Compounds > sarin
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sarin

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Description

Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID7871
CHEMBL ID509554
CHEBI ID75701
CHEBI ID75873
SCHEMBL ID50256
MeSH IDM0019449

Synonyms (87)

Synonym
impf
isopropylester kyseliny methylfluorfosfonove [czech]
phosphonofluoridic acid, methyl-, 1-methylethyl ester
phosphonofluoridic acid, methyl-, isopropyl ester
hsdb 6382
o-isopropylmethyl phosphonofluoridate
methylphosphonofluoridic acid 1-methylethyl ester
ccris 3416
phosphonofluoridic acid, methyl-, isopropyl ester, (+-)-
methlyfluorophosphonic acid isopropyl ester
t-144 ,
isopropoxymethylphosphoryl fluoride
sarin ii
isopropoxymethylphoshoryl fluoride
brn 1750114
isopropyl methylfluorophosphate
methylphosphonofluoridic acid isopropyl ester
isopropyl-methyl-phosphoryl fluoride
trilone 46
phosphoric acid, methylfluoro-, isopropyl ester
methylfluorphosphorsaeureisopropylester [german]
isopropyl methanefluorophosphonate
(+-)-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate
ea 1208
t-2106
mfi
tl 1618
ortho-isopropylmethyl phosphonofluoridate
1-methylethyl (+-)-methylphosphonofluoridate
phosphine oxide, fluoroisopropoxymethyl-
methylphosphonofluoride acid, isopropyl ester
o-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate
GB ,
isopropyl methylfluorophosphonate
107-44-8
sarin
o isopropylmethyl phosphonofluoridate
ortho isopropylmethyl phosphonofluoridate
isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate
phosphonofluoridate, o-isopropylmethyl
phosphonofluoridate, ortho-isopropylmethyl
2-[fluoro(methyl)phosphoryl]oxypropane
CHEMBL509554
chebi:75701
bdbm50027343
AKOS006273454
b4xg72qgfm ,
phosphonofluoridic acid, p-methyl-, 1-methylethyl ester
unii-b4xg72qgfm
isopropylester kyseliny methylfluorfosfonove
methylfluorphosphorsaeureisopropylester
4-04-00-03507 (beilstein handbook reference)
sarin [mi]
(+/-)-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate
sarin [mart.]
sarin [hsdb]
phosphonofluoridic acid, methyl-, isopropyl ester, (+/-)-
propan-2-yl methylphosphonofluoridate
CHEBI:75873
SCHEMBL50256
isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridoate #
o-isopropyl methylfluorophosphonate
methylfluorphosphorsaeureisopropyl ester
(.+/-.)-sarin
1-methylethyl methylphosphonofluoridate
methylfluorophosphoric acid isopropyl ester
zarin
DYAHQFWOVKZOOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
DTXSID0042371 ,
Q187695
sarin.
fluoroisopropoxymethylphosphine
(rs)-sarin
dtxcid8022371
fluoroisopropoxymethyl phospline phosphine oxide
t144
methylphosphonofluoridic acid 1-methyl-ethyl ester
agent gb
gb (chemical warfare agent)
(+-)-sarin
sarin (mart.)
phosphine oxide, fluoroisopropoxymethyl
rac-propan-2-yl methylphosphonofluoridate
racemic sarin
rac-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate
methylfluoro-isopropyl ester
(rs)-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate

Research Excerpts

Overview

Sarin is a highly toxic nerve agent classified by the Chemical Weapon Convention as a Schedule 1 chemical with no use other than to kill or injure. Sarin is an organophosphorus (OP) chemical warfare agent which irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sarin is a highly toxic nerve agent classified by the Chemical Weapon Convention as a Schedule 1 chemical with no use other than to kill or injure. "( Chemical forensic profiling and attribution signature determination of sarin nerve agent using GC-MS, LC-MS and NMR.
Dennison, GH; Laws, MJ; McDowall, LJ; McGill, NW; Ovenden, SPB; Webster, RL; Williams, J; Zanatta, SD, 2022)		2.4
"Sarin is a highly toxic nerve agent that was developed for chemical warfare during World War II and is used in present conflicts. "( A national toxicology program systematic review of the evidence for long-term effects after acute exposure to sarin nerve agent.
Blain, RB; Hartman, PA; Jett, DA; Lein, PJ; Rooney, AA; Sibrizzi, CA; Taylor, KW, 2020)		2.21
"Sarin is a potent nerve agent chemical weapon that was originally designed for military purposes as a fast-acting anti-personnel weapon that would kill or disable large numbers of enemy troops. "( Essential Lessons in a Potential Sarin Attack Disaster Plan for a Resource-Constrained Environment.
Buchanan, S; Dippenaar, N; Laher, AE; Simo, NCT; Watermeyer, MJ, 2018)		2.2
"Sarin is an organophosphorus (OP) chemical warfare agent which irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase. "( From the Cover: Proteome Profile of Different Rat Brain Regions After Sarin Intoxication.
Alam, SI; Bhattacharya, BK; Chaubey, K; Nagar, DP; Pant, SC; Singh, L; Srivastava, N; Waghmare, CK, 2017)		2.13
"Sarin is an organophosphate nerve agent that is among the most lethal chemical toxins known to mankind. "( A critical role of acute bronchoconstriction in the mortality associated with high-dose sarin inhalation: effects of epinephrine and oxygen therapies.
Barrett, EG; Gundavarapu, S; Russell, RG; Sopori, ML; Xu, F; Zhuang, J, 2014)		2.07
"Sarin is a highly toxic organophosphonate and neural enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. "( Increased expression of immune modulator proteins and decreased expression of apolipoprotein A-1 and haptoglobin in blood plasma of sarin exposed rats.
Alam, SI; Bhattacharya, BK; Chaubey, K; Rao, MK; Waghmare, C, 2016)		2.08
"Sarin is an irreversible organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor and a highly toxic warfare agent. "( Propagation of damage in the rat brain following sarin exposure: Differential progression of early processes.
Bloch-Shilderman, E; Brandeis, R; Chapman, S; Egoz, I; Grauer, E; Lazar, S, 2016)		2.13
"Sarin is a volatile nerve agent that has been used in the Tokyo subway attack. "( Aerosolized scopolamine protects against microinstillation inhalation toxicity to sarin in guinea pigs.
Chanda, S; Che, MM; Doctor, BP; Nambiar, MP; Perkins, MW; Rezk, PE; Sabnekar, P; Sciuto, AM; Song, J, 2011)		2.04
"Sarin is a toxic organophosphorus (OP) nerve agent that has been reported to cause long-term alterations in behavioral and neuropsychological processes. "( Low-dose sarin exposure produces long term changes in brain neurochemistry of mice.
Garrett, TL; Lucot, JB; Morris, M; Oswal, DP, 2013)		2.25
"Sarin is an extremely potent acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitor with high specificity and affinity for the enzyme."( Sarin: health effects, metabolism, and methods of analysis.
Abou-Donia, MB; Abu-Qare, AW, 2002)		2.48
"Sarin is a highly toxic nerve agent that can be fatal within minutes to hours."( Prehospital management of sarin nerve gas terrorism in urban settings: 10 years of progress after the Tokyo subway sarin attack.
Kikuchi, M; Stein, GH; Takahashi, O; Tokuda, Y, 2006)		1.36

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sarin has been produced and stockpiled by a number of countries, and large quantities of it still exist despite collective agreements to cease manufacture and destroy stockpiles."( Essential Lessons in a Potential Sarin Attack Disaster Plan for a Resource-Constrained Environment.
Buchanan, S; Dippenaar, N; Laher, AE; Simo, NCT; Watermeyer, MJ, 2018)		1.48

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sarin did not produce a systematic dose-dependent response in parietal cortex at any of the time points."( DNA fragmentation in leukocytes following repeated low dose sarin exposure in guinea pigs.
Chen, RW; Connors, RA; Dave, JR; DeFord, SM; Genovese, RF; Moran, AV; Tortella, EC; Whipple, RA, 2007)		1.3

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Treatment of sarin-poisoned rats by 2'dCPA did not adequately prevent the accumulation of ACh in the central nervous system."( Characterization of the pharmacokinetics, brain distribution, and therapeutic efficacy of the adenosine A1 receptor partial agonist 2'-deoxy-N6-cyclopentyladenosine in sarin-poisoned rats.
Bueters, TJ; Danhof, M; IJzerman, AP; van Helden, HP, 2003)		0.87

Toxicity

Physical stress (exercise) enhanced the persistent/delayed toxic effects of low-dose sarin and pyridostigmine in mice. The LD50 of sarin was determined to be 165 micrograms/kg.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The in vivo protection provided by endogenous CaE was measured by the difference in the LD50 values of OP compounds in control rats and rats whose CaE activity had been inhibited by sc injection with 2 mg/kg of 2-(O-cresyl)-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide."( The specificity of carboxylesterase protection against the toxicity of organophosphorus compounds.
Maxwell, DM, 1992)		0.28
"The neurotoxicity and lethality of Soman and Sarin, after single and repeated treatment at 50-60% of their LD50 doses in rats were investigated."( Variability of neurotoxicity of and lack of tolerance to the anticholinesterases soman and sarin in the rat.
Fernando, JC; Ho, IK; Hoskins, B; Lim, DK, 1985)		0.75
" The LD50 of sarin was determined to be 165 micrograms/kg."( Acute behavioral toxicity of the organophosphate sarin in rats.
Landauer, MR; Romano, JA, )		0.75
" The cumulative LD50 dose depended upon the time interval between injections of toxic agent."( Factors modifying the toxicity of organophosphorus compounds including dichlorvos.
Sterri, SH, 1981)		0.26
"Butyrylcholinesterase purified from human plasma (HuBChE) was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo in mice and rats as a single prophylactic antidote against the lethal effects of highly toxic organophosphates (OP)."( Human butyrylcholinesterase as a general prophylactic antidote for nerve agent toxicity. In vitro and in vivo quantitative characterization.
Ashani, Y; Cohen, E; Grunwald, J; Marcus, D; Papier, Y; Raveh, L, 1993)		0.29
"A computer program (Q-test) was used to evaluate the combined toxic effects of nerve agent GF and its combined form with sarin (GB/GF) in mice."( Evaluation of combined toxic effects of GB/GF and efficacy of jielin injection against combined poisoning in mice.
Liang, J; Luo, C, 1997)		0.5
"Sarin (GB) vapor exposure is associated with both systemic and local toxic effects occurring primarily via the inhalation and ocular routes."( Interaction of exposure concentration and duration in determining acute toxic effects of sarin vapor in rats.
Burnett, D; Crosier, R; Gaviola, B; Manthei, J; Mioduszewski, R; Muse, W; Sommerville, D; Thomson, S; Way, R, 2002)		1.98
" The minimal effective concentration for two of the VX analogues was 2 orders of magnitude more toxic than the analogue for GD and 4 orders of magnitude more toxic than the analogue for GB."( Organophosphate nerve agent toxicity in Hydra attenuata.
Huebner, HJ; Li, Y; Lum, KT; Phillips, TD; Raushel, FM, 2003)		0.32
" Empirical models, consisting of the toxic load model plus higher order terms, were developed and successfully fit to the data."( Inhalation toxicity of Cyclosarin (GF) vapor in rats as a function of exposure concentration and duration: potency comparison to sarin (GB).
Anthony, JS; Burnett, D; Crosier, R; Crouse, C; Gaviola, B; Haley, M; Manthei, J; Matson, K; Mioduszewski, R; Sommerville, D; Thomson, S; Way, R, 2004)		0.62
" Although the mechanisms of this neurodegenerative disorder have yet to be established, the sparse available data suggest that large toxic doses of organophosphorus compounds cause acute necrotic neuronal cell death in the brain, whereas sublethal or subclinical doses produce apoptotic neuronal cell death and involve oxidative stress."( Organophosphorus ester-induced chronic neurotoxicity.
Abou-Donia, MB, 2003)		0.32
" It is concluded that physical stress (exercise) enhanced the persistent/delayed toxic effects of low-dose sarin and pyridostigmine in specific tissues of mice."( Persistent/delayed toxic effects of low-dose sarin and pyridostigmine under physical stress (exercise) in mice.
Husain, K; Somani, SM, 2004)		0.8
" However, information concerning the toxicity of GB (and other nerve agents) from longer exposures of 1-12 h is critical for all personnel who must work in or close to low-level concentrations of chemical for extended periods and for all personnel, dressed in Individual Protective Equipment, who need to know when, and if, it is safe to take off these cumbersome garments."( Inhalation toxicity in mice exposed to sarin (GB) for 20-720 min.
Bide, RW; Risk, DJ, )		0.4
" The near parallel toxic load equations for each species and the linear relationship between minute volume/body weight ratio and the inhalation toxicity (LCt50) for GB were used to create a pseudo-human data set and then an exposure time/toxicity surface for the human."( GB toxicity reassessed using newer techniques for estimation of human toxicity from animal inhalation toxicity data: new method for estimating acute human toxicity (GB).
Armour, SJ; Bide, RW; Yee, E, )		0.13
"A non-toxic and stable sarin analogue, isopropyl p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate (INMP), was synthesized for safe preparation of sarin-exposed acetylcholinesterase (AChE)."( New safe method for preparation of sarin-exposed human erythrocytes acetylcholinesterase using non-toxic and stable sarin analogue isopropyl p-nitrophenyl methylphosphonate and its application to evaluation of nerve agent antidotes.
Ikegaya, H; Ohmori, T; Ohta, H; Sakurada, K; Suzuki, S; Takatori, T, 2006)		0.92
" In addition to some kinds of adverse effects and specific toxicity (e."( PASS: identification of probable targets and mechanisms of toxicity.
Filimonov, D; Gloriozova, T; Lagunin, A; Poroikov, V; Zakharov, A, )		0.13
" Moreover, sarin has been involved in toxic and immunotoxic effects as well as organophosphate-induced endocrine disruption (OPIED)."( Sarin (GB, O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate) neurotoxicity: critical review.
Abou-Donia, MB; Gupta, N; Siracuse, B; Sobel Sokol, A, 2016)		2.27

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The elimination half-life ranged from 35 min in normal rats to 86 min in sarin-poisoned rats."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of obidoxime in sarin-poisoned rats.
Alioth-Streichenberg, CM; Bodmer, DM; Waser, PG, 1991)		0.76
" The acid metabolites can serve as a better chemical marker for monitoring organophosphorus exposure in humans via their higher concentration and longer half-life in urine than the parent compounds."( Metabolite pharmacokinetics of soman, sarin and GF in rats and biological monitoring of exposure to toxic organophosphorus agents.
Dolzine, TW; Gresham, VC; McMonagle, JD; Shih, ML, )		0.4
" A five-compartment model successfully described the pharmacokinetic profile of 2'dCPA in blood and brain microdialysate."( Characterization of the pharmacokinetics, brain distribution, and therapeutic efficacy of the adenosine A1 receptor partial agonist 2'-deoxy-N6-cyclopentyladenosine in sarin-poisoned rats.
Bueters, TJ; Danhof, M; IJzerman, AP; van Helden, HP, 2003)		0.51
" Pharmacokinetic profiles of each oxime were evaluated for both arms of the study and no significant change in parameters were reported."( Pharmacokinetics of Three Oximes in a Guinea Pig Model and Efficacy of Combined Oxime Therapy.
Bohnert, S; Joosen, MJA; Klaassen, SD; Mikler, J; van den Berg, RM, 2020)		0.56

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The effect of three newly developed bispyridinium non-oxime compounds (MB408, MB442, and MB444) on the therapeutic efficacy of a standard antidotal treatment (atropine in combination with the oxime HI-6 or obidoxime) of acute poisoning by two nerve agents (sarin and cyclosarin) in mice was studied."( Some benefit from non-oximes MB408, MB442 and MB444 in combination with the oximes HI-6 or obidoxime and atropine in antidoting sarin or cyclosarin poisoned mice.
Bird, M; Green, AC; Kassa, J; Tattersall, JEH; Timperley, CM; Williams, RL, 2018)		0.87

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" These findings together with the observations that the PEGylated rHuAChE exhibits unaltered biodistribution and high bioavailability present a case for using PEGylated rHuAChE as a very efficacious bioscavenger of OP agents."( Comparison of polyethylene glycol-conjugated recombinant human acetylcholinesterase and serum human butyrylcholinesterase as bioscavengers of organophosphate compounds.
Cohen, O; Kronman, C; Mazor, O; Ordentlich, A; Raveh, L; Shafferman, A, 2006)		0.33
"From the presented data, it seems that the concept of uncharged reactivators will have to be modified, at least to improve the bioavailability and to satisfy requirements for in vivo administration."( In vitro and in silico Evaluation of Non-Quaternary Reactivators of AChE as Antidotes of Organophosphorus Poisoning - a New Hope or a Blind Alley?
Box, K; Ceckova, M; Dolezal, R; Gorecki, L; Hepnarova, V; Hrabinova, M; Jankockova, J; Jost, P; Jun, D; Kobrlova, T; Korabecny, J; Kuca, K; Malinak, D; Musilek, K; Nepovimova, E; Nguyen, TD; Outhwaite, B; Pavek, P; Pham, NL; Psotka, M; Sorf, A; Soukup, O, 2018)		0.48
" In this work, the cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) carrier was used for the encapsulation of the clinical agent asoxime to enhance brain bioavailability and the treatment window."( Effect of Oxime Encapsulation on Acetylcholinesterase Reactivation: Pharmacokinetic Study of the Asoxime-Cucurbit[7]uril Complex in Mice Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.
Andrýs, R; Karasová, JŽ; Kassa, J; Klusoňová, A; Lísa, M, 2021)		0.62

Dosage Studied

Sarin reduced the concentration of all isoforms with a similar, biphasic dose-response curve to that seen for behavioral performance. It is suggested that unless full dark adaptation is a consideration, treatment of the ophthalmic condition resulting from exposure to this dosage of sarin should be reserved for those experiencing distressing ocular symptoms.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Best therapeutic efficiency was shown by HGG-42 in a dosage of 30 muMol/kg."( Therapeutic effects of the bis-pyridinium salts HGG-12, HGG-42, and atropine, benactyzine in organophosphate poisoning of dogs.
Hauser, W; Weger, N, 1979)		0.26
" The animals were killed up to 28 d after dosing and frozen sections were made of the excised diaphragms which were stained using haematoxylin and eosin and a modified Gomori trichrome method."( A histochemical study of changes observed in the mouse diaphragm after organophosphate poisoning.
Bright, JE; Griffiths, GD; Inns, RH; Marrs, TC; Tuckwell, NJ, 1991)		0.28
"Male Sprague-Dawley rats injected with a sublethal sc dosage of 110 micrograms/kg of sarin (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate), or 12 micrograms/kg of VX (S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate), developed severe toxic signs within 5-15 min after sarin and 20-50 min after VX lasting for 5 to 7 hr."( Comparison of cholinergic and neuromuscular toxicity following acute exposure to sarin and VX in rat.
Dettbarn, WD; Gupta, RC; Patterson, GT, 1991)		0.73
" The neuropathy target esterase (NTE) activity 24 hr after dosing was determined in brain, spinal cord, and lymphocytes and in plasma and brain for cholinesterase and carboxylesterase."( Neuropathy target esterase in hens after sarin and soman.
Bucci, TJ; Crowell, JA; Dacre, JC; Parker, RM, 1989)		0.54
" It is suggested that unless full dark adaptation is a consideration, treatment of the ophthalmic condition resulting from exposure to this dosage of sarin should be reserved for those experiencing distressing ocular symptoms."( Cyclopentolate in treatment of sarin miosis.
Moylan-Jones, RJ; Thomas, DP, 1973)		0.74
" With a MMTS dosage of 133."( Blockade of acetylcholine synthesis in organophosphate poisoning.
Hopff, WH; Riggio, G; Waser, PG, 1984)		0.27
" Urine, blood and lung tissue were collected from rats dosed subcutaneously at 75 micrograms kg-1."( Metabolite pharmacokinetics of soman, sarin and GF in rats and biological monitoring of exposure to toxic organophosphorus agents.
Dolzine, TW; Gresham, VC; McMonagle, JD; Shih, ML, )		0.4
" All animals were monitored daily for clinical signs of toxicity throughout dosing and until sacrifice."( Developmental toxicity of sarin in rats and rabbits.
Bates, HK; Dacre, JC; LaBorde, JB; Young, JF, 1996)		0.59
" After the first dose, there was a drop in the plasma cholinesterase levels, which then remained low throughout the dosing period."( Correlation of blood cholinesterase levels with toxicity of sarin in rats.
Gaylor, DW; Gough, BJ; Suber, RL; Young, JF, 2001)		0.55
" The objective of these studies was to develop models for predicting dose-response effects of GB vapor concentrations as a function of exposure duration."( Interaction of exposure concentration and duration in determining acute toxic effects of sarin vapor in rats.
Burnett, D; Crosier, R; Gaviola, B; Manthei, J; Mioduszewski, R; Muse, W; Sommerville, D; Thomson, S; Way, R, 2002)		0.54
" Scoping trials were performed to establish appropriate dose-response ranges for sarin and control chemicals."( Actions of pyridostigmine and organophosphate agents on chick cells, mice, and chickens.
Coatney, EM; Henderson, JD; Nieberg, PS; Spencer, PS; Wilson, BW, 2002)		0.54
" The concentration of organophosphorus compound depends on airflow through the chamber, syringe volume of the dosing pump and dosing speed."( Inhalation apparatus for generating sarin and soman toxic vapors.
Bajgar, J; Sevelová, L; Vachek, J, 2003)		0.59
" The objectives of this study were to (1) generate GF vapor in a dynamic inhalation chamber system, starting in the lethal to near-lethal concentration range, (2) examine dose-response effects of inhaled GF vapor and analyze the relationship between concentration (C) and exposure duration (T) in determining probability of lethality, and (3) establish a lethal potency ratio between GF and the more volatile agent Sarin (GB)."( Inhalation toxicity of Cyclosarin (GF) vapor in rats as a function of exposure concentration and duration: potency comparison to sarin (GB).
Anthony, JS; Burnett, D; Crosier, R; Crouse, C; Gaviola, B; Haley, M; Manthei, J; Matson, K; Mioduszewski, R; Sommerville, D; Thomson, S; Way, R, 2004)		0.78
"The present study evaluated the dose-response effects of subacute exposure to sublethal doses of the organophosphorus (OP) chemical warfare nerve agent (CWNA) sarin (GB) on the operant behavior of guinea pigs."( Effects of sarin on the operant behavior of guinea pigs.
Adkins, AL; Deford, MS; Langston, JL; Moran, AV; Rockwood, GA, )		0.72
"The current studies estimated effective (miosis) concentrations of the nerve agents' sarin (GB) and cyclosarin (GF) as a function of exposure duration in the Gottingen minipig and determined dependency of the median effective dosage (ECT50) over time."( Comparison of low-level sarin and cyclosarin vapor exposure on pupil size of the Gottingen minipig: effects of exposure concentration and duration.
Benton, BJ; Crosier, RB; Dabisch, PA; Forster, JS; Hulet, SW; Jarvis, JR; Krauthauser, C; Miller, DB; Mioduszewski, RJ; Muse, WT; Reutter, SA; Scotto, JA; Sommerville, DR; Thomson, SA, 2006)		0.86
"Findings suggest a dose-response association between low-level exposure to sarin and cyclosarin and specific functional central nervous system effects 4-5 years after exposure."( Effects of sarin and cyclosarin exposure during the 1991 Gulf War on neurobehavioral functioning in US army veterans.
Heaton, KJ; Heeren, T; Proctor, SP; White, RF, 2006)		0.95
" Dose-response curves showed that a concentration of 20 microM RSV was optimal in inducing PON-1 expression in HC04 cells."( Resveratrol induces catalytic bioscavenger paraoxonase 1 expression and protects against chemical warfare nerve agent toxicity in human cell lines.
Curtin, BF; Dhoieam, P; Doctor, BP; Gordon, RK; Nambiar, MP; Seetharam, KI, 2008)		0.35
" Sarin reduced the concentration of all isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma) with a similar, biphasic dose-response curve to that seen for behavioral performance, a relationship noted in previous work with organophosphate pesticides."( Neurobehavioral teratogenicity of sarin in an avian model.
Pinkas, A; Ryde, IT; Seidler, FJ; Slotkin, TA; Van der Zee, EA; Yanai, J, )		1.32
" Anticonvulsant effective doses (ED(50)) were determined using an up-down dosing procedure over successive animals."( Protection against sarin-induced seizures in rats by direct brain microinjection of scopolamine, midazolam or MK-801.
McDonough, JH; Shih, TM; Skovira, JW, 2010)		0.69
" The dose-response effects of 4-PA alone were also examined."( Effects of 4-pyridine aldoxime on nerve agent-inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in guinea pigs.
McDonough, JH; Shih, TM; Skovira, JW, 2009)		0.35
" There was no dose-response relationship between estimated levels of GB/GF exposure and brain volume."( Effects of low-level sarin and cyclosarin exposure and Gulf War Illness on brain structure and function: a study at 4T.
Abadjian, L; Chao, LL; Hlavin, J; Meyerhoff, DJ; Weiner, MW, 2011)		0.69
" Tropicamide treatment rapidly widened the miotic effect to a different extent depending on time following treatment and dosage given."( Efficacy assessment of various anticholinergic agents against topical sarin-induced miosis and visual impairment in rats.
Bloch-Shilderman, E; Brandeis, R; Egoz, I; Gore, A; Peri, D; Turetz, J, 2012)		0.61
" This study was designed to deliver aerosolized dilute nerve agents in a dose-response manner to investigate the extent of lethality of nerve agents: soman, sarin, VX and VR."( Determination of LCt(50)s in anesthetized rats exposed to aerosolized nerve agents.
Collins, JL; Lee, R; Peng, X; Pierre, Z; Sciuto, AM; Witriol, A, 2013)		0.59
" There were no group difference in total hippocampal volume, quantified with FreeSurfer, and no dose-response relationship between estimated levels of GB/GF exposure and total hippocampal or subfield volume."( Effects of low-level sarin and cyclosarin exposure on hippocampal subfields in Gulf War Veterans.
Buckley, S; Chao, LL; Kriger, S; Mueller, SG; Ng, P, 2014)		0.72
" Our laboratories have developed novel substituted phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes that lead to reduced ChE inhibition in the brains of rats challenged with a high sublethal dosage of the sarin surrogate, whereas 2-PAM did not, using a paradigm designed to demonstrate brain penetration."( Novel brain-penetrating oximes for reactivation of cholinesterase inhibited by sarin and VX surrogates.
Chambers, HW; Chambers, JE; Meek, EC, 2016)		0.85
" A number of these novel oximes have shown the ability to decrease the level of ChE inhibition in the brains of rats treated with a high sublethal dosage of either a sarin surrogate (nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate, NIMP) or the VX surrogate NEMP."( Efficacy of novel phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes as brain-penetrating reactivators of cholinesterase inhibited by surrogates of sarin and VX.
Chambers, HW; Chambers, JE; Funck, KE; Meek, EC; Pringle, RB; Ross, MK, 2016)		0.83
" Our laboratories have invented and patented a platform of substituted phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes that have been tested for efficacy as therapy within the brains of adult male rats which were challenged with a high sublethal dosage of highly relevant surrogates of sarin (nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate, NIMP) and VX (nitrophenyl ethyl methylphosphonate, NEMP)."( Neuroprotection From Organophosphate-Induced Damage by Novel Phenoxyalkyl Pyridinium Oximes in Rat Brain.
Chambers, HW; Chambers, JE; Meek, EC; Pringle, RB, 2018)		0.66
" These data are important for informing adult and pediatric dosing recommendations for NA-induced seizures."( Evaluation of first-line anticonvulsants to treat nerve agent-induced seizures and prevent neuropathology in adult and pediatric rats.
Ardinger, C; Dunn, E; Haines, K; Lee-Stubbs, R; Matson, L; McCarren, H; McDonough, J; Miller-Smith, S; Whitten, K, 2019)		0.51
" This is a complicating factor in the prediction of efficacy in the human situation, largely because atropine dosing also influences therapeutic efficacy of oximes and anticonvulsants generally part of the treatment administered."( Comparative physiology and efficacy of atropine and scopolamine in sarin nerve agent poisoning.
Bohnert, S; Cornelissen, AS; Joosen, MJA; Klaassen, SD; van Groningen, T, 2020)		0.79
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
phosphinic ester
fluorine molecular entity
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (1)

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
AcetylcholinesteraseElectrophorus electricus (electric eel)Kd2.20000.01600.80652.2000AID1466190
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (4)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID404439Inhibition of bovine AChE2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Exploiting protein fluctuations at the active-site gorge of human cholinesterases: further optimization of the design strategy to develop extremely potent inhibitors.
AID407780Inhibition of human AChE2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Exploiting protein fluctuations at the active-site gorge of human cholinesterases: further optimization of the design strategy to develop extremely potent inhibitors.
AID1466205Inhibition of AChE in human erythrocyte assessed as ratio of k2/I using acetylthiocholine as substrate after 5 secs to 30 mins
AID1466190Binding affinity to Electric eel AChE
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (910)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990181 (19.89)18.7374
1990's160 (17.58)18.2507
2000's272 (29.89)29.6817
2010's233 (25.60)24.3611
2020's64 (7.03)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 76.96

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index76.96 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.88 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.61 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index138.47 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (76.96)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials6 (0.62%)5.53%
Reviews50 (5.19%)6.00%
Case Studies23 (2.39%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other884 (91.80%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.0850amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.6830ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.0810azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		6.9310halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
carbamates
[no description available]		8.0850amino-acid anion
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		3.4110alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		3.4780cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		210chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.93102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		7.8740alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		1.9710sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.3720aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		8.250elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		7.0610hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.0810metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.1310pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		2.4620oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.11104-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		8.0450C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		2.0510phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
diphosphoric acid
diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.		2.3420acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid		Escherichia coli metabolite
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		2.5220azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		7.4220uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		2.0810phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
huperzine a
huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.		2.4120quinolone
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.420oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.0810bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.		1.9910quaternary ammonium ioncholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.0810guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.2510imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist		2.0210
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		7.940acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acephate
acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.		2.0810mixed diacylamine;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		1.9510acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		2.0410quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
theophylline
[no description available]		2.0210dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		2.110monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		210piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
caffeine
[no description available]		1.9510purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		3.1350chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		1.9710clonidine;
imidazoline
decamethonium
decamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. decamethonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is a depolarising muscle relaxant whose structure comprises a decane-1,10-diamine core in which each amino group carries three methyl substituents.		2.0410quaternary ammonium ionmuscle relaxant;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		1.9510dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		1.9610primary amine
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		8.711001,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.0310organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		3.0950alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diisopropyl methylphosphonate
diisopropyl methylphosphonate: by-product of sarin manufacture; structure given in first source. diisopropyl methylphosphonate : An organic phosphonate that is the diisopropyl ester of methylphosphonic acid.		4.6361organic phosphonate
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.3110branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		1.9610phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0810
gallamine triethiodide
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic ether
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		1.9510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.0710organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.0110carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.4420secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		7.9740cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0310diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		2.7830nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
memantine
[no description available]		6.9810adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
methamidophos
methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.		2.4420organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.7630C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		1.9910benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.3520methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		1.9510beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		3.84110imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		6.9910benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		2.3920purine nucleoside
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		8.260quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		2.0310N-alkylpyrrolidine
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		1.9510acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		1.9710barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		2.4420pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		1.9510inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		2.5320phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
quipazine
Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.		1.9710piperazines;
pyridines
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		1.9610fluoride saltmutagen
fluoroacetic acid
fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.		2.0310haloacetic acid;
organofluorine compound		EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		1.9710aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		7.7130quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		3.3311isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.		2.6430phosphoramide
m-(n,n,n-trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone
m-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)trifluoroacetophenone: structure in first source		2.0410
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		2.3820amine
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		2.7330acetamides
donepezil hydrochloride
donepezil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)- donepezil hydrochloride. Its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.		2.0410
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.733011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0210imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		1.9710ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		1.97102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		3.1610pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		1.9510organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		5.12450dialkyl phosphate
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		7.9640L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		7.610aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.0210pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		4.5240carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		7.3620bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		2.110ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		3.6690amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
aniline
[no description available]		2.2110anilines;
primary arylamine
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		1.9510
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		210chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
chlorisondamine
Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.		2.4220isoindoles
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.4420amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.110aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		2.4120chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
cyclopropane
cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.		1.9310cycloalkane;
cyclopropanes		inhalation anaesthetic
phosgene
Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.		2.4520acyl chloride
methanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.3420alkanesulfonic acid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
trimethylchlorosilane
trimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. chlorotrimethylsilane : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro and three methyl groups. Chlorotrimethylsilane is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.		2.420silyl chloridechromatographic reagent
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		1.9510benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
caramiphen
caramiphen: structure		7.7430benzenes
tabun
tabun: proposed as military nerve gas and exptl cholinesterase inhibitor; extremely poisonous; structure		9.281060
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		2.0510primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.		2.0210pentaerythritol nitrateexplosive;
vasodilator agent
tri-o-cresyl phosphate
tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140		2.6630
triethyl phosphate
triethyl phosphate: structure. triethyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the triethy ester derivative of phosphoric acid.		2.7130trialkyl phosphate
symclosene
trichloroisocyanuric acid: structure in first source		2.07101,3,5-triazinanes;
organochlorine compound
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.5220pyrrolidin-2-ones
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		12.272311phosphonic ester
ethyl lactate
ethyl lactate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate : The ethyl ester obtained of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid.		1.9910ethyl ester;
lactate ester;
secondary alcohol		metabolite
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		3.5520styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.4120quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		6.35300pyridinium salt
tributylamine
tributylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		210tertiary amine
acrolein
[no description available]		2.0410enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.0610alkane
3-hydroxybutanal
[no description available]		2.0410
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		1.9910mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
2,5-hexanedione
2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone		2.0110diketone;
methyl ketone		human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
obidoxime chloride
Obidoxime Chloride: Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.		6350
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0210trinitrotolueneexplosive
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.0410naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.0310acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		1.9610methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		1.9510acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.9240cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.11101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
benactyzine
Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.		7.6830diarylmethane
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0410
paraoxon
[no description available]		4.72290aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		2.9540benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
mipafox
mipafox: structure		7.4320phosphoramide
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0410
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		3.6620monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
cis methyldioxolane
[no description available]		1.9710
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.1310
mustard gas
Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.		7.02310ethyl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
vesicant
echothiophate iodide
Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.. ecothiopate iodide : The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.		2.940iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
dibutyl sulfide
[no description available]		210aliphatic sulfide
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.0310organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
2,3-dinitrotoluene
dinitrotoluene : Any nitrotoluene carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,3-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene that is toluene in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 have been replaced by nitro groups.		2.0210dinitrotolueneexplosive
pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid
pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid: structure in first source		2.9940
diethyl methanephosphonate
[no description available]		3.7921
2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide
[no description available]		2.0310
dimethyl methylphosphonate
[no description available]		9.6880
diethyl chlorophosphate
diethylchlorophosphate: structure in first source		3.3960
4-nitrophenyl acetate
[no description available]		2.0410C-nitro compound;
phenyl acetates
1-methylpyridinium
1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9310methylpyridines
methylparaoxon
[no description available]		2.0810C-nitro compound
diazoxon
diazoxon: a pesticide; structure. diazoxon : An organic phosphate that is diethyl hydrogen phosphate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 6-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a metabolite of the pesticide diazinon.		8.3120organic phosphate;
pyrimidines		marine xenobiotic metabolite
methylphosphonic acid
methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.		8.6390one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids
4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine
[no description available]		2.0710
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		7.0510zinc molecular entity
isopropyl methylphosphonic acid
[no description available]		3.9120
benzoylcholine
Benzoylcholine: The benzoic acid ester of choline.		210benzoate ester
sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).		1.9910sulfur coordination entitygreenhouse gas;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
ultrasound contrast agent
methyl methanethiosulfonate
S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.		1.9610sulfonic acid derivative;
thiosulfonate ester		metabolite
streptomycin
[no description available]		1.9510antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acetylthiocholine
Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.		210
butyrylthiocholine
Butyrylthiocholine: A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.. butyrylthiocholine : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of butyric acid with the thiol group of thiocholine. It is used as a reagent for determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.		2.7130quaternary ammonium ion
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate
[no description available]		2.7430
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.3110titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		2.0510chromium group element atommicronutrient
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		7.5320titanium group element atom
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		7.0810magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
stannic chloride
[no description available]		2.110
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		7.3720diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		2.0310diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		2.0310deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
ammonium fluoride
ammonium fluoride : A fluoride salt having ammonium (NH4+) as the counterion.		2.4820ammonium salt;
fluoride salt
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.3110titanium oxidesfood colouring
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		1.9710acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides
[no description available]		4.07150halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
fenamiphos
[no description available]		2.0310organophosphate insecticide;
organophosphate nematicide;
phosphoramidate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.3920benzenes;
phenyl acetates
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0710
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.4220glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		2.9140
thiocholine
Thiocholine: A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.		2.0510
vx
VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.		9.561280organic thiophosphate;
tertiary amino compound		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		2.0110aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
metsulfuron methyl
metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.		1.93101,3,5-triazines;
benzoate ester;
N-sulfonylurea		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		2.2510imidazolidine-2,4-dione
irinotecan
[no description available]		2.0410carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		3.360adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.0510trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
2-butene
2-butene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0710but-2-ene
caloreen
caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.		2.3720
cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate
cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor		8.18710
fluorophosphate
fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1510fluorine molecular entity;
phosphoric acid derivative
n,n-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide
[no description available]		1.9910
physostigmine heptyl
physostigmine heptyl: RN given for (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; possible use in therapy of Alzheimer's disease		210
trimethylsilanol
[no description available]		210
divinyl benzene
[no description available]		2.2510styrenes
aprofen
aprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		2.420
pro-diazepam
pro-diazepam: diazepam prodrug		2.0110peptide
pentafluorobenzyl bromide
pentafluorobenzyl bromide : A member of the class benzyl bromides that is benzyl bromide in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the phenyl ring are replaced by fluoro groups. It is a versatile derivatization agent in chromatography and mass spectrometry.		3.6620benzyl bromides;
fluorobenzenes
rivastigmine
[no description available]		2.0410carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
tes
2-((1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl)amino)ethanesulfonic acid: structure in first source. N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.5 at 20 degreeC.		7.0510amino sulfonic acid;
ethanolamines;
TES
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		2.39203-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
trimethyl(4-oxopentyl)ammonium
trimethyl(4-oxopentyl)ammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; acetylcholine antag. N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(4-oxopentyl)ammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are methyl (three) and 4-oxopentyl.		2.0410quaternary ammonium ion
isomalathion
[no description available]		2.0310
o-ethyl s-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate
O-ethyl S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.420
propidium iodide
[no description available]		2.0410organic iodide salt
2-(2-cresyl)-4h-1-3-2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide
2-(2-cresyl)-4H-1-3-2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide: cyclic metabolite of tri-o-cresyl phosphate; synergist for cholinesterase inhibitors		2.9340
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		2.2110
phosphites
Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.		1.9810phosphite ion;
trivalent inorganic anion
afdx 384
[no description available]		2.4420
tenax
tenax: porous polymer based on 2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide; used for trapping volatile organic compounds		2.1110
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine
2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors		2.3110
azaprophen
azaprophen: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.0410amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyclohexyl methylphosphonic acid
[no description available]		2.2110
scytolone
scytolone: intermediate in melanin biosynthesis by Verticillium dahliae. scytalone : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, and 8.		2.0410
1-(2-(dodecyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride
1-(2-(dodecyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride: active against Ascaris lumbricoides suum; structure		1.9310
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		7.4420biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		9.14911
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		3.81110divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
methylphosphonothiolate
[no description available]		2.0510organothiophosphorus compound
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		7102-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		6.9610cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.02103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.9140cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		1.9510acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		1.9710cyclodextrin
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.0410resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		7.9340benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
ethyl methylphosphonic acid
ethyl methylphosphonic acid: urinary sarin metabolite		2.7330
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		1.9610pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine
[no description available]		2.4110metallophthalocyanine;
zinc tetrapyrrole		fluorochrome
potassium fluoride
potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.		2.0510fluoride salt;
potassium salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
poison
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		3.9930isomethyleugenol
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.0410stilbene
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		2.6430diphosphate ion
methylatropine
methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766		2.420
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.9540
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.4120
dieldrin
Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.		6.9510epoxide;
organochlorine compound;
organochlorine insecticide		carcinogenic agent;
xenobiotic
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		1.9710diarylmethane
ferric ferrocyanide
ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure		2.0310
cystine
[no description available]		1.9910
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.0610
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.420
diethoxy-(1-phenyl-1,3-butanedionato)titanium (iv)
3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one: a coupling reagent for mediating amide bond formation with little or no racemization; structure in first source		2.1310
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.360prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
toxiferine
Toxiferine: A curare alkaloid that is a very potent competitive nicotinic antagonist at the neuromuscular junction.		1.9510alkaloid
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		2.2510pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		6.9610morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
gamma-cyclodextrin
gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		1.9710cyclodextrin
acetaldehyde oxime
acetaldehyde oxime: structure. (E)-acetaldehyde oxime : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetaldehyde oxime.. acetaldehyde oxime : An aldoxime derived from acetaldehyde.		2.2510acetaldehyde oxime
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		3.4720carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		2.1310boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.8330metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		7.0810cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
lewisite
lewisite: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.8330
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		2.0710carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		8.66100monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		7.4220morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
huperzine b
huperzine B: Chinese drug isolated from Huperzia serrata; structure given in first source; also isolated from Phlegmariurus fordii		2.0410phenanthrol
naphthylvinylpyridine
Naphthylvinylpyridine: 4(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine hydrochloride. Cholinesterase inhibitor. Synonym: YuB 25.		1.9710
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		2.420azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
diacetylmonoxime
diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.		7.8740
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.0510maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
bis(7)-tacrine
[no description available]		2.0410secondary amino compoundapoptosis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
aldicarb
Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.		2.0310
1-methyl-1,6-dihydropyridine-2-carbaldoxime
1-methyl-1,6-dihydropyridine-2-carbaldoxime: structure		2.0610dihydropyridine
oxamyl
oxamyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310
ganstigmine
ganstigmine: structure in first source		2.0410
tert-butyldimethylsilane
[no description available]		210
zeolites
[no description available]		2.0510
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		2.7530
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		5.17111
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		1.9710
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.1510glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		1.97101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		2.0610
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		2.5220BODIPY compound
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.6530
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.3720monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		1.9510benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
phthalocyanine
phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.		2.110phthalocyanines;
tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.7130
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		3.1310
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		1.96103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		710purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pralidoxime
pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.		7.62490pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
hlo 7
HLo 7: structure given in first source		3.2560organic molecular entity
pyridine-2-aldoxime
pyridine-2-aldoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.8840
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		710guanosinesbiomarker
asoxime chloride
[no description available]		6.24450
hgg 12
HGG 12: used therapeutically in organophosphate poisoning; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3820
pyridine-4-aldoxime
pyridine-4-aldoxime: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510
n,n'-monomethylenebis(pyridiniumaldoxime)
N,N'-monomethylenebis(pyridiniumaldoxime): RN given refers to parent cpd		3.8430
hs 6
HS 6: structure		2.730
trimedoxime bromide
Trimedoxime: Cholinesterase reactivator used as an antidote in alkyl phosphate poisoning.		4.87110
obidoxime chloride
[no description available]		2.0410
hgg 42
HGG 42: used therapeutically in organophosphate poisoning; structure		2.3820
eye
[no description available]		4.94120
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.0110
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		2.0210
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		1.9510
aluminum magnesium silicate
aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition		2.1510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		06.02180
Gulf War Syndrome
[description not available]		013.45260
Persian Gulf Syndrome
Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)		08.45260
Constricted Pupil
[description not available]		05.81211
Miosis
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.		05.81211
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		04.0750
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		04.0750
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.12150
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		08.84860
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		08.84860
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.09140
Absence Status
[description not available]		04.250
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		04.250
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		05.14170
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		05.14170
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.3110
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.3110
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.9340
Lassitude
[description not available]		03.6330
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.1250
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.4620
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		03.6330
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.1250
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		02.1510
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1710
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.1710
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.1710
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		02.1710
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		06.33360
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		06.33360
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		07.5920
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		02.9240
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.5920
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		02.9240
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.6630
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1710
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.1710
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.1710
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.6630
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.1710
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.2110
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		06.45160
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.4220
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		06.45160
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.4980
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.9740
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.9740
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.4920
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		07.47550
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.8840
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		06.97121
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		03.8840
Day Blindness
[description not available]		03.7100
CACH Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.520
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.520
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		03.1150
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.1150
Bleb
[description not available]		02.1310
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.6930
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		07.0410
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		07.6930
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.4320
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.4320
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		03.2660
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.79110
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0510
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.0510
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.7130
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.0510
Cardiac Neurosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		04.2970
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.0510
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		07.4120
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.7130
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.0510
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.0510
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		04.0550
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.0610
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.0610
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		02.0610
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		03.0650
Action Tremor
[description not available]		03.0750
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		03.0750
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.0610
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		02.0610
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		03.470
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		03.470
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		02.4820
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		02.4720
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.4420
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.4420
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		02.0810
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		02.0810
Gas Poisoning
Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.		04.9990
Bacillus anthracis Infection
[description not available]		03.8440
Black Death
[description not available]		02.0110
Alastrim
[description not available]		03.3320
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.		03.8440
Plague
An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.		02.0110
Smallpox
An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)		03.3320
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.0110
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.2820
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.2820
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		01.9310
Neuromuscular Blockade
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.		01.9310
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		06.76101
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		01.9310
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		01.9310
Palsy
[description not available]		02.3520
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		01.9310
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		01.9310
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		02.3520
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.3720
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.3720
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.9310
Francisella tularensis Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Tularemia
A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.		02.0210
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.3220
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.5930
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		03.3220
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		02.6930
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.0210
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.0210
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		02.6930
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.0210
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.0210
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		02.4220
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		02.4220
Drooling
[description not available]		02.0210
Sialorrhea
Increased salivary flow.		02.0210
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		02.4120
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		02.4120
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.4420
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.4420
Antisocial Behavior
Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others		02.0310
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		02.9510
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		02.9510
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		02.0310
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.0310
DNA Degradation, Necrotic
The random catabolism of DNA accompanying the irreversible damage to tissue which leads to the pathological death of one or more cells.		02.0310
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		01.9810
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		05.2141
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		05.2141
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		04.0531
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		04.0531
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		01.9810
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		01.9810
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		01.9810
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		01.9810
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		01.9810
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		01.9910
Amnesia, Pre-Ictal
[description not available]		01.9910
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		01.9910
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		03.0850
Ache
[description not available]		02.3920
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		03.0850
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		02.3820
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		02.3920
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		01.9810
Breathlessness
[description not available]		04.0731
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		04.0731
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9910
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		01.9910
Asystole
[description not available]		02.420
Emesis
[description not available]		02.420
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		01.9910
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		02.3920
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		01.9910
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.420
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		01.9910
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.420
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		01.9910
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9910
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		01.9910
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		01.9910
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		01.9910
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		01.9910
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		02.3920
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Akinetic Autism
[description not available]		01.9910
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		01.9910
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		03.3811
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		03.3811
Vestibular Diseases
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.		03.3811
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal
[description not available]		01.9910
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)		01.9910
Dysphagia
[description not available]		01.9910
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		01.9910
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9910
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9910
Pyrexia
[description not available]		0210
Arthropathies
[description not available]		0210
Neurologic Voice Disorder
[description not available]		0210
Asthenopia
Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.		0210
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		0210
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		0210
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		0210
Voice Disorders
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.		0210
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		0210
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		0710
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		0210
Adipocere
[description not available]		0210
Diaphragmatic Paralysis
[description not available]		0210
Food Poisoning, Salmonella
[description not available]		0210
Salmonella Food Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.		0210
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		02.0110
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		02.0110
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		03.3411
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		03.3411
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		01.9510
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.6630
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.6630
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		01.9610
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		01.9610
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		01.9510
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		01.9510
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		03.3311
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		03.3311
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		03.3311
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		03.3311
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		03.3311
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		03.3311