enamide; epoxide; organic heterobicyclic compound; polyketide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol	antiatherosclerotic agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; marine metabolite
volkensin volkensin: a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein; 1569-bp ORF (523 amino acid residues) without introns, with an internal linker sequence of 45 bp; from roots of Adenia volkensii Harms (kilyambiti plant); contains two free cysteinyl residues out of 14 derived from the gene sequence	2.03	1	0
igmesine [no description available]	2.4	2	0
thiazole orange thiazole orange: structure given in first source. thiazole orange : A cyanine dye comprising the thiazole orange cation [1-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl]quinolinium] with the p-tosylate counterion.	8.76	99	2	cyanine dye	fluorochrome
bwa 4c [no description available]	2.38	2	0
ono 4057 ONO-LB 457: LTB4 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
thermozymocidin thermozymocidin: a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor; FTY720 is an analog	2.45	2	0	alpha-amino fatty acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sphingoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
epiderstatin epiderstatin: structure given in first source; isolated from Streptomyces pulveraceus subsp. epiderstagenes; inhibits mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor	1.98	1	0
5-phenylpent-4-enyl-1-hydroperoxide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
oudemansin oudemansin: strong antifungal properties & inhibits respiration in fungi, cells of ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma & rat liver mitochondria; structure; biological activity depends on methoxyacrylate moiety	4.51	4	0	styrenes
4-o-carboxymethylascochlorin 4-O-carboxymethylascochlorin: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha(2E,4E),2beta,6beta))-isomer	2.01	1	0
aurachin c aurachin C: extracted from myxobacterium, Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15; MF: C25-H33-N-O2; MW: 379; structure given in first source. aurachin C : A C-type aurachin that is quinolin-4-one which is substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 1, a methyl group at position 2, and a triprenyl group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	C-type aurachin; hydroxylamines; organic heterobicyclic compound; quinolone	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.8.5.4 (sulfide:quinone reductase) inhibitor
1,1'-dipropyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
mci 826 MCI 826: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist; inhibits late asthmatic response; structure in first source	3.59	9	0
1,1'-(4,4,7,7-tetramethyl-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium 1,1'-(4,4,7,7-tetramethyl-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: cpd is non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN given refers to the tetraiodide cpd	6.66	54	1	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
yo-pro 1 oxazole yellow: structure in first source. Yo-Pro-1 : An unsymmetrical C1 cyanine dye having 1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl and quinolinium-4-yl substituents.	2.92	4	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	fluorochrome
tfc 612 TFC 612: prevents decrease in motor nerve conduction velocity in streptozocin-diabetic rats; derivative of thiaprostaglandin E1; has antinephritic effects	1.97	1	0
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor	2.04	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
n-iodoallyl-2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane N-iodoallyl-2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane: a SPECT imaging agent for viewing dopamine transporter sites; structure in first source	2.84	3	0	azabicycloalkane
disufenton sodium disufenton sodium: a nitrone benzene bissulfonate in development for stroke; has neuroprotective activity; structure in first source	3.13	1	0
riddelliine n-oxide riddelliine N-oxide: structure given in first source; from Riddell groundsel (Senecio riddellii). riddelliine N-oxide : A pyrrolizine alkaloid that is 13,19-didehydrosenecionane bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 12 and 18, two additional oxo groups at positions 11 and 16 and an N-oxido substituent.	2.11	1	0	diol; macrocyclic lactone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; primary alcohol; pyrrolizine alkaloid; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amine oxide	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; Jacobaea metabolite; mutagen; rat metabolite
tolytoxin tolytoxin: from three species of Scytonema; structure given in first source	2	1	0	diterpene lactone
goniothalamin goniothalamin: has antineoplastic activity; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
bacteriochlorophylls Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.	1.95	1	0
strobilurin b strobilurin B: structure given in first source; biological activity depends on methoxyacrylate activity. strobilurin B : An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E,3Z,5E)-6-(4-chloro-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methoxymethylene)-3-methylhexa-3,5-dienoic acid.	1.96	1	0	enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
rhodoquinone rhodoquinone: methoxy group of ubiquinone substituted with amino group; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin f2alpha 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin F2alpha: RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer	1.96	1	0
everolimus [no description available]	8.75	18	1	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	3.71	9	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
mycothiazole mycothiazole: from Cacospongia mycofijiensis; structure in first source	3.44	7	0	thiazoles	metabolite
4,5-epoxy-2-heptenal [no description available]	2.02	1	0	enal
ratjadone ratjadone: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
ci 987 CI 987: structure in first source	2.41	2	0
mkt 077 MKT 077: structure given in first source	8.59	39	2
laq824 LAQ824: Histone deacetylase inhibitor	2.01	1	0
ixabepilone [no description available]	6.02	8	1	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
rosiglitazone-metformin combination rosiglitazone-metformin combination: a combination of metformin and rosiglitazone used for treating type 2 diabetes	12.88	31	14
ym 461 YM 461: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	3.08	5	0
u 75302 U 75302: RN refers to (R-(R,S-(E,Z)))-isomer; leukotriene B4 antagonist	2.07	1	0
concanamycin f concanamycin F: from Streptomyces sp. A1509; inhibitor of lysosomal acidification; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
trisialoganglioside gt1 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
ganglioside, gd2 [no description available]	2.76	3	0
zy 17617b CGS 9343B: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
axitinib [no description available]	5.29	3	1	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
cgp-56697 Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.	2.05	1	0
ibutamoren mesylate ibutamoren mesylate: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source	2.92	1	0
ovatodiolide ovatodiolide: from Anisomeles indica; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.74	3	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.	1.97	1	0	galactosylceramide sulfate; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
l 744832 L 744832: a CaaX peptidomimetic; a specific farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitor; structure given in first source. L-744,832 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(2S,3S)-2-{[(2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropyl]amino}-3-methylpentyl]oxy}-3-phenylpropanoic acid with the amino group of propan-2-yl (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfonyl)butanoate. It is a farnesyltransferase inhibitor that exhibits anticancer properties.	1.99	1	0	benzenes; ether; isopropyl ester; secondary carboxamide; sulfone; thiol	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; geroprotector
rilpivirine [no description available]	3.6	2	0	aminopyrimidine; nitrile	EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
technetium tc 99m pyrophosphate Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate: A radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. It has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities.	3.63	2	0
glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate [no description available]	3.12	1	0
cyclosporin g cyclosporin G: similar immunosuppressive actions as cyclosporin, but without nephrotoxic side effects; cyclosporin A analog; MW 1217	1.99	1	0
opc-67683 OPC-67683: an antitubercular agent	2.15	1	0	piperidines
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	3.16	5	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
fm1 43 FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source	2.42	2	0	organic bromide salt; pyridinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt; tertiary amine	fluorochrome
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.43	2	0
ix 207-887 IX 207-887: inhibits the release of IL-1alpha & beta from cultured murine macrophages or human mononuclear cells	1.99	1	0
gw 1929 GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source	3.1	5	0	benzophenones
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.	2.01	1	0	carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; prodrug
aurone [no description available]	2.47	2	0	aurones; cyclic ketone
beta-escin [no description available]	4.68	27	0
4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
l-165041 4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.	4.86	10	0	aromatic ketone
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.7	3	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	4.83	6	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
methiazole methiazole: a parasitostatic agent	2.03	1	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
am 404 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	anilide
sb 218795 SB 218795: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	quinolines
ro 25-6981 Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.	2.07	1	0	benzenes; phenols; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
sb 269970 SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	sulfonamide
sb 334867-a 1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist	2.44	2	0	naphthyridine derivative
lactacystin [no description available]	3.13	5	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
tubacin tubacin: inhibits histone deacetylase 6; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	1,3-oxazoles
gw 610 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.77	3	0
hoe 777 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	3.53	2	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
ispinesib [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzamides
6-hydroxybenzothiazide-2-sulfonamide 6-hydroxybenzothiazide-2-sulfonamide: structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
peplomycin Peplomycin: An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.	2.4	2	0	glycopeptide
6 beta-hydroxycortisol 6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.	2.41	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 6beta-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; probe
androst-16-en-3-one androst-16-en-3-one: boar taint steroid; RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one : An androstanoid that is 5alpha-androst-16-ene substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It is a steroid pheromone found in high concentrations in the saliva of male pigs,.	2.17	1	0	3-oxo steroid; androstanoid	mammalian metabolite; pheromone
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.75	3	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	4.59	8	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	9.76	26	2	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
platensimycin platensimycin: has antidiabetic and antisteatotic activities; a pentacyclic ketolide (structurally similar to adamantane) connected by an amide bond to 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; inhibits cellular lipid biosynthesis; discovered while screening compounds from Streptomyces platensis bacteria in a South African soil sample with S. aureus bacteria deficient in FabF protein; structure in first source. platensimycin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the oxatetracyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.	3.31	1	0	aromatic amide; cyclic ether; cyclic ketone; dihydroxybenzoic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; polycyclic cage	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.7	10	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
mdl 201053 MDL 201053: Immunosuppressive Agent; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
fumagillin [no description available]	2.99	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
rosaprostol rosaprostol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	prostanoid
tiapamil hydrochloride Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.	2.39	2	0
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	2.13	1	0	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
bufogenin bufogenin: respiratory stimulant; from toad; structure. bufogenin : A steroid lactone of Chan su (toad venom), a Chinese medicine obtained from the skin venom gland of toads. A specific Na/K-ATPase protein inhibitor, it is used as a cardiotonic and central nervous system (CNS) respiratory agent, an analgesic and anesthetic, and as a remedy for ulcers.	2.13	1	0	epoxy steroid; steroid lactone	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
morpholinoanthracycline mx2 morpholinoanthracycline MX2: structure given in first source	2	1	0
cilofungin cilofungin: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin; a modified form of Echinocandin B; antimycotic agent against Candida albicans. cilofungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus spp. By inhibiting the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, it invades a fungus' ability to synthesize cell walls. A modified form of echinocandin B, it is an antimycotic agent against Candida albicans.	1.97	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
u 62840 U 62840: stereoisomeric benzindene prostaglandin analog; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; human blood serum metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent; vitamin K antagonist
fce 22891 FCE 22891: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	2.31	1	0	organic molecular entity
d-phenylalanyl-cysteinyl-tyrosyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-cysteinyl-threoninamide TT2-32: induces a biphasic activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity in human colon tumor cell line, SW620	2	1	0
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	2.75	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
hexarelin hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6	3.33	2	0
vilazodone hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
soblidotin soblidotin: a dolastatin 10 derivative; RN refers to (2S-(1(1R(R),2S),2R(1S,2S)))-isomer; structure given in first source. soblidotin : A tetrapeptide derivative of dolastatin 10. It is an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization which exhibits potent antitumor activity.	3.82	3	0	tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-destabilising agent
eleutherobin eleutherobin: structure in first source	4.35	6	0
beta-elemene beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.	2.03	1	0	beta-elemene	antineoplastic agent
pd 184352 2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source	4.14	3	1	aminobenzoic acid
isavuconazole isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.	5.13	5	0	1,3-thiazoles; conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor; orphan drug
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
jwh-133 1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.	2.05	1	0	benzochromene; dibenzopyran; organic heterotricyclic compound	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; CB2 receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; vasodilator agent
fesoterodine fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder	8.84	17	2	diarylmethane
relacatib relacatib: a cathepsin K inhibitor; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
bay 44-4400 Bay 44-4400: a semisynthetic derivative of anthelminitic cyclodepsipeptide; PF1022A. emodepside : A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.	2.46	2	0	cyclooctadepsipeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antinematodal drug
6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)thio-1-(thiazol-2-yl)-6,7-dihydro-2-benzothiophen-4(5h)-one 6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)thio-1-(thiazol-2-yl)-6,7-dihydro-2-benzothiophen-4(5H)-one: a GABA-A alpha5 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source	3.8	3	0
hti-286 HTI-286: a synthetic analog of the tripeptide hemiasterlin; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
sb 399885 SB 399885: 5-HT6 receptor antagonist	2.76	3	0
sk-7041 SK-7041: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
valopicitabine valopicitabine: prodrug of 2'-C-methylcytidine; an anti-hepatitis C virus agent; structure in first source	3.15	1	0
on 01910 ON 01910: a Plk1 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine : A glycine derivative that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is substituted by a 2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl group.. rigosertib : An N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine in which the double bond has E-configuration. It is a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of PLK1 with an IC50 of 9 nM and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	2.07	1	0	N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor; microtubule-destabilising agent
kmi-420 KMI-420: a protease inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
xct790 XCT790: structure in first source	5.25	46	0	cinnamamides
yc137 YC137: small molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2; structure in first source	3.33	6	0
5-((4-prop-2-ynylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)quinolin-8-ol 5-((4-prop-2-ynylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)quinolin-8-ol: InChIKey JWUOZHTYFQHGAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N	2.05	1	0
panobinostat Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.	4.8	5	0	cinnamamides; hydroxamic acid; methylindole; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	6.36	4	2	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
tryptophanol tryptophanol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0
leucyl-phenylalanine Leu-Phe : A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and L-phenylalanine residues.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
bromopyruvate [no description available]	8.33	6	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	8.08	65	0	ammonium ion derivative
n-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(6-phenylpyridazin-3-ylthio)acetamide N-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(6-phenylpyridazin-3-ylthio)acetamide: a KCC2 cotransporter antagonist	4	12	0	pyridazines; ring assembly
bufalin bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.	2.46	2	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid	animal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; cardiotonic drug
1-deoxy-2-pentulose [no description available]	1.96	1	0	deoxypentose	Escherichia coli metabolite
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	2.76	3	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	3.24	6	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
labdane labdane: from Croton joufra; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	4.16	3	1	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	5.73	19	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	7.7	3	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	6.97	95	0
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	5.92	4	2	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
aldicarb sulfoxide aldicarb sulfoxide: metabolite of aldicarb	2.17	1	0
aldicarb Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.	3.04	4	0
aldicarb sulfone aldicarb sulfone: metabolite of aldicarb	2.17	1	0	sulfone
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	3.41	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone: a neuroprotective agent; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
gs-7340 tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	7.45	5	3	6-aminopurines; ether; isopropyl ester; L-alanine derivative; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
pymetrozine pymetrozine: an anti-feedant against aphids, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers. pymetrozine : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.	3.03	4	0	1,2,4-triazines; pyridines	antifeedant; environmental contaminant; TRPV channel modulator; xenobiotic
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	3.36	2	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
furapyrimidone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
triacsin c triacsin C: from Streptomyces No. 1228; structure given in first source; an acyl-CoA synthetase antagonist. triacsin C : A nitroso compound that is N-undecylnitrous hydrazide carrying double bonds at positions 1,2,4, and 7. It is a long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase inhibitor and interferes with lipid metabolism by inhibiting the de novo synthesis of glycerolipids and cholesterol esters.	3.11	5	0	hydrazone; nitroso compound; olefinic compound	antimalarial; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.1.64 (retinoid isomerohydrolase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
n-acetylglucosaminono-1,5-lactone o-(phenylcarbamoyl)oxime N-acetylglucosaminono-1,5-lactone O-(phenylcarbamoyl)oxime: structure given in first source	4.25	5	0
st 1481 ST 1481: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
oxamyl oxamyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0
6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde o-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime: a constitutive androstane receptor agonist; structure in first source	4.78	29	0
s-allylcysteine S-allylcysteine: structure in first source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. S-allylcysteine : An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.	2.03	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
fpl 15896ar [no description available]	2.25	1	0
3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)piperidine 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)piperidine: an excitatory amino acid antagonist	4.29	17	0
iniparib [no description available]	1.98	1	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
2-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid 2-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid: designed to modify the lipid organization of the membrane. 2-hydroxyoleic acid : A 2-hydroxy fatty acid that is oleic acid which carries a hydroxy group at position 2. It is an orally bioavailable synthetic hydroxylated fatty acid which modulates the lipid content of cancer cell membranes and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in several cancer cell lines.	2.07	1	0	2-hydroxy fatty acid; hydroxy monounsaturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid	antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
bn82002 BN82002: inhibitor of CDC25 phosphatases; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
l 745337 L 745337: a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2	2	1	0
r 115866 R 115866: structure in first source. talarozole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-talarozole. It is used for the treatment of keratinization disorders, psoriasis and acne.. N-{4-[2-ethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl]phenyl}-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 2-amino-1,3-benzothiazole in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 4-[2-ethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl]phenyl group.	2.41	2	0	aromatic amine; benzothiazoles; secondary amino compound; triazoles
desvenlafaxine succinate Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.06	1	0
win 51708 WIN 51708: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0
gw 501516 GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source. GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.	15.2	224	5	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	carcinogenic agent; PPARbeta/delta agonist
nsc 710305 Phortress: structure in first source	4.24	5	0
az 11645373 AZ 11645373: InChIKey: VQEHBLGYANQWEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N	3.88	11	0
epothilone e epothilone E: structure in first source	3.26	6	0
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	2.76	3	0
y-39983 Y-39983: SNJ-1656 is an ophthalmic solution of Y-39983; ROCK (rho kinase) inhibitor, promotes regeneration of crushed axons of retinal ganglion cells; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	pyrrolopyridine
dolastatin 10 dolastatin 10: from mollusk Dolabella auricularia; contains four amino acids, dolavaline, dolaisoleucine, dolaproine, valine and the primary amine dolaphenine; deo-dolastatin 10 is a new dolastatin 10 chiral derivative with MW of 784. dolastatin 10 : A tetrapeptide that is isolated from the sea hare Dolabella auricularia. It is a potent anticancer agent which inhibits tubulin polymerization.	3.53	8	0	1,3-thiazoles; tetrapeptide	animal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; marine metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
biie 0246 BIIE 0246: a neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
cp 547632 3-(4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzyloxy)-5-(3-(4-pyrrolidin-1-ylbutyl)ureido)isothiazole-4-carboxylic acid amide: inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	4.73	2	1
n,n'-((5-(2-amino-5-(2-methylpropyl)-4-thiazolyl)-2-furanyl)phosphinylidene)bis(alanine) diethyl ester N,N'-((5-(2-amino-5-(2-methylpropyl)-4-thiazolyl)-2-furanyl)phosphinylidene)bis(alanine) diethyl ester: structure in first source	2.97	4	0
copper(i) triflate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
bms345541 4(2'-aminoethyl)amino-1,8-dimethylimidazo(1,2-a)quinoxaline: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
n-phenacylthiazolium bromide N-phenacylthiazolium bromide: structure given in first source	6.33	20	0
1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)indazole-3-carbohydrazide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
pnu 200577 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine: a metabolite of tolterodine	2.88	3	0	diarylmethane
s 16924 S 16924: structure in first source	2.7	3	0
abiraterone acetate Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.	3.17	1	0	pyridines; sterol ester	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor; prodrug
euk-134 EUK-134: antioxidant; structure in first source	2.45	2	0
kb r7943 2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
sipoglitazar sipoglitazar: an antidiabetic agent	5.64	6	3
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	3.18	5	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
nikkomycin [no description available]	2.42	2	0
noviflumuron noviflumuron: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; organofluorine compound
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	6.5	18	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
abt 299 ABT 299: converted in vivo to A-85783.0; a platelet activating factor antagonist; structure in first source	5.32	7	2
omacor Omacor: a drug containing the n-3 fatty acids that corrects plasma lipid; antiarrhthymic	3.47	1	1
jasplakinolide jasplakinolide: cyclodepsipeptide isolated from marine sponge Jaspis; active against Candida; RN refers to 2S-(2R,4E,6S,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source. jaspamide : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.	7.48	67	0	cyclodepsipeptide; phenols	actin polymerisation inducer; animal metabolite; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; marine metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ro 19-3704 Ro 19-3704: platelet activating factor antagonist	3.92	13	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	4.02	14	0	oligopeptide
efavirenz, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: Inhibitor of reverse transcriptases or of RNA-directed DNA polymerases.	6.1	3	2
flonicamid flonicamid: an insecticide; structure in first source. flonicamid : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide substituted by a trifluoromethyl group at position 4 and a cyanomethyl group at the carbamoyl nitrogen atom.	2.81	3	0	nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyridinecarboxamide	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
avibactam avibactam : A member of the class of azabicycloalkanes that is (2S,5R)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxamide in which the amino hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a sulfooxy group. Used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftazidime pentahydrate for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis.	2.31	1	0	azabicycloalkane; hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; ureas	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
3,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one 3,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazolidin-4-one: structure given in first source; SM-12502 is the (+) enantiomer of SM-10661; PAF antagonist	5.72	27	0
2-(4'-methylaminophenyl)benzothiazole 2-(4'-methylaminophenyl)benzothiazole: binds amyloid-beta fibrils; structure in first source	2.72	3	0
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	2.05	1	0	alkylbenzene
azd9272 AZD9272: an mGluR5 antagonist	2.1	1	0
etomoxir [no description available]	2.47	2	0	aromatic ether
brl 37344 BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomer	2.46	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
4-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide 4-(5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: a long-acting COX-2 inhibitor; structure in first source. mavacoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-fluorophenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine to treat pain and inflammation in dogs with degenerative joint disease.	3.48	1	1	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ro 64-6198 Ro 64-6198: an orphanin FQ/nociceptin receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
muromonab-cd3 xestospongin C: was indexed to xestospongin A; from Xestospongia sponge; empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release. xestospongin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua.	2.48	2	0	alkaloid; macrocycle; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; IP3 receptor antagonist; marine metabolite
gw791343 GW791343: inhibits human P2X-7 receptor but is a positive allosteric modulator of rat P2X-7 receptor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2h)-one, 2-(4-(4-(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-5-yl)-1-piperazinyl)butyl)-, 1,1-dioxide 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, 2-(4-(4-(7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-5-yl)-1-piperazinyl)butyl)-, 1,1-dioxide: 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	5.41	5	1
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	3.64	3	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
dc 107 leinamycin: a thiazole containing macrolide characterized by an unusual 1,3-dioxo-1,2-dithiolane moiety that is spiro fused to an 18 member macrolactam ring; isolated from Streptomyces; MF C22-H26-N2-O6-S3; possible DNA alkylator; the leinamycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces atroolivaceus S-140 consists of two polyketide synthases genes	7.71	52	0	dithiolanes
akr 501 avatrombopag: enhances megakaryocytopoiesis; structure in first source	15.05	49	11
nk 611 NK 611: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	8.2	16	1	1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine
sr 146131 SR 146131: a cholecystokinin subtype 1 receptor agonist; structure in first source	3.88	12	0
ppi-0903 ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.	2.07	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; iminium betaine; organic phosphoramidate; oxime O-ether; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; prodrug
4-anisyltetrazolium blue tetrazolium blue : An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium blue(1+) as the counterion.	2.1	1	0	organic chloride salt	dye
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	5.63	10	2	organic molecular entity
biln 2061 BILN 2061: a macrocyclic NS3 protease inhibitor and antiviral agent; structure in first source	9.07	47	6
cabazitaxel cabazitaxel: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. cabazitaxel : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.	6.57	4	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-stabilising agent
tetraborate tetraborate: RN given refers to ion(2-). borate ion : Any inorganic anion that is formally derived from boric acid. The term includes polymeric anions containing chains of BO3 structural units sharing one oxygen atom (e.g. di-, tri-, and tetraborates) as well as chains or rings sharing two oxygen atoms (e.g. metaborates).	2.44	2	0
knk 437 KNK 437: inhibits thermotolerance acquisition and heat shock protein induction in colon carcinoma cells; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
sm 346 SM 346: 2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivative	2.02	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	5.23	48	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.	23.61	512	131	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic amide; ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide	beta-adrenergic agonist
sc 236 4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: SC58236 = SC236 re email from Harris, Ray	3.12	5	0
alloin alloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structure	2.13	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; laxative
n-(2-naphthalenesulfonyl)aspartyl-(2-phenethyl)amide N-(2-naphthalenesulfonyl)aspartyl-(2-phenethyl)amide: structure given in first source; cholecystokinin receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0
cp 105696 CP 105696: a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
sabiporide sabiporide: a NHE-1 inhibitor and a cardioprotective agent; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
tafluprost tafluprost: structure in first source. tafluprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F2alpha in which the carboxylic acid function has been converted to the corresponding isopropyl ester and the 3-hydroxy-1-octenyl side-chain is substituted by 3,3-difluoro-4-phenoxybut-1-enyl. Used for treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.	2.5	2	0	isopropyl ester; organofluorine compound; prostaglandins Falpha	prostaglandin receptor agonist
k201 compound K201 compound: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	peptide
cgp 74588 CGP 74588: a metabolite of STI-571; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	benzamides
avanafil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; prolinols; pyrimidines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
jnj 10397049 JNJ 10397049: a selective orexin receptor-2 antagonist	2.07	1	0
gw 9578 GW 9578: a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
gw 7845 GW 7845: ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source	4.64	10	0
scio-469 SCIO-469: a small-molecule p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor for potential oral therapy for inflammatory disorders; in phase lib clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis 4/2004. talmapimod : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-3-[(dimethylamino)(oxo)acetyl]-1-methylindole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of (2S,5R)-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,5-dimethylpiperazine. It is a potent inhibitor of MAPK and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	2.07	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ketone; chloroindole; dicarboxylic acid diamide; indolecarboxamide; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	4.86	2	1	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
ssr 69071 SSR 69071: structure in first source	3.14	5	0	pyridopyrimidine
l 779976 L 779976: a somatostatin 2 receptor agonist. L-779976 : A member of the class of indoles that is (betaS)-beta-methyl-D-tryptophan in which the primary amino group undergoes formal condensation with the carboxy group of 4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylic acid and the carboxy group undegoes formal condensation with the amino group of (1R,3S)-cyclohexane-1,3-diyldimethanamine. It is a selective nonpeptidic agonist of the somatostatin subtype-2 (SST2) receptor with Ki of 0.05 nM.	2.01	1	0	benzimidazoles; indoles; piperidinecarboxamide; primary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	neuroprotective agent; somatostatin receptor agonist
wp 744 WP 744: structure in first source; crosses BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and inhibits TOPOISOMERASE II	2.03	1	0
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	18.98	318	7	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	2.52	2	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-methylene-2-octyl-5-oxofuran-3-carboxylic acid 4-methylene-2-octyl-5-oxofuran-3-carboxylic acid: an anorectic fatty acid synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. (2R,3S)-C75 : A 4-methylidene-2-octyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid that has 2R,3S-configuration.	2.03	1	0	4-methylidene-2-octyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid; gamma-lactone
treosulfan treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer	2.44	2	0	methanesulfonate ester
n,n'-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyridazine-3,6-diamine N,N'-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyridazine-3,6-diamine: structure in first source	4.42	3	0
nicotianamine nicotianamine: an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor from soy sauce. (S,S,S)-nicotianamine : The (S,S,S)-stereoisomer of nicotianamine.	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; nicotianamine	chelator; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; plant metabolite
arginine thiazolidinecarboxylate arginine thiazolidinecarboxylate: prophylactic against galactosamine hepatotoxicity; thiazolidinecarboxylate salt of arginine	3.56	9	0
sja 6017 N-(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)-L-valyl-L-leucinal: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
biii 890 cl BIII 890 CL: structure in first source	2	1	0
slv 313 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
solabegron solabegron: GW-427353 is the (R)-isomer;. solabegron : A carboxybiphenyl that is [biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid carrying a (2-{[(2R)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino}ethyl)nitrilo group at the 3' position. A selective beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist currently in clinical development for the treatment of overactive bladder and irritable bowel syndrome.	5.87	4	0	carboxybiphenyl; monochlorobenzenes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist
sr 59230a 3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
hx 630 HX 630: a retinoid X receptor ligand that functions as both an RAR synergist and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma synergist; structure in first source	2	1	0
xestospongin a xestospongin A: blocks inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors; structure in first source; from Xestospongia sponge	2.01	1	0
3-oxo-12-ursen-28-oic acid 3-oxo-12-ursen-28-oic acid: from Potentilla chinensis	2.25	1	0	triterpenoid
ly 465608 LY 465608: a nonthiazolidinedione agonist of both PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma of Ligand Pharm. and Eli Lilly	2.01	1	0
desoxyepothilone a epothilone C: structure in first source. epothilone C : An epothilone that is 1-oxacyclohexadec-13-ene-2,6-dione which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, methyl groups at positions 5, 5, 7, and 9, and by a (1E)-1-(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 16 (the 4S,7R,8S,9S,13Z,16S stereoisomer).	5.12	8	0	epothilone
l 796449 L 796449: a peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist; structure in first source	2	1	0
l 084 L 084: an oral carbapenem with a 1-(1,3-thiazolin-2-yl)azetidin-3-ylthio group at the C-2 position; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	carbapenems; pivaloyloxymethyl ester
clomethiazole edisylate clomethiazole edisylate: used in therapy of delirium tremens	4.83	8	1
ipi 493 17-aminogeldanamycin: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
zd 6126 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
mart-1 antigen MART-1 Antigen: A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.	2.05	1	0
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.49	2	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
g(m2) ganglioside G(M2) Ganglioside: A glycosphingolipid that accumulates due to a deficiency of hexosaminidase A or B (BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES), or GM2 activator protein, resulting in GANGLIOSIDOSES, heredity metabolic disorders that include TAY-SACHS DISEASE and SANDHOFF DISEASE.. ganglioside GM2 (18:0) : A sialotriaosylceramide that is N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine in which the acyl group on the sphingosine nitrogen is octadecanoyl. A constituent of natural ganglioside GM2.	2.31	1	0	N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine; sialotriaosylceramide	antigen
bay36-7620 BAY36-7620: a potent non-competitive mGlu1 receptor antagonist with inverse agonist activity. ; structure in first source	4.08	4	0
tgx 221 TGX 221: a platelet aggregation inhibitor	2.59	2	0	pyridopyrimidine
miv 150 MIV 150: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
spiromesifen spiromesifen: insecticide; structure in first source. spiromesifen : A butenolide that is but-2-en-4-olide bearing a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group at position 3, a 3,3-dimethylbutyryloxy group at position 4 and a spiro-fused cyclopentyl ring at position 5.	2.17	1	0	butenolide	insecticide
ic 87114 IC 87114: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	6-aminopurines; biaryl; quinazolines	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
zd 8321 ZD 8321: inhibits human leukocyte elastase; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
prunin protein, prunus naringenin-7-O-glucoside: from Dracocephalum rupestre; has protective effects against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis	2.04	1	0
indoxam indoxam: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
darexaban [no description available]	4.74	3	0
l-873724 L-873724: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
epothilone f epothilone F: structure in first source	2.7	3	0
hki 272 [no description available]	2.57	2	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
pd 140548 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
3,9-bis((ethylthio)methyl)-k-252a 3,9-bis((ethylthio)methyl)-K-252a: RN given for (9S-(9alpha,10beta,12alpha))-isomer; mixed lineage kinase inhibitor, neuroprotective agent, and neurotrophic agent derived from K-252a; structure in first source	3.53	2	0
dirlotapide dirlotapide: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
alemcinal [no description available]	3.27	1	0
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.15	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dolastatin 15 dolastatin 15: from Dolabella auricularia; seven subunit depsipeptide	2.05	1	0
ym-254890 YM-254890: structure in first source	2.5	2	0
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	5.25	3	1	fatty acid ester
st 1936 2-(5-chloro-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine: a 5-HT6 receptor agonist	2.49	2	0
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	4.64	4	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mavoglurant mavoglurant: antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	2.57	2	0
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	2.02	1	0	diterpenoid
(2s,3as,7as)-1-(((r,r)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)carbonyl)-2-((thiazolidin-3-yl)carbonyl)octahydro-1h-indole S 17092-1: structure in first source; inhibits proline endopeptidase	6	8	1
ethiprole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
cediranib [no description available]	4.78	2	1	aromatic ether
gw0742 GW 610742: structure in first source	9.44	157	0	monocarboxylic acid
ap23464 AP23464: a potent adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-based inhibitor of Src and Abl kinases	3.13	1	0
bay-68-4986 [no description available]	6.35	6	1
6h-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine-6-acetamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-, (6s)- [no description available]	2.66	2	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
cc 1065 CC 1065: from Streptomyces zelensis; structure in second sourc	3.35	1	0
zeolites [no description available]	3.04	4	0
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	4.61	1	1	organochlorine compound
3,4-dihydro-5-(4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy)-1(2h)-isoquinolinone [no description available]	2.08	1	0
azonafide azonafide: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
cp 31398 CP 31398: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure	2.37	2	0	xanthene dye
tak-715 N-(4-(2-ethyl-4-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)-2-pyridyl)benzamide: anti-rheumatoid arthritis agent; structure in first source	2.75	3	0	benzamides
vosaroxin vosaroxin: has antineoplastic activity; vosaroxin was formerly voreloxin; structure in first source	13.48	38	9
u 18666a 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; nicotinic antagonist; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
spr 210 SPR 210: structure given in first source	4.19	5	0
cgp 55845a CGP 55845A: GABA-B receptor antagonist; RN refers to cpd with no isomeric designation; CGP 55845 is the (1S,2S)-isomer	2.07	1	0
chir 99021 Chir 99021: structure in first source. CHIR 99021 : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively.	3.02	4	0	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; cyanopyridine; diamine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
n-desmethylrosuvastatin N-desmethyl rosuvastatin: a rosuvastatin metabolite	3.53	1	1	pyrimidines
gw 590735 2-methyl-2-(4-(((4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-thiazol-5-ylcarbonyl)amino)methyl)phenoxy)propionic acid: an HDLc raising agent; structure in first source	4.06	4	0
z 338 Z 338: structure in first source	15.11	74	17
a 85783.0 A 85783.0: a platelet activating factor antagonist; structure in first source	4.48	5	1
benzyloxycarbonyl-isoleucyl-glutamyl(o-tert-butyl)-alanyl-leucinal benzyloxycarbonyl-isoleucyl-glutamyl(O-tert-butyl)-alanyl-leucinal: inhibits chymotrypsin activity of the proteasome	2	1	0
azd 0837 AZD 0837: anticoagulant prodrug of AR-H067637	3.16	1	0
bio 1211 BIO 1211: integrin alpha4beta1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
ubiquinol ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.	5.38	19	0	polyprenylhydroquinone; ubiquinol	biomarker; metabolite
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	3.63	9	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
medigoxin spirotetramat: for the control of a broad spectrum of sucking insects; structure in first source. spirotetramat : An azaspiro compound that is methoxycyclohexane which is fused at position 4 to the 5-position of a 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one that is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by 2,5-dimethylphenyl and (ethoxycarbonyl)oxy groups, respectively (the cis isomer). It is a proinsecticide (via hydrolysis of the ethyl carbonate group to give the corresponding 4-hydroxypyrrol-2-one, "spirotetramat-enol") and is used for the control of a wide range of sucking insects on fruit and potato crops.	2.17	1	0
hippuristanol hippuristanol: from the gorgonian Isis hippuris	5.45	7	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	6.6	5	1
dysidenin dysidenin: structure given in first source; from the sponge Dysidea herbacea; RN given refers to (2S-(N(R),2R(R),4R))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/90. dysidenin : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (4S)-5,5,5-trichloro-N-methyl-N-[(3S)-4,4,4-trichloro-3-methylbutanoyl]-L-leucine with the amino group of (1S)-1-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)ethanamine. It is a marine metabolite initially isolated from the sponge dysidea herbacea.	3.26	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	animal metabolite; marine metabolite; toxin
cgp 20712a CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A	2.15	1	0
hyacinthacine a2 hyacinthacine A2: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
2-phenylbenzothiazole PBT2 compound: a metal-protein-attenuating compound that may be useful in treating Alzheimer's disesae	2.11	1	0
n-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide N-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide: structure in first source	5.33	2	2
osu 03012 OSU 03012: a PDK-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; aromatic amide; glycine derivative; organofluorine compound; phenanthrenes; pyrazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
sb-656104-a SB-656104-A: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
l 748,337 L 748,337: a huamn beta3-adrenergic receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
ici 195739 ICI 195739: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
lyngbyabellin a lyngbyabellin A: from the marine cyanobacterium lyngbya majuscula; structure in first source	2.41	2	0
fidaxomicin Fidaxomicin: A narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION.. fidaxomicin : An 18-membered macrolide that is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. A narrow spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related infections.	6.27	11	0
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane 2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane: used in PET and SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters; structure in first source	3.11	1	0
epiyangambin epiyangambin: a furofuran lignan; also a PAF receptor antagonist; from the leaves of Rollinia pickeli; RN given for epiyangambin, the (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
antillatoxin antillatoxin: a neurotoxic lipopeptide from marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula	2	1	0
pateamine a pateamine A: a 19-membered macrolide; structure in first source; inhibits eukaryotic translation initiation. pateamine : A marine macrodiolide that is isolated from the sponge Mycale hentscheli and exhibits anticancer and antiviral properties	7.72	37	0	1,3-thiazoles; macrodiolide; olefinic compound; primary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; eukaryotic initiation factor 4F inhibitor; marine metabolite
6-hydroxytaxol 6-hydroxytaxol: structure in first source. 6-hydroxypaclitaxel : A taxane diterpenoid that consists of paclitaxel bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6alpha-position.	3.39	1	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
methionine sulfoxide methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.	2.72	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine S-oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite
pimavanserin pimavanserin: A 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist; ACP-103 is the dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) salt. It is used to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PARKINSON DISEASE; structure in first source.. pimavanserin : A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease.	3.61	2	0	aromatic ether; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; ureas	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist; antipsychotic agent; serotonergic antagonist
masitinib [no description available]	17.62	112	22	1,3-thiazoles; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bx795 BX795: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	ureas
halichondrin b halichondrin B: from marine sponge Halichondria okadai; binds in the Vinca domain of tubulin	2.21	1	0	furopyran
mhc binding peptide MHC binding peptide: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.51	2	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate	4.31	3	0
cystathionine Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.	1.99	1	0	cysteine derivative
fp-tztp FP-TZTP: a subtype selective muscarinic cholinergic ligand	6.85	19	0
as 601245 1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl(2-((2-(3-pyridinyl)ethyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)acetonitrile: a c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase inhibitor with neuroprotective activity; also an NSAID	4.22	5	0	benzothiazoles
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	4.45	6	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
tribulus Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.	2.03	1	0
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	3.02	4	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
5-chloro-2-methyl-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1h-indole 5-chloro-2-methyl-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-indole: a 5-HT6 agonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	indoles
furanone c-30 furanone C-30: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
azd2858 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic amine; N-methylpiperazine; pyrazines; pyridines; secondary carboxamide; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; Wnt signalling activator
am 1241 AM 1241: a CB(2) receptor-selective agonist; no further information available 11/2001	2.06	1	0
odanacatib odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source	3.56	2	0
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	2.05	1	0
act 058362 1-(2-(4-benzyl-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(2-methylquinolin-4-yl)urea: a urotensin-II receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
n-acetylcysteinamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
af 150 1-methylpiperidine-4-spiro-(2'-methylthiazoline): a selective and efficacious M1 agonist no further information	4.86	6	0
besifloxacin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinolines
apixaban [no description available]	18.28	323	4	aromatic ether; lactam; piperidones; pyrazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
bibw 2992 [no description available]	2.55	2	0	aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ly 379268 LY 379268: group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source. LY 379268 : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is (1R,5S)-2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane carrying amino, carboxy, and carboxy groups at positions 4R, 4R and 6R, respectively. It is a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 (EC50 = 2.69 nM and 4.48 nM, respectively) that exhibits antipsychotic-like action in animal models of schizophrenia.	3.46	7	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; bridged compound; organic heterobicyclic compound	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
cl 075 [no description available]	5.45	22	0
balicatib balicatib: cathepsin K inhibitor	3.53	2	0
nu 6140 4-(6-cyclohexylmethoxy-9H-purin-2-ylamino)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
sb674042 SB674042: nonpeptide antagonist to the human orexin-1 receptor; structure in first source	3.57	8	0
fluorapatite fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.	2.04	1	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	3.3	6	0
jte 013 JTE 013: an Edg-5 antagonist. JTE-013 : A semicarbazide derivative that is semicarbazide in which the amino group at position 2 is replaced by a [1,3-dimethyl-4-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]amino group and the amino group adjacent to the carbonyl is replaced by a (2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)amino group. It is a potent S1P2 antagonist (IC50 = 17.6 nM).	2.05	1	0	chloropyridine; pyrazolopyridine	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; osteogenesis regulator; pro-angiogenic agent; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 antagonist
int 131 INT 131: a hypoglycemic agent; structure in first source	3.19	1	0
betrixaban betrixaban: a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor; structure in first source. betrixaban : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxybenzamide. A synthetic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.	7.02	12	0	benzamides; guanidines; monochloropyridine; monomethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
pik 75 PIK 75: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	25.8	833	184	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
trans-sodium crocetinate trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma	2.06	1	0
binimetinib binimetinib : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positions 4, 5, and 6 by fluorine, (4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)nitrilo, and N-(2-hydroxyethoxy)aminocarbonyl groups, respectively. It is a MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor (IC50= 12 nM). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation in combination with encorafenib.	3.97	3	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
xenon-129 atom xenon-129 atom : The stable isotope of xenon with relative atomic mass 128.904780, 26.4 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 1/2.	2.41	1	0	xenon atom; xenon(0)
sotrastaurin sotrastaurin: a potent protein kinase C-selective inhibitor; structure in first source. sotrastaurin : A member of the class of maleimides that is maleimide which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group and at position 4 by a quinazolin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted at position 2 by a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C and has been investigated as an immunosuppresant in renal transplant patients.	2.1	1	0	indoles; maleimides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	anticoronaviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
saracatinib [no description available]	7.87	13	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; diether; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; oxanes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	7.87	121	0
6-(1,1-dimethylallyl)naringenin 6-(1,1-dimethylallyl)naringenin: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
on012380 ON012380: a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of BCR-ABL; structure in first source	4.34	3	0
rocagloic acid rocagloic acid: from leaves of Aglaia elliptifolia: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
beta-acetyldigoxin Acetyldigoxins: Alpha- or beta-acetyl derivatives of DIGOXIN or lanatoside C from Digitalis lanata. They are better absorbed and longer acting than digoxin and are used in congestive heart failure.	3.37	1	1	cardenolide glycoside
crenolanib [no description available]	4.83	2	1	aminopiperidine; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; oxetanes; quinolines; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-15. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 3-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.	2.08	1	0	trichothecene	epitope; mycotoxin
fr 900848 FR 900848: from Streptovericillium fervens; structure given in first source. jawsamycin : A polyketide that is 5'-amino-5'-deoxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-[(1R,1'R,1''R,1'''R,2S,2'R,2''R,2'''S)-2'''-{(E)-2-[(1R,2R)-2-methylcyclopropyl]ethenyl}[1,1':2',1'':2'',1'''-quater(cyclopropan)]-2-yl]-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group. It is a metabolite isolated from the bacterium, Streptoverticillium fervens and targets the catalytic subunit of the fungal UDP-glycosyltransferase, the first step in the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. It exhibits broad spectrum antifungal activity against several pathogenic fungi including Mucorales.	4.68	3	0	cyclopropanes; nucleoside analogue; olefinic compound; polyketide; secondary carboxamide	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite
anabaenopeptin b anabaenopeptin B: from cyanobacteria Planktothrix (Oscillatoria) rubescens	2.1	1	0
cay 10404 3-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-trifluoromethylisoxazole: a cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) inhibitor	2.04	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative
hellebrin hellebrin: from Helleborus purpurascens (Ranunculaceae)	2.05	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; disaccharide derivative
galidesivir [no description available]	2.31	1	0
r 214127 R 214127: an mGlu1 receptor ligand; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
glaucocalyxin a glaucocalyxin A: chemical constituent of Rabdosia japonica var. glaucocalyx	1.98	1	0
deacylketoconazole deacylketoconazole: RN given refers to cis-isomer	1.99	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	12.44	88	1
curacin d curacin D: RN given for (1alpha(R(12,5E,7E,11R)),2beta)-isomer; isolated from Lyngbya majuscula; structure in first source	3.14	5	0	heterocyclic compound; organonitrogen compound; organosulfur compound
cytosporone b cytosporone B: a Nur77 agonist; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	aromatic ketone
apicularen a apicularen A: isolated from Chondromyces; structure in first source	3.85	3	0
nodulisporic acid a nodulisporic acid A: a novel indole diterpene insecticide; structure in first source	2	1	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	3.38	7	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	5.04	13	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
ds-5272 [no description available]	3.1	4	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.9	4	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
tafamidis tafamidis: may be effective in treating transthyretin amyloid polyneuropathy. tafamidis : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazole-6-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as its meglumine salt) for the amelioration of transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis.	2.06	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	central nervous system drug
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	4.35	4	1
1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
mefenoxam metalaxyl-M : A methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate that is the more active R-enantiomer of metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.	2.15	1	0	acylamino acid fungicide; anilide fungicide; D-alanine derivative; methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate	agrochemical
cariprazine cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.	4.75	3	0
ethaboxam ethaboxam: a fungicide; structure in first source. ethaboxam : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-ethaboxam. A fungicide used to control Oomycetes in vines and late potato blight. It is moderately toxic to birds, most aquatic species, honey bees and earthworms.. N-[cyano(2-thienyl)methyl]-4-ethyl-2-(ethylamino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide : A member of the class of aromatic amides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-ethyl-2-(ethylamino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of amino(2-thienyl)acetonitrile.	3.47	7	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic amide; aromatic amine; nitrile; secondary amino compound; thiophenes
kalkitoxin kalkitoxin: from marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula	3.55	8	0	fatty amide
flubendiamide flubendiamide: activates ryanodine-sensitive calcium release channels in insects; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	organofluorine insecticide	ryanodine receptor modulator
4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)phenol 4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)phenol: a selective estrogen receptor modulator	2.15	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
erastin erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; quinazolines; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer; voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
ptc 124 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
epoxomicin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	morpholines; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
abt-737 [no description available]	4.29	5	0	aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
phenylnitrene [no description available]	2.11	1	0
brivanib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoroindole; pyrrolotriazine; secondary alcohol	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.69	3	0
lurasidone hydrochloride Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	18.38	109	28	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
pnu-282987 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
3-cyano-n-(1,3-diphenyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide: affects mGluR5 receptors; structure in first source	3.52	7	0
pha 680632 PHA 680632: Aurora kinase inhibitor with potent antitumoral activity; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
sb 742457 3-benzenesulfonyl-8-piperazin-1-ylquinoline: a 5-HT6 receptor antagonist	2.21	1	0
ascochlorin ascochlorin: structure in first source. ascochlorin : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde which is substituted by a (1E,3E)-3-methyl-1-[(1R,2R,6R)-1,2,6-trimethyl-3-oxocyclohexyl]penta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at position 3, chlorine at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6. A meroterpenoid produced by several fungi including Ascochyta viciae . It exhibits anticancer, antifungal and antiprotozoal activities.	2.71	3	0	cyclohexanones; dihydroxybenzaldehyde; meroterpenoid; monochlorobenzenes; olefinic compound; resorcinols; sesquiterpenoid	angiogenesis inhibitor; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite
saliphenylhalamide saliphenylhalamide: a V-ATPase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
chlorantranilipole chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.	4.64	24	0	monochlorobenzenes; organobromine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyrazoles; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
buprenorphine, naloxone drug combination Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an OPIOID ANALGESICS with naloxone, a NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS to reduce the potential for NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE in the treatment of pain. It may also be used for OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY.	4.41	1	1
rgb 286638 RGB 286638: a protein kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
picoxystrobin picoxystrobin: a fungicide. picoxystrobin : An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-3-methoxy-2-[2-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid. A cereal fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including brown rust, tan spot, powdery mildew and net blotch.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; organofluorine compound; pyridines	antifungal agrochemical; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	3.49	8	0	nystatins
mandipropamid mandipropamid: effective against the economically important phytopathogens Phytophthora infestans (potato and tomato late blight) and Plasmopara viticola (grape downy mildew). mandipropamid : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mandipropamid. An agricultural fungicide, it is used to control late blight and downy mildew in many salad, vegetable and fruit crops.. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-{2-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]ethyl}-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)acetamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the condensation of the carboxy group of p-chloromandelic acid propargyl ether with the amino group of 2-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]ethylamine.	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; terminal acetylenic compound
pirarubicin [no description available]	2.91	4	0	anthracycline
apoptolidin apoptolidin: an apoptosis inducer in transformed cells from Nocardiopsis sp.; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
bay 63-2521 riociguat: guanylate cyclase stimulator; structure in first source. riociguat : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of {4,6-diamino-2-[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl]pyrimidin-5-yl}methylcarbamic acid. It is used for treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension	2.08	1	0	aminopyrimidine; carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; pyrazolopyridine	antihypertensive agent; soluble guanylate cyclase activator
mk 2866 [no description available]	2.53	2	0
lasonolide a lasonolide A: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
marizomib marizomib: a proteasome inhibitor from a marine bacterium Salinospora; structure in first source	4.11	2	0	beta-lactone; gamma-lactam; organic heterobicyclic compound; organochlorine compound; salinosporamide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
bms-690514 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
peloruside a peloruside A: Antibiotics, Antineoplastic from the sponge Mycale; structure in first source. peloruside A : A macrolide that is a novel secondary metabolite isolated from a New Zealand marine sponge, Mycale hentscheli.	3.15	1	0
ponesimod ponesimod: structure in first source	15.64	58	19
bi 2536 [no description available]	2.8	3	0
linoleic acid hydroperoxide linoleic acid hydroperoxide: RN refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. linoleic acid hydroperoxide : A HPODE that is a mono-hydroperoxy derivative of linoleic acid	2	1	0
tesofensine Tesofensine: an appetite suppressant	3.43	1	1
adamanolol adamanolol: structure in first source	3.17	1	0
potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO	3.54	2	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound	herbicide
inno-406 [no description available]	6.58	10	0	biaryl
penthiopyrad penthiopyrad: a fungicide. penthiopyrad : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-penthiopyrad. Used to control rust and Rhizoctonia diseases and also shows activity against grey mould, powdery mildew and apple scab.. 1-methyl-N-[2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-thienyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)thiophen-3-amine.	3.41	1	0	aromatic amide; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; thiophenes
amenamevir ASP2151: a herpesvirus helicase-primase inhibitor, in a guinea pig model of genital herpes; structure in first source	5.42	5	0
nutlin-3a nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source	3.19	5	0	stilbenoid
danusertib [no description available]	3.15	1	0	piperazines
zampanolide zampanolide: structure in first source	3.15	1	0
barbamide barbamide: from the marine Carribean cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula; structure in first source	5.13	14	0	fatty amide
rh 795 RH 795: a voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye	2.43	2	0
cp 154526 CP 154526: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
nvp-aew541 [no description available]	2.48	2	0
tedizolid phosphate tedizolid phosphate: a prodrug of DA-7157; structure in first source. tedizolid phosphate : A phosphate monoester resulting from the formal condensation of equimolar amounts of phosphoric acid with the hydroxy group of tedizolid . It is a prodrug of tedizolid, used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.	2.1	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone; phosphate monoester; pyridines; tetrazoles	antimicrobial agent; prodrug; protein synthesis inhibitor
bazedoxifene acetate pinnatoxin A: structure in first source	3.15	1	0
mk-9470 MK-9470: Radiopharmaceutical; for gender-dependent increases with healthy aging of the human cerebral cannabinoid-type 1 receptor binding PET	2.1	1	0
lbw242 LBW242: proapoptotic IAP inhibitor; low MW Smac (Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases) mimetic; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
pf 00299804 dacomitinib: a pan-ERBB inhibitor. dacomitinib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 7-methoxyquinazoline-4,6-diamine in which the amino group at position 4 is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl group and the amino group at position 6 is substituted by an (E)-4-(piperidin-1-yl)but-2-enoyl group.	3.59	2	0	enamide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
alisporivir alisporivir: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog; structure/sequence in first source	3.16	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anticoronaviral agent
pyrazolone pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.	2.35	2	0
aclidinium bromide aclidinium bromide: a long-acting, inhaled antimuscarinic; in phase I trial 8/2008. aclidinium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt that is the bromide salt of aclidinium. A muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor antagonist, for the long-term maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.08	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	bronchodilator agent; muscarinic antagonist
artemisone artemisone: second-generation semi-synthetic artemisinin derivative for antimalarial therapy devoid of neurotoxicity	2.03	1	0
2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl (z)-(1rs)-cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl (Z)-(1RS)-cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate: used as an insecticide agent. (Z)-(1S)-cis-tefluthrin : A 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl 3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.	2.57	2	0	2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl 3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
fluensulfone fluensulfone: a nematicide; structure in first source. fluensulfone : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles carrying 3,4,4-trifluorobut-3-ene-1-sulfonyl and chloro substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively. A nematicide that is effective against a number of plant parasitic nematodes in a range of agricultural and horticultural crops.	5.46	17	0	1,3-thiazoles; olefinic compound; organochlorine pesticide; organofluorine pesticide; sulfone	agrochemical; nematicide
sm 7368 SM 7368: inhibits expression of TNFalpha-induced MMP-9 expression; structure in first source	3.31	6	0
mrs 1845 [no description available]	2.45	2	0
oleandrin oleandrin: structure. oleandrin : A steroid saponin that consists of oleandrigenin having a 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl residue attached to the oxygen function at position 3.	2.03	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolide glycoside; steroid ester; steroid saponin
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	2	1	0	emamectins
carfilzomib [no description available]	7.21	8	1	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
apremilast [no description available]	5.26	4	0	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
kp-496 KP-496: a dual antagonist at the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and the thromboxane A(2) receptor	3.14	5	0
cyantraniliprole cyantraniliprole: an insecticide; structure in first source. cyantraniliprole : A carboxamide that is chlorantraniliprole in which the chlorine atom attached to the phenyl ring has been replaced by a cyano group. A ryanodine receptor agonist, it is used as insecticide for the control of whitefly, thrips, aphids, fruitflies, and fruit worms in crops such as onions, potatoes and tomatoes. It is highly toxic to honeybees.	2.57	2	0	nitrile; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
(r)-n-(benzimidazol-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine (R)-N-(benzimidazol-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
cannabidivarin cannabidivarin: from Cannabis sativa	2.31	1	0	monoterpenoid
n-(1,3-diphenyl-1h-pyrazolo-5-yl)-4-nitrobenzamide N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo-5-yl)-4-nitrobenzamide: an mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	4.29	19	0
idelalisib idelalisib: an antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor; structure in first source. idelalisib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	4.17	4	0	aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; purines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	2.48	2	0	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
as 252424 5-(5-(4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2-ylmethylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione: a PI3K gamma inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
cgp 57380 CGP 57380: inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinase Mnk1	2.1	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
zstk474 ZSTK-474 : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by morpholin-4-yl groups while the third hydrogen has been replaced by a 2-(difluoromethyl)benzimidazol-1-yl group. It is an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.	2.15	1	0	benzimidazoles; morpholines; organofluorine compound; triamino-1,3,5-triazine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene oleocanthal: newly pressed extra-virgin olive oil contains oleocanthal, acting as a natural anti-inflammatory compound that has a potency and profile strikingly similar to that of ibuprofen; structure in first source. oleocanthal : A carboxylic ester that is the 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of (3S)-4-formyl-3-(2-oxoethyl)hex-4-enoic acid. Oleocanthal is found in olive oil but it is not clear whether the natural product is a mixture of E/Z isomers or a single isomer as the two isomers readily interconvert in solution; most pharmacological studies will have been performed using a mixture.	2.07	1	0
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.	2.08	1	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant
fostamatinib fostamatinib: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, metabolized to R406	5.51	5	0
mk-8745 MK-8745: inhibits aurora kinase A; structure in first source	3.07	4	0
aminocandin aminocandin: a lipopeptide belonging to the echinocandin class of antifungal compounds; inhibits glucan synthase. aminocandin : A member of the family of echinocandins that shows broad-spectrum in vitro activity against Aspergillus and Candida spp.	4.07	2	0	aromatic ether; echinocandin; homodetic cyclic peptide	antiinfective agent
ginsenoside rd ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.45	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; immunosuppressive agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
n-(2-(1,1'-bicyclopropyl)-2-ylphenyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1h-pyrazole-4-carboxamide N-(2-(1,1'-bicyclopropyl)-2-ylphenyl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide: sedaxane is the (trans)-isomer; structure in first source. sedaxane : A diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of the two possible cis-isomers as well as the two possible trans-isomers of sedaxane. Used in seed treatment for the control of pathogens such as Ascomycetes and Oomycetes species in crops such as fruit and wheat.. N-{2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]phenyl}-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]aniline.	3.71	2	0	aromatic amide; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; ring assembly
n,n'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride N,N'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride: selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 agonist; structure in first source. AMN082 dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N,N'-bis(diphenylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine with two molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.53	2	0	hydrochloride	geroprotector; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
trametinib [no description available]	2.17	1	0	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mln8054 [no description available]	3	1	0	benzazepine
thioviridamide thioviridamide: an antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces olivoviridis; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
azastene azastene: inhibitor of ovarian & adrenal steroidogenesis in rats; progesterone antagonist	2.03	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	5.25	16	0
granite granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite	2.08	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
silvestrol silvestrol: isolated from the fruit and twig of Aglaia silvestris. silvestrol : An organic heterotricyclic compound that consists of a 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan framework substituted by hydroxy groups at positions C-1 and C-8b, a methoxycarbonyl group at C-2, a phenyl group at C-3, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at C-3a, a methoxy group at C-8 and a 1,4-dioxan-2-yloxy group at position C-6 which in turn is substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and a 1,2-dihydroxyethyl group at position 6. Isolated from Aglaia silvestris, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.	5.15	5	0	dioxanes; ether; methyl ester; organic heterotricyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
imidazolone imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source	3.2	5	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
5-(5-nitrothiazol-2-ylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine 5-(5-nitrothiazol-2-ylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine: structure in first source. halicin : A member of the class of thiadiazoles that is 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine which is substituted by a (5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)sulfanediyl group at position 5. It is a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor (IC50 = 0.7uM) and exhibits antibacterial properties.	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; organic sulfide; primary amino compound; thiadiazoles	antibacterial agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor
pulvomycin pulvomycin: isolated from culture MA-2465; structure	5.32	10	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
palmitoylcarnitine Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.. O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).	2.01	1	0	O-palmitoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	1.98	1	0
telomestatin telomestatin: isolated from Spreptomyces anulatus; structure in first source	3.6	2	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	5.03	41	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	12.34	33	2
wk-x-34 WK-X-34: inhibitor of P-glycoprotein and BCRP (breast cancer resistance protein); structure in first source	2.03	1	0
s-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a myristoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of myristic acid.	2.03	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate: (L)-isomer is the biologically active form; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2	1	0	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	4.7	9	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	5.65	10	2	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	4.13	16	0
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	3.49	7	0	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
brexpiprazole brexpiprazole: a serotonin agent; structure in first source	3.76	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	3.84	12	0
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	2.05	1	0
benzoyl-ile-glu-gly-arg-p-nitroanilide benzoyl-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide: p-nitroanilide deriv of portion of peptide sequence in prothrombin molecule cleaved by Factor X	3.1	1	0
hachimycin hachimycin: major descriptor (78-85); on-line search ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIFUNGAL (66-85); Index Medicus search TRICHOMYCIN (63-77); HACHIMYCIN (78-85)	2.85	4	0
n4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4h-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-n2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
n-desmethylrosiglitazone N-desmethylrosiglitazone: metabolite of rosiglitazone	4.37	1	1	aromatic ether
arhalofenate arhalofenate: a PPAR-gamma modulator	3.19	1	0
tubulysin a tubulysin A: has both antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	carboxylic acid; diester
resorcinarene resorcinarene: structure in first source	3.35	1	0
thienopyridine thienopyridine: patients were treated with thienopyridine after percutaneous coronary intervention; Antiplatelet Agents. thienopyridine : Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.	2.13	1	0
24-hydroxycholesterol 24-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 24.	2.04	1	0	24-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	2.49	2	0
dihydrotachysterol Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.	2.35	2	0
oleanonic acid oleanonic acid: structure in first source	2	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	7.45	9	1
ethidium homodimer ethidium homodimer: structure	3.09	5	0
tenuigenin tenuigenin: decreases secretion of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid beta-protein in cultured cells	2.02	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid
thienopyrimidine thienopyrimidine: structure in first source. thienopyrimidine : A class of aromatic heterobicyclic compounds each of which contains a pyrimidine ring ortho fused to a 5-membered thiophene ring.	2.52	2	0
ginsenoside rc [no description available]	2.11	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
dihydroergocryptine Dihydroergocryptine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position and an alpha-isobutyl sidechain at 5'alpha position of the molecule.	3.12	1	0
ginsenoside rb3 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antidepressant; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; plant metabolite
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	4.26	18	0
eosine i bluish Eosine I Bluish: A red fluorescein dye used as a histologic stain. It may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and inhibit certain mitochondrial functions.	2.52	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorescent dye; histological dye
5-hydroxyflunixin 5-hydroxyflunixin: drug residue in cow milk	2.05	1	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.88	3	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	3.7	9	0
aminoethyl-isothiourea aminoethyl-isothiourea: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and oxygen radical scavenger	2	1	0
bleomycetin bleomycetin: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
ataprost [no description available]	2	1	0
bisdesmoside bisdesmoside: cytotoxic saponin from tubers of Bolbostemma paniculatum; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
silver carbonate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
16 alpha-ethyl-21-hydroxy-19-nor-4-pregnene-3,20-dione [no description available]	2	1	0
saringosterol saringosterol: from a Chilean brown algae, Lessonia nigrescens; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
cysteinyldopa Cysteinyldopa: Found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. Cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-S-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells.	3.09	5	0	catecholamine; zwitterion
nodularin nodularin: cyclic pentapeptide toxin from NODULARIA SPUMIGENA	2	1	0	ether
1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoylglycerol 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoylglycerol : A 1,2-diglyceride in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specifed as stearoyl and arachidonoyl respectively.	2.41	2	0	1,2-diglyceride
hypocrellin a hypocrellin A: isolated from fungus Hypocrella bambusae sacc	2.05	1	0
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein: nonfluorescent, reduced form of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein	2.72	3	0
discodermolide discodermolide: a lactone-bearing polyhydroxylated alkatetraene from the marine sponge Discodermia dissoluta; microtubule-stabilizing agent like taxol	4.2	5	0
oregonin oregonin: a diarylheptanoid from the bark of Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica; inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression; structure in first source	2.41	2	0	diarylheptanoid
physalaemin Physalaemin: An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.	2.07	1	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2.69	3	0
jaw [no description available]	2.52	2	0	indolecarboxamide
3-oxetanone [no description available]	7.08	1	0
sdz 33-243 SDZ 33-243: cpd is non-immunosuppressive	1.97	1	0
cyclosporin o cyclosporin O: isolated from Cylindrocarpon lucidum and Tolypocladium inflatum; structure in first source	2	1	0
3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene 3,4-dideoxyglucosone-3-ene: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
aflatoxin m1 Aflatoxin M1: A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).. aflatoxin M1 : A member of the class of aflatoxins that is aflatoxin B1 in which the hydrogen at position 9a is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.11	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; tertiary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mammalian metabolite
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	2.78	3	0
microcolin a microcolin A: structure given in first source; isolated from the blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscula	2.05	1	0
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Triphosphate: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-4-methyl-5-(4,6,8,8-tetrahydroxy-3,5,7-trioxa-4,6,8-triphosphaoct-1-yl)thiazolium hydroxide, inner salt, P,P',P''-trioxide. The triphosphate ester of thiamine. In Leigh's disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation.. thiamine(1+) triphosphate(4-) : Trianion of thiamine(1+) diphosphate arising from deprotonation of the four OH groups of the triphosphate.	3.08	5	0	organophosphate oxoanion; vitamin B1	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	5.66	78	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isomigrastatin isomigrastatin: isolated from Streptomyces platensis; structure in first source	3.31	1	0	macrolide
hbbpc [no description available]	2.04	1	0
mdv 3100 [no description available]	6.77	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; imidazolidinone; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; thiocarbonyl compound	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
sch6 SCH6: hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease inhibitor; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
vu0092273 VU0092273: mGlu(5) positive allosteric modulator	2.11	1	0
macitentan [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; pyrimidines; ring assembly; sulfamides	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist; orphan drug
toceranib phosphate toceranib phosphate: a tyrosine kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.38	3	0
nvp-tae684 [no description available]	2.51	2	0	piperidines
azd2066 [no description available]	2.1	1	0
ach 702 ACH 702: an anti-tubercular agent; structure in first source	3.32	6	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	6.95	90	0
picogreen PicoGreen: a DNA-specific dye; has strong affinity for double-stranded DNA and is designed to quantify these molecules in solution; a UV-excitable dye; no further information available 6/96. PicoGreen : A cyanine dye that is 1-phenylquinoline which is substituted at position 2 by a bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino group and at position 4 by a (3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)methylene group. The counter ion is not stated. A fluorochrome that selectively binds double-stranded DNA and has characteristics similar to that of SYBR-Green I.	2.45	2	0	benzothiazoles; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
bms-650032 asunaprevir: an NS3 protease inhibitor against hepatitis C virus	3.19	1	0	oligopeptide
gw 4869 GW 4869: inhibits neutral sphingomyelinase; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
miuraenamide a miuraenamide A: an antimicrobial isolated from myxobacteria; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
cruentaren a cruentaren A: an antifungal agent isolated from Byssovorax cruenta; structure in first source	3.14	1	0	macrolide
chaetominine chaetominine: a cytotoxic alkaloid produced by endophytic Chaetomium sp.; structure in first source. chaetominine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that consists of 4,5,5a,9c-tetrahydro-3H-2a,9b-diazacyclopenta[jk]fluorene-1,3(2H)-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5, a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl group at position 4 (the 2S,4R,5aS,9cS stereoisomer). It is a cytotoxic alkaloid isolated from the endophytic fungus Chaetomium.	2.03	1	0	indole alkaloid; lactam; organic heterotetracyclic compound; quinazolines	metabolite
fluxapyroxad fluxapyroxad: carboxamide; succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor. fluxapyroxad : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3',4',5'-trifluorobiphenyl-2-amine. Used to control a number of cereal fungal pathogens including those belonging to the Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Zygomycetes families.	3.41	1	0	anilide fungicide; aromatic amide; biphenyls; pyrazoles; trifluorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
rapalexin a rapalexin A: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
calcitonin [no description available]	2.42	2	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.03	1	0
nosiheptide nosiheptide: from Streptomyces actuosus; structure	9.12	65	1	polyol
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	5.96	25	1
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	3.61	9	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	2.03	1	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	2.05	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	6.67	11	2	polypeptide
magainin 2 peptide, xenopus magainin 2 peptide, Xenopus: from skin of Xenopus laevis; 23-amino acid sequence given in first source; differs from magainin 1 by substitution of Lys instead of Gly at position 10 & Asn instead of Lys at position 22; also used to prevent development of malarial oocysts in mosquito vector; Z-12 is magainin 2 with Lys and Phe residues replaced with their respective D-isomers; homologue of the Xenopus laevis cement; GenBank AF004262 (mouse), AF007791, AF038451-2 (human)	2.02	1	0
hirugen hirugen: amino acid sequence given in first source	1.99	1	0
hen egg lysozyme peptide (46-61) [no description available]	2	1	0
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.86	3	0
m 35 galanin-(1-13)-bradykinin-(2-9)-amide: a high-affinity galanin receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
humanin humanin: suppresses neuronal cell death induced by the Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein; suppresses neuronal cell death induced by three different types of FAD genes and amyloid beta; amino acid sequence in first source	2.77	3	0
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.07	1	0
exchanger inhibitory peptide exchanger inhibitory peptide: amino acid sequence given in first source; potently inhibits Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity	2.02	1	0
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	1.97	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide: potent stimulator of insulin released in perfused mammalian pancreas	2	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	10.12	38	8
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	3.38	7	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	8.72	31	1	peptide hormone
mast cell degranulating peptide mast cell degranulating peptide: isolated from bee venoms; made up of 22 amino acids; has 2 disulfide bridges	1.97	1	0
thiopeptin b [no description available]	1.95	1	0
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	3.26	6	0
sauvagine sauvagine: isolated from skin of South American hylid frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has hypotensive & antidiuretic effect; potent stimulating action on secretion of ACTH & corticosterone; inhibitory effect on secretion of PRL, GH, & TSH; consists of straight chain of 40 amino acid residues	2.46	2	0
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	2.71	3	0
ceca1 protein, drosophila [no description available]	2.02	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	6.51	14	1
echistatin echistatin: 49 amino acid residues given in first source; from the venom of the viper Echis	2	1	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	2.5	2	0
lactoferricin b lactoferricin B: amino acid sequence given in first source	2.02	1	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2.44	2	0
cucurbit(8)uril cucurbit(8)uril: a macrocyclic polymer compound comprising 8 GLYCOLURIL units with methylene bridges	3.31	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	4.91	11	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	9.54	51	1
liraglutide [no description available]	2.11	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
ziconotide ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.	2.5	2	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	6.44	14	0
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt	2.05	1	0	polypeptide
oritavancin oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.	3.15	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
insulin detemir Insulin Detemir: A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.11	1	0
prosaptide prosaptide: 22-mer active peptide of prosaposin; amino acid sequence in first source	2.08	1	0
diapep 277 DiaPep 277: a 24-mer laboratory-made peptide derived from Hsp60(437-460)	3.11	1	0
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	2.46	2	0
apidaecin ib apidaecin: isolated from lymph fluid of honeybee; amino acid sequence given in first source; not antibiotic, since it does not come from microorganism	2.08	1	0
thiazomycin thiazomycin: isolated from Amycolatopsis fastidiosa; structure in first source. thiazomycin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide isolated from Amycolatopsis fastidiosa.	3.44	7	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	12.54	34	28
gastrin 17 gastrin-17 : One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	2.39	2	0	gastrin	antineoplastic agent
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	2	1	0
sulfomycin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
ge 2270 a GE 2270 A: from Planobispora rosea; inhibits bacterial protein synthesis in vitro by affecting specifically the GTP-bound form of elongation factor Tu; structure given in first source	6.9	52	0
idrabiotaparinux idrabiotaparinux: a biotinylated form of idraparinux with anticoagulant properties	4.7	3	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	8.71	22	3	glycoside
sodium borate borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.	2.15	1	0
3,3'-diethylthiacarbocyanine iodide [no description available]	2.11	1	0	benzothiazoles; cyanine dye	fluorochrome
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	7.55	24	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	7.17	34	1	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
a-83-01 A-83-01: an ALK-5 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.57	2	0
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	2.01	1	0
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
mk-8776 MK-8776: a checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitor; SCH900776 was renamed MK-8776; structure in first source	3.27	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
buparlisib NVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	7.99	13	1	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; morpholines; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
ridinilazole ridinilazole: antibiotic	3.25	1	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	4.09	15	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
lumacaftor lumacaftor: a corrector of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR); structure in first source. lumacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid with the aromatic amino group of 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	3.54	7	0	aromatic amide; benzodioxoles; benzoic acids; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; pyridines	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
tubocapsanolide a tubocapsanolide A: withanolide Tubocapsanolide A inhibits proliferation of human lung cancer cells structure in first source. tubocapsanolide A : A withanolide that is 5beta,6beta:16alpha,17alpha-diepoxywitha-2,24-dienolide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and an oxo group at position 1. Isolated from Tubocapsicum anomalum, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.03	1	0	4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor
archazolid a archazolid A: inhibits vacuolar-type ATPase; isolated from Archangium gephyra; structure in first source	5.66	23	0
bismuth subsalicylate bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.	3.35	1	0
phentin acetate phentin acetate: see also triphenyltin hydroxide.; structure. fentin acetate : An organotin compound that is the O-acetyl derivative of triphenyltin hydroxide. A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.	2	1	0	acetate ester; organotin compound	antifungal agrochemical
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	2.06	1	0	organotin acaricide
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	3.63	9	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
pha 848125 N,1,4,4-tetramethyl-8-((4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-h)quinazoline-3-carboxamide: a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor	2.05	1	0
fedratinib fedratinib: a selective small-molecule inhibitor of JAK2	2.47	2	0	sulfonamide
sulfoxaflor sulfoxaflor: insecticide targeting sap-feeding pests; structure in first source. sulfoxaflor : A mixture of the four diastereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres of [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide (the sulfur atom and the carbon attached to position 3 of the pyridine ring). [Both E- and Z-isomers involving the S=N double bond and the cyano group exist, but they interconvert rapidly at r.t.]. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist in insects, sulfoxaflor is used as an insecticide, particularly for the control of aphids.. [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.	3.27	5	0	nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoximide
way 252623 2-(2-chloro-4-fluorobenzyl)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-indazole: a partial LXR agonist	2.21	1	0
sp 203 3-fluoro-5-(2-(2-(fluoromethyl)thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)benzonitrile: a radioligand for mGlu5 receptor; structure in first source	4.95	8	1
rep 3123 REP 3123: structure in first source	4.1	2	0
platencin platencin: inhibits both FabF and FabH; structure in first source. platencin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the polycyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.	3.31	1	0	aromatic amide; cyclic ketone; dihydroxybenzoic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; polycyclic cage	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
azd5438 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	sulfonamide
dihydroptychantol a dihydroptychantol A: an antineoplastic agent isolated from liverworts; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
flupyradifurone flupyradifurone: has insecticidal activity; structure in first source. flupyradifurone : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which the nitrogens have been replaced by (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, and 5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl groups, respectively. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist, it is used as an insecticide to control sucking pests in a variety of crops.	3.26	5	0	butenolide; enamine; monochloropyridine; organofluorine insecticide; tertiary amino compound	insecticide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
phthioceranic acid phthioceranic acid: a heptamethyl-branched acid from Mycobacterium tuberculosis; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
archazolid b archazolid B: structure in first source	4.08	14	0	macrolide
ro 10-5824 RO 10-5824: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.	2.03	1	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	4.83	32	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	3.12	5	0	organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	6.3	45	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	12.15	68	0
a-836339 A-836339: structure in first source	3.35	6	0
florbenazine f 18 florbenazine F 18: a PET tracer; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
sm 164 SM 164: a bivalent Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	benzenes; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary carboxamide; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; radiosensitizing agent
sr 1078 SR 1078: a RORalpha and RORgamma agonist; structure in first source	2.82	3	0
diazepinylbenzoic acid diazepinylbenzoic acid: a retinoid x receptor and PPARgamma inhibitor	3.51	2	0
aminoindanol aminoindanol: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
alcaftadine alcaftadine : An imidazobenzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][3]benzazepine substituted at position 3 by a formyl group and at position 11 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. An antihistamine used for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.	2.07	1	0	aldehyde; imidazobenzazepine; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
n-cyclopropyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide N-cyclopropyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
alpha-amanitin Alpha-Amanitin: A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.. alpha-amanitin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.	2.05	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	3.98	13	0
a 74273 A 74273: structure given in first source	3.08	1	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.45	2	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.43	2	0
shishijimicin a Shishijimicin A: structure in first source	3.35	1	0
wewakazole wewakazole: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	cyclic peptide	metabolite
saikogenin f saikogenin F: a saikosapogenin from roots of Bupleurium smithii var. parvifolium	2.02	1	0
caudatin caudatin: antineoplastic from Cynanchum; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
23-epi-26-deoxyactein 23-epi-26-deoxyactein: 23-epi-26-deoxyactein was previously designated as 27-deoxyactein; from the roots/rhizomes of Cimicifuga racemosa; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
silicate cement Silicate Cement: A relatively hard, translucent, restorative material used primarily in anterior teeth. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)	2.05	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	9.09	74	3
dioxetanone dioxetanone: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
tricyanofuran tricyanofuran: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
septide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
2',3',4'-trihydroxyflavone 2',3',4'-trihydroxyflavone: inhibitor of protein sumoylation; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	2.96	4	0
lumin lumin: structure given in first source; RN refers to dichloride	2	1	0
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2 15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2	2.93	4	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	3.41	7	0
kx-01 [no description available]	2.77	3	0
isothiafludine isothiafludine: antiviral (Hepatitis B virus); structure in first source	2.81	3	0
pf-429242 PF-429242: a subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease inhibitor	2.55	2	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	2.4	2	0	organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	2.01	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	5.94	25	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
lithium niobate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	4.34	7	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	1.99	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	2.4	2	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.45	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
raltegravir potassium Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.	3.5	1	1
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination [no description available]	2.39	2	0
sarkosyl sarkosyl: RN given is for sarkosyl L, the parent cpd; structure	2.44	2	0
xk 469 XK 469: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	2.42	2	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
merocyanine dye merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure	2.43	2	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.02	1	0
tmpmgcl.licl TMPMgCl.LiCl: TMP -2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl	2.06	1	0
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	1.96	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	4.24	18	0
merocyanine-rhodanine merocyanine-rhodanine: RN given refers to Na salt	2.87	4	0
nk 2761 NK 2761: merocyanine-rhodanine dye	1.96	1	0
quinupristin-dalfopristin quinupristin-dalfopristin: RP 59500 is a combination of RP 57669 & RP 54476, which are water soluble derivatives of pristinamycin IA & pristinamycin IIB, respectively	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
arginine Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.	2.42	2	0
borrelidin treponemycin: isolated from Streptomyces albovinaceous; active against Treponema hyodysenteriae. borrelidin : A macrolide that is isolated from several Streptomyces species and displays antibiotic, antineoplastic and antimalarial properties.	2.1	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; diol; macrolide; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	antifungal agent; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
echinomycin Echinomycin: A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.	2	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide
gadofosveset trisodium gadofosveset trisodium: a low molecular weight molecule chelated to Gadolinium, that strongly binds to plasma proteins; Vasovist is an injectable for imaging the vascular system by magnetic resonance angiography	3.5	1	1
olaparib [no description available]	6.44	4	2	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
almorexant almorexant: a dual orexin receptor antagonist for treatment of insomnia	4.78	5	0	isoquinolines
ck-2017357 CK-2017357: a fast-skeletal-troponin activator; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
thiostrepton Thiostrepton: One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders.. thiostrepton : A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.	4.11	15	0
hygromycin b [no description available]	2.39	2	0
bacillamide b bacillamide B: a tryptamide thiazole metabolite from a Bacillus endophyticus isolated from a Bahamian hypersaline microbial mat; structure in first source	3.18	5	0
bacillamide c bacillamide C: a tryptamide thiazole metabolite from a Bacillus endophyticus isolated from a Bahamian hypersaline microbial mat; structure in first source	3.48	7	0
srt1460 SRT1460: small molecule activator of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
srt1720 [no description available]	2.51	2	0
srt2183 SRT2183: small molecule activator of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
plx 4720 PLX 4720: a B-Raf(V600E) kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; organochlorine compound; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	3.82	3	0
lcl161 [no description available]	10.56	56	4	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic ketone; L-alanine derivative; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpyrrolidine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
cx 4945 [no description available]	2.61	2	0
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 4-position.	1.98	1	0
largazole largazole: an antiproliferative agent from Symploca; structure in first source	7.78	53	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	5.69	24	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mk-7009 vaniprevir: inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease. vaniprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor which is approved for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infections in Japan.	3.16	1	0	azamacrocycle; carbamate ester; cyclopropanes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
mln 8237 MLN 8237: an aurora kinase A inhibitor	3.41	2	0	benzazepine
uridine diphosphate n-acetylmuramic acid Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylmuramic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which is formed from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. It serves as the building block upon which peptidoglycan is formed.. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate(3-) : A UDP-N-acetyl-D-muramate(3-) in which the anomeric centre of the pyranose fragment has alpha-configuration.	2.17	1	0	UDP-N-acetylmuramate(3-)
hopeahainol a hopeahainol A: an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Hopea hainanensis; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
gdc 0449 HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity	2.81	3	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist; teratogenic agent
atheronal-b atheronal-B: cholesterol ozonolysis product with proatherogenic effects; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
atheronal-a atheronal-A: cholesterol ozonolysis product with proatherogenic effects; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
bms 754807 BMS 754807: an IGR-1R kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.57	2	0	pyrazoles; pyridines; pyrrolidines; pyrrolotriazine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
gdc-0068 ipatasertib: an Akt kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
sgi 1776 SGI 1776: a Pim kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	imidazoles
lomibuvir lomibuvir: an antiviral agent with polymerase NS5 inhibitory activity	4.41	1	1	thiophenecarboxylic acid
delanzomib [no description available]	3.21	1	0	C-terminal boronic acid peptide; phenylpyridine; secondary alcohol; threonine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; proteasome inhibitor
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.9	4	0
grassypeptolide grassypeptolide: a marine cyanobacterial cytotoxin from Lyngbya confervoides; structure in first source. grassypeptolide : A 31-membered macrocyclic cyclodepsipeptide isolated from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya confervoides and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity.	2.08	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	3.06	4	0	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
florbetapir f 18 florbetapir: a PET agent for Abeta plaques; structure in first source. florbetapir F-18 : An aromatic ether consisting of a pyridine ring substituted at position 2 by a 2-{2-[2-((18)F)fluoroethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy group and at position 5 and a 2-(4-methylaminophenyl)vinyl group. A positron emission tomography imaging ligand for the detection of amyloid aggregation associated with Alzheimer disease.	9.2	25	1	(18)F radiopharmaceutical; aromatic ether; organofluorine compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	radioactive imaging agent
ponatinib [no description available]	6.35	12	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; acetylenic compound; benzamides; imidazopyridazine; N-methylpiperazine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	2.52	2	0	glycoside
insulin, isophane Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.	3.1	1	0
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	1.96	1	0
amg 900 N-(4-((3-(2-amino-4-pyrimidinyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy)phenyl)-4-(4-methyl-2-thienyl)-1-phthalazinamine: a pan-aurora kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
mk-1775 adavosertib: a Wee1 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.81	3	0	piperazines
1229u91 1229U91: a selective neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
dragonamide c dragonamide C: from marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
quizartinib [no description available]	3.6	2	0	benzoimidazothiazole; isoxazoles; morpholines; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; necroptosis inhibitor
azd4694 AZD4694: an Abeta plaque neuroimaging PET radioligand; structure in first source	4.18	3	1
niraparib niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.	5.17	2	1	2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
tak 733 [no description available]	2.17	1	0
mk 2206 MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent	2.8	3	0	organic heterotricyclic compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
suvorexant suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.	4.97	4	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; aromatic amide; diazepine; organochlorine compound; triazoles	central nervous system depressant; orexin receptor antagonist
navitoclax [no description available]	3.25	5	0	aryl sulfide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; piperazines; secondary amino compound; sulfone; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
sns 314 SNS 314: an aurora kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.67	8	0	ureas
pc190723 PC190723: Antibacterial; an inhibitor of FtsZ with potent and selective anti-staphylococcal activity including methicillin- and multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	4.62	24	0
jzl 184 JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	benzodioxoles
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	3.5	7	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	4.41	6	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	21.54	246	66	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	10.25	20	4
dcc-2036 rebastinib: an inhibitor of Tie2 tyrosine kinase receptor and antineoplastic agent	3.17	1	0	organofluorine compound; phenylureas; pyrazoles; pyridinecarboxamide; quinolines	tyrosine kinase inhibitor
trelstar Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.	2.11	1	0
cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide	antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist
deslorelin deslorelin: Ovuplant is tradename for a short-term-release implant containing deslorelin acetate; RN given refers to D-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/90	2.11	1	0	oligopeptide
lutrelin acetate lutrelin acetate: LH-FSH agonist	1.96	1	0
cabozantinib cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.	6.52	5	0	aromatic ether; dicarboxylic acid diamide; organofluorine compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
incb-018424 [no description available]	2.83	3	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mk-6096 MK-6096: antagonist of orexin receptors 1 and 2; structure in first source	4.39	3	0
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	13.24	32	14	tartrate salt
mannans [no description available]	2.7	3	0
pexidartinib pexidartinib: inhibits both CSF1R and c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase; structure in first source. pexidartinib : A pyrrolopyridine that is 5-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine which is substituted by a [6-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl}amino)pyridin-3-yl]methyl group at position 3. It is a potent multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of CSF-1R, KIT, and FLT3 (IC50 of 20 nM, 10 nM and 160 nM, respectively). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT).	2.11	1	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; pyrrolopyridine; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cobicistat [no description available]	16.34	57	26	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; ureas	P450 inhibitor
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	7.99	7	2	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
acridine yellow acridine yellow: RN given refers to acridine yellow base	1.95	1	0	aminoacridines; hydrochloride	fluorochrome
ixazomib ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.	2.21	1	0	benzamides; boronic acids; dichlorobenzene; glycine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; orphan drug; proteasome inhibitor
ver 155008 VER 155008: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	purine nucleoside
sb 649868 N-((1-((5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)carbonyl)-2-piperidinyl)methyl)-4-benzofurancarboxamide: antagonist of both orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors; for treating insomnia; structure in first source	9.35	8	5
6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine: inhibits glutamyl-tRNA amidotransferase; has antimalarial activity	2.25	1	0
gallinamide a gallinamide A: antimalarial peptide from marine cyanobacteria	2.05	1	0
ucph 101 2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-(naphthalen-1-yl)-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
(2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone (2-phenylthiazol-4-yl)-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone: a microtubule modulator; structure in first source	2.75	3	0
pf 3758309 PF 3758309: a PAK4 p21-activated kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
to-pro-3 TO-PRO-3: a cyanine nucleic acid dye; a membrane-impermeant modification of the dye thiazole orange; excited by a 647-nm laser beam and fluoresces in the far red of the spectrum. To-Pro-3 : An unsymmetrical C3 cyanine dye having benzothiazolium-2-yl and quinolinium-4-yl substituents.	2.71	3	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
phosphinothricin phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.	2.01	1	0	organic anion
(5-(2,4-bis((3s)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol (5-(2,4-bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol: a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor with in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	benzyl alcohols; morpholines; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; mTOR inhibitor
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid 11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.	2.04	1	0	11,12-EET	human xenobiotic metabolite
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	3.74	2	1
bi 201335 faldaprevir: inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 protease	16.57	62	30
plx4032 [no description available]	5.9	6	1	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
achn 490 plazomicin: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
2,3-bis(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-(1,4)naphthoquinone 2,3-bis(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-(1,4)naphthoquinone: CDC25A & B inhibitor	3.13	1	0
lff571 LFF571: an antibacterial agent; structure in first source	9.26	12	3
a 967079 A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source	3.59	1	1
gsk 1363089 GSK 1363089: a multikinase inhibitor that acts on Met, RON, Axl, and VEGFR; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether
arry-334543 ARRY-334543: an antagonist of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2); structure in first source	2.1	1	0
phallacidin phallacidin: bicyclic heptapeptide from Amanita (along with phalloidin). phallacidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.02	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
cytochromes c1 Cytochromes c1: The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)	4.23	18	0
urushiol [no description available]	2.39	2	0
mlck peptide MLCK peptide: amino acid sequence given in first source; synthetic peptide corresponding to the sequence of calmodulin-binding domain of skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase which acts as calmodulin antagonist	2.02	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	6.26	10	1
clp257 CLP257: a chloride extrusion enhancer that targets KCC2; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
bms 665053 BMS 665053: structure in first source	3.17	1	0
pretubulysin pretubulysin: from myxobacteria; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
elafin Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.	2.49	2	0
baricitinib [no description available]	4.85	3	0	azetidines; nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
quad pill Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of the ANTI-HIV AGENTS elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS.	9.76	13	2
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	22.02	631	68
sr1001 SR1001: a selective RORalpha and RORgamma inverse agonist; structure in first source	5.53	19	0	sulfonamide
cadazolid cadazolid: for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections; structure in first source	3.25	1	0
cyanidin 3-galactoside cyanidin 3-galactoside: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	5.23	6	0
(4-(n-hydroxyamino)-2r-isobutyl-3s-methylsuccinyl)-l-phenylglycine-n-methylamide KB R7785: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	3.38	7	0
wasalexin a wasalexin A: wasalexins A and B are geometrical isomers; isolated from Wasabia japonica; structure in first source	2.45	2	0	indoles
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	9.91	69	3
monepantel monepantel: Anthelmintic; effective gainst fourth stage gastro-intestinal nematode larvae infecting sheep. monepantel : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of p-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfanyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding 5-cyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl ether. A broad-spectrum nematicide, it is used to control gastrointestinal roundworms in sheep and goats.	2.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; nematicide
taiwaniaflavone taiwaniaflavone: inhibits induction of iNOS and COX-2 genes	2.06	1	0
dabrafenib [no description available]	2.25	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
pki 587 gedatolisib: inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
lyngbyabellin b lyngbyabellin B: from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula; structure in first source	2.93	4	0
nocathiacin i nocathiacin I: structure in first source	3.65	9	0
punicalagin punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	tannin
kahalalide f kahalalide F: a cyclodepsipeptide toxin; isolated from a mollusk, Elysia rubefescens; exhibits antitumoral activity against cell lines of colon cancer and prostatic cancer; structure given in first source	3.18	1	0
an2728 crisaborole: NSAID, Dermatologic Agent; structure in first source. crisaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 5-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxaborole in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyanophenyl group. A phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that is used for treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adults.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoxaborole; nitrile	antipsoriatic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
gardiquimod [no description available]	2.05	1	0
siponimod siponimod: S1P receptor modulator	7.17	5	0
grazoprevir grazoprevir: has antiviral activity; component of Zepatier. grazoprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C protease inhibitor used in combination with elbasvir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.	7.76	5	4	aromatic ether; azamacrocycle; carbamate ester; cyclopropanes; lactam; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; quinoxaline derivative	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent
ribociclib ribociclib: inhibits both CDK4 and CDK6	4.35	3	0
heliosit [no description available]	2.05	1	0
formylchromone formylchromone: structure in first source	3.55	2	0
gx 15-070 obatoclax: a pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor potentially useful in treating mantle cell lymphoma	3.02	4	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.17	1	0
hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.	2.02	1	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	8.34	10	2	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor	5.33	3	1	benzoxazole
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.95	4	0
bufadienolide bufadienolide: isolated from liushen pills; RN given for (14beta)-isomer. bufadienolide : The simplest member of the class of bufadienolides that is bufanolide with unsaturation at positions 20 and 22.	1.98	1	0	bufadienolides
mycalamide a mycalamide A: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,2(S(S)),5beta,6beta))-isomer; isolated from marine sponges	3.53	2	0	disaccharide
endrin Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.	2	1	0
3-fluoro-5-((6-methylpyridin-2-yl)ethynyl)benzonitrile 3-fluoro-5-((6-methylpyridin-2-yl)ethynyl)benzonitrile: an mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
thiazovivin [no description available]	3.71	9	0
gsk0660 GSK0660: PPAR antagonist; structure in first source	4.63	24	0	sulfonamide
srt3025 SRT3025: a sirtuin 1 inhibitor	5.23	10	1
surotomycin [no description available]	3.25	1	0
5-methyl-n-(4-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)-4-(1h-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazol-2-amine 5-methyl-N-(4-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)thiazol-2-amine: an mGlu4 positive modulator; structure in first source	3.03	4	0
bisebromoamide bisebromoamide: a potent cytotoxic peptide from the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp.: structure in first source	2.49	2	0
gsk 1070916 GSK 1070916: an antineoplastic agent with aurora B/C kinase inhibitory activity	2.1	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
dinaciclib [no description available]	3.66	2	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
diphthamide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
methylmalonyl-coenzyme a [no description available]	3.52	2	0
fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer	2.01	1	0
gdc-0152 GDC-0152: structure in first source	2.57	2	0
gsk525762a molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	benzodiazepine
fluazaindolizine fluazaindolizine: a nematicide; structure in first source. fluazaindolizine : A member of the class of imidazopyridines that is the amide formed from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 8-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid with the sulfonamide nitrogen of 2-chloro-5-methoxybenzene-1-sulfonamide.	2.21	1	0	aromatic amide; imidazopyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine pesticide	agrochemical; nematicide
2-hydroxybenzoyl-n-(5-chlorothiazol-2-yl)amide 2-hydroxybenzoyl-N-(5-chlorothiazol-2-yl)amide: an antiviral agent effective against hepatitis B virus; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
calcipotriene calcipotriene: a topical dermatologic for the treatment of moderate plaque psoriasis; structure in first source. calcipotriol hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.	2.42	2	0	hydrate	antipsoriatic
aripiprazole lauroxil [no description available]	3.35	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; dodecanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	H1-receptor antagonist; prodrug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
birinapant birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity	4.41	5	0	dipeptide
lusutrombopag lusutrombopag: a thrombopoietin receptor agonist; structure in first source	11.7	30	6	cinnamic acids
abt-199 venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.	3.13	4	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
bs-181 BS-181: a CDK7 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity	2.13	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
ipi-145 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	isoquinolines
encorafenib encorafenib: a BRAF inhibitor	5.9	6	1
bms-911543 N,N-dicyclopropyl-4-((1,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)-6-ethyl-1-methyl-1,6-dihydroimidazo(4,5-d)pyrrolo(2,3b)pyridine-7-carboxamide: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
vu0409106 VU0409106: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist; structure in first source	3.01	4	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	3.79	11	0
butyrolactone i butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	butenolide
pf-4708671 [no description available]	2.1	1	0
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.61	2	0
gsk1210151a GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	imidazoquinoline
azd8186 [no description available]	2.52	2	0
eliglustat tartrate agalsidase beta: recombinant protein for treatment of Fabry disease. eliglustat tartrate : A tartrate that is the hemitartrate salt of eliglustat. A ceramide glucosyltransferase inhibitor used (as its tartrate salt) for treatment of Gaucher's disease.	2.02	1	0	tartrate salt	EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
penicilloate penicilloic acid: metabolites of penicillins obtained by alkaline cleavage; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; structure. penicilloic acid : A thiazolidinedicarboxylic acid obtained via hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring of a penicillin.	2.35	2	0
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.	2.02	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
dimethylaminomicheliolide dimethylaminomicheliolide: a prodrug of micheliolide; has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
bal 30072 BAL 30072: a siderophore with antibacterial activity; structure in first source	6.24	17	2
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.	2.55	2	0	aminopyrimidine; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
spinetoram spinetoram: a second-generation spinosyn; insecticide	2.51	2	0	organic molecular entity
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.76	3	0
n-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)nicotinamide N-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)nicotinamide: an mGlu5 agonist; structure in first source	3.02	4	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	5.84	8	1	polypeptide
(r)-n-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-1-tosylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (R)-N-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-1-tosylpiperidine-2-carboxamide: structure in first source	3.65	8	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	8.11	31	1
incb039110 INCB039110: a JAK1 inhibitor; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
leukotoxin leukotoxin: do not confuse with leukotoxin which is 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate	1.98	1	0
3-amino-4-(3-hexylphenylamino)-4-oxobutylphosphonic acid 3-amino-4-(3-hexylphenylamino)-4-oxobutylphosphonic acid: W146 is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
anemarsaponin b anemarsaponin B: from Anemarrhena asphodeloides; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
lesinurad lesinurad: a uric acid reabsorption inhibitor. lesinurad : A member of the class of triazoles that is [(3-bromo-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]acetic acid substituted at position 1 of the triazole ring by a 4-cyclopropylnaphthalen-1-yl group. Used for treatment of gout.	5.27	3	1	aryl sulfide; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; triazoles	uricosuric drug
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	5.17	3	1
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	3.27	6	0
tuftsin Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.	2.04	1	0	peptide
kpt-185 KPT-185: binds CRM1 to inhibit nuclear export; has antineoplastic activity	4.18	3	1
1,4-bis(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylethenyl)-benzene 1,4-bis(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylethenyl)-benzene: structure in first source	2.99	4	0
lanthanide nitrate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	9.49	71	3	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
coumermycin coumermycin: RN given refers to coumermycin A1; structure. coumermycin A1 : A hydroxycoumarin antibiotic that is obtained from Streptomyces rishiriensis and exhibits potent antibacterial and anticancer activity.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide; coumarins; glycoside; heteroarenecarboxylate ester; pyrroles	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	4.01	4	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	6.9	21	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.64	3	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	3.81	2	1
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	4	13	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	10	48	2	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.71	3	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	13.23	85	20	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	2.54	2	0	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
atpenin a5 atpenin A5: from Penicillium sp. FO-125; MW C15-H21-N-O5-Cl2	2.15	1	0
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	23.99	1,261	299	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
laquinimod [no description available]	3.21	1	0	aromatic amide
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	5.83	21	1	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	5.77	6	1	benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	22.86	538	93	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	1.95	1	0
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	4.06	4	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	2.94	4	0
antimycin [no description available]	5.22	50	0
tasquinimod tasquinimod: a lead second generation quinoline-3-carboxamide anti-angiogenic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
4-hydroxycoumarin 2-hydroxychromone: structure	2.51	2	0	hydroxycoumarin
rolitetracycline Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.	2	1	0
sudoxicam sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)	2.77	3	0
teriflunomide [no description available]	6.47	8	2	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tigecycline [no description available]	2.03	1	0
tetramic acid tetramic acid : A gamma-lactam that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. Despite its simple structure, it was not synthesised until 1972; earlier attempts were later shown to have resulted only in the formation of the isomer 5-imino-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-ol.	2.48	2	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	3.65	9	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ascorbyl monostearate ascorbyl monostearate: cpd prepared in microencapsulated form	2.05	1	0
chrome azurol s chrome azurol S: reagent for beryllium determination spectrophotometrically	2.41	2	0
ark 62-62 ARK 62-62: structure given in first source; RN given is for L-ascorbic acid, (SP-4-2) isomer	2.17	1	0
lfm a13 LFM A13: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
clorobiocin clorobiocin: chlorine-containing antibiotic related to novobiocin	2.45	2	0
s 1 (combination) S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer	2.54	2	0
eravacycline eravacycline: has antibacterial activity	2.21	1	0	tetracyclines
pacidamycin d pacidamycin D: isolated from the fermentation broth of the Streptomyces coeruleorubiduns strain; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
byl719 [no description available]	17.82	173	30	proline derivative
bacitracin a bacitracin A: cyclic dodecapeptide antibiotic from Bacillus licheniformis; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #942. bacitracin A : A homodetic cyclic peptide consisting of (4R)-2-[(1S,2S)-1-amino-2-methylbutyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid attached head-to-tail to L-leucyl,D-glutamyl, L-lysyl, D-ornityl, L-isoleucyl, D-phenylalanyl, L-histidyl. D-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues coupled in sequence and cyclised by condensation of the side-chain amino group of the L-lysyl residue with the C-terminal carboxylic acid group. It is the major component of bacitracin.	2.42	2	0
3-(4-tert-butylthiazol-2-yl)methoxy)-5'-(3-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl)propyl-2'-(1h-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)benzanilide monosodium salt monohydrate YM 158: a dual antagonist for LTD(4) and TXA(2) receptors; structure in first source	3.25	6	0
betalains Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.	3.52	2	0
omega-agatoxin iva omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.	1.99	1	0
snx 230 omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source	1.99	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	6.44	55	0
pf 3512676 ProMune: an anticancer adjuvant and immunostimulant	2.08	1	0
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	2.69	3	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	4.26	4	1	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.74	3	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
mk0767 MK0767: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist, displays robust antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities	6.19	12	3
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	6.91	87	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	4.46	8	0
miravirsen miravirsen: has antiviral activity; a 15-nucleotide locked nucleic acid-modified antisense oligonucleotide that inhibits miR-122	4.41	1	1
oxathiapiprolin oxathiapiprolin: fungicide, structure in first source. 1-(4-{4-[5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethanone : An N-acylpiperidine that is N-acetyl 4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidine in which the thiazole ring is substituted at position 4 by a 5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the acetyl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl group.. oxathiapiprolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxathiapiprolin.	2.6	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; isoxazoline; N-acylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; tertiary carboxamide
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	3.31	1	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
deleobuvir deleobuvir: a hepatitis C virus polymerase inhibitor	9.07	9	8
naloxegol naloxegol: A peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist specific for mu-opioid receptors. Used to decrease the constipating effects of opioids.. naloxegol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone in which the keto group is replaced by a PEG moiety. Used for treatment of opioid-induced constipation.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; phenols; polyether; tertiary alcohol	cathartic; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
LimKi 3 LIMKi3: LIMK inhibitor. LimKi 3 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole which is substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 3 and by a 2-(isobutyrylamino)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl group at position 5. It is a a potent cell-permeable inhibitor of LIM kinase 1 and 2.	2.91	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; dichlorobenzene; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; secondary carboxamide	LIM kinase inhibitor
astressin-2b astressin-2B: a CRF2 receptor antagonist. astressin 2B : A 33-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Leu-Ser-D-Phe-His-alpha-MeLeu-Leu-Arg-Lys-Nle-Ile-Glu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Gln-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Gln-Gln-Ala-Glu-Asn-Asn-Lys-Leu-Leu-Leu-Asp-alpha-MeLeu-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 24 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 27.	2.04	1	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	4.1	15	0	ketal
rociletinib rociletinib: inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
berninamycin a berninamycin A: structure for berninamycin A	2.08	1	0
sr9009 [no description available]	3.21	1	0
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	2.15	1	0
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	3.26	6	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
kpt-251 KPT-251: a selective inhibitor of nuclear export; structure in first source	3.73	3	0
thiomuracin a thiomuracin A: isolated from Nonomurae; structure in first source	5.37	9	0
(1-(3-isopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl methanesulfonate (1-(3-isopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl methanesulfonate: a GPR119 agonist	3.07	4	0
azd1208 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
rki-1447 RKI-1447: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits ROCK1 and ROCK2; structure in first source	3.28	5	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	6.75	51	1
soda lime soda lime: a mixture of calcium oxide (lime) with 5-20% sodium hydroxide and 6-18% water; carbon dioxide adsorbant	2	1	0
erdafitinib erdafitinib: inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptors	2.31	1	0
ledipasvir ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	3.8	1	1	azaspiro compound; benzimidazole; bridged compound; carbamate ester; carboxamide; fluorenes; imidazoles; L-valine derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor
brasilicardin a brasilicardin A: isolated from Nocardia brasiliensis; structure in first source. brasilicardin A : A diterpenoid antibiotic isolated from the culture broth of Nocardia brasiliensis IFM0406. It exhibits antitumour and strong immunosuppressive activity.	3.31	1	0	benzoate ester; carbotricyclic compound; diterpenoid; N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phenols	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
thymic factor, circulating Thymic Factor, Circulating: A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.	2.7	3	0
khs101 KHS101: a small molecule accelerates neuronal differentiation in the adult rat	3.39	6	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	2.47	2	0
n-acetylchitosan N-acetylchitosan: polyhydrate of chitin	2.01	1	0
4-hydroxydodeca-2,6-dienal [no description available]	2.05	1	0
trp-lys-tyr-met-val-met Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-Met: a synthetic peptide, stimulates phosphoinositide hyrolysis in human leukocytes	2.17	1	0
platonin platonin: RN given refers to diiodide; structure in first source	5.88	38	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	2.13	1	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
selinexor selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1	3.95	4	0
verdinexor verdinexor: a selective inhibitor of nuclear export	2.13	1	0
kpt-276 KPT-276: a selective inhibitor of nuclear export; inhibits both the XPO1 gene and the CRM1 protein	6.6	10	1
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	4.69	4	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	3.75	10	0
per977 PER977: a factor Xa inhibitor; structure in first source	9.22	9	1
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amide 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amide: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits sphingosine kinase-2; structure in first source	2.81	3	0
laspartomycin c laspartomycin C: an acidic lipopeptide antibiotic with a unique peptide core; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
n-((4-methoxy)-2-naphthyl)-5-nitroanthranilic acid N-((4-methoxy)-2-naphthyl)-5-nitroanthranilic acid: inhibits anoctamin-1; structure in first source	2.54	2	0
1,2-bis(isothiazol-5-yl)disulfane 1,2-bis(isothiazol-5-yl)disulfane: structure in first source	2.82	3	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	3.28	6	0
alt-946 ALT-946: inhibitor of advanced glycation, improves severe nephropathy in the diabetic transgenic (mREN-2)27 rat	4.03	2	0
imetelstat [no description available]	4.34	3	0
glutaminase [no description available]	2.71	3	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	6.31	47	0
bf 227 2-(2-(2-dimethylaminothiazol-5-yl)ethenyl)-6-(2-(fluoro)ethoxy)benzoxazole: a putative amyloid PET imaging probe; structure in first source	8.98	25	2
alcohol oxidase [no description available]	2.02	1	0
onc201 TIC10 compound: a TRAIL-dependent antitumor agent; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	4.05	14	0
cefiderocol cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.	2.55	2	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; siderophore
mitotracker green fm [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ap20187 AP20187: a nontoxic, cell-permeable analog, a wholly synthesized, cell-permeable dimeric FK506 derivative. AP20187 : A tertiary amino compound that is 2-(aminomethyl)-N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine in which the primary ammino groups have each been acylated by condensation with the carboxy group of 2-{3-[(1R)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-hydroxypropyl]phenoxy}acetic acid, the hydroxy groups of which have been esterified by condensation with the carboxy group of L-pipecolic acid, the nitrogen of which has been acylated by condensation with (2S)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)butyric acid. It is a synthetic, cell-permeable ligand that can be used to induce homodimerization of fusion proteins containing the DmrB domain.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; N-acylpiperidine; tertiary amino compound	ligand
hg-9-91-01 HG-9-91-01: inhibits salt-inducible kinases; structure in first source. HG-9-91-01 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is a potent inhibitor of salt-inducible kinase 2, a potential target protein for therapy in ovarian cancer.	2.1	1	0	aminopyrimidine; dimethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; salt-inducible kinase 2 inhibitor
vt-464 VT-464: a CYP17A1 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	4.37	20	0
kj-pyr-9 KJ-Pyr-9: antineoplastic; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
toxin iii (anemonia sulcata) toxin III (Anemonia sulcata): polypeptide with 27 amino acid residues; see also record for cytolysin III (Stoichactis helianthus)	2.03	1	0
asbestos, crocidolite Asbestos, Crocidolite: A lavender, acid-resistant asbestos.	3.14	5	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	2.08	1	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
nitroguanidine nitroguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroguanidine : An N-nitro compound that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a nitro group. It can exist in distinct tautomeric forms, as 1-nitroguanidine (a nitroimine) or 2-nitroguanidine (a nitroamine); in both solid and in solution, the nitroimine form predominates.	2.44	2	0	nitroguanidine; one-carbon compound
carubicin Carubicin: A very toxic anthracycline-type antineoplastic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata.. carminomycin(1+) : An anthracyline cation that is the conjugate acid of carminomycin, obtained by protonation of the amino group.	2	1	0	anthracycline cation
3-chloro-5-(6-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)benzonitrile 3-chloro-5-(6-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)benzonitrile: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	4.66	27	0
pyridoacridine pyridoacridine: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	8.82	35	1
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	3.43	1	1	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
gsk3235025 GSK3235025: an inhibitor of protein arginine methyltransferase-5 (PRMT5); structure in first source	2.31	1	0
neuropeptide y, leu(31)-pro(34)- neuropeptide Y, Leu(31)-Pro(34)-: specific Y1 receptor agonist	2.01	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	2.1	1	0
calpastatin calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).	2.73	3	0	polypeptide	EC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
tws 119 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	3.21	6	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
germacranolide germacranolide: from Artemisia pallens; structure in first source. germacranolide : A sesquiterpene lactone based on germacrane skeleton.	2.03	1	0
dinophysistoxin 2 dinophysistoxin 2: structure given in first source; a principal toxin responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. dinophysistoxin 2 : A ketal that is a rare marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid. Found yearly along with okadaic acid in Portuguese shellfish, its presence has been correlated with the occurrence of Dinophysis acta.	2.07	1	0	ketal	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; toxin
cobamamide cobamamide : A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12.	2.02	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	4.1	4	0
gastrin i gastrin I: heptadecapeptide amide, H-Pyr-Gly-Pro-Trp-Leu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2	2	1	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	2.03	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-28): binding of synthetic beta-amyloid peptide fragments to glycosaminoglycan is pH-dependent	2.01	1	0
feldspar feldspar: structure	2.73	3	0
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	2.06	1	0
lipofectamine Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent	2.96	4	0
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	2.11	1	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.51	2	0
desferrithiocin desferrithiocin: a siderophore; structure given in first source	8.52	37	1
bombesin(6-14), hca(6)-leu(13)-psi(ch2n)-tac(14)- bombesin(6-14), Hca(6)-Leu(13)-psi(CH2N)-Tac(14)-: (Hca - desaminophenylalanine, Tac - thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid); a bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide antagonist	2.08	1	0
salmochelin s4 salmochelin S4: isolated from Salmonella enterica; structure in first source	3.16	5	0	C-glycosyl compound; macrotriolide
carboxyatractyloside carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.01	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	4.33	20	0
ginkgolide c ginkgolide C: ginkolide; inactive to PAF receptor; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
oridonin [no description available]	3.32	6	0
gibberellins [no description available]	2.11	1	0
nargenicin a1 nargenicin A1: from Saccharopolyspora hirsuta; structure given in first source	3.31	1	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	3.07	5	0
quinomycin quinomycin: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also echinomycin for quinomycin A: 512-64-1; structure	2	1	0
copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate) copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate): copper is intricate part of molecule; not copper salt; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methylethyl moieties	1.98	1	0
daptomycin [no description available]	3.11	4	0
gymnodimine gymnodimine: a spiro-imine algal toxin; a neurotoxic shellfish poison produced by Karenia selliformis (formerly Gymnodinium selliforme) and related species	3.1	1	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	2.48	2	0
steganacin steganacin: bisbenzocyclooctadiene lactone extract from Steganotaenia araliacea; structure	2.02	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	4.61	6	1
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	3.24	6	0
aurachin a aurachin A: extracted from myxobacterium, Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15; MF: C25-H33-N-O3; MW: 395; structure given in first source. aurachin A : An A-type aurichin that is 1,2-dihydrofuro[2,3-c]quinoline 5-oxide which is substituted at position 2 by a (6E)-10-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylundeca-2,6-dien-10-yl group and at position 4 by a methyl group (relative configuration shown). Found in the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15.	2.02	1	0	A-type aurachin; furoquinoline; quinoline N-oxide; tertiary alcohol	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite
refludan lepirudin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.	2.08	1	0
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	2.44	2	0
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.01	1	0
oblimersen oblimersen: targets the Bcl-2 oncogene good efficacy with low toxicity tumour regressions	2.02	1	0
s 8932 [no description available]	9.19	11	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
ged0301 GED0301: a Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide	3.35	1	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	2	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	5	9	1
moxidectin moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity	3.55	2	0
sporangiomycin sporangiomycin: sulfur containing peptide from Planomonospora parontospors; related to thiostrepton group of antibiotics	2.01	1	0
lugdunin lugdunin: antibiotic from Staphylococcus lugdunensis. lugdunin : A thiazolidine-containing homodetic cyclic peptide that is isolated from human nasal bacteria. Exhibits bactericidal activity against many major pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).	2.21	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; indoles; macrocycle; peptide antibiotic; thiazolidines	human metabolite; rat metabolite
nickel ferrite nickel ferrite : A mixed metal oxide with formula Fe2NiO4.	2.06	1	0
a3080 thiofentanil oxalate: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	9.9	47	3
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	3.15	5	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	4.28	5	0
triciribine triciribine: structure. triciribine : A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.	2.04	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	6.13	123	0
ginkgolide j ginkgolide J: a naturally occurring ginkgolide from GINKGO	1.97	1	0
apicidin apicidin: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	2.69	3	0
siomycin a siomycin A: see also records for siomycin & siomycin D1	2.46	2	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	3.82	11	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	4.06	5	0
danoprevir [no description available]	4.61	4	0
crambin protein, crambe abyssinica crambin protein, Crambe abyssinica: 44 amino acid, molecular weight 5000, water-insoluble protein found in the seed of the plant Crambe abyssinica	2.02	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.9	4	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	4.96	2	1
icg 001 ICG 001: PRI-724 is an enantiomer of ICG-001; binds to cAMP response element-binding protein; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
tomatine Tomatine: An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed). tomatine : A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose.	2.41	2	0
sparsomycin Sparsomycin: An antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sparsogenes. It inhibits protein synthesis in 70S and 80S ribosomal systems.	1.98	1	0
fusarenon-x fusarenon-X: mycotoxin isolated from Fusarium nivale; belongs to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; structure	2.08	1	0
glutathione sulfonamide glutathione sulfonamide: a product of hypochlorous acid-mediated oxidation of glutathione; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
n-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine N-adamantyl-4-methylthiazol-2-amine: structure in first source	3.38	6	0
2-cyclopropylimino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazoline hydrochloride 2-cyclopropylimino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazoline hydrochloride: Hypoglycemic Agent	3.69	9	0
asbestos, amosite Asbestos, Amosite: Asbestos, grunerite. A monoclinic amphibole form of asbestos having long fibers and a high iron content. It is used in insulation. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.49	2	0
tremolite tremolite: see also actinolite; structure	2.08	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	3.15	5	0
technetium tc 99m medronate Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.	5.92	2	1
quelamycin [no description available]	2	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.47	2	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	4.89	13	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	5.29	50	0
polident Polident: contains sodium perborate & potassium monopersulfate	2.08	1	0
cyclolinopeptide a cyclolinopeptide A: structure given in first source; cyclic nonapeptide; isolated from linseed oil	2.25	1	0
nusinersen nusinersen: an antisense oligonucleotide that induces SMN protein expression	2.17	1	0
nedaplatin nedaplatin: structure given in first source	2	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	10.57	170	0
amyloid beta-peptides [no description available]	2.74	3	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	4.66	6	1
vitamin a, vitamin e, vitamin k3 drug combination vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin K3 drug combination: consists of a mixture of vitamins A, E, and K3; effective in wound healing	3.39	1	1
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.97	4	0
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	2.05	1	0
5'-deoxythymidine 5'-deoxythymidine: structure given in first source; used to study mechanism of entry into human erythrocytes in comparison with other deoxythymidines	2.01	1	0
echinocandin b echinocandin B: a cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity; inhibits beta-1,3-glucan synthesis. echinocandin B : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity.	2.02	1	0
clivorine clivorine: isolated from Ligularia dentata; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
talisomycin talisomycin: contains components A & B; glycopeptide related to bleomycin antibiotic from actinomycetes strain 6465-94; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2	1	0
lupane lupane: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
euk-189 EUK-189: a salen Mn compound that mimics the action of catalase; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
neuropeptide y (13-36) [no description available]	2.01	1	0
fucosyl gm1 ganglioside [no description available]	2	1	0
akt-i-1,2 compound Akt-I-1,2 compound: an aminopeptidase P inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
tetra(4-n-methylpyridyl)porphine tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	8.17	17	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
osi 027 OSI 027: inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2; structure in first source	2.55	2	0
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.38	2	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	7.92	36	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	4.23	17	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	2	1	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.07	15	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.78	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	5.6	23	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	5.4	19	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2.96	4	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
guanosine tetraphosphate Guanosine Tetraphosphate: Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.. guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) : A guanosine bisphosphate having diphosphate groups at both the 3' and 5'-positions.	2	1	0	guanosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	5.22	6	2	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.69	3	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2.71	3	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	3.43	7	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	6.14	24	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	3.19	5	0
viomycin [no description available]	1.93	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide antibiotic	antitubercular agent
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	4.15	16	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	3	4	0
5'-guanylylmethylenebisphosphonate guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-methylene]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is guanosine substituted at position 5' by a (beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphate group.	2	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	9.93	42	3	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	18.49	159	17	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	5.69	18	1	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	3.08	5	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	4.03	14	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	4.43	1	1	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	22.33	315	91	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	4.9	8	1	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	2.39	2	0	triazolopyrimidines
2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one 2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one: cypridina luciferin analog	2.01	1	0
salicylaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone salicylaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
ro 3306 RO 3306: structure in first source	5.36	51	0
syringaldazine syringaldazine: used for detection of laccase in sporophores of wood rotting fungi; structure	2.08	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	20.27	230	48	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	2.42	2	0
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	1.94	1	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	2.15	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine 2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine
noc 18 NOC 18: releases nitric oxide; structure in first source	2.41	2	0
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	benzenetriol
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	3.61	2	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
tak 491 azilsartan medoxomil: an azilsartan prodrug and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker. azilsartan medoxomil : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of azilsartan with the hydroxy group of 4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one. A prodrug for azilsartan, it is used for treatment of hypertension.	2.07	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; carboxylic ester; cyclic carbonate ester; dioxolane	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; prodrug
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	2.68	3	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	3.88	3	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
loxoribine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
etintidine etintidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
efrotomycin efrotomycin: from Streptomyces lactamdurans; structure	2.38	2	0
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	2.7	3	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	3.32	6	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
pyrazofurin pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.	3.77	3	0	C-glycosyl compound; pyrazoles	antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
deferitrin 4'-hydroxydesazadesferrithiocin: structure in first source	5.72	8	0
brassilexin brassilexin: structure in first source	3.54	8	0	indoles
vardenafil dihydrochloride Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.	2.01	1	0
amido black Amido Black: A dye used to stain proteins in electrophoretic techniques. It is used interchangeably with its acid form.. Amido Black 10B (acid form) : A bis(azo) compound that is naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3, 4, 5, and 6 are replaced by (p-nitrophenyl)azo, amino, hydroxy, and phenylazo groups, respectively. A biological stain, it can be used interchangeably with its disodium salt, Amido Black 10B.	1.99	1	0
indolmycin indolmycin: produced by a strain of Streptomyces griseus; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. indolmycin : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted at the 2 and 5-pro-S positions by methylamino and [(1R)-1-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl] groups, respectively.	3.49	2	0	1,3-oxazoles; indoles; secondary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 6.1.1.2 (tryptophan--tRNA ligase) inhibitor
dimethylglyoxime dimethylglyoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
5(4'-hydroxybenzylidenoimino)-3-methylisothiazolo(5,4-d)pyrimidine-(7h)-4,6-dione 5(4'-hydroxybenzylidenoimino)-3-methylisothiazolo(5,4-d)pyrimidine-(7H)-4,6-dione: structure in first source; do not confuse with IP-10 protein (Chemokine CXCL10)	3.53	8	0
xav939 XAV939: selectively inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcription; structure in first source. XAV939 : A thiopyranopyrimidine in which a 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine skeleton is substituted at C-4 by a hydroxy group and at C-2 by a para-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.	2.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; thiopyranopyrimidine	tankyrase inhibitor
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.92	4	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	2.02	1	0	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	8.26	102	1
azure c Azure C: RN given refers to chloride. azure C : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(methylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion.	2.07	1	0
nintedanib nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.	2.17	1	0
cgp 43902a [no description available]	1.97	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.38	2	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
homofolic acid homofolic acid: major descriptor (75-84); on-line search FOLIC ACID/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search HOMOFOLIC ACID/*analogs (75-84)	1.96	1	0
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	2.55	2	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	4.17	16	0	guanosines	biomarker
bms 536924 BMS 536924: inhibits insulin-like growth factor I receptor kinase; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
febantel febantel: structure	2.15	1	0	aryl sulfide
amg531 [no description available]	5.92	9	0
ly 518674 LY 518674: a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ulodesine ulodesine: a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor	3.19	1	0
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	3.1	5	0
naamidine a naamidine A: isolated from the sponge Leucetta; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
t16ainh-a01 T16AInh-A01: a TMEM16A inhibitor	4.59	22	0
fast red s [no description available]	2	1	0
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	3.97	2	0
mocimycin mocimycin: induces GTPase activity of EF-TU; N-demethyl analog of antibiotic X-5108; structure	5.12	8	0	C-glycosyl compound
noc 9 NOC 9: nitrogen oxide releaser	2	1	0
paulomycin a paulomycin A: from Streptomyces paulus strain 273; MF C34-H46-N2-O17-S; see also paulomycin B	2.15	1	0
althiomycin althiomycin: structure. althiomycin : A peptide antibiotic isolated from soil and enteric bacteria. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor which exhibits antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	3.24	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; aldoxime; ether; gamma-lactam; pentapeptide; peptide antibiotic; primary alcohol; pyrroline; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
9-arabinofuranosylguanine 9-arabinofuranosylguanine: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine : A purine nucleoside in which guanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. It inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death.	2.48	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
2-(4-fluorophenylamino)-5-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2-(4-fluorophenylamino)-5-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure in first source	2.98	4	0
carbadox Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)	2.4	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
undecylprodigiosin prodigiosin 25C: red pigment produced by Streptomyces hiroshimensis; potent immunosuppressive agent with its primary effect on functions of T cells; structure given in first source. undecylprodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is 1H-pyrrole substituted by (4'-methoxy-1H,5'H-[2,2'-bipyrrol]-5'-ylidene)methyl and undecyl groups at positions 2 and 5, respectively. It is a pigment produced by Stveptomyces coelicolor.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; aromatic ether; tripyrrole	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	8.8	234	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
direct black 3 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
darbufelone darbufelone: RN given for (Z)-isomer and monomethanesulfonate salt; structure in first source	2.7	3	0
bmn 673 talazoparib: inhibits both PARP1 and PARP2; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
amg 221 AMG 221: structure in first source	4.71	6	1
bay 80-6946 copanlisib: an antineoplastic agent with PI3K inhibitory activity; structure in first source. copanlisib : An imidazoquinazoline that is 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline substituted by (2-aminopyrimidine-5-carbonyl)amino, methoxy, and 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 8, respectively. It is a intravenous pan-class I PI3K inhibitor used for the treatment of relapsed follicular lymphoma in patients who have received at least 2 prior systemic therapies.	2.31	1	0
glucosepane glucosepane: a protein cross-link; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
anguibactin anguibactin: a peptide biosynthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases; siderophore isolated from Vibrio anguillarum 775 harboring the pJM1 plasmid	3.5	2	0
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	1.97	1	0
olanzapine-fluoxetine combination olanzapine-fluoxetine combination: used to treat bipolar depression	5.39	5	0
fenobam fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate	3.36	6	0	ureas
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	10.65	354	1	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.02	1	0
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	2.08	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiotriphosphate) [no description available]	1.98	1	0
batrachotoxinin a 20-alpha-benzoate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cephalostatin i cephalostatin I: two steroid units are annulated to a 1,4-pyrazine ring; RN given for (3'R-(3'alpha(R),4'alpha,4'abeta,6'balpha,8'abeta,11'aalpha,11'bbeta,13'alpha,13'aalpha,13'bbeta,14'beta,15'alpha(3R,5''S),16'abeta,17'balpha,19'abeta,22'aalpha,22'bbeta,24'aR'*))-isomer; structure in first source	3.18	1	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.71	3	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	4	2	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	4.63	3	2
s 3483 TMP778: RORγt inverse agonist; structure in first source	3.21	1	0
disodium isostearyl 2-o-l-ascorbyl phosphate disodium isostearyl 2-O-L-ascorbyl phosphate: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
eye [no description available]	13.73	33	1
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oligosaccharide
swinholide a swinholide A: from Okinawan marine sponge Theonella swinhoei; structure given in first source	3.39	7	0
colibactin colibactin: a hybrid peptide-polyketide secreted by E coli. colibactin : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles that comprises of two units of 2-[(2-{6-[(2S)-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl]-5-oxo-4-azaspiro[2.4]hept-6-en-7-yl}acetamido)methyl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid linked together via the formal condensation of the carboxy groups. It is a secondary metabolite produced by certain strains of bacteria found in the human gut such as Escherichia coli. It has the ability to bind covalently to DNA and is strongly associated with colorectal cancer.	2.81	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; azaspiro compound; polyketide; pyrroline; secondary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin
ferric carboxymaltose ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia	2.11	1	0
quinotrierixin quinotrierixin: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
glycothiohexide alpha glycothiohexide alpha: isolated from the fermentation broth of Sebekia sp. LL-14E605; structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	4.61	1	1
prolyl-glycyl-proline [no description available]	2.1	1	0	peptide
molnupiravir molnupiravir: prodrug that’s metabolized into N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), a ribonucleoside analog. molnupiravir : A nucleoside analogue that is N(4)-hydroxycytidine in which the 5'-hydroxy group is replaced by a (2-methylpropanoyl)oxy group. It is the prodrug of the active antiviral ribonucleoside analog N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), has activity against a number of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. It is currently in phase III trials for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.	2.31	1	0	isopropyl ester; ketoxime; nucleoside analogue	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	7.29	9	4
pd 135158 PD 135158: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
amyloid beta-peptides [no description available]	2.06	1	0
enterocin enterocin: antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces candidus var. enterostaticus WS-8096 & Streptomyces viridochromogenes M-127; molecular formula: C22-H20-010; structure	3.12	1	0
pseudolaric acid b [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cyclothiazomycin cyclothiazomycin: from Streptomyces sp. NR0516; structure given in first source	3.28	6	0
salarin c salarin C: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from the sponge Fascaplysinopsis; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	4.94	37	0
nisin z nisin Z: amino acid sequence given in first source; differs from nisin in a single amino acid	2.31	1	0
technetium tc 99m bicisate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
chlorotoxin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
lucinactant lucinactant: a pulmonary surfactant composed of sinapultide, colfosceril palmitate, palmitoyloleaoylphosphatidylglycerol, and palmitic acid	2.08	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	4.98	12	0
antimony sodium gluconate Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.	2.71	3	0
yo-pro 1 YO-PRO 1: a generally membrane impermeable fluorescent dye	3.11	5	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	4.53	24	0
formocresol formocresol: preferred agent for performing pulpotomies in primary teeth	2.05	1	0
chloroaluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine chloroaluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
aluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.42	2	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.9	4	0
thrombin aptamer thrombin aptamer: nucleotide sequence given in first source; a synthetic polynucleotide	2.81	3	0
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	2.05	1	0
rada16-i RADA16-I: a self-assembling peptide nanomaterial used as a scaffold for bone regeneration; composed of alanine, arginine, and aspartic acid	2.17	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	13.01	75	7
hopeaphenol hopeaphenol: resveratrol tetramer in wines from North Africa	2.13	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	11.29	205	2
sc-2001 SC-2001: obatoclax derivative; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
nk 2367 NK 2367: merocyanine-oxazolone dye; membrane potential-sensitive	2.37	2	0
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	3.26	6	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.91	12	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	4.36	5	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	4.36	5	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	19.56	383	48
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	19.56	383	48
Canine Diseases [description not available]	12.49	94	24
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	12.91	121	23
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	12.91	121	23
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	26.52	699	392
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	8.81	26	1
Bleeding [description not available]	25.92	563	362
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	26.52	699	392
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	8.81	26	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	25.92	563	362
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	12.3	46	6
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	8.4	15	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	8.4	15	1
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	5.25	12	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	12.3	46	6
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	14.35	36	21
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	22.76	977	101
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	20.05	275	50
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	20.05	275	50
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	4.77	29	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	12.16	116	2
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	4.77	29	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	13.49	344	6
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	10.35	159	1
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	13.49	344	6
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	22.33	371	96
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	22.33	371	96
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	9.41	26	9
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	9.41	26	9
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	15.32	175	13
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	15.32	175	13
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	2.46	2	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	11.84	38	13
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	20.09	427	41
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	20.09	427	41
Apoplexy [description not available]	26.07	610	362
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	26.07	610	362
Absence Seizure [description not available]	7.01	75	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	12.01	75	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	5.31	3	1
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	5.31	3	1
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	3.98	13	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	8.98	13	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	15.32	278	14
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	15.32	278	14
Diathesis [description not available]	5.57	16	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	4.13	4	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	3.68	2	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	4.13	4	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	9.31	122	3
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	14.07	59	20
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	9.31	122	3
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	14.07	59	20
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	12.52	20	8
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	12.52	20	8
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	15.27	52	16
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	19.41	128	19
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	4.21	6	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	4.21	6	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	10.78	69	2
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	10.78	69	2
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	8.37	24	2
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	14.88	109	12
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	17.54	342	36
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	14.88	109	12
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	17.54	342	36
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	8.37	24	2
Stunted Growth [description not available]	6.11	6	1
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	11.09	40	5
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	6.11	6	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	18.33	288	44
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	5.98	42	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	7.57	5	4
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	7.57	5	4
Ache [description not available]	16.62	171	48
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	16.62	171	48
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	15.38	170	6
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	22.71	1,055	36
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	22.71	1,055	36
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	9.75	60	3
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	15.38	170	6
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	15.22	224	3
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	12.72	120	7
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	11.44	110	5
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	12.72	120	7
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	11.44	110	5
Daytime Urinary Incontinence [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	3.06	4	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	12.42	28	12
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	12.42	28	12
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	17.82	153	8
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	12.82	153	8
Tooth Fractures Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.	2.41	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	7.03	40	2
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	5.41	14	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	9.72	31	3
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	16.72	81	23
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	9.67	33	4
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	9.67	33	4
Chloasma [description not available]	4.04	2	1
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	4.04	2	1
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	5.87	35	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	5.87	35	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	14.34	86	31
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	14.34	86	31
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	8.46	19	3
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	8.46	19	3
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	4.56	9	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	4.56	9	0
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	3.96	11	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	10.06	44	11
Chronic Illness [description not available]	21.62	243	140
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	15.27	75	16
Thrombopenia [description not available]	14.21	77	14
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	13.78	34	11
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	21.62	243	140
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	15.27	75	16
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	14.21	77	14
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	13.78	34	11
Black Death [description not available]	4.48	8	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	4.48	8	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	5.56	16	1
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	9.31	27	2
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	5.56	16	1
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	9.31	27	2
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	4.05	5	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	8.9	12	3
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	18.06	149	27
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	9.34	12	4
Asialia [description not available]	7.37	5	3
Vision, Diminished [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	8.9	12	3
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	18.06	149	27
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	9.34	12	4
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	8.55	35	3
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	7.37	5	3
Candida Infection [description not available]	7.4	43	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	7.11	28	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.4	43	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	7.11	28	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	6.73	6	2
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	8.37	27	3
Metastase [description not available]	14.67	101	17
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	8.37	27	3
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	14.67	101	17
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	15.21	62	11
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus [description not available]	4.24	6	0
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)	4.24	6	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	15.21	62	11
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	9.68	150	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	15.66	162	9
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	9.68	150	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	15.66	162	9
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	17.84	196	16
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	22.35	343	109
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	7.77	17	1
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	7.77	17	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	6.57	16	1
Cancer of Head [description not available]	8.59	49	2
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	6.57	16	1
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	8.59	49	2
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	17.84	277	10
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	15.25	47	22
Exanthem [description not available]	12.82	23	13
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	13.6	87	6
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	17.31	93	41
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	12.82	23	13
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	13.6	87	6
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	15.25	47	22
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	6.22	11	3
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	9.14	16	2
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	9.14	16	2
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	12.25	88	4
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	12.25	88	4
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	7.05	76	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	7.05	76	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	7.95	15	2
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	7.95	15	2
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	9.42	15	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	13.62	48	10
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	9.42	15	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	13.62	48	10
Erythrohepatic Protoporphyria [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of FERROCHELATASE (heme synthetase) in both the LIVER and the BONE MARROW, the last enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include mainly neurological symptoms, rarely cutaneous lesions, and elevated levels of protoporphyrin and COPROPORPHYRINS in the feces.	2.41	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	3.23	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	7.84	16	2
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	3.23	5	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	3.23	5	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	12.98	50	7
Blood Clot [description not available]	15.32	74	12
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	12.98	50	7
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	15.32	74	12
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	13.8	90	14
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	14.72	198	2
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	3.26	6	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	13.8	90	14
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	12.47	127	5
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	12.47	127	5
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	6.84	39	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	10.17	48	3
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	13.29	60	10
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	7.53	11	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	8.43	15	2
Cirrhosis [description not available]	8.36	48	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	8.36	48	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	7.53	11	1
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	3.74	10	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	3.74	10	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	16.75	315	15
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	11.61	85	4
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	19.69	204	34
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	19.69	204	34
Recrudescence [description not available]	18.7	172	62
Coenuri Infection [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Cysticercosis Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.	3.31	6	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	25.32	852	182
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	25.32	852	182
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	2.31	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	11.74	67	6
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	11.74	67	6
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	4.26	6	0
Acquired Adult Flatfoot Deformity [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Aura [description not available]	7.72	27	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	7.72	27	1
Embolus [description not available]	23.36	336	303
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	23.36	336	303
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	4.88	2	1
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	4.88	2	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	18.3	344	54
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.45	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	3.89	11	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	3.89	11	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	7.54	24	2
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	7.54	24	2
Anoxemia [description not available]	9.56	84	2
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	9.56	84	2
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	6.43	8	5
Impotence [description not available]	7.6	11	3
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	7.6	11	3
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	14.79	56	10
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	14.79	56	10
Colitis-Associated Cancer [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	3.77	3	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	3.77	3	0
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	3.25	5	0
Actinomycetoma [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Mycetoma A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.	2.87	3	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	6.3	4	3
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	7.96	6	4
Mole, Skin [description not available]	7.96	6	4
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	13.47	45	9
Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal [description not available]	8.12	7	4
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	7.96	6	4
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	13.47	45	9
Vascular Malformations A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.	8.33	9	4
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	18.01	91	41
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	18.01	91	41
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	10.29	18	5
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	10.29	18	5
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	15.78	63	28
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	9.04	130	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	6.86	24	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	6.86	24	1
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.91	3	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	23.17	270	111
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	15.42	129	17
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	15.42	129	17
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	4.92	2	1
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	2.44	2	0
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	7.91	5	4
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	7.91	5	4
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	2.41	1	0
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	2.41	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	7.9	14	2
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	7.9	14	2
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.28	6	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	9.34	16	4
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	9.27	14	7
Atherogenesis [description not available]	10.92	44	5
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	23.06	536	64
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	23.06	536	64
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	10.92	44	5
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	2.76	3	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	5.11	10	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	5.11	10	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	14.49	49	16
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	14.49	49	16
Grippe [description not available]	18.58	86	10
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	4.83	12	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	18.58	86	10
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	4.83	12	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	9.1	9	6
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	9.1	9	6
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	5.54	27	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	20.49	176	61
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	5.54	27	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	4.39	7	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	6.3	37	1
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	8.34	49	1
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	4.75	11	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	6.37	14	1
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	4.75	11	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	6.37	14	1
Anasarca [description not available]	15.31	175	12
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	15.31	175	12
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	5.61	6	1
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	5.61	6	1
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	6.41	8	2
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	6.41	8	2
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	25.38	589	308
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	25.38	589	308
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	13.93	32	11
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	13.93	32	11
Hypomania [description not available]	3.74	2	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	19.85	183	48
Callous-Unemotional Traits [description not available]	3.94	4	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	19.85	183	48
Conduct Disorder A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	3.94	4	0
Debility [description not available]	5.9	3	2
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	11.31	22	6
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	11.31	22	6
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	19.41	128	51
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	24.31	690	91
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	24.31	690	91
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	11.33	20	7
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	11.33	20	7
Bilharziasis [description not available]	11.15	104	6
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	16.15	104	6
Genital Herpes [description not available]	8.67	14	3
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	8.67	14	3
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	4.92	32	0
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	6.42	43	1
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	4.47	24	0
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	6.42	43	1
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	4.47	24	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	8.95	91	1
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	8.95	91	1
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	11.46	28	3
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	11.46	28	3
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	5.37	57	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	5.37	57	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	7.93	7	4
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	7.93	7	4
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	14.18	51	14
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	14.18	51	14
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	15.46	69	15
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.68	3	0
Klatskin Tumor Cholangiocarcinoma arising near or at the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts (COMMON HEPATIC DUCT). These tumors are generally small, sharply localized, and seldom metastasizing.	2.41	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	15.46	69	15
Lymphatic Abnormalities Congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the lymphatic system (LYMPHOID TISSUE) including the lymph vessels.	4.72	1	1
Endothelioma, Lymphatic [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Lymphangioma A benign tumor resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component.	4.72	1	1
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	2.8	3	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	9.72	174	1
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	5.96	7	1
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	5.96	7	1
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	11.84	17	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	11.84	17	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	4.31	7	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	4.31	7	0
Seminoma A radiosensitive, malignant neoplasm of the testis, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. There are three variants: classical (typical), the most common type; anaplastic; and spermatocytic. The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. In the female, a grossly and histologically identical neoplasm, known as dysgerminoma, occurs. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.33	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	10.68	21	2
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	8.33	26	2
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	10.68	21	2
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	8.33	26	2
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	5.88	7	1
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	5.88	7	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	12.93	42	8
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	15.89	57	30
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	15.89	57	30
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	9.93	77	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	9.93	77	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	9.43	81	2
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	9.43	81	2
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	14.13	51	15
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	14.13	51	15
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	6.65	20	1
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	4.88	35	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	6.65	20	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	13.11	110	9
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	13.11	110	9
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	7.72	13	1
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic, Stable Phase [description not available]	18.28	101	50
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	11.67	26	9
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	11.67	26	9
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	8.04	21	2
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	2.6	1	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	8.04	21	2
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	10.8	35	5
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	10.8	35	5
Koch's Disease [description not available]	7.09	53	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	12.09	53	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	6.41	8	2
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	6.41	8	2
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	10.57	22	8
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	10.57	22	8
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	9.37	29	3
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	9.37	29	3
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	6.61	29	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	11.04	18	4
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	14.95	89	13
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	14.95	89	13
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	11.04	18	4
Tracheal Stenosis A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.	2.25	1	0
Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	14.71	97	9
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	14.71	97	9
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	3.35	7	0
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.	2.21	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	10.92	147	6
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	10.92	147	6
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	2.58	2	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	11.29	30	4
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	11.29	30	4
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	8.18	59	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	15.22	87	22
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	15.22	87	22
6th Nerve Palsy [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	4.92	7	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	4.58	5	1
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	4.58	5	1
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	2.49	2	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	17.26	93	37
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	17.26	93	37
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	11.3	17	9
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	26.35	319	73
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	14.96	81	16
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	14.96	81	16
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	9.5	38	5
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	9.5	38	5
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	6.42	14	1
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	6.42	14	1
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	10.84	14	5
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	3.32	6	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	3.35	6	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	3.32	6	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	8.61	15	4
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	8.61	15	4
Autism [description not available]	7.06	11	1
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	7.06	11	1
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	2.39	2	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	9.59	94	3
Oncogene Addiction The dependence of tumor cells on a single oncogenic pathway or protein for their continued proliferation and survival.	2.21	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	9.59	94	3
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	2.79	3	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.73	3	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.73	3	0
Aphasia, Primary Progressive A progressive form of dementia characterized by the global loss of language abilities and initial preservation of other cognitive functions. Fluent and nonfluent subtypes have been described. Eventually a pattern of global cognitive dysfunction, similar to ALZHEIMER DISEASE, emerges. Pathologically, there are no Alzheimer or PICK DISEASE like changes, however, spongiform changes of cortical layers II and III are present in the TEMPORAL LOBE and FRONTAL LOBE. (From Brain 1998 Jan;121(Pt 1):115-26)	6.35	21	0
DDPAC [description not available]	6.6	17	1
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	6.6	17	1
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	6.1	11	1
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	6.1	11	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	9.6	33	5
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	9.78	41	5
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	9.6	33	5
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	9.78	41	5
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	24.95	405	325
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	2.87	4	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	11.64	90	4
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	11.64	90	4
Indigestion [description not available]	14.52	49	16
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	13.85	57	17
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	14.52	49	16
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	20.11	186	75
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	20.11	186	75
Cardiac Conduction Defect [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	12.93	23	15
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	7.43	10	1
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	12.93	23	15
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	7.52	23	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	8.39	16	1
Pityriasis A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.17	1	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	7.52	23	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	11.26	26	7
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	11.26	26	7
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	3.91	4	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	6.08	3	1
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	3.91	4	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	5.3	13	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	5.3	13	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	9.81	37	4
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	9.81	37	4
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	11.21	17	9
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	9.46	39	3
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	10.37	30	5
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	9.46	39	3
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	10.37	30	5
Nerve Pain [description not available]	5.85	20	1
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	5.85	20	1
Central Nervous System Cysticercosis [description not available]	3.4	6	0
Neurocysticercosis Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)	3.4	6	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	8.94	36	3
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	8.94	36	3
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	12.29	107	9
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	12.29	107	9
CKD-MBD [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.	2.4	2	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	18.5	160	35
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	18.5	160	35
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	4.02	15	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	4.02	15	0
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	3.33	6	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	3.33	6	0
Infection [description not available]	5.44	15	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	5.44	15	0
Astroviridae Infections Infections with ASTROVIRIDAE, causing gastroenteritis in human infants, calves, lambs, and piglets.	2.69	2	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	2.25	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	7	11	1
Synovioma [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.71	11	0
Sarcoma, Synovial A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)	2.81	3	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	18.13	163	53
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	3.65	9	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	10.45	137	1
Itching [description not available]	4.58	9	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	4.58	9	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	6.61	10	2
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	6.61	10	2
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	3.67	10	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	3.99	14	0
Melena The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.	2.21	1	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Prodromal Characteristics [description not available]	4.22	15	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	9.13	19	6
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	9.13	19	6
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	6.86	13	2
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	6.86	13	2
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	5.26	19	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	5.26	19	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	3.21	6	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	9.18	34	4
Astrocytosis [description not available]	4.68	10	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	9.18	34	4
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	2.25	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	6.11	44	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	8.56	48	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	8.56	48	1
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	6.29	33	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	6.29	33	0
Psychoses [description not available]	21.92	225	69
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	21.92	225	69
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	4.66	10	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	4.66	10	0
Granulomas [description not available]	4.23	18	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	4.77	31	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	4.23	18	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	10.45	22	9
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	8.18	92	0
Setariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus Setaria. This condition is usually seen in cattle and equines and is of little pathogenic significance, although migration of the worm to the eye may lead to blindness.	2.25	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	4.08	14	0
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	5.16	3	1
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	2.25	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	7.81	16	2
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.	2.25	1	0
Hemorrhage, Intracranial, Traumatic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	6.57	10	2
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	4.27	7	0
Hives [description not available]	12.11	27	15
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	4.27	7	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	12.11	27	15
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and dementia. Patients exhibit progressive changes in social, behavioral, and/or language function. Multiple subtypes or forms are recognized based on presence or absence of TAU PROTEIN inclusions. FTLD includes three clinical syndromes: FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA, semantic dementia, and PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA.	3.5	7	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	8.2	60	1
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	8.2	60	1
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	3.02	4	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	9.35	14	2
Nycturia [description not available]	8.58	9	2
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	9.35	14	2
Nocturia Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS).	8.58	9	2
Cutaneous Mastocytosis [description not available]	9.86	11	9
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.99	4	0
Atheroma [description not available]	5.85	7	1
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	8.62	11	2
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	8.62	11	2
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	8.11	21	5
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	5.33	19	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	5.33	19	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	4.05	15	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	9.48	50	4
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	9.48	50	4
Black Fever [description not available]	3.53	8	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	3.53	8	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	7.65	54	1
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	12.19	49	8
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	12.19	49	8
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.	3.17	1	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	5.68	13	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	5.68	13	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.78	3	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	6.66	6	2
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	6.66	6	2
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	4.55	1	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	14.29	143	5
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	14.29	143	5
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	6.63	36	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	6.63	36	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	13.95	51	6
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	13.95	51	6
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	16.74	46	12
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	16.74	46	12
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	16.74	46	12
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	5.35	2	2
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	5.74	4	1
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	4.75	2	1
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	6.41	6	1
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	6.73	11	2
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	5.3	4	1
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	7.89	7	4
Bone Fractures [description not available]	6.91	9	3
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	4.43	1	1
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	4.43	1	1
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	5.1	3	1
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	4.8	2	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	5.11	3	1
Amaurosis [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	8.74	26	2
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	7.08	32	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	10.05	71	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	10.95	21	3
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	4.43	1	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	7.93	42	2
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	8.75	13	5
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	10.61	32	5
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	8.7	16	4
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	7.12	18	2
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	7.33	9	3
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	5.92	9	1
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	5.6	6	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	7.66	14	1
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	8.05	12	1
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	4.9	2	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	8.97	14	6
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	4.9	2	1
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	4.43	1	1
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	5.56	6	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	6.79	12	2
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	11.73	28	8
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	4.43	1	1
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	10.95	21	3
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	4.43	1	1
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	4.43	1	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	7.93	42	2
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	8.75	13	5
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	10.61	32	5
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	8.29	104	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	8.7	16	4
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	7.12	18	2
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	7.33	9	3
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	5.92	9	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	7.66	14	1
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.23	4	1
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	4.43	1	1
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	8.05	12	1
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	4.9	2	1
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	4.9	2	1
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	8.97	14	6
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	5.74	4	1
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	6.41	6	1
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	6.73	11	2
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	5.3	4	1
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	5.06	3	1
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	6.91	9	3
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	5.1	3	1
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	4.8	2	1
Autosomal Recessive Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.76	3	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	6.45	6	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	10.02	33	3
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	10.02	33	3
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	4.4	21	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	4.4	21	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	3.38	7	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	3.51	8	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	4.07	5	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	4.07	5	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	7.7	24	3
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	2.25	1	0
Bladder, Underactive [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	10.67	40	5
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	10.67	40	5
AL Amyloidosis [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.	2.58	2	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.17	5	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	2.92	4	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	5.44	7	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	5.65	9	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	5.65	9	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	5.16	44	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.16	44	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	6.6	26	2
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	6.6	26	2
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	6.26	13	3
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	6.26	13	3
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	4.79	12	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	4.79	12	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	3.85	2	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	4.8	31	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	4.8	31	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	3.25	6	0
Entamoeba histolytica Infection [description not available]	5.49	5	1
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	6.92	31	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	5.46	5	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	5.46	5	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	4.86	13	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	5.38	7	2
Varices [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	5.38	7	2
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	2.4	2	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	9.1	34	1
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	9.1	34	1
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	7.45	25	2
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	2.31	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	7.45	25	2
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	2.39	2	0
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	8.96	10	5
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	2.74	3	0
Postoperative Cognitive Complications COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.	2.25	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	4.81	31	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	4.81	31	0
Macrocephaly [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	4.14	16	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	4.14	16	0
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	2.47	2	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	2.46	2	0
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1 [description not available]	3.18	5	0
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.	3.18	5	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	14.11	34	32
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	14.11	34	32
Cleft Spine [description not available]	3.55	2	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	8.99	18	2
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	13.15	64	4
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	8.99	18	2
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	13.15	64	4
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	4.37	20	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	2.72	2	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	5.56	16	1
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	7.88	23	10
Child Malnutrition Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	3.64	1	1
Neonatal Sepsis Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.	3.64	1	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	7.88	23	10
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	9.75	24	3
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	5.33	2	2
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	13.47	38	12
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	9.32	17	8
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	4.94	2	1
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	4.94	2	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	9.48	21	4
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	6.9	9	2
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	11.73	126	6
Caries, Dental [description not available]	9.7	11	5
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	4.97	3	1
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	5.08	3	1
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Kahler Disease [description not available]	11.07	47	5
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	5.63	3	2
Pericementitis [description not available]	8.01	19	5
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	7	17	1
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	4.81	2	1
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	5.89	3	1
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	7.69	6	4
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	6.94	16	1
Shoulder Injuries Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.	4.62	1	1
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	6.26	4	2
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	11.73	126	6
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	9.7	11	5
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	4.62	1	1
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	5.08	3	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	16.38	75	18
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	4.62	1	1
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	11.07	47	5
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	5.63	3	2
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	13.01	19	5
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	7	17	1
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	4.81	2	1
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	7.69	6	4
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	13.47	38	12
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	9.32	17	8
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	4.94	2	1
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	4.62	1	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	9.48	21	4
Acanthamoeba Meningoencephalitis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	4.47	9	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	4.47	9	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	10.33	37	10
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	10.33	37	10
Adenopathy [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	2.52	2	0
Cerebro-Oculo-Renal Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Dent Disease X-linked recessive NEPHROLITHIASIS characterized by HYPERCALCIURIA; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; and PROTEINURIA. It is associated with mutations in the voltage-gated chloride channel, CLC-5 (Dent Disease I). Another group of mutations associated with this disease is in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-5-phosphatase gene.	2.25	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	7.23	22	1
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	8.75	10	3
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	7.23	22	1
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	5.93	9	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	5.93	9	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	3.47	7	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	3.47	7	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	5.9	9	1
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	5.9	9	1
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.	2.41	2	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	3.28	6	0
Breast Cancer, Male [description not available]	4.22	3	1
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	4.73	11	0
Breast Neoplasms, Male Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.	4.22	3	1
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	4.88	13	0
MODS [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)	5.03	15	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.82	4	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.46	2	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.41	1	0
Urge Incontinence [description not available]	10.9	14	7
Urinary Incontinence, Urge Involuntary discharge of URINE that is associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void. It is usually related to the involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle of the bladder (detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor instability).	10.9	14	7
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	3.15	5	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.74	10	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	5.2	11	1
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	5.2	11	1
Cranial Sinus Thrombosis [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	4.24	6	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	4.24	6	0
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	4.54	5	1
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	4.54	5	1
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	2.47	2	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	3.76	10	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	3.76	10	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	8.7	14	2
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	8.7	14	2
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	4.25	5	0
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	4.25	5	0
Cerebral Microangiopathies [description not available]	5.24	10	1
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.	5.24	10	1
Micrometastases, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Deficiency, Protein C [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	6.57	18	1
Acute Mesenteric Arterial Embolus [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Budd-Chiari Syndrome A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.	2.31	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	8.08	13	3
Blastocystis hominis Infections [description not available]	5.86	4	2
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	8.08	13	3
Brain Atrophy, Circumscribed Lobar [description not available]	3.46	7	0
Pick Disease of the Brain A rare form of DEMENTIA that is sometimes familial. Clinical features include APHASIA; APRAXIA; CONFUSION; ANOMIA; memory loss; and personality deterioration. This pattern is consistent with the pathologic findings of circumscribed atrophy of the poles of the FRONTAL LOBE and TEMPORAL LOBE. Neuronal loss is maximal in the HIPPOCAMPUS, entorhinal cortex, and AMYGDALA. Some ballooned cortical neurons contain argentophylic (Pick) bodies. (From Brain Pathol 1998 Apr;8(2):339-54; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1057-9)	3.46	7	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	7.31	8	1
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	7.31	8	1
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	5.64	28	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	7.12	19	1
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	7.12	19	1
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Myositis Ossificans A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.	2.25	1	0
Aortic Heart Disease [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Aortic Valve Disease Diseases involving the AORTIC VALVE functionality. Aortic valve disease often results in a backward and/or regurgitated blood flow into the LEFT VENTRICLE or a decreased blood flow from the heart. It includes congenital (e.g., bicuspid aortic valve), syndromic, and acquired (e.g., age-related, infection-associated) conditions.	2.31	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	3.13	5	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	4.62	9	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	4.62	9	0
Amentia [description not available]	14.18	92	5
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	14.18	92	5
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	3.88	2	1
Nevus Flammeus [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Lipomatosis A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.	2.31	1	0
Port-Wine Stain A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483)	2.31	1	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	3.31	6	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	3.31	6	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	3.63	8	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	4.44	21	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	4.44	21	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	4.84	33	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	3.47	8	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	4.3	7	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	3.47	8	0
Dental Diseases [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Enteropathy, Exudative [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Protein-Losing Enteropathies Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.48	2	0
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	2.31	1	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	6.08	11	1
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	9.1	17	4
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	9.1	17	4
Pyrexia [description not available]	8.64	18	4
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	8.64	18	4
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	15.03	41	13
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	15.03	41	13
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral [description not available]	7.62	31	1
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)	7.62	31	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	10.15	43	2
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	10.15	43	2
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	3.21	5	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	3.21	5	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	3.89	12	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	3.89	12	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	3.57	8	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	3.57	8	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	3.72	10	0
ADDH [description not available]	4.5	8	0
Childhood Tic Disorders [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	4.5	8	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	3.36	6	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	3.09	5	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	3.36	6	0
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	4.38	21	0
Cerebral Ventriculitis Inflammation of CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.	2.31	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	4.38	21	0
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	2.31	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	6.7	30	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	6.7	30	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	17.87	198	26
Carditis [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	3.89	4	0
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic [description not available]	5.04	10	1
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.84	3	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	6.99	14	6
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	6.99	14	6
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	7.87	21	4
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	3.78	2	1
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	7.25	23	1
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	8.33	17	3
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	7.25	23	1
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	3.64	3	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	4.2	16	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	4.2	16	0
Angiomatosis Retinae [description not available]	3.06	4	0
von Hippel-Lindau Disease An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.	3.06	4	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.53	2	0
Disseminated Fungal Infection [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Amaurotic Familial Idiocy An outdated term for Tay-Sachs disease.	2.49	2	0
Tay-Sachs Disease An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the onset in infancy of an exaggerated startle response, followed by paralysis, dementia, and blindness. It is caused by mutation in the alpha subunit of the HEXOSAMINIDASE A resulting in lipid-laden ganglion cells. It is also known as the B variant (with increased HEXOSAMINIDASE B but absence of hexosaminidase A) and is strongly associated with Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry.	2.49	2	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	5.01	3	3
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	5.01	3	3
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	5.87	5	5
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	7.38	9	3
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	12.28	38	5
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	3.11	4	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	3.82	11	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	3.82	11	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	5.11	3	1
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	7.51	6	1
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	5.11	3	1
Eye Disorders [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	3.39	7	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	4.4	21	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	10.74	19	12
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	10.74	19	12
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	2.84	3	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	4.31	18	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	4.31	18	0
Polyploid [description not available]	3.68	9	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	6.74	32	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	6.74	32	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	6.29	31	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	8.59	14	4
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	8.59	14	4
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	6.77	22	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.98	4	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	3.32	6	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	3.41	2	0
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever [description not available]	2.76	3	0
West Nile Fever A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)	2.76	3	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	5.28	6	2
Absence Status [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.4	2	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.53	2	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	3.3	6	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	12.11	22	11
Avian Diseases [description not available]	6.99	17	5
Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.51	2	0
Carcinoma, Endometrioid An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.	2.15	1	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	2.15	1	0
Alogia [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.	3.74	3	0
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	2.66	3	0
Eye Hemorrhage Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.	3.06	1	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	2.87	3	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	3.06	1	0
Infarct [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	3.16	5	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	7.61	29	2
Adipocere [description not available]	5.38	13	0
Livedo Reticularis A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming.	2.15	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	2.15	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	9.57	16	0
Intussusception A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.	2.15	1	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	2.75	3	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	3.05	4	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	4.06	15	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	3.4	7	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	4.06	15	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	3.99	13	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	10.8	16	4
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	10.8	16	4
Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.	6.16	6	2
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	9.83	16	4
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders [description not available]	4.45	3	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	9.36	26	5
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	9.83	16	4
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.	4.45	3	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	3.36	6	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	9.09	38	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	9.09	38	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	17.32	73	42
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	17.32	73	42
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	12.91	39	5
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, T Cell [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell A lymphoid leukemia characterized by a profound LYMPHOCYTOSIS with or without LYMPHADENOPATHY, hepatosplenomegaly, frequently rapid progression, and short survival. It was formerly called T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.17	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	5.41	13	1
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	5.41	13	1
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	2.15	1	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	2.5	2	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	3.1	5	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	3.05	5	0
Desmoid [description not available]	3.58	8	0
Fibromatosis, Aggressive A childhood counterpart of abdominal or extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, characterized by firm subcutaneous nodules that grow rapidly in any part of the body but do not metastasize. The adult form of abdominal fibromatosis is FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.58	8	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	8.03	27	1
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	8.03	13	7
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	8.03	13	7
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	4.08	5	0
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)	2.81	3	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	13.4	37	10
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	14.91	57	9
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	14.91	57	9
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	13.4	37	10
Myotonia Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.	3.09	1	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	5.04	3	1
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	5.04	3	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	2.55	2	0
Atheroembolism [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Embolism, Cholesterol Blocking of a blood vessel by CHOLESTEROL-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. Patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset.	2.17	1	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	8.16	12	4
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	8.16	12	4
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Inflammatory Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms Metastatic breast cancer characterized by EDEMA and ERYTHEMA of the affected breast due to LYMPHATIC METASTASIS and eventual obstruction of LYMPHATIC VESSELS by the cancer cells.	2.83	3	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	2.48	2	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.17	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	4.81	7	1
Measles, German [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	4.81	7	1
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear [description not available]	5.25	11	1
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)	5.25	11	1
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.15	1	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	6.81	18	4
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	14.74	99	60
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	14.74	99	60
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	3.71	10	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	3.71	10	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	5.17	10	0
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	5.17	10	0
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	2.17	1	0
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	2.52	2	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	4.52	5	1
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.45	5	1
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	3.2	5	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	3.35	6	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	3.2	5	0
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	5.05	9	1
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	2.49	2	0
Polyomavirus Infections Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).	2.17	1	0
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor [description not available]	6.75	8	1
Liposarcoma A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	6.75	8	1
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	3.11	5	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	5.04	5	2
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	2.97	4	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	7.72	7	6
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	7.72	7	6
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	9.81	13	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	4.46	5	1
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	4.46	5	1
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	7.61	31	2
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	7.61	31	2
Apraxia [description not available]	3.36	6	0
Apraxias A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)	3.36	6	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	12.04	46	6
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	12.04	46	6
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	2.49	2	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	4.04	5	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.72	3	0
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	5.54	25	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	8.61	10	4
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	4.64	6	1
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	12.62	44	8
Shingles [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.99	5	0
Multiple Hemangioblastomas [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hemangioblastoma A benign tumor of the nervous system that may occur sporadically or in association with VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE. It accounts for approximately 2% of intracranial tumors, arising most frequently in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. Histologically, the tumors are composed of multiple capillary and sinusoidal channels lined with endothelial cells and clusters of lipid-laden pseudoxanthoma cells. Usually solitary, these tumors can be multiple and may also occur in the brain stem, spinal cord, retina, and supratentorial compartment. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas usually present in the third decade with INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION, and ataxia. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2071-2)	2.17	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	4.44	8	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	4.44	8	0
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)	2.21	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	2.78	3	0
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	3.78	2	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	10.25	57	11
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	3.78	2	1
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	9.8	14	1
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	4.17	3	1
Paronychia An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)	2.17	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)	3.16	5	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	6.9	25	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.97	4	0
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	2.48	2	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.75	3	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	2.78	3	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	4.76	7	1
Emphysema, Mediastinal [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	2.17	1	0
Chromoblastomycosis Scaly papule or warty growth, caused by five fungi, that spreads as a result of satellite lesions affecting the foot or leg. The extremity may become swollen and, at its distal portion, covered with various nodular, tumorous, verrucous lesions that resemble cauliflower. In rare instances, the disease may begin on the hand or wrist and involve the entire upper extremity. (Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p362)	2.21	1	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	2.96	4	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	3.48	7	0
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	2.53	2	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	3.02	4	0
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	4.21	3	1
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.83	3	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	11.44	18	11
Ankylosing Vertebral Hyperostosis with Tylosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	2.17	1	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	11.44	18	11
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	4.63	6	1
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	2.53	2	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	8.2	24	3
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	8.2	24	3
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	4.71	11	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	8.88	10	3
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	8.88	10	3
Nail Fungus [description not available]	8.51	9	4
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	8.51	9	4
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	2.17	1	0
Hakim Syndrome [description not available]	5.54	8	0
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)	5.54	8	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	4.24	3	1
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	4.24	3	1
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	3.43	2	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Neoplasms, Vascular [description not available]	7.96	7	4
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.6	4	4
Stammering [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Stuttering A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.17	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	4.66	6	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	11.58	40	7
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	4.66	6	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	11.58	40	7
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	3.11	5	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	4.59	9	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	4.59	9	0
Leanness [description not available]	3.62	9	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	2.66	3	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	4.06	5	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	4.18	3	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	9.81	10	9
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	2.66	3	0
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	9.81	10	9
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	3.73	10	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	3.73	10	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	3.58	9	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	8.55	30	2
African Lymphoma [description not available]	4.55	9	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	4.55	9	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.95	13	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.95	13	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	5.35	13	1
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	5.35	13	1
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	3.56	1	1
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	5.63	3	2
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	5.63	3	2
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	7.98	9	4
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	7.98	9	4
Cerebral Intraventricular Haemorrhage [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	5.3	7	2
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	2.46	2	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	10.28	18	9
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	10.28	18	9
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	7.77	10	1
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	7.77	10	1
Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	3.45	2	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	2.21	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	7.69	8	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	7.69	8	0
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	9.55	12	4
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	5.05	9	1
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	9.55	12	4
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	5.05	9	1
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	4.9	8	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	4.9	8	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Ocular Hypotension Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).	2.21	1	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	2.5	2	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	7.25	21	2
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	6.6	7	3
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	6.6	7	3
Bronchiolitis, Exudative [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.	2.21	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	6.25	34	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	6.25	34	1
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.	3.59	1	1
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	6.78	23	3
Body-Weight Trajectory A general pattern of body weight gain or loss over many years. Weight change trajectory is influenced by several determinants in children and adults.	3.59	1	1
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	2.52	2	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	4.14	3	1
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	4.14	3	1
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	4.76	7	1
Sex Disorders [description not available]	5.27	4	1
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	5.27	4	1
Cerebral Hemorrhage, Hypertensive [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	3.89	2	1
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	5.42	24	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	10.19	15	8
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	10.19	15	8
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	4.51	1	1
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	4.51	1	1
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	2.21	1	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	10.06	18	2
Purpura Fulminans A severe, rapidly fatal reaction occurring most commonly in children following an infectious illness. It is characterized by large, rapidly spreading skin hemorrhages, fever, or shock. Purpura fulminans often accompanies or is triggered by DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.21	1	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.21	1	0
Basilar Artery Insufficiency [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	2.21	1	0
Atrial Remodeling Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.	2.21	1	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	6.38	7	2
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	6.38	7	2
Brain Emboli [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	3.4	7	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	3.4	7	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	2.77	3	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Crossed Embolism [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	6.22	6	2
Deficiency, Protein S [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	3.97	13	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	7.56	40	4
Hypersomnia, Post-Traumatic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	3.12	1	0
Presbycusis Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.	2.21	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	5.45	24	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.45	24	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	2.47	2	0
Echinostomiasis Infection by flukes of the genus Echinostoma.	2.21	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	8.79	66	2
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	8.23	37	2
Amyloidosis VI [description not available]	3.18	5	0
Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis A form of systemic mastocytosis in which patients have impaired organ functions due to multifocal infiltrates of pathological MAST CELLS in bone marrow, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or skeletal system. The cytomorphology shows a low to high grade.	13.77	34	19
Mastocytosis, Systemic A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.	13.77	34	19
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	3.08	5	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	4.14	6	0
Spondylitis Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.	2.47	2	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	12.25	26	11
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	5.59	17	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	5.59	17	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	8.67	14	3
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	8.67	14	3
Leukoaraiosis Non-specific white matter changes in the BRAIN, often seen after age 65. Changes include loss of AXONS; MYELIN pallor, GLIOSIS, loss of ependymal cells, and enlarged perivascular spaces. Leukoaraiosis is a risk factor for DEMENTIA and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	2.08	1	0
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	7.83	13	1
Ambulation Difficulty [description not available]	3.88	2	1
Hand Deformities, Acquired Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.	2.07	1	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	7.83	13	1
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2.39	2	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	15.72	65	23
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	15.72	65	23
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	5.92	25	1
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	5.92	25	1
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	3.51	8	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	3.51	8	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	3.09	5	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	2.76	3	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.76	3	0
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	2.08	1	0
Infarct, Lacunar [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	6.8	23	1
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	6.8	23	1
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary [description not available]	5.35	2	2
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	3.89	2	1
Brain Stem Neoplasms Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.	5.35	2	2
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	4.69	2	1
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	4.69	2	1
Azotaemia [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	2.78	3	0
Pelvic Floor Diseases [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	2.78	3	0
Protein Folding Diseases [description not available]	3.34	6	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	3.77	11	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	3.77	11	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	9.29	20	6
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	9.29	20	6
Palsy [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	3.14	5	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	3.6	9	0
Co-infection [description not available]	8.82	11	3
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	2.08	1	0
Corneal Dystrophies [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Erythremia [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	3.39	7	0
Thrombocythemia, Essential A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.	2.49	2	0
Dystocia Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.	3.47	1	1
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	6.8	26	0
Hepato-Pulmonary Syndrome [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome A syndrome characterized by the clinical triad of advanced chronic liver disease, pulmonary vascular dilatations, and reduced arterial oxygenation (HYPOXEMIA) in the absence of intrinsic cardiopulmonary disease. This syndrome is common in the patients with LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	2.49	2	0
B cepacia Infection [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Acquired Agraphia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.31	6	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	3.15	5	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	14.34	56	12
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	14.34	56	12
Sycosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	2.1	1	0
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	3.79	2	1
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	3.79	2	1
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	2.99	4	0
Back Ache [description not available]	4.54	5	1
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	4.54	5	1
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.54	5	1
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	2.44	2	0
Hair Diseases Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.	2.48	2	0
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hepatitis E Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.	2.08	1	0
Juvenile Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile A leukemia affecting young children characterized by SPLENOMEGALY, enlarged lymph nodes, rashes, and hemorrhages. Traditionally classed as a myeloproliferative disease, it is now considered a mixed myeloproliferative-mylelodysplastic disorder.	2.49	2	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	5.31	21	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	5.31	21	0
Emesis [description not available]	8.04	15	4
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	12.46	28	17
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	8.04	15	4
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	3.43	7	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.98	4	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	9.03	15	3
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	9.03	15	3
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.39	7	0
Ph 1 Chromosome [description not available]	12.81	60	3
Duodenal Reflux [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Germinoma A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)	3.47	1	1
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	8.39	9	4
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	4.13	3	1
Maxillary Diseases Diseases involving the MAXILLA.	2.1	1	0
Agrammatic Broca Aphasia [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Chronic Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	12.97	63	10
Ciliophora Infections Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.	3.47	1	1
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	6.95	11	0
Folie a Deux [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	5.18	11	1
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	5.18	11	1
No-Reflow Phenomenon Markedly reduced or absent REPERFUSION in an infarct zone following the removal of an obstruction or constriction of an artery.	2.79	3	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	4.7	6	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	4.7	6	0
Cerebral Cryptococcosis [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Meningitis, Cryptococcal Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)	3.35	2	0
Urethral Obstruction Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.	3.89	2	1
Lymphocytic Colitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Colitis, Lymphocytic A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show infiltration of LYMPHOCYTES in the superficial EPITHELIUM and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria).	2.08	1	0
Prostatism Lower urinary tract symptom, such as slow urinary stream, associated with PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA in older men.	2.08	1	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.73	3	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	2.1	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Cardio-Renal Syndrome Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).	3	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	8.36	9	5
ACL Injuries [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	4.16	3	1
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Lung Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).	2.65	3	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	4.31	4	1
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Hypermyotonia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.51	2	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	2.38	2	0
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	2.5	2	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	6.2	7	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	6.2	7	1
Atrioventricular Conduction Block [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Atrioventricular Block Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.	2.08	1	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	3.1	5	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	4.72	3	2
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.97	4	0
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.	2.08	1	0
DRESS Syndrome [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	2.08	1	0
Polydipsia Excessive thirst manifested by excessive fluid intake. It is characteristic of many diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS; and NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS. The condition may be psychogenic in origin.	2.08	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	2.51	2	0
Aortitis Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.	2.5	2	0
Chloracne ACNE-like skin eruptions caused by exposure to CHLORINE-containing compounds. Exposure can be by inhalation, ingestion, or through the skin. Chloracne is often seen in people who have occupational contact with chlorinated pesticides, wood preservatives, and sealants.	2.1	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	4.27	7	0
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	2.08	1	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	2.1	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	14.16	37	18
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	14.16	37	18
Lassitude [description not available]	11.21	21	16
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	11.21	21	16
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	4.09	3	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	3.38	2	0
Ataxia of Gait [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	6.08	6	1
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	6.08	6	1
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	5.45	5	1
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	5.45	5	1
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	4.78	7	1
Chloroma [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	6.27	8	1
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	6.27	8	1
Sarcoma, Myeloid An extramedullary tumor of immature MYELOID CELLS or MYELOBLASTS. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2.1	1	0
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	9.9	15	4
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	9.9	15	4
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Aggressive Phase [description not available]	8.93	11	3
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	6.18	4	1
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	6.18	4	1
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Tumour Lysis Syndrome [description not available]	5.32	4	1
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.3	2	0
Tumor Lysis Syndrome A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.	5.32	4	1
Hyperphosphatemia A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.	3.01	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	3.76	2	1
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.39	2	0
Injuries, Mandibular [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Classic Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of GALACTOSYLCERAMIDASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as GALACTOSYLCERAMIDES and PSYCHOSINE. It is characterized by demyelination associated with large multinucleated globoid cells, predominantly involving the white matter of the central nervous system. The loss of MYELIN disrupts normal conduction of nerve impulses.	3.4	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.38	2	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	3.15	5	0
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	2.47	2	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	5.61	10	2
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	3.07	5	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	2.1	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	2.1	1	0
Infections, Hepadnaviridae [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hepadnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.	2.1	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	3.78	10	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	3.78	10	0
Alpha Virus Infections [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	5.09	3	1
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Bone Marrow Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.	2.5	2	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2.1	1	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	2.1	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.78	3	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.78	3	0
CACH Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	3.94	13	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	9.21	26	1
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	9.21	26	1
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	4.91	8	1
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	3.59	9	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	14.78	73	9
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	3.29	6	0
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2.39	2	0
Chemical Sensitivities, Multiple [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	7.79	24	8
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis A condition characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall, the submucosa and/or subserosa of the INTESTINE. The majority of the cysts are found in the JEJUNUM and the ILEUM.	2.1	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	6.57	30	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	6.57	30	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Articulation Disorders Disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes.	2.1	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Rhabdomyosarcoma 2 [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. Alveolar refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	2.1	1	0
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	2.49	2	0
Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available]	5.48	5	1
Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).	5.48	5	1
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	2.1	1	0
Skin Diseases, Viral Skin diseases caused by viruses.	2.1	1	0
Aseptic Meningitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Meningitis, Aseptic A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)	2.1	1	0
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	2.73	3	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	4.23	6	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	4.23	6	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	5.01	6	0
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	3.87	2	1
Fibromatosis, Abdominal A relatively large mass of unusually firm scarlike connective tissue resulting from active participation of fibroblasts, occurring most frequently in the abdominal muscles of women who have borne children. The fibroblasts infiltrate surrounding muscle and fascia. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.51	2	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	6.23	7	1
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	6.23	7	1
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	2.1	1	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	6.67	12	1
Diverticula [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	2.1	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	4.76	7	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	4.92	14	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	4.92	14	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	2.49	2	0
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	2.1	1	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	4.84	4	2
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	4.84	4	2
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Baltic Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Unverricht-Lundborg Syndrome An autosomal recessive condition characterized by recurrent myoclonic and generalized seizures, ATAXIA, slowly progressive intellectual deterioration, DYSARTHRIA, and intention tremor. Myoclonic seizures are severe and continuous, and tend to be triggered by movement, stress, and sensory stimuli. The age of onset is between 8 and 13 years, and the condition is relatively frequent in the Baltic region, especially Finland. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp109-110)	2.1	1	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	2.48	2	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	3.27	6	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	3.05	5	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	4.28	4	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	4.28	4	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	2.1	1	0
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	2.1	1	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	2.66	3	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	4.64	6	1
Dental Leakage The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.	2.45	2	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Myxosarcoma A sarcoma, usually a liposarcoma or malignant fibrous histiocytoma, with an abundant component of myxoid tissue resembling primitive mesenchyme containing connective tissue mucin. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.51	2	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	6.91	5	2
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	6.91	5	2
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	4.82	7	1
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	5.2	4	1
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	5.2	4	1
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	4.69	6	1
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.35	6	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	3.25	6	0
Benign Mastocytoma [description not available]	3.47	7	0
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	14.76	66	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	6.22	13	1
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	2.1	1	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	2.47	2	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	2.47	2	0
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	5.19	4	3
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	5.19	4	3
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Anal Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the anal gland.	2.11	1	0
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.1	1	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	2.1	1	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid [description not available]	3.03	1	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	5.72	7	1
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	5.72	7	1
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	3.86	2	1
Complications, Labor [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	6.36	5	3
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	6.36	5	3
Amyloid Neuropathies Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)	2.44	2	0
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	5.92	5	1
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	7.16	13	3
Peritonitis, Tuberculous A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.	2.11	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.1	1	0
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	2.49	2	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	3.29	2	0
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	2.38	2	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	9.53	15	4
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	9.53	15	4
Abnormalities, Jaw [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Bruise [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	2.46	2	0
Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.	6.98	9	2
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	3.55	8	0
Retinal Dystrophies A group of disorders involving predominantly the posterior portion of the ocular fundus, due to degeneration in the sensory layer of the RETINA; RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; BRUCH MEMBRANE; CHOROID; or a combination of these tissues.	2.53	2	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	4.67	3	2
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	3.5	1	1
Cyst [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	5.43	10	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.72	3	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	5.43	10	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	2.89	4	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.26	6	0
Antral Vascular Ectasia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	7.65	5	4
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	4.73	7	1
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.88	4	0
Long QT Syndrome 1 [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	9.73	9	9
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	3.24	6	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	5.6	6	1
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	5.6	6	1
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	2.11	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	7.9	18	5
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	4.16	3	1
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.76	3	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	2.92	4	0
Rida [description not available]	3.43	7	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	3.87	2	1
Leukostasis Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.	2.11	1	0
Muscle Pain [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	2.11	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.76	3	0
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.11	1	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	2.96	4	0
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Machado-Joseph Disease A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)	2.44	2	0
Arenaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ARENAVIRIDAE.	2.11	1	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	3.15	5	0
Amyotrophic Neuralgia [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Brachial Plexus Neuritis A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)	3.04	1	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	2.11	1	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	2.38	2	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	2.73	3	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.96	4	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	2.13	1	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	2.48	2	0
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	6.01	7	4
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.11	1	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	4.7	3	2
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	2.13	1	0
Lock Jaw [description not available]	6.21	7	5
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.95	4	0
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Encephalitis Infection [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.	2.13	1	0
Paraparesis Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.	2.45	2	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	4.75	2	1
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	10.87	33	6
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	4.75	2	1
Central Nervous System Lyme Disease [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	2.51	2	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	2.42	2	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	2.49	2	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.52	8	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	3.52	8	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	3.4	2	0
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	4.75	12	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	4.75	12	0
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	2.44	2	0
Auricular Flutter [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).	4.1	3	1
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Sporotrichosis The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.	2.13	1	0
Anus Diseases Diseases involving the ANUS.	4.65	6	1
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.13	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	3.86	4	0
Lemierre Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Frostbite Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.	2.13	1	0
Connective Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Atresia, Biliary [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Biliary Atresia Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.	3.51	1	1
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Bovine Virus Diarrhea Mucosal Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Benign Neonatal Sleep Myoclonus [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	4.47	5	1
Nocturnal Wandering [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	4.47	5	1
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	3.22	6	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	3.56	8	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	3.56	8	0
Esophageal Dysmotility [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hyper IgD Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency Autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the mevalonate kinase gene. Because of the mutations cholesterol biosynthesis is disrupted and MEVALONIC ACID accumulates. It is characterized by a range of symptoms, including dysmorphic FACIES, psychomotor retardation, CATARACT, hepatosplenomegaly, CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, elevated IMMUNOGLOBULIN D, and recurrent febrile crises with FEVER; LYMPHADENOPATHY; ARTHRALGIA; EDEMA; and rash.	2.13	1	0
Gardner Syndrome A variant of ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI caused by mutation in the APC gene (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. It is characterized by not only the presence of multiple colonic polyposis but also extracolonic ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; the EYE; the SKIN; the SKULL; and the FACIAL BONES; as well as malignancy in organs other than the GI tract.	2.13	1	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	2.44	2	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	8.83	10	5
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.	3.04	1	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	8.83	10	5
Brain Disorders [description not available]	4.86	13	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	4.86	13	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	6.46	12	4
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	6.46	12	4
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	3.48	8	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	2.13	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	5.04	5	2
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	5.04	5	2
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	3.84	2	1
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	2.38	2	0
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	3.06	1	0
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	2.8	3	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	3.59	9	0
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	3.87	2	1
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	3.87	2	1
Affective Disorders [description not available]	5.03	9	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	5.03	9	0
Achalasia [description not available]	3.41	2	0
Esophageal Achalasia A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).	3.41	2	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	3.32	2	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	10.78	11	9
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Pyrosis [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Heartburn Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.	3.53	1	1
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	2.46	2	0
Infections, Reoviridae [description not available]	2.15	1	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2.45	2	0
Adult-Onset Dystonias [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Dystonic Disorders Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.	2.74	3	0
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	2.04	1	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	2.69	3	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.04	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	9.3	12	4
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	3.35	2	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	9.3	12	4
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	3.8	4	0
Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.	2.04	1	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	4.66	6	1
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	4.66	6	1
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	5.21	4	1
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	2.43	2	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	2.96	1	0
Endocarditis, Loeffler [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.	2.72	3	0
Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)	2.04	1	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	3.36	2	0
Dentin, Secondary Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.	2.46	2	0
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	4.37	2	2
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	4.37	2	2
Dentin Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	2.04	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	3.8	4	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	4.56	10	0
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	2.04	1	0
Adenoma, Oxyphilic A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.	2.04	1	0
Hyphema Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.	2.04	1	0
Blepharospasm Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.	2.04	1	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	4.69	3	2
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	3.82	11	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	3.82	11	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	3.72	10	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	2.05	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	3.59	3	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	7.67	10	4
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	7.67	10	4
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	3.02	5	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	3.53	9	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	3.74	11	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	3.74	11	0
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	3.72	11	0
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	3.72	11	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	7.29	41	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	7.29	41	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.92	1	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	3.27	2	0
Tuberculosis, Miliary An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.	2.84	4	0
Allergy, Wheat [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Splenic Rupture Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.	2.05	1	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Solitary or multiple benign hepatic vascular tumors, usually occurring in women of 20-50 years of age. The nodule, poorly encapsulated, consists of a central stellate fibrous scar and normal liver elements such as HEPATOCYTES, small BILE DUCTS, and KUPFFER CELLS among the intervening fibrous septa. The pale colored central scar represents large blood vessels with hyperplastic fibromuscular layer and narrowing lumen.	2.04	1	0
Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Mast-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Leukemia, Mast-Cell A form of systemic mastocytosis (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC) characterized by the presence of large numbers of tissue MAST CELLS in the peripheral blood without skin lesions. It is a high-grade LEUKEMIA disease with bone marrow smear of	2.46	2	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	8.46	14	3
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	8.46	14	3
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	4.16	16	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	4.16	16	0
Monosomy The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1.	2.46	2	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.05	1	0
Frigidity [description not available]	4.5	5	1
Cervical Dystonia A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.	2.44	2	0
Torticollis A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.	2.44	2	0
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	4.5	5	1
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Bone Diseases, Infectious Bone diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.	2.05	1	0
Capgras Syndrome A psychotic disorder characterized by the patient's belief that acquaintances or closely related persons have been replaced by doubles or imposters.	2.04	1	0
ACA Infarct [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	4.02	5	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	4.02	5	0
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	2.74	3	0
Cyst, Pulmonary Hydatid [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Leukemic Infiltration A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.	4.04	5	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	5.44	15	1
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	4.84	34	0
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	4.29	19	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	4.29	19	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.43	2	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	13.65	52	7
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.44	2	0
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	2.05	1	0
Conjunctival Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.05	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	3.2	6	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	7.08	7	1
Constricted Pupil [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	7.08	7	1
Miosis Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.	2.05	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	4.54	5	0
Serositis Inflammation of a serous membrane.	2.96	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	4.54	5	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	3.26	6	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	2.41	2	0
Angiomyxoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	5	3	1
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	5	3	1
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	4.54	5	0
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	9.38	7	1
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)	2.05	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	4.7	11	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	4.7	11	0
Arthritis, Spinal [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.9	4	0
Encephalopathy, Subacute Spongiform, Gerstmann-Straussler Type [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.	2.05	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	4.07	15	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	4.52	5	1
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	2.05	1	0
Acute Biphenotypic Leukemia [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute An acute leukemia exhibiting cell features characteristic of both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages and probably arising from MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS.	2.44	2	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Keratoacanthoma A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.	2.46	2	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.57	9	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	3.61	9	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	2.92	4	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	3.86	4	0
Habit Chorea [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Tics Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)	2.05	1	0
Altidudinal Hemianopia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))	2.05	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	6.61	7	3
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	4.92	4	2
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	4.92	4	2
Allergic Angiitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Churg-Strauss Syndrome Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.	2.05	1	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	3.1	5	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	3.35	2	0
Asystole [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Brugada ECG Pattern [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	2.41	2	0
Brugada Syndrome An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.	2.05	1	0
Acetyl-CoA:alpha-Glucosaminide N-Acetyltransferase Deficiency [description not available]	2.05	1	0
beta-Glucuronidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis III Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by heparitin sulfate in the urine, progressive mental retardation, mild dwarfism, and other skeletal disorders. There are four clinically indistinguishable but biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.	2.05	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by excessive dermatan and heparan sulfates in the urine and Hurler-like features. It is caused by a deficiency of beta-glucuronidase.	2.05	1	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	3.35	2	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	4.44	23	0
Latent Tuberculosis The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.	2.05	1	0
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	2.05	1	0
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction Organic or functional motility disorder involving the SPHINCTER OF ODDI and associated with biliary COLIC. Pathological changes are most often seen in the COMMON BILE DUCT sphincter, and less commonly the PANCREATIC DUCT sphincter.	2.05	1	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	2.62	3	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	4.79	13	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	4.79	13	0
Scrofuloderma [description not available]	2.84	4	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	2.05	1	0
Cerebral Nocardiosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Galactorrhea Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.	5.58	6	1
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	2.33	2	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	3.21	6	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.05	1	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.05	1	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.05	1	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	3.14	5	0
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.	2.45	2	0
Acrania [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	2.93	4	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	7.8	13	6
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	7.8	13	6
Aggressive Natural Killer Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic A spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood LYMPHOCYTE populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. Subtypes develop from either CD3-negative NATURAL KILLER CELLS or CD3-positive T-CELLS. The clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	6.2	13	1
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	6.2	13	1
Connective Tissue Disease, Mixed [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.	2.45	2	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	4.37	8	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	5.08	17	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.42	2	0
Acrocephaly Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.	2.44	2	0
Acrocephalosyndactylia Congenital craniostenosis with syndactyly.	2.05	1	0
Craniofacial Dysarthrosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Craniosynostoses Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.	2.44	2	0
Microglossia [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Bone Spur [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Kashin-Beck Disease Disabling osteochondrodysplasia with OSTEOSCLEROSIS, cone-shaped METAPHYSIS, and shortening of the DIAPHYSIS. It is endemic in parts of Siberia and northern China. Mineral deficiencies (e.g., selenium, iodine), fungal cereal contamination, and water contamination may be contributing factors in its etiology.	4.42	2	2
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	2.74	3	0
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	5.07	10	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	5.07	10	0
Root Resorption Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Avulsed Tooth [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Siderosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.	2.06	1	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.05	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	6.65	20	1
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	6.65	20	1
Inclusion Body Myopathy, Sporadic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Myositis, Inclusion Body Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)	2.06	1	0
Mucorales Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mucormycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.	2.05	1	0
Gyrate Atrophy Progressive, autosomal recessive, diffuse atrophy of the choroid, pigment epithelium, and sensory retina that begins in childhood.	2.44	2	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	3.11	5	0
Blepharospasm-Oromandibular Dyskinesia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Myxoid Liposarcoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Liposarcoma, Myxoid A liposarcoma containing round mesenchymal cells and a myxoid extracellular matrix in stroma.	2.05	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	6.15	12	1
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	6.15	12	1
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	2.68	3	0
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Meningitis, Pneumococcal An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)	2.05	1	0
B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, B-Cell A neoplasm of prolymphocytes affecting the blood, bone marrow, and spleen. It is characterized by prolymphocytes exceeding 55% of the lymphoid cells in the blood and profound splenomegaly.	2.07	1	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	2.36	2	0
Lupus Vulgaris A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.	7.33	2	0
Hysteria Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.	1.92	1	0
Central Nervous System Syphilis [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Astasia-Abasia [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	2.95	4	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Avian Flu [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	2.06	1	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	2.05	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, American Diseases caused by American hemorrhagic fever viruses (ARENAVIRUSES, NEW WORLD).	2.06	1	0
Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Niemann-Pick Diseases A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.	2.06	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	7.21	4	2
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	7.21	4	2
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	6.45	19	0
Chromosome Inversion An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.	2.44	2	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	4.66	3	2
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	2.05	1	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.06	1	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	4.96	6	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	4.96	6	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	2.76	3	0
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	2.06	1	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	4.14	3	1
Candidiasis, Invasive An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.	2.98	1	0
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	2.47	2	0
Pyogenic Sacroiliitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	2.06	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	2.06	1	0
Chromosomal Duplication [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	2.06	1	0
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)	2.43	2	0
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation A genetically heterogeneous group of heritable disorders resulting from defects in protein N-glycosylation.	2.06	1	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	4.46	5	1
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	4.46	5	1
Bone Hypertrophy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	3.87	4	0
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	5.05	10	0
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	2.06	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.06	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.	2.98	1	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	3.8	4	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	4.1	3	1
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	4.75	2	1
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Cancer of Granulosa Cells [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	5.33	2	2
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	2.06	1	0
Preleukemia Conditions in which the abnormalities in the peripheral blood or bone marrow represent the early manifestations of acute leukemia, but in which the changes are not of sufficient magnitude or specificity to permit a diagnosis of acute leukemia by the usual clinical criteria.	2.69	3	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	2.06	1	0
Pruritus Vulvae Intense itching of the external female genitals.	2.06	1	0
Audiogenic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Epilepsy, Reflex A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)	2.06	1	0
Catastrophic Illness An acute or prolonged illness usually considered to be life-threatening or with the threat of serious residual disability. Treatment may be radical and is frequently costly.	2.06	1	0
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.	2.06	1	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	2.37	2	0
Calcification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	2.48	2	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	2.07	1	0
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease [description not available]	4.66	4	0
Chondrocalcinosis Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.	4.66	4	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.45	2	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	2.73	3	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	13.37	96	61
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	13.37	96	61
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.45	2	0
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	2.72	3	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	5.21	4	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	5.21	4	1
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	2.07	1	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	4.37	1	1
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	2.08	1	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Hyperostosis, Sternocostoclavicular A rare, benign rheumatologic disorder or syndrome characterized by hyperostosis and soft tissue ossification between the clavicles and the anterior part of the upper ribs. It is often associated with the dermatologic disorder palmoplantar pustulosis, particularly in Japan. Careful diagnosis is required to distinguish it from psoriatic arthritis, OSTEITIS DEFORMANS, and other diseases. Spondylitis of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris is one of the possible causes; also, evidence suggests one origin may be bone infection. Bone imaging is especially useful for diagnosis. It was originally described by Sonozaki in 1974.	2.07	1	0
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	3.46	1	1
Aprosodia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Edema, Fetal [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	2.43	2	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	4.9	8	1
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	3.61	3	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	2.07	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.93	4	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	2.43	2	0
Angiitis [description not available]	5.09	6	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	5.09	6	0
Blood Vessel Tumors [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	3.82	4	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	5.66	2	1
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Trichocephaliasis [description not available]	5.97	15	2
Trichuriasis Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.	5.97	15	2
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	2.07	1	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	3.58	3	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	4.06	3	1
Acalculia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Non-fluent Primary Progressive Aphasia [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	2.37	2	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	2.07	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	2.39	2	0
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Systolic Heart Failure [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Heart Failure, Systolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.	3.46	1	1
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	2.07	1	0
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	2.07	1	0
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.	2.08	1	0
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Pyometra An accumulation of PUS in the uterine cavity (UTERUS). Pyometra generally indicates the presence of infections.	2.07	1	0
Smear Layer Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.	3.63	3	0
Atrophic Muscular Disorders [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.	2.08	1	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	6.34	5	1
Histiocytic Sarcoma Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid.	2.08	1	0
Periapical Diseases Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.	2.01	1	0
Dysarthosis [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	6.59	5	4
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	4.31	4	1
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	4.31	4	1
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	3.39	7	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	4.98	3	1
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	4.98	3	1
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.71	3	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	3.99	14	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	3.99	14	0
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	2.71	3	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.46	8	0
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Gliosarcoma Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)	2.01	1	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	5.47	3	1
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	16.02	71	14
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	16.02	71	14
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	9.57	24	9
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	9.57	24	9
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	2.71	3	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	2.71	3	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	3.36	7	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	3.35	7	0
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome [description not available]	5.57	3	2
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.	5.57	3	2
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	2.37	2	0
Bone Diseases, Developmental Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.	2.01	1	0
Craniomandibular Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	5.22	4	1
Night Terrors A disorder characterized by incomplete arousals from sleep associated with behavior suggesting extreme fright. This condition primarily affects children and young adults and the individual generally has no recall of the event. Episodes tend to occur during stage III or IV. SOMNAMBULISM is frequently associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p391)	2.01	1	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	5.22	4	1
Achromatopsia Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.	2.01	1	0
Color Vision Defects Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.	2.01	1	0
Peptic Ulcer Perforation Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.	2.69	3	0
Hemangiopericytoma A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)	2.01	1	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	6.48	10	1
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	4.94	38	0
Allergy, Latex [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	2.01	1	0
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at multiple sites. MUTATION of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, a component of the DNA DAMAGE response pathway, apparently predisposes family members who inherit it to develop certain cancers. The spectrum of cancers in the syndrome was shown to include, in addition to BREAST CANCER and soft tissue sarcomas (SARCOMA); BRAIN TUMORS; OSTEOSARCOMA; LEUKEMIA; and ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA.	2.01	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	3.08	5	0
Corridor Disease [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	7.67	14	5
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	7.67	14	5
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	2.01	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	5.55	6	1
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	5.21	4	3
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.01	1	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	2.01	1	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	2.4	2	0
Cockayne Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms.	2.01	1	0
Gambling, Pathologic [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.	2.94	4	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.	2.01	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	8.12	27	11
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	2.01	1	0
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.	2.93	1	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	1.93	1	0
Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in Japan, China, the Philippines, India, and other countries of southeast Asia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.93	1	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	3.73	2	1
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	3.73	2	1
Intra-Abdominal Infections [description not available]	3.32	7	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	4.18	18	0
Vulvovaginitis Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.	3.32	7	0
Intraabdominal Infections Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.	3.32	7	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	7.91	40	6
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	2.62	3	0
Narcosis A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.	2.34	2	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	3.03	5	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	4.03	3	1
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	1.93	1	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	1.93	1	0
Psychoses, Alcoholic A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.	6.72	23	1
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.36	2	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	1.93	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	3.46	8	0
Ranula A form of retention cyst of the floor of the mouth, usually due to obstruction of the ducts of the submaxillary or sublingual glands, presenting a slowly enlarging painless deep burrowing mucocele of one side of the mouth. It is also called sublingual cyst and sublingual ptyalocele.	1.93	1	0
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	1.93	1	0
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	3.74	2	1
Spasmophilia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	3.55	3	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	3.19	6	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	3.19	6	0
Epididymitis Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	2.63	3	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Orchitis Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	2.63	3	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	3.05	5	0
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	1.93	1	0
Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available]	3.77	4	0
Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	3.77	4	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	3.05	5	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	5.05	10	1
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	5.05	10	1
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	2.37	2	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	2.64	3	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	3.22	6	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	2.64	3	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	4.24	4	1
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	4.24	4	1
Kerion Celsi An inflammatory manifestation of tinea capitis with a pronounced swelling that develops into suppurative central and indurated peripheral area called kerion.	2.33	2	0
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Malassezia furfur Infection [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.93	1	0
Tinea Capitis Ringworm of the scalp and associated hair mainly caused by species of MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON, which may occasionally involve the eyebrows and eyelashes.	2.33	2	0
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	1.93	1	0
Tinea Versicolor A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).	2.34	2	0
Icterus [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	1.94	1	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	3.2	6	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	3.97	14	0
Brucella Infection [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	5.38	8	2
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	2.63	3	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	5.38	8	2
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	2.34	2	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	1.94	1	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.65	3	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	2.01	1	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	2.38	2	0
Odontalgia [description not available]	7.97	6	5
Toothache Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.	7.97	6	5
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2.01	1	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	3.4	1	1
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep [description not available]	3.4	1	1
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)	3.4	1	1
Kaposi Disease [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.	2.01	1	0
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.	2.42	2	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	2.02	1	0
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Lentigines [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	2.02	1	0
Lentigo Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).	2.02	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.	2.02	1	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.43	2	0
Angioma, Sclerosing [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)	2.68	3	0
Hypoascorbemia [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Scurvy An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.	6.92	1	0
Anal Fistula [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Fungemia The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.	2.42	2	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.	2.02	1	0
Bejel [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.93	1	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	2.43	2	0
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	3.8	4	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.42	2	0
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	2.93	4	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	2.02	1	0
Bacteremia, Hemorrhagic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	4.87	4	2
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	5.02	5	2
Axon Reaction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
MEA 2a [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.71	3	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	2.02	1	0
Disorder, Borderline Personality [description not available]	10.03	11	10
Borderline Personality Disorder A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)	10.03	11	10
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	6.7	9	1
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	6.7	9	1
Ocular Tuberculosis [description not available]	3.02	5	0
Cherry Red Spot Myoclonus Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Post-Natal Depression [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)	2.02	1	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	2.02	1	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	2.41	2	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	2.02	1	0
Hiccough [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Acoustic Neurinoma, Bilateral [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	2.02	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 2 An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.	2.02	1	0
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2.02	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Acute Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	2.41	2	0
Rhinosporidiosis Chronic, localized granulomatous infection of mucocutaneous tissues, especially the NOSE, and characterized by HYPERPLASIA and the development of POLYPS. It is found in humans and other animals and is caused by the mesomycetozoean organism RHINOSPORIDIUM SEEBERI.	2.43	2	0
Amnesia, Anterograde Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)	2.02	1	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	2.94	1	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	2.72	3	0
Bechterew Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Spondylarthropathies Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features. They are associated with the HLA-B27 ANTIGEN and some with a triggering infection. Most involve the axial joints in the SPINE, particularly the SACROILIAC JOINT, but can also involve asymmetric peripheral joints. Subsets include ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; and others.	2.02	1	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	2.02	1	0
Generalized Resistance to Thyroid Hormone [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cerebral Arterial Diseases Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.	2.02	1	0
Encephalopathy, Mercury [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	2.94	1	0
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	2.02	1	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	2.02	1	0
Pleural Diseases Diseases involving the PLEURA.	2.02	1	0
Chronic Plantar Fasciitis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Fasciitis, Plantar Inflammation of the plantar fascia (APONEUROSIS) on the bottom of the foot causing heel pain. The etiology of plantar fasciitis remains controversial but is likely to involve a biomechanical imbalance. Though often presenting along with HEEL SPUR, they do not appear to be causally related.	2.02	1	0
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.02	1	0
Water Intoxication A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.	2.02	1	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	2.94	1	0
Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.02	1	0
Birnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.	2.03	1	0
Dissociative Identity Disorder A dissociative disorder in which the individual adopts two or more distinct personalities. Each personality is a fully integrated and complex unit with memories, behavior patterns and social friendships. Transition from one personality to another is sudden.	2.02	1	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	2.69	3	0
Steatitis A disease of cats and mink characterized by a marked inflammation of adipose tissue and the deposition of ceroid pigment in the interstices of the adipose cells. It is believed to be caused by feeding diets containing too much unsaturated fatty acid and too little vitamin E. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.02	1	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	4.09	3	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	3.82	2	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	4.09	3	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	3.82	2	0
Heatstroke [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	2.43	2	0
Combat Disorders Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.	2.02	1	0
Asbestosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.	2.03	1	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	2.03	1	0
Impotence, Arteriogenic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	2.03	1	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	2.4	2	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	3.29	2	0
Dysthymia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	2.03	1	0
Dysthymic Disorder Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)	2.03	1	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	2.03	1	0
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.	9.83	11	9
EBS-DM [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex A form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by serous bullae that heal without scarring. Mutations in the genes that encode KERATIN-5 and KERATIN-14 have been associated with several subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa simplex.	2.03	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	2.36	2	0
Atypical Cluster Headache [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Muscle Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	2.03	1	0
G(M2) Gangliosidoses [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Gangliosidoses, GM2 A group of recessively inherited diseases characterized by the intralysosomal accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in the neuronal cells. Subtypes include mutations of enzymes in the BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES system or G(M2) ACTIVATOR PROTEIN leading to disruption of normal degradation of GANGLIOSIDES, a subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS.	2.03	1	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	2.03	1	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	3.6	3	0
Hypophosphatasia A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.03	1	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	4.29	4	1
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	2.03	1	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	2.03	1	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	2.03	1	0
Cannabis Abuse [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.	2.03	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Infections, Taenia [description not available]	5.37	5	1
Taeniasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.	5.37	5	1
Babesia Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Oculopharyngeal Dystrophy [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal An autosomal dominant hereditary disease that presents in late in life and is characterized by DYSPHAGIA and progressive ptosis of the eyelids. Mutations in the gene for POLY(A)-BINDING PROTEIN II have been associated with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.	2.03	1	0
Megacolon, Toxic An acute form of MEGACOLON, severe pathological dilatation of the COLON. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ULCERATIVE COLITIS; CROHN DISEASE; AMEBIC DYSENTERY; or CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS.	2.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.69	3	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	2.42	2	0
Cyclospora Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	2.03	1	0
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	2.41	2	0
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome HYPOVENTILATION syndrome in very obese persons with excessive ADIPOSE TISSUE around the ABDOMEN and DIAPHRAGM. It is characterized by diminished to absent ventilatory chemoresponsiveness; chronic HYPOXIA; HYPERCAPNIA; POLYCYTHEMIA; and long periods of sleep during day and night (HYPERSOMNOLENCE). It is a condition often related to OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA but can occur separately.	2.03	1	0
Hebephrenic Schizophrenia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	4.34	1	1
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	2.03	1	0
Anal Cancer [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Anus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.	2.03	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	2.03	1	0
At-V1 [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	2.03	1	0
Infections, RNA Virus [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	2.42	2	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.03	1	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.42	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	2.03	1	0
Basal Cell Cancer [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2.44	2	0
Neoplasms, Skull Base [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	2.04	1	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	1.92	1	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	1.92	1	0
Great Pox [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	1.92	1	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	2.41	2	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	2.04	1	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	9.65	9	9
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	4.09	3	0
Neoplasms, Sebaceous Gland [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	2.04	1	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.	8.29	9	2
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	1.96	1	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Pancreatic Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.	1.96	1	0
Biliary Fistula Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.	1.96	1	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	1.96	1	0
Verruca [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.65	3	0
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	2.65	3	0
Molluscum Contagiosum A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS). (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Aphthae [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	1.96	1	0
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	1.96	1	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	2.37	2	0
Adhesive Capsulitis [description not available]	4.31	2	2
Bursitis Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.	4.31	2	2
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	7.3	16	3
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	7.3	16	3
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	1.96	1	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	3.34	1	1
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	2.64	3	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Gallbladder Dyskinesia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Biliary Dyskinesia A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.	1.96	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	1.96	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Equine Strongyle Infections [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	5.39	8	2
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	2.65	3	0
Opisthorchis felineus Infection [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Opisthorchiasis Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.	1.98	1	0
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)	2.36	2	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	1.98	1	0
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	1.98	1	0
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.	2.68	3	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	2.67	3	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	2.37	2	0
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	4.26	4	1
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	2.36	2	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, M4 [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute A pediatric acute myeloid leukemia involving both myeloid and monocytoid precursors. At least 20% of non-erythroid cells are of monocytic origin.	2.68	3	0
Aggressive Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.	2.39	2	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cardiovirus Infections Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.	1.98	1	0
Laryngitis Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.	3.37	1	1
Ear Infection [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	5.02	5	2
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Marasmus [description not available]	3.82	4	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	2.9	1	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	3.82	4	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Luft Disease [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Mitochondrial Myopathies A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.	2.4	2	0
Cold Sore [description not available]	3.37	1	1
B Virus Infection [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Gingivostomatitis, Herpetic [description not available]	3.37	1	1
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Auricular Syndrome of Ramsay Hunt [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	3.37	1	1
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	3.37	1	1
Stomatitis, Herpetic Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.	3.37	1	1
B-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Schwartzman Phenomenon [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.78	2	1
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	1.99	1	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	1.98	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Exfoliation Glaucoma [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Afferent Pupillary Defect [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Exfoliation Syndrome The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)	2.9	1	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	2.4	2	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.99	1	0
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.	1.99	1	0
Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.	1.99	1	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	3.38	1	1
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.91	1	0
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	1.99	1	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Dental Focal Infection [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Equine Infectious Anemia Viral disease of horses caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV; INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS, EQUINE). It is characterized by intermittent fever, weakness, and anemia. Chronic infection consists of acute episodes with remissions.	1.99	1	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	1.99	1	0
Pemphigoid [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	2.91	1	0
Acquired Storage Pool Disease [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Albinism, Tyrosinase-Negative [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Albinism, Oculocutaneous Heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising at least four recognized types, all having in common varying degrees of hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes. The two most common are the tyrosinase-positive and tyrosinase-negative types.	1.99	1	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	4.05	3	1
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	4.05	3	1
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	1.99	1	0
Neurofibroma A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)	1.99	1	0
Chorioadenoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	1.99	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	1.99	1	0
Dipetalonema Infections Infections with nematodes of the genus DIPETALONEMA.	2.89	4	0
Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram [description not available]	4.39	3	0
Adult Neuroaxonal Dystrophy [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	2.37	2	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	1.99	1	0
Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)	1.99	1	0
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	2	1	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	2	1	0
Abscess, Abdominal [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Abdominal Abscess An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.99	1	0
Xanthoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	2	1	0
Hereditary Optic Atrophy [description not available]	2	1	0
Genital Warts [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Condylomata Acuminata Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.	3.38	1	1
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell [description not available]	2	1	0
Giant Cell Arteritis A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)	2	1	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	2	1	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	2	1	0
Acanthosis Nigricans A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.	2	1	0
Cancer of the Ureter [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Ureteral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.	2.37	2	0
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	2	1	0
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	2	1	0
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2	1	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.	2	1	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	2	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	2	1	0
Benign Essential Tremor [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Essential Tremor A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)	2.91	1	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	2	1	0
Leiomyomatosis The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
Myositis, Multiple [description not available]	2	1	0
Polymyositis Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)	2	1	0
Infections, Microspora [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Baker Cyst [description not available]	2	1	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	2	1	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	2	1	0
Choroid Neoplasms Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).	2	1	0
Cardiac Edema [description not available]	2	1	0
Edema, Cardiac Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).	2	1	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	2	1	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	2	1	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Lipoatrophic A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by severe INSULIN RESISTANCE and LIPODYSTROPHY. The latter may be generalized, partial, acquired, or congenital (LIPODYSTROPHY, CONGENITAL GENERALIZED).	2.41	2	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	2.41	2	0
Disseminated Superficial Actinic Porokeratosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Porokeratosis A heritable disorder of faulty keratinization characterized by the proliferation of abnormal clones of KERATINOCYTES and lesions showing varying atrophic patches surrounded by an elevated, keratotic border. These keratotic lesions can progress to overt cutaneous neoplasm. Several clinical variants are recognized, including porokeratosis of Mibelli, linear porokeratosis, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, palmoplantar porokeratosis, and punctate porokeratosis.	2	1	0
Deficiency of GP 2b 3a Complex [description not available]	2	1	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	2.92	1	0
Ganglioside Storage Diseases [description not available]	2	1	0
Gangliosidoses A group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders marked by the accumulation of GANGLIOSIDES. They are caused by impaired enzymes or defective cofactors required for normal ganglioside degradation in the LYSOSOMES. Gangliosidoses are classified by the specific ganglioside accumulated in the defective degradation pathway.	2	1	0
Degenerative Disease, Nervous System, Hereditary [description not available]	2	1	0
Agoraphobia Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.	2	1	0
Colitis, Ischemic Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.	2.41	2	0
Escherichia coli Meningitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	8.53	5	4
Shoulder Pain Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.	3.39	1	1
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2.92	1	0
Fibrosis, Inflammatory Perianeurysmal [description not available]	2	1	0
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.	2	1	0
Isospora Infection [description not available]	2	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	2.7	3	0
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)	2	1	0
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	2.92	1	0
AIDS-Associated Lymphoma [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Lymphoma, AIDS-Related B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation.	2.92	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)	2.92	1	0
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	2	1	0
Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous A clinical syndrome characterized by development, usually in infancy or childhood, of a chronic, often widespread candidiasis of skin, nails, and mucous membranes. It may be secondary to one of the immunodeficiency syndromes, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, or associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity, endocrine disorders, dental stomatitis, or malignancy.	2	1	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Exposure, Dental Pulp [description not available]	2	1	0
Dental Pulp Exposure The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.	2	1	0
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Histoplasmosis Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.	2.01	1	0
Oxaluria, Primary [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Hyperoxaluria, Primary A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.	3.39	1	1
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	2.01	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	2.01	1	0
ADPKD [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	2.01	1	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.39	1	1
Melanoma, Amelanotic An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
Echo Virus Infections [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.88	4	0
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	3.05	5	0
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	1.95	1	0
Monieziasis Infection of ruminants with tapeworms of the genus Moniezia.	2.64	3	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	2.36	2	0
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	1.95	1	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Adenofibroma A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.86	4	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Arbovirus Infections Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.	1.95	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	1.98	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	1.98	1	0
Pruritus Ani Intense chronic itching in the anal area.	1.98	1	0
Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.	1.98	1	0
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	1.97	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	1.97	1	0
Heartwater Disease A tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM.	1.97	1	0
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	1.97	1	0
Episcleritis [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Scleritis Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.	3.36	1	1
Legionellosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEGIONELLA.	1.97	1	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	1.97	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	1.97	1	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	1.97	1	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	5.63	5	4
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	5.63	5	4
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	1.97	1	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	2.89	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	1.97	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	1.97	1	0
Ataxia with Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency Disease An inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficient enzyme activity in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX, resulting in deficiency of acetyl CoA and reduced synthesis of acetylcholine. Two clinical forms are recognized: neonatal and juvenile. The neonatal form is a relatively common cause of lactic acidosis in the first weeks of life and may also feature an erythematous rash. The juvenile form presents with lactic acidosis, alopecia, intermittent ATAXIA; SEIZURES; and an erythematous rash. (From J Inherit Metab Dis 1996;19(4):452-62) Autosomal recessive and X-linked forms are caused by mutations in the genes for the three different enzyme components of this multisubunit pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. One of the mutations at Xp22.2-p22.1 in the gene for the E1 alpha component of the complex leads to LEIGH DISEASE.	1.97	1	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	1.96	1	0
Hematemesis Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	1.97	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	1.96	1	0
Parotiditis [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	1.97	1	0
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Erosive Duodenitis [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Duodenitis Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.	3.76	2	1
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.37	2	0
Paragonimiasis Infection with TREMATODA of the genus PARAGONIMUS.	1.97	1	0
Kidney Papillary Necrosis A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.	2.37	2	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	1.96	1	0
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	1.96	1	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	1.97	1	0
Skin Syphilis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Latent Stage Syphilis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	1.96	1	0
Neuroses [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	1.94	1	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	2.34	2	0
Alastrim [description not available]	4.58	3	2
Smallpox An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)	4.58	3	2
Sarcoma 37 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	1.94	1	0
Dracunculiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus Dracunculus. One or more worms may be seen at a time, with the legs and feet being the most commonly infected areas. Symptoms include pruritus, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or asthmatic attacks.	3.19	6	0
Acne [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	2.64	3	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	3.26	2	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	1.94	1	0
Duhring Disease [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Lichen Simplex Chronicus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Eczema, Dyshidrotic A recurrent eczematous reaction characterized by the development of vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles, particularly along the sides and between the digits. It is accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, and hyperhidrosis. The disease is self-limiting, lasting only a few weeks. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.26	2	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	1.94	1	0
Neurodermatitis An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.	1.94	1	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	1.94	1	0
Dictyocauliasis [description not available]	3.96	14	0
Trichostrongyloidiasis Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.	4.51	25	0
Habronemiasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Oesophagostomiasis Infection of the intestinal tract with worms of the genus OESOPHAGOSTOMUM. This condition occurs mainly in animals other than man.	3.65	10	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Bodily Distress Disorder [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	1.94	1	0
Fibromatosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Fibroma A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.	1.94	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	2.35	2	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	1.95	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	1.94	1	0
Infections, Rickettsia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	2.35	2	0
Trichostrongylosis Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.	1.94	1	0
Ostertagiasis A disease of herbivorous mammals, particularly cattle and sheep, caused by stomach worms of the genus OSTERTAGIA.	1.94	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	1.95	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	1.95	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	1.95	1	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	1.95	1	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	1.95	1	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	2.34	2	0
Meningitis, Viral Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)	3.33	1	1
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	1.94	1	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Malaria, Avian Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.	2.86	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	2.35	2	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	2.35	2	0
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	1.94	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.	2.35	2	0
Tuberculosis, Avian A variety of TUBERCULOSIS affecting various birds, including chickens and ducks. It is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM and characterized by tubercles consisting principally of epithelioid cells.	1.94	1	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	1.94	1	0
Pyelitis Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.	1.94	1	0
Creeping Eruption [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	1.94	1	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	1.94	1	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	1.94	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	1.94	1	0
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dysautonomia, Familial An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)	1.94	1	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Leukorrhea A clear or white discharge from the VAGINA, consisting mainly of MUCUS.	1.94	1	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	1.94	1	0
Lathyrism A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.	2.63	3	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	1.94	1	0

thiazoles

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thiazoles

Cross-References

Synonyms (42)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (3)

Bioassays (8)

Research

Studies (31,771)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 55.80

Study Types

Related Drugs (5,692)

Related Conditions (2,927)