ferrous sulfate profile

Ferrous sulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula FeSO4. It is a pale green or blue-green solid. It is commonly encountered as the heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O), which is a light blue-green efflorescent solid known as green vitriol or copperas. It is used in the production of iron compounds, as a reducing agent, and as a dietary supplement to treat iron deficiency anemia. It is also used in the production of inks, dyes, and fertilizers. Ferrous sulfate is synthesized by the reaction of iron with sulfuric acid. It is a good source of iron and can be absorbed by the body. It is important to note that ferrous sulfate can cause gastrointestinal upset in some people.'

ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	24393
CHEBI ID	75832
MeSH ID	M0074816

Synonym
iron(ii) sulfate
ferrous sulfate (1:1)
sorbifer durules
iron(2+) sulfate (1:1)
ferusal
ferrosulfate
iron sulfate (1:1)
duretter
ferobuff
iron monosulfate
iron(2+) sulfate
fersolate
ferralyn
7720-78-7
duroferon
iron(ii) sulfate (1:1)
irospan
ferolix
nsc-57631
ferulen
sulfuric acid, iron(2+) salt (1:1)
iron sulfate (feso4)
exsiccated ferrous sulphate
ferro-theron
einecs 231-753-5
quickfloc (salt)
slow fe
kesuka
hsdb 465
ccris 6796
nsc 57631
ferrosulfat [german]
nsc 146177
sfe 171
ai3-51903
ferrous sulfate anhydrous
combiron
sal chalybis
odophos
iron sulphate
ferrous sulfate
nsc-146177
sulfuric acid, iron(2+) salt
iron sulfate
ferrous sulfate, anhydrous
iron (as ferrous sulfate)
ferrous sulphate anhydrous
ferrous sulfate, exsiccated
ferrous sulfate,dried
iron sulphate (feso4)
ferrous sulphate, anhydrous
ferrous sulphate (1:1)
ferrosi sulfas
chebi:75832 ,
iron (as sulphate)
unii-2idp3x9oud
feso4
ferrosulfat
2idp3x9oud ,
ec 231-753-5
dtxcid709688
dtxsid0029688 ,
tox21_202580
cas-7720-78-7
NCGC00260129-01
iron(2+) sulphate
einecs 240-616-9
16547-58-3
sulfuric acid, iron(2+) salt (1:?)
FT-0626420
ferrous sulfate [mi]
ferrous sulfate [iso]
ferrous sulfate [who-dd]
iron(ii) sulphate (1:1)
ferrous sulfate,dried [vandf]
ferrous sulfate [hsdb]
ferrous sulfate (anh.)
fe(ii)so4
ferrous sulfate (anhydrous)
iron(2+) sulfate (anh.)
iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous)
iron(ii) sulphate
iron (ii) sulfate
iron (ii) sulphate
iron(ii)sulphate
BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L
DB13257
ferrous sulfate, 98%
Q214863
iron vitriol; iron(2+) sulfate
ferrous sulphate exsiccated (dried)
fe(ii) sulphate
iron(2+);sulfate
\|e?-iron(2+) sulfate
iron(ii) sulfate (feso4)
SY256775
mfcd00011014
iron sulfate (feso4) heptahydrate
iron sulfate heptahydrate (feso4.7h2o)
quickfloc
iron (ous) sulfate
feso4: ferrous sulfate, iron(ii) sulfate
7720-78-77782-63-0(heptahydrate)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Ferrous sulfate is a commonly used iron supplement for the correction of iron-deficiency anemia but with frequent gastrointestinal side effects. Ferrous sulfates are a supplementary iron source for people who suffer from iron deficiency anemia.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ferrous sulfate is a commonly used iron supplement for the correction of iron-deficiency anemia but with frequent gastrointestinal side effects. "	( Comparative Effects between Oral Lactoferrin and Ferrous Sulfate Supplementation on Iron-Deficiency Anemia: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. An, P; Luo, J; Luo, Y; Xu, T; Zhang, X; Zhao, X, 2022)	2.42
"Ferrous sulfate is an oral iron supplement commonly used to treat iron deficiency anemia. "	( Iron pill-induced duodenitis: A distinct pattern of duodenal mucosal injury in a patient with a duodenal mass. Ashour, S; Fuller, L; Jeung, J, 2020)	2
"Ferrous sulfate tablets are a supplementary iron source for people who suffer from iron deficiency anemia. "	( Development and validation of an HPLC stability-indicating method for identification and assay of elemental iron(II) in pharmaceutical drug products using reversed-phase HPLC. Dias, NC; Rustum, AM, )	1.57

Effects

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) has been suggested as a prototypical metallic chemosensory stimulus."	( Multidimensional scaling of ferrous sulfate and basic tastes. Lawless, HT; Smith, RF; Stevens, DA, 2006)	1.35

Actions

Ferrous sulfate caused an increase in lipid peroxidation, measured by malonaldehyde formation. The higher dose disrupted MMC cycling and induced intense, irregular spike bursts.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ferrous sulfate caused an increase in lipid peroxidation, measured by malonaldehyde formation."	( Protective effect of taurine and zinc on peroxidation-induced damage in photoreceptor outer segments. Cruz, C; Pasantes-Morales, H, 1984)	0.99
"Ferrous sulfate, at the lower dose, lengthened the MMC period; the higher dose disrupted MMC cycling and induced intense, irregular spike bursts in the stomach and in the small bowel, accompanied, in 3 out of 6 dogs, by a prolonged tonic contraction of the upper small bowel."	( Effect of iron succinyl-protein complexes on gastrointestinal motility in the fasting dog. Crema, A; D'Angelo, L; De Ponti, F; Einaudi, A; Forster, R, 1991)	1

Treatment

opherol (vitamin E) or (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) prevented ferrous sulfate-induced transformation. This suggests the involvement of oxidative stress in SHE cell transformation.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Treatment with ferrous sulfate, a ROS generator, resulted in decreased oxygen consumption in both control and alpha-synuclein overexpressing cells."	( Individual Amino Acid Supplementation Can Improve Energy Metabolism and Decrease ROS Production in Neuronal Cells Overexpressing Alpha-Synuclein. Bradshaw, PC; Chaput, D; Cruz, J; Cvitkovic, E; Delic, V; Dinh, VB; Frederic, E; Gong, H; Griffin, JWD; Jinwal, U; Lee, DC; Mirzaei, H; Phan, TA; Placides, D; Reynes, C; Stevens, SM; Zhang, Y; Zivkovic, S, 2017)	0.79
"Cotreatment of ferrous sulfate with the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) or (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) prevented ferrous sulfate-induced transformation, suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress in SHE cell transformation."	( Mechanisms of 2-butoxyethanol carcinogenicity: studies on Syrian Hamster Embryo (SHE) cell transformation. Kamendulis, LM; Klaunig, JE; Park, J, 2002)	0.65

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" We conclude that in vitro oxygen metabolites, extracellularly generated, have a direct toxic effect on gastric mucosal cells; hydrogen peroxide is a major mediator of oxygen metabolite-induced gastric cell injury; the oxygen-derived superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are less toxic to gastric mucosal cells than hydrogen peroxide; and intracellular glutathione, which detoxifies hydrogen peroxide, may be involved in antioxidant defense mechanisms."	( Oxygen metabolite-induced cytotoxicity to cultured rat gastric mucosal cells. Hiraishi, H; Ivey, KJ; Ota, S; Sugimoto, T; Terano, A, 1987)	0.27
"An evaluation was made of 278 healthy-appearing 1-year-old infants who were tested for iron deficiency to determine the relative frequency of adverse side effects attributable to oral iron treatment."	( Lack of adverse side effects of oral ferrous sulfate therapy in 1-year-old infants. Reeves, JD; Yip, R, 1985)	0.54
" The incidence of adverse effects was found to be significantly greater among 272 subjects taking the conventional tablets than among 271 subjects taking the wax-matrix preparation."	( Adverse effects of iron supplementation: a comparative trial of a wax-matrix iron preparation and conventional ferrous sulfate tablets. Brock, C; Curry, H; Hanna, C; Knipfer, M; Taylor, L, 1985)	0.48
" Cisplatin caused differential toxic effects on renal antioxidants and lipid peroxidation."	( Cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity and the modulating effect of glutathione ester. Babu, E; Gopalakrishnan, R; Gopalakrishnan, VK; Sakthisekaran, D; Sriganth, IN, 1995)	0.29
" The lethal dose 50% LD50 for SFE-171 and for ferrous sulfate was 1200 and 680 mg/kg for female mice and 1230 and 670 mg/kg for male mice, respectively, demonstrating that the toxicity of the first product is substantially lower than that of the reference standard."	( Bioavailability, absorption mechanism, and toxicity of microencapsulated iron (I) sulfate: studies in mice. Boccio, JR; Caro, RA; Gotelli, CA; Gotelli, MJ; Lysionek, A; Weill, R; Zubillaga, MB, )	0.39
" Exposures, including adverse events, to iron supplements and iron-containing vitamins for the years 1999 and 2000 were 23,215 and 24,249, respectively."	( Acute toxicity of carbonyl iron and sodium iron EDTA compared with ferrous sulfate in young rats. Ali, SF; Dunkel, VC; Imam, SZ; Whittaker, P, 2002)	0.55
" Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis of all samples met the law requirements for safe depositing of waste into the environment."	( Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity study of waste and purified water samples from electroplating industries prepared by use of ferrous sulfate and wood fly ash. Colić, JF; Durgo, K; Horvat, T; Lulić, S; Mikelić, L; Orescanin, V, 2005)	0.54
"Iron is potentially toxic to oligodendrocyte progenitors due to its high intracellular levels and its ability to catalyse oxidant-producing reactions."	( Iron contributes to dopamine-induced toxicity in oligodendrocyte progenitors. Almazan, G; Hemdan, S, 2006)	0.33
" We found dihydroartemisinin (5-25 microM) inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis of C6 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner; however, it was much less toxic to rat primary astrocytes."	( Dihydroartemisinin exerts cytotoxic effects and inhibits hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha activation in C6 glioma cells. Huang, XJ; Lu, YB; Ma, ZQ; Wei, EQ; Zhang, WP, 2007)	0.34
"Parenteral iron carboxymaltose is a safe and effective treatment option for postpartum anemia, with advantages of a shorter treatment period, better compliance, rapid normalization of iron storages, and lower incidence of gastrointestinal side effects."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in the treatment of postpartum iron deficiency anemia. Bejenariu, C; Breymann, C; Gliga, F; Strizhova, N, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse events were significantly less frequent in the iron(III) polymaltose group, occurring in 12/41 (29."	( Efficacy and safety of oral iron(III) polymaltose complex versus ferrous sulfate in pregnant women with iron-deficiency anemia: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Breymann, C; Frer, C; Macagno, E; Monterrosa, B; Ortiz, R; Romero, JD; Toblli, JE, 2011)	0.61
"ABSTRACT Considerable risk of iron deficiency has been identified in premenopausal women because of the adverse effects associated with commercial iron preparations."	( A randomized, double-blind clinical study on the safety and tolerability of an iron multi-amino acid chelate preparation in premenopausal women. Baisley, J; Crowley, D; Evans, M; Fouad, GT; Guthrie, N; Sharma, P, 2013)	0.39
" Possible maternal, foetal, and neonatal adverse effects were assessed."	( Safety and efficacy of lactoferrin versus ferrous sulphate in curing iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in hereditary thrombophilia pregnant women: an interventional study. Benedetti, S; Berlutti, F; Frioni, A; Pacifici, E; Paesano, R; Polimeni, A; Valenti, P, 2014)	0.4
" To assess the potential adverse effects of a preparation containing such a high concentration of iron, male and female Wistar rats were exposed via diet to 10, 30, 60 g soybean sprouts powder/kg feed for 90 days."	( Evaluation of Safety of Iron-Fortified Soybean Sprouts, a Potential Component of Functional Food, in Rat. Adamska, T; Ewertowska, M; Ignatowicz, E; Jodynis-Liebert, J; Kujawska, M; Piasecka-Kwiatkowska, D; Szaefer, H; Zielińska-Dawidziak, M, 2016)	0.43
"Erythropoietin is safe and effective for both mother and fetus, although an ideal pregnancy dose has not yet been established."	( Efficacy and safety of adjuvant recombinant human erythropoietin and ferrous sulfate as treatment for iron deficiency anemia during the third trimester of pregnancy. Angeles-Torres, AC; Castro-Cortina, N; Castro-Melendez, SE; Escobar-Valencia, A; Quiroga-Garza, A; Sanchez-Gonzalez, LR, 2016)	0.67
" There were two mild to moderate infusion-related adverse events; and five serious adverse events (three in the intravenous iron group, two in the oral iron group), unrelated to the study medication."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose compared with oral iron for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in women after childbirth in Tanzania: a parallel-group, open-label, randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Abdulla, S; Asilia, P; Daubenberger, C; Glass, TR; Issa, A; Kuemmerle, A; Lweno, O; Meyer-Monard, S; Mswata, S; Mwebi, KD; Schmidlin, S; Simon, B; Tanner, M; Vanobberghen, F, 2021)	0.62
"Intravenous iron substitution with ferric carboxymaltose was safe and yielded a better haemoglobin response than oral iron."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose compared with oral iron for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in women after childbirth in Tanzania: a parallel-group, open-label, randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Abdulla, S; Asilia, P; Daubenberger, C; Glass, TR; Issa, A; Kuemmerle, A; Lweno, O; Meyer-Monard, S; Mswata, S; Mwebi, KD; Schmidlin, S; Simon, B; Tanner, M; Vanobberghen, F, 2021)	0.62
" Sufficient iron supplementation can significantly improve IDA and its adverse effects on both mother and offspring."	( Adverse effects of iron deficiency anemia on pregnancy outcome and offspring development and intervention of three iron supplements. Geng, SS; Li, SF; Lu, XM; Lv, SY; Yang, CY; Zhang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhong, CY, 2021)	0.62
" However, oral iron supplements are toxic to the gastrointestinal mucosa and intolerance is common, resulting in poor compliance and failure of treatment."	( Comparison of efficacy & safety of iron polymaltose complex & ferrous ascorbate with ferrous sulphate in pregnant women with iron-deficiency anaemia. Chavan, S; Rana, P; Tekur, U; Tripathi, R, 2021)	0.62
" They were then followed up for 90 days to observe for improvement in the haemoglobin levels and other haematological parameters or any adverse drug reaction."	( Comparison of efficacy & safety of iron polymaltose complex & ferrous ascorbate with ferrous sulphate in pregnant women with iron-deficiency anaemia. Chavan, S; Rana, P; Tekur, U; Tripathi, R, 2021)	0.62
" The overall adverse effect profiles were also comparable among the study groups except epigastric pain which was more commonly reported in the FS group."	( Comparison of efficacy & safety of iron polymaltose complex & ferrous ascorbate with ferrous sulphate in pregnant women with iron-deficiency anaemia. Chavan, S; Rana, P; Tekur, U; Tripathi, R, 2021)	0.62

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Similar pharmacokinetic differences of these two iron preparations could also be found in clinical trials, which means that different serum iron increase results in an equal utilization ratio for both preparations."	( Pharmacokinetics of iron salts and ferric hydroxide-carbohydrate complexes. Geisser, P; Müller, A, 1987)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic values were calculated."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one (L1) in healthy volunteers, with and without co-administration of ferrous sulfate, to thalassemia patients. Bentur, Y; Fernandes, D; Klein, J; Koren, G; Matsui, D; Olivieri, N; Stobie, S; Tyberg, J, 1993)	0.49
"Prospective, open-label, three-phase, crossover, steady-state pharmacokinetic study."	( Lack of an effect of oral iron administration on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in stable renal transplant recipients. Gelone, DK; Lake, KD; Park, JM, 2007)	0.34
" In patients with hepatocellular insufficiency and high level of gepsidin found a decrease of the iron absorption constant, which led to a change in pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Pharmacokinetics of iron medication and efficacy of therapy with oral iron supplementation]. Drozdov, VN; Fedulenkova, LA; Lishchinskaia, AV; Mel'kina, EA; Noskova, KK; Petrakov, AV, 2011)	0.37
"04) and Cmax from 18."	( Effects of iron on the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in saliva. Issa, MM; Nejem, RM; Shanab, AA, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from the serum concentration profiles using a non compartmental approach."	( Pharmacokinetics of Ferrous Sulphate (Tardyferon®) after Single Oral Dose Administration in Women with Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Barthe, L; Brunner, V; Clavel, T; Edmond, JM; Leary, A; Oulmi-Castel, M; Paillard, B; Sanchez, C, 2016)	0.43

Compound-Compound Interactions

We report a case of drug-drug interaction between ferrous sulfate and l-thyroxin. Apart from hemin, zinc protoporphyrin-IX, and other iron providing agents such as ferriammonium sulfate combined with mefloquine exhibited no toxic effect against schistosomes.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In this study, we used a two-tracer stable isotope technique to determine Fe absorption from a 5-mg dose of stable isotopically enriched (57Fe or 58Fe) ferrous sulfate given with cow's milk (CM) compared with the same dose given with apple juice."	( Absorption by 1-year-old children of an iron supplement given with cow's milk or juice. Abrams, SA; Liang, LK; O'Brien, KO; Stuff, JE; Wen, J, 1996)	0.49
"We report a case of drug-drug interaction between ferrous sulfate and l-thyroxin."	( [Hypothyroidism as the result of drug interaction between ferrous sulfate and levothyroxine]. Chassagne, P; Fiaux, E; Kadri, K; Le Guillou, C; Levasseur, C, 2010)	0.86
" Apart from hemin, zinc protoporphyrin-IX, and other iron providing agents such as ferrous sulfate and ferriammonium sulfate combined with mefloquine exhibited no toxic effect against schistosomes."	( Mefloquine in combination with hemin causes severe damage to adult Schistosoma japonicum in vitro. Qiao, C; Wang, L; Xiao, SH; Xue, J, 2014)	0.63
" Multiple drugs predispose to potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) which may be associated with increased morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and health-care cost."	( Prevalence and pattern of potential drug-drug interactions among chronic kidney disease patients in south-western Nigeria. Ademola, OA; Akinwumi, AA; Ibiene, EO; Olumuyiwa, JF; Oluwole, BA, )	0.13
" This article explores the clinical value of oral iron drugs combined with diet therapy for maternal anemia."	( Treatment of maternal anemia by using oral iron drugs combined with diet therapy. Baoe, J; He, J; Junjuan, C; Pingli, L; Wenting, J; Xiuqin, Z, 2020)	0.56

Bioavailability

Iron is equally well absorbed from ferritin and ferrous sulfate independent of the phosphate content of the iron mineral. We studied the changes in soil characteristics, microbial diversity and response, bioavailability, plant uptake of phosphorus, and heavy metals in contaminated soils after treatment with ferrous sulfur modified sludge biochar.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The results of this preliminary study indicate that Fe-chelazome has a higher bioavailability than ferrous sulphate and merits further study."	( A preliminary study of the bioavailability of iron- and zinc-glycine chelates. Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Fox, TE; Ghani, NA; Wharf, SG, )	0.13
" When aluminum hydroxide, ferrous sulfate, and magnesium oxide were coadministered with DR-3355, the relative bioavailability of DR-3355 was decreased to 56, 81, and 78%, respectively, of that for DR-3355 (100 mg) alone."	( Effects of antacids, ferrous sulfate, and ranitidine on absorption of DR-3355 in humans. Aoki, H; Hakusui, H; Okazaki, O; Sakai, O; Shiba, K; Shimada, J, 1992)	0.9
" We conclude that iron from ferric maltol, both at low dose and higher, more therapeutic doses, is at least as well absorbed as from ferrous sulphate."	( Absorption of low and therapeutic doses of ferric maltol, a novel ferric iron compound, in iron deficient subjects using a single dose iron absorption test. Blake, DR; Bloor, JR; Gutteridge, CN; Hider, RC; Kelsey, SM; Newland, AC, 1991)	0.28
" Estimates of net changes in total body iron suggested that the overall bioavailability of carbonyl iron was high, about 70% that of ferrous sulfate."	( Bioavailability of carbonyl iron: a randomized, double-blind study. Bravo, JR; Brittenham, GM; Devasthali, SD; Gordeuk, VR; Hughes, MA; Keating, LJ, 1991)	0.49
" The effect of ferrous sulphate (300 mg), ferrous gluconate (600 mg), and a combination tablet of iron (10 mg), magnesium (100 mg), zinc (15 mg), calcium (162 mg), copper (2 mg), and manganese (5 mg) (Centrum Forte) co-administration on ciprofloxacin bioavailability was tested in eight healthy subjects."	( Clinical and chemical interactions between iron preparations and ciprofloxacin. Campbell, NR; Hasinoff, BB; Kara, M; McKay, DW, 1991)	0.28
" Bioavailability of EDTA-enhanced fortificants, FeSO4 + Na2EDTA and NaFe(III)EDTA, was compared with that of FeSO4 in six groups of ten animals repleted with a ground Egyptian bread meal or a casein-based AIN diet fortified with one of the three compounds."	( Effect of EDTA on the bioavailability to rats of fortification iron used in Egyptian balady bread. Vanderveen, JE; Whittaker, P, 1990)	0.28
" This study examined the effects of administering ferrous sulphate 325 mg with Sinemet (100/25 tablet) on levodopa and carbidopa bioavailability and on signs of Parkinson's disease in nine patients."	( Sinemet-ferrous sulphate interaction in patients with Parkinson's disease. Campbell, NR; Goodridge, AE; Hasinoff, BB; Kara, M; Rankine, D, 1990)	0.28
"Ferrous sulfate decreases L-dopa bioavailability in humans probably as a result of binding of L-dopa by iron in the gastrointestinal tract."	( The effect of ferrous sulfate and pH on L-dopa absorption. Barrowman, J; Campbell, NR; Campbell, RR; Chernenko, G; Hasinoff, B, 1990)	2.08
"The bioavailability of iron in five ferrous sulfate preparations was studied in 10 healthy male volunteers."	( Bioavailability of iron in oral ferrous sulfate preparations in healthy volunteers. Cowan, DH; Dranitsaris, G; Manuel, MA; Paton, TW; Walker, SE, 1989)	0.84
"This study examined the effect of ferrous sulfate, a widely used iron treatment, on levodopa bioavailability in normal subjects."	( Ferrous sulfate reduces levodopa bioavailability: chelation as a possible mechanism. Campbell, NR; Hasinoff, B, 1989)	2
" In animal studies, both forms of Fe have similar bioavailability when administered in equal amounts."	( High-dose carbonyl iron for iron deficiency anemia: a randomized double-blind trial. Brittenham, GM; Gordeuk, VR; Hughes, M; Keating, LJ; Opplt, JJ, 1987)	0.27
" This was probably due to the low bioavailability of iron when administered with non-modified milks."	( [Prevention of iron deficiency in infants by fortified milk. Field study of a low-fat milk]. Amar, M; Cayazzo, M; Chadud, P; López, I; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Stekel, A, 1986)	0.27
"The degree to which inhibitors of zinc bioavailability actually influence the zinc status of humans who consume usual meals and diets is not known."	( Competitive interaction of iron and zinc in the diet: consequences for human nutrition. Solomons, NW, 1986)	0.27
" The comparable bioavailability was maintained when demand was increased by iron depletion or erythroid stimulation and depressed by expansion of body stores or impaired erythropoiesis."	( Equivalent bioavailability of iron from ferrous salts and a ferric polymaltose complex. Clinical and experimental studies. Jacobs, P, 1987)	0.27
"The bioavailability of iron on Fe(III)-hydroxide-polymaltose complex was compared intraindividually with that of Fe (II)-ascorbate (iron absorption) and a Fe (II)-sulphate quick release preparation (haemoglobin regeneration test)."	( Bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of bivalent and trivalent iron preparations. Kaltwasser, JP; Niechzial, M; Werner, E, 1987)	0.27
" Iron in ferrous sulfate had a higher biological availability than that in the ferrous carbonate; however, bioavailability of the ferrous carbonate iron appeared to be substantial and considerably more than that noted in previous studies in which a different source of ferrous carbonate was used."	( Influence of high dietary iron as ferrous carbonate and ferrous sulfate on iron metabolism in young calves. Blackmon, DM; Gentry, RP; Ho, SY; McGuire, SO; Miller, WJ; Neathery, MW, 1985)	0.93
" These reactions among fiber, inorganic iron, and other constituents of food may influence the bioavailability of dietary iron and the simple systems described here offer a means of dissecting interactions that are complex in vivo."	( Components of fiber bind iron in vitro. Fernandez, R; Phillips, SF, 1982)	0.26
" There was no significant difference in the bioavailability of the iron present in the diets."	( Bioavailability of iron from wheat bran in pigs. Frølich, W; Lysø, A, 1983)	0.27
" No significant difference in bioavailability or iron utilization was found between the two iron preparations."	( Iron pharmacokinetics after administration of ferric-hydroxide-polymaltose complex in rats. Geisser, P; Müller, A, 1984)	0.27
"For therapeutic purposes ferric and ferrous iron seems to be evaluated in favour of the latter, despite of the fact that at least in animal experiments no difference was observed as far as the bioavailability of either valency state of iron is concerned; prerequisite is that iron has been administered in ionized form."	( On the absorption of divalent and trivalent iron in living rats. Forth, W; Schäfer, S, 1984)	0.27
" Heme iron present in hemoglobin and myoglobin, is well absorbed and is relatively unaffected by diet composition."	( Nutritional significance of interactions between iron and food components. Amar, M; Calvo, E; Chadud, P; Hertrampf, E; Llaguno, S; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Stekel, A, 1983)	0.27
" Food (standard breakfast), H2-receptor antagonists and anticholinergic drugs had no major effect on the bioavailability of the quinolones."	( Fluoroquinolones: interaction profile during enteral absorption. Deppermann, KM; Lode, H, 1993)	0.29
"The bioavailability or iron from iron(III)hydroxide polymaltose complex (ferric polymaltose, Fe-PM) was studied in human volunteers with normal or depleted iron stores as well as in patients with iron deficiency anemia."	( Bioavailability of iron from oral ferric polymaltose in humans. Fischer, R; Gabbe, EE; Heinrich, HC; Nielsen, P, 1994)	0.29
" The bioavailability of ferric compounds has been questioned and accordingly their therapeutic role remains controversial."	( Comparative bioavailability of ferric polymaltose and ferrous sulphate in iron-deficient blood donors. Coghlan, P; Fransman, D; Jacobs, P, 1993)	0.29
"A pot-culture experiment was conducted to assess the bioavailability of iron from spinach cultivated in soil fortified with graded levels of iron and zinc (FeSO4 x 7H2(0) and ZnSO4 x 7H2(0), respectively)."	( In vitro bioavailability of iron from spinach (Spinacea oleracea) cultivated in soil fortified with graded levels of iron and zinc. Khan, TN; Reddy, NS; Sondge, CV, 1993)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetics and the relative bioavailability of iron and of folic acid was investigated in a randomized, balanced 2-way cross-over study with 14 healthy male participants."	( [Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of iron and folic acid in healthy volunteers]. Menke, A; Menke, G; Müller, J; Schuster, O; Weimann, HJ, 1993)	0.29
" The bioavailability of iron from TMH-ferrocene (whole body retention, 48% from a 5 mg Fe dose) was twice as high as from ferrocene and six times higher than from (TMH)2-ferrocene and ferrous sulphate."	( Metabolism of iron from (3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl)ferrocene in rats. A dietary model for severe iron overload. Heinrich, HC; Nielsen, P, 1993)	0.29
"The influence of high CaCO3 intake on the bioavailability of Fe from FeSO4 was assessed during Fe repletion of rats with Fe-deficiency-induced anaemia."	( Mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of high calcium carbonate intake on iron bioavailability from ferrous sulphate in anaemic rats. Beynen, AC; Brink, EJ; Lemmens, AG; Marx, JJ; Van Der Meer, R; Wienk, KJ, 1996)	0.29
" Bioavailability of their iron was tested through several parameters."	( Iron from complex salts and its bioavailability to rats. Dutra-de-Oliveira, JE; Ferreira, JF; Freitas, ML; Gonçalves, AL; Marchini, JS, 1995)	0.29
" Fortification of this food with iron has the disadvantage of the interaction of the iron with the constitutive elements of milk, diminishing its bioavailability and changing its sensorial properties, making it unacceptable."	( Bioavailability and stability of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate in fluid milk: studies in mice. Boccio, JR; Caro, RA; Gotelli, CA; Gotelli, MJ; Weill, R; Zubillaga, MB, 1996)	0.55
" The best method to overcome this problem is the fortification of foods with highly bioavailable iron."	( Bioavailability of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate in fluid milk studies in human beings. Boccio, JR; Caro, RA; García del Río, H; Gotelli, CA; Gotelli, MJ; Weill, R; Zubillaga, MB, 1996)	0.57
"The bioavailability of iron glycine added to a vegetable infant weaning food was compared with ferrous sulfate."	( Bioavailability of iron glycine as a fortificant in infant foods. Eagles, J; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Fox, TE, 1998)	0.52
" The bioavailability studies were carried out using four groups of 30 female mice each."	( Bioavailability, absorption mechanism, and toxicity of microencapsulated iron (I) sulfate: studies in mice. Boccio, JR; Caro, RA; Gotelli, CA; Gotelli, MJ; Lysionek, A; Weill, R; Zubillaga, MB, )	0.13
"NaFe(III)EDTA is a promising iron (Fe) compound for food fortification programs because of its high Fe bioavailability from meals containing dietary inhibitors of Fe absorption such as phytic acid."	( Sodium iron EDTA [NaFe(III)EDTA] as a food fortificant does not influence absorption and urinary excretion of manganese in healthy adults. Almgren, A; Davidsson, L; Hurrell, RF, 1998)	0.3
"Iron depletion-repletion assays were carried out with young chicks to establish Fe bioavailability values for Fe2(SO4)3."	( Bioavailability of iron in cottonseed meal, ferric sulfate, and two ferrous sulfate by-products of the galvanizing industry. Baker, DH; Biehl, RR; Boling, SD; Edwards, HM; Emmert, JL, 1998)	0.54
" Bioavailability was assessed by chemical balance using carmine to mark the beginning and end of the faecal collection."	( Evaluation of iron bioavailability in infant weaning foods fortified with haem concentrate. Eagles, J; Fairweather-Tait, S; Fox, T; Martinez, C, 1998)	0.3
"Haem iron concentrate appears to be a highly bioavailable form of iron when added to infant weaning foods."	( Evaluation of iron bioavailability in infant weaning foods fortified with haem concentrate. Eagles, J; Fairweather-Tait, S; Fox, T; Martinez, C, 1998)	0.3
" Iron from ferric trisglycinate was poorly absorbed (2."	( Iron absorption from ferrous bisglycinate and ferric trisglycinate in whole maize is regulated by iron status. Allen, LH; Bovell-Benjamin, AC; Viteri, FE, 2000)	0.31
" This open, randomized, single-dose, five-way crossover study investigated the effect of sucralfate and ferrous sulphate on the bioavailability of gemifloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone antimicrobial."	( The effect of ferrous sulphate and sucralfate on the bioavailability of oral gemifloxacin in healthy volunteers. Allen, A; Bygate, E; Faessel, H; Isaac, L; Lewis, A, 2000)	0.31
"Changes in oral bioavailability and in vitro antimicrobial activity have been the focus of many previous interaction studies for metal cations and quinolones."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between intravenous ciprofloxacin and oral ferrous sulfate. Li, RC; Wong, PY; Zhu, M, 2000)	0.53
"Radio-iron tests are frequently used to measure the bioavailability of different iron sources for food fortification."	( Study of industrial microencapsulated ferrous sulfate by means of the prophylactic-preventive method to determine its bioavailability. Boccio, JR; Caro, RA; Lysionek, AE; Salgueiro, MJ; Sarabia, MI; Weill, R; Zubillaga, MB, 2000)	0.58
"This study was conducted to determine the bioavailability of iron amino acid chelate (ferrochel) added to fortify breads prepared from either precooked corn flour or white wheat flour + cheese and margarine compared with the same basal breakfast enriched with either ferrous sulfate or iron-EDTA."	( Iron bioavailability in humans from breakfasts enriched with iron bis-glycine chelate, phytates and polyphenols. Arguello, F; Barón, MA; García-Casal, MN; Layrisse, M; Leets, I; Llovera, D; Ramírez, J; Solano, L; Tropper, E, 2000)	0.49
" The concomitant administration of Eryfer reduced the bioavailability of moxifloxacin [geometric mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve 20."	( Effects of iron supplements on the oral bioavailability of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone, in humans. Kubitza, D; Stass, H, 2001)	0.31
"Concomitant ingestion of iron supplements significantly reduces the bioavailability of moxifloxacin."	( Effects of iron supplements on the oral bioavailability of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone, in humans. Kubitza, D; Stass, H, 2001)	0.31
" We concluded that ferrous bis-glycinate chelate is the iron of choice for the treatment of infants with iron-deficiency anemia because of its high bioavailability and good regulation."	( Effectiveness of treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children with ferrous bis-glycinate chelate. Ashmead, HD; Pineda, O, 2001)	0.31
" The iron bioavailability (BioFe) of SFE-171-P was evaluated in this work by means of the prophylactic-preventive method in rats, using ferrous sulfate as reference standard."	( Bioavailability study of dried microencapsulated ferrous sulfate--SFE 171--by means of the prophylactic-preventive method. Boccio, JR; Caro, RA; Lysionek, AE; Salgueiro, MJ; Weill, R; Zubillaga, MB, 2001)	0.77
"We investigated the iron bioavailability of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate (SFE-171) in a diet based on powdered milk by using the prophylactic method in rats."	( Bioavailability of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate in powdered milk produced from fortified fluid milk: a prophylactic study in rats. Boccio, JR; Caro, RA; Lysionek, AE; Piñeiro, A; Salgueiro, MJ; Weill, R; Zubillaga, MB, 2002)	0.83
" The iron bioavailability of the different sources was calculated as the relation between the mass of iron incorporated into hemoglobin during the treatment and the total iron intake per animal."	( Bioavailability of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate in powdered milk produced from fortified fluid milk: a prophylactic study in rats. Boccio, JR; Caro, RA; Lysionek, AE; Piñeiro, A; Salgueiro, MJ; Weill, R; Zubillaga, MB, 2002)	0.59
"The iron bioavailability values of SFE-171 and ferrous sulfate in the fortified diets were 41."	( Bioavailability of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate in powdered milk produced from fortified fluid milk: a prophylactic study in rats. Boccio, JR; Caro, RA; Lysionek, AE; Piñeiro, A; Salgueiro, MJ; Weill, R; Zubillaga, MB, 2002)	0.84
" The bioavailability of SFE-171 in this rat model was not altered by the manufacturing process."	( Bioavailability of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate in powdered milk produced from fortified fluid milk: a prophylactic study in rats. Boccio, JR; Caro, RA; Lysionek, AE; Piñeiro, A; Salgueiro, MJ; Weill, R; Zubillaga, MB, 2002)	0.59
" Because ferritin is used as a natural source of iron in the early development of humans, other animals and plants, the bioavailability of iron in rice seeds, provided in amounts equal to ferrous sulfate, and in transgenic rice with ferritin was tested in iron-deficient rats."	( Transgenic rice is a source of iron for iron-depleted rats. Beard, JL; Goto, F; Murray-Kolb, LE; Takaiwa, F; Theil, EC; Yoshihara, T, 2002)	0.51
" It is highly bioavailable when used to correct iron deficiency anemia."	( Acute toxicity of carbonyl iron and sodium iron EDTA compared with ferrous sulfate in young rats. Ali, SF; Dunkel, VC; Imam, SZ; Whittaker, P, 2002)	0.55
"Microencapsulated ferrous sulfate (SFE-171) and ferric orthophosphate in Petit-Suisse cheese were examined for iron bioavailability by the prophylactic method."	( Bioavailability of Petit-Suisse cheese as food vehicle for iron fortification estimated by the prophylactic method. Boccio, JR; Caro, RA; Lysionek, AE; Salgueiro, MJ; Segal, M; Shafran, N; Shapira, N; Zubillaga, MB, 2002)	0.65
" However, fortifying foods with highly bioavailable iron is technically challenging because of off-color and off-flavor development, catalytic degradation of vitamins, and oxidation of lipids."	( The role of iron and the factors affecting off-color development of polyphenols. Li, J; Mehansho, H; Mellican, RI; Nielsen, SS, 2003)	0.32
" We conclude that the bioavailability of iron regulates the magnitude of the phytoplankton biomass and the key phytoplankton species that determine the biogeochemical sensitivity to iron supply of high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll waters."	( A mesoscale iron enrichment in the western subarctic Pacific induces a large centric diatom bloom. Aono, T; Deguchi, Y; Fukami, K; Hinuma, A; Imai, K; Kinugasa, M; Kiyosawa, H; Kudo, I; Kuma, K; Nishioka, J; Noiri, Y; Nojiri, Y; Ogawa, H; Ono, T; Saino, T; Saito, H; Shimamoto, A; Shiomoto, A; Sohrin, Y; Suzuki, K; Takeda, S; Tani, H; Tsuda, A; Tsumune, D; Tsurushima, N; Yoshimura, T, 2003)	0.32
"The bioavailability of iron from ferrous sulfate (FeII-S), heme iron prepared from hemoglobin (HIP), and bonito dark muscle (BDM) was assessed in anemic rats using a hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE) method."	( Evaluation of iron bioavailability from bonito dark muscle using anemic rats. Doi, M; Ebihara, K; Kishida, T; Matsumoto, J; Mori, N, 2003)	0.6
" Due to high concentrations of inhibitors of iron absorption, the bioavailability from this matrix is unknown."	( Iron bioavailability in corn-masa tortillas is improved by the addition of disodium EDTA. Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Walter, T, 2003)	0.32
" We determined the bioavailability of six commercial elemental iron powders and examined how physicochemistry influences bioavailability."	( Bioavailability of elemental iron powders to rats is less than bakery-grade ferrous sulfate and predicted by iron solubility and particle surface area. Hunt, JR; Newman, SM; Swain, JH, 2003)	0.55
"The iron bioavailability of human milk (HM) is substantially greater than that of cow's milk (CM), but the factor responsible for this high bioavailability is unknown."	( A low-molecular-weight factor in human milk whey promotes iron uptake by Caco-2 cells. Etcheverry, P; Glahn, RP; Miller, DD, 2004)	0.32
"To present a new method for measuring the relative bioavailability (RBV) of commercial elemental iron powders by investigating induced changes of serum iron concentration (S-Fe) in relation to ferrous sulphate (FeSO4)."	( Serum iron concentration as a tool to measure relative iron absorption from elemental iron powders in man. Hallberg, L; Hoppe, M; Hulthén, L, 2003)	0.32
" The results of the present studies show that micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate is as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate in adults."	( A micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate with high relative bioavailability in man. Davidsson, L; Fidler, MC; Hurrell, RF; Juneja, LR; Sakaguchi, N; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2004)	0.53
"The Fe bioavailability and the weight gains were evaluated in rats fed a commonly consumed Tunisian meal 'bean seeds ragout' (BSR), with or without beef and with black or green tea decoction."	( Iron bioavailability and weight gains to iron-deficient rats fed a commonly consumed Tunisian meal 'bean seeds ragout' with or without beef and with green or black tea decoction. Chabchoub, S; Hamdaoui, MH; Hédhili, A, 2003)	0.32
" However, their bioavailability is unknown."	( Bioavailability of elemental iron powder in white wheat bread. Abrams, SA; Boy, E; Pizarro, F; Walter, T, 2004)	0.32
"When compared to previous radioiron studies of ferrous sulfate showing 10% absorption from an identical meal in adult women, the relative bioavailability can be estimated at about 65%."	( Bioavailability of elemental iron powder in white wheat bread. Abrams, SA; Boy, E; Pizarro, F; Walter, T, 2004)	0.58
" The bioavailability of MDFP was compared to ferric pyrophosphate, sodium ferrous citrate, and ferrous sulfate by three bioavailability tests in rats; namely the serum iron concentration curve, the hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, and Association of Official Analytical Chemists' hemoglobin repletion test."	( Iron absorption and bioavailability in rats of micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate. Juneja, LR; Nakata, K; Nanbu, H; Rao, TP; Sakaguchi, N, 2004)	0.54
"Iron is equally well absorbed from ferritin and ferrous sulfate independent of the phosphate content of the ferritin iron mineral."	( Iron in ferritin or in salts (ferrous sulfate) is equally bioavailable in nonanemic women. Davila-Hicks, P; Lönnerdal, B; Theil, EC, 2004)	0.87
" when establishing the relative bioavailability for Fe powders."	( The validation of using serum iron increase to measure iron absorption in human subjects. Hallberg, L; Hoppe, M; Hulthén, L, 2004)	0.32
" Determination of the bioavailability of these nutrients is a critical step before commencing a fortification program."	( Na2EDTA enhances the absorption of iron and zinc from fortified rice flour in Sri Lankan children. Abrams, SA; Hettiarachchi, M; Hilmers, DC; Liyanage, C, 2004)	0.32
" The effect of a reduction in particle size on the bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) is unclear."	( Particle size reduction and encapsulation affect the bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate in rats. Arnold, M; Hurrell, RF; Langhans, W; Moretti, D; Wegmüller, R; Zimmermann, MB, 2004)	0.32
" Three separate studies were made with test meals of iron-fortified infant cereal (5 mg iron/meal) and the results are presented as geometric means and relative bioavailability values (RBV, FeSO4 = 100%)."	( Effect of ascorbic acid and particle size on iron absorption from ferric pyrophosphate in adult women. Davidsson, L; Fidler, MC; Hurrell, RF; Marti, I; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2004)	0.32
" There was no effect on iron status, which we hypothesized was related to the poor bioavailability of the reduced iron used as a fortificant in PROGRESA."	( Ferrous sulfate is more bioavailable among preschoolers than other forms of iron in a milk-based weaning food distributed by PROGRESA, a national program in Mexico. Abrams, SA; Griffin, IJ; Pérez-Expósito, AB; Rivera, JA; Villalpando, S, 2005)	1.77
" No information is available on iron bioavailability from NaFeEDTA or the influence of NaFeEDTA on minerals and trace elements in infants."	( Sodium iron EDTA [NaFe(III)EDTA] as a food fortificant: erythrocyte incorporation of iron and apparent absorption of zinc, copper, calcium, and magnesium from a complementary food based on wheat and soy in healthy infants. Davidsson, L; Hurrell, R; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C; Ziegler, E, 2005)	0.33
"We aimed to compare iron bioavailability from a complementary food based on wheat and soy fortified with either NaFeEDTA or ferrous sulfate plus ascorbic acid."	( Sodium iron EDTA [NaFe(III)EDTA] as a food fortificant: erythrocyte incorporation of iron and apparent absorption of zinc, copper, calcium, and magnesium from a complementary food based on wheat and soy in healthy infants. Davidsson, L; Hurrell, R; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C; Ziegler, E, 2005)	0.54
"Iron bioavailability from a high-phytate, cereal-based complementary food fortified with either NaFeEDTA or ferrous sulfate plus ascorbic acid was not significantly different."	( Sodium iron EDTA [NaFe(III)EDTA] as a food fortificant: erythrocyte incorporation of iron and apparent absorption of zinc, copper, calcium, and magnesium from a complementary food based on wheat and soy in healthy infants. Davidsson, L; Hurrell, R; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C; Ziegler, E, 2005)	0.54
" Since an important factor in its causation is the poor bioavailability of iron in the cereal-based diets of many developing countries, SUSTAIN set up a Task Force, consisting of nutritional, medical, industry, and government experts to consider strategies for enhancing the absorption of fortification iron."	( Enhancing the absorption of fortification iron. A SUSTAIN Task Force report. Bothwell, T; Cori, H; Glahn, R; Hertrampf, E; Hurrell, RF; Kratky, Z; Lynch, S; Miller, D; Rodenstein, M; Streekstra, H; Teucher, B; Turner, E; Yeung, CK; Zimmermann, MB, 2004)	0.32
" In addition, the bioavailability of encapsulated iron in the presence/absence of AA will need careful assessment in human clinical trials."	( Enhancers of iron absorption: ascorbic acid and other organic acids. Cori, H; Olivares, M; Teucher, B, 2004)	0.32
" However, the effect of encapsulation per se on Fe bioavailability is a concern."	( The potential of encapsulated iron compounds in food fortification: a review. Zimmermann, MB, 2004)	0.32
"The relative bioavailability (RBV) of seven elemental iron powders, five commercially available and two developmental are evaluated."	( The relative bioavailability in humans of elemental iron powders for use in food fortification. Hallberg, L; Hoppe, M; Hulthén, L, 2006)	0.33
"All elemental iron powders studied were significantly less well absorbed compared to FeSO(4)."	( The relative bioavailability in humans of elemental iron powders for use in food fortification. Hallberg, L; Hoppe, M; Hulthén, L, 2006)	0.33
"Based on a validated method this doubleblinded cross-over study in humans showed that the evaluated elemental iron powders currently available for commercial use are significantly less well absorbed compared to FeSO(4)."	( The relative bioavailability in humans of elemental iron powders for use in food fortification. Hallberg, L; Hoppe, M; Hulthén, L, 2006)	0.33
"Iron from soybean ferritin is well absorbed and may provide a model for novel, utilizable, plant-based forms of iron for populations with a low iron status."	( Iron absorption from soybean ferritin in nonanemic women. Bryant, A; Liu, X; Lönnerdal, B; Theil, EC, 2006)	0.33
"In this research, we measured the iron bioavailability of ferrous gluconate stabilized with glycine (SFG) when it is used to fortify petit suisse cheese using the prophylactic-preventive method in rats."	( Iron bioavailability from fortified petit suisse cheese determined by the prophylactic-preventive method. Barrado, A; Boccio, J; Janjetic, M; Orlandini, J; Torti, H; Urriza, R; Weill, R, 2006)	0.33
"Iron is equally well absorbed from lactoferrin (whether heat-treated or untreated) and ferrous sulfate."	( Absorption of iron from recombinant human lactoferrin in young US women. Bryant, A; Lönnerdal, B, 2006)	0.56
"High doses of oral iron were well absorbed and tolerated in PD patients."	( [Resorption and tolerance of the high doses of ferrous sulfate and ferrous gluconate in the patients on peritoneal dialysis]. Grujić-Adanja, G; Ignjatović, S; Jovanović, N; Lausević, M; Stojimirović, B, 2006)	0.59
"We compared the relative bioavailability (RBV) of ferrous sulfate in an experimental form of micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate (MDFP) in a wheat-milk infant cereal given with and without ascorbic acid with the RBV of MDFP from a processed and unprocessed rice meal."	( Iron status and food matrix strongly affect the relative bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate in humans. Hurrell, RF; Moretti, D; Walczyk, T; Wegmüller, R; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2006)	0.59
"Despite extensive use, information on the bioavailability of elemental iron powders to humans, as influenced by dose and other dietary constituents, is limited."	( An irradiated electrolytic iron fortificant is poorly absorbed by humans and is less responsive than FeSO4 to the enhancing effect of ascorbic acid. Hunt, JR; Johnson, LK; Swain, JH, 2006)	0.33
"Sodium iron(III) ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) has considerable promise as an iron fortificant because of its high bioavailability in foods containing iron absorption inhibitors."	( Iron uptake by Caco-2 cells from NaFeEDTA and FeSO4: Effects of ascorbic acid, pH, and a Fe(II) chelating agent. Glahn, RP; Miller, DD; Yeung, CK; Zhu, L, 2006)	0.33
"A number of studies have found that gastrointestinal absorption of arsenic from soil is limited, indicating that a relative oral bioavailability (RBA) adjustment is warranted when calculating risks from exposure to arsenic-contaminated soil."	( Relative oral bioavailability of arsenic from contaminated soils measured in the cynomolgus monkey. Lowney, YW; Munson, JW; Roberts, SM; Ruby, MV, 2007)	0.34
"The investigation was undertaken with the objective of comparing two in vitro techniques, measuring dialyzable iron (method A) and measuring ionizable iron (method B), for iron bioavailability in a model system."	( Comparative analysis of influence of promoters and inhibitors on in vitro available iron using two methods. Gupta, S; Jyothi Lakshmi, A; Prakash, J, )	0.13
"We measured iron bioavailability of meals based on wheat flour consumed by a vulnerable population in Latin America."	( Iron absorption from wheat flour: effects of lemonade and chamomile infusion. Estévez, E; Fuenmayor, G; Hertrampf, E; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F, 2007)	0.34
"Iron bioavailability of meals based on wheat flour, fortified with ferrous sulfate, is improved when given with lemonade."	( Iron absorption from wheat flour: effects of lemonade and chamomile infusion. Estévez, E; Fuenmayor, G; Hertrampf, E; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F, 2007)	0.58
" Although many authors and clinical practice guidelines recommend primary oral iron supplementation in ESA-treated PD patients, numerous studies have clearly demonstrated that, because of a combination of poor bioavailability of oral iron, gastrointestinal intolerance, and noncompliance, oral iron supplementation is insufficient for maintaining a positive iron balance in these patients over time."	( Intravenous versus oral iron supplementation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Johnson, DW, 2007)	0.34
"The higher absorption rate of NaFeEDTA suggested that NaFeEDTA would be a better iron fortificant used in soy sauce for the controlling of iron deficiency anemia in China."	( NaFeEDTA fortified soy sauce showed higher iron absorption rate in Chinese females. Chen, JS; Gao, JQ; Huo, JS; Lu, CQ; Miao, H; Piao, JH; Yang, XG; Yu, B, 2007)	0.34
"The bioavailability of stabilized ferrous sulfate was studied by means of the prophylactic-preventive test in rats."	( Bioavailability studies of stabilized iron (II) sulfate by means of the prophylactic-preventive method. Barrado, A; Boccio, J; Furno, J; Janjetic, M; Meseri, E; Salgueiro, J; Torti, H; Zubillaga, M, 2007)	0.62
" Evaluation of the potential of the amendments as immobilising agents was determined by plant growth (biomass) and elemental accumulation in plant tissues, indicating the bioavailability of As and other heavy metals following amendment."	( Remediation of arsenic contaminated soils by iron-oxide application, evaluated in terms of plant productivity, arsenic and phytotoxic metal uptake. Hartley, W; Lepp, NW, 2008)	0.35
"The objective of this work was to evaluate the bioavailability of heme iron added to biscuit filling."	( Bioavailability of heme iron in biscuit filling using piglets as an animal model for humans. González-Rosendo, G; Polo-Pozo, J; Quintero-Gutiérrez, AG; Rodríguez-Jerez, JJ; Sánchez-Muñoz, J, 2008)	0.35
"The reduced iron powder has considerable potential for use as an iron fortificant because it does not change organoleptically during storage or food preparation for cereal flour, and its bioavailability is scarcely influenced by iron absorption inhibitors in foods."	( Comparison of iron uptake from reduced iron powder and FeSO4 using the Caco-2 cell model: effects of ascorbic acid, phytic acid, and pH. Feng, Y; He, WL; Li, XL; Yang, XE, 2008)	0.35
"The effects of ascorbic acid (AA), phytate and tannic acid (TA) on Fe bioavailability from Fe supplied as reconstituted ferritin were compared with FeSO4 using an in vitro digestion-Caco-2 cell model."	( Effects of ascorbic acid, phytic acid and tannic acid on iron bioavailability from reconstituted ferritin measured by an in vitro digestion-Caco-2 cell model. Frohman, C; Glahn, RP; Jin, F; Thannhauser, TW; Welch, RM, 2009)	0.35
"The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the iron bioavailability of a new ferric pyrophosphate salt stabilized and solubilized with glycine."	( Stabilized-solubilized ferric pyrophosphate as a new iron source for food fortification. Bioavailability studies by means of the prophylactic-preventive method in rats. Arnoldi, S; Boccio, J; Kaliski, MA; Messeri, E; Salgueiro, MJ; Torti, H; Weill, R; Zubillaga, M, 2009)	0.35
"To study the effects of ascorbic acid and citric acid on iron bioavailability using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model and evaluate the validity of this cell model."	( [Effects of ascorbic acid and citric acid on iron bioavailability in an in vitro digestion/ Caco-2 cell culture model]. Bai, L; He, ZH; Huang, CY; Lei, J; Zhang, MQ, 2008)	0.35
"The in vitro digestion/ Caco-2 cell culture model is a valuable tool for iron bioavailability assessment."	( [Effects of ascorbic acid and citric acid on iron bioavailability in an in vitro digestion/ Caco-2 cell culture model]. Bai, L; He, ZH; Huang, CY; Lei, J; Zhang, MQ, 2008)	0.35
" The aim of the present study was to determine the bioavailability of Fe in cocoa using the Hb regeneration efficiency (HRE) method."	( Iron bioavailability of cocoa powder as determined by the Hb regeneration efficiency method. Konomi, A; Otagi, M; Yokoi, K, 2009)	0.35
"To determine the relative bioavailability of SunActive Fe and its suitability for addition to pure apple juice."	( Relative bioavailability of micronized, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate added to an apple juice drink. Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Hoogewerff, J; Roe, MA, 2009)	0.35
"Iron absorption from SunActive Fe added to pure apple juice (Minute Maid) was compared with absorption from ferrous sulphate, a highly bioavailable form of iron, in 15 women with relatively low iron stores."	( Relative bioavailability of micronized, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate added to an apple juice drink. Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Hoogewerff, J; Roe, MA, 2009)	0.35
"SunActive Fe was well absorbed from apple juice and is a potentially useful fortificant for liquid food products."	( Relative bioavailability of micronized, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate added to an apple juice drink. Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Hoogewerff, J; Roe, MA, 2009)	0.35
"Non-water-soluble iron compounds have been reported to be less well absorbed than ferrous sulfate in young children, and concern has been raised about their usefulness as food fortificants."	( Regular consumption of a complementary food fortified with ascorbic acid and ferrous fumarate or ferric pyrophosphate is as useful as ferrous sulfate in maintaining hemoglobin concentrations >105 g/L in young Bangladeshi children. Davidsson, L; Hurrell, R; Jamil, KA; Sarker, SA; Sultana, S, 2009)	0.78
"Adverse sensory changes prevent the addition of highly bioavailable ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) to most wheat flours."	( Efficacy of wheat-based biscuits fortified with microcapsules containing ferrous sulfate and potassium iodate or a new hydrogen-reduced elemental iron: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial in Kuwaiti women. Al-Hamed, N; Al-Hooti, SN; Al-Obaid, I; Al-Salem, E; Biebinger, R; Hurrell, RF; Kabir, Y; Petry, N; Zafar, T; Zimmermann, MB, 2009)	0.82
"In the first study, young women (n = 98) with an iron status varying from iron deficiency anemia to iron sufficiency (women with serum ferritin concentrations 25-40 microg/L were not included) were given stable isotope-labeled test meals (n = 196) containing ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, or ferric pyrophosphate, after which plasma hepcidin and iron bioavailability were measured."	( Plasma hepcidin is a modest predictor of dietary iron bioavailability in humans, whereas oral iron loading, measured by stable-isotope appearance curves, increases plasma hepcidin. Biebinger, R; Egli, I; Hurrell, RF; Troesch, B; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2009)	0.53
" Plasma hepcidin significantly, but modestly, predicted iron bioavailability from ferrous sulfate and ferrous fumarate (r = -0."	( Plasma hepcidin is a modest predictor of dietary iron bioavailability in humans, whereas oral iron loading, measured by stable-isotope appearance curves, increases plasma hepcidin. Biebinger, R; Egli, I; Hurrell, RF; Troesch, B; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2009)	0.58
"Plasma hepcidin is only a modest predictor of dietary iron bioavailability in humans."	( Plasma hepcidin is a modest predictor of dietary iron bioavailability in humans, whereas oral iron loading, measured by stable-isotope appearance curves, increases plasma hepcidin. Biebinger, R; Egli, I; Hurrell, RF; Troesch, B; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2009)	0.35
" Two recent studies in young children have reported that it is only 30% as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate."	( A comparison of the bioavailability of ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate in non-anemic Mexican women and children consuming a sweetened maize and milk drink. Harrington, M; Hotz, C; Hurrell, RF; Polvo, GO; Rivera, JA; Villalpando, S; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2011)	0.83
"Ferrous fumarate is as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate in non-anemic, iron sufficient infants and young children, and can be recommended as a useful fortification compound for complementary foods designed to prevent iron deficiency."	( A comparison of the bioavailability of ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate in non-anemic Mexican women and children consuming a sweetened maize and milk drink. Harrington, M; Hotz, C; Hurrell, RF; Polvo, GO; Rivera, JA; Villalpando, S; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2011)	0.88
" Our study suggests that iron utilization from an animal-based food provides a highly bioavailable source of dietary iron for pregnant and nonpregnant women that is not as sensitive to hepcidin concentrations or iron stores compared with ferrous sulfate."	( Utilization of iron from an animal-based iron source is greater than that of ferrous sulfate in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Cooper, E; Griffin, I; Harris, ZL; McIntyre, AW; McNanley, T; O'Brien, KO; Pressman, E; Westerman, M; Young, MF, 2010)	0.77
" Plasma ferritin was a strong negative predictor of Fe bioavailability from FS (P < 0·0001) but not from FPP."	( Iron deficiency up-regulates iron absorption from ferrous sulphate but not ferric pyrophosphate and consequently food fortification with ferrous sulphate has relatively greater efficacy in iron-deficient individuals. Biebinger, R; Egli, I; Hurrell, RF; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2011)	0.37
" Even with the use of a very well absorbed ferrous iron compound, iron fortification in this population does not increase NTBI, suggesting a low risk for adverse health consequences."	( Fortification iron as ferrous sulfate plus ascorbic acid is more rapidly absorbed than as sodium iron EDTA but neither increases serum nontransferrin-bound iron in women. Egli, I; Hurrell, RF; Troesch, B; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2011)	0.68
" Effect of sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) and ferrous sulfate on iron bioavailability and oxidative stress in anemic pregnant women was evaluated."	( Moderate NaFeEDTA and ferrous sulfate supplementation can improve both hematologic status and oxidative stress in anemic pregnant women. Han, XX; Jiang, DC; Li, Y; Ma, AG; Sun, YY; Yang, F; Zhang, FZ, 2011)	0.92
"In this study the chemical composition and iron bioavailability of hull and hull-less soybean flour from the new cultivar UFVTN 105AP was evaluated."	( Heat-treated hull flour does not affect iron bioavailability in rats. Carvalho, AW; Costa, NM; Dantas, MI; Martino, HS; Natal, DI; Ribeiro, SM; Silva, CO, 2011)	0.37
"The main purpose of this study was to establish bioavailability data in humans for the new (Fe) fortification compound ferrous ammonium phosphate (FAP), which was specially developed for fortification of difficult-to-fortify foods where soluble Fe compounds cannot be used due to their negative impact on product stability."	( Ferrous ammonium phosphate (FeNH₄PO₄) as a new food fortificant: iron bioavailability compared to ferrous sulfate and ferric pyrophosphate from an instant milk drink. Grathwohl, D; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Storcksdieck Genannt Bonsmann, S; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2013)	0.61
"A double-blind, randomized clinical trial with cross-over design was conducted to obtain bioavailability data for FAP in humans."	( Ferrous ammonium phosphate (FeNH₄PO₄) as a new food fortificant: iron bioavailability compared to ferrous sulfate and ferric pyrophosphate from an instant milk drink. Grathwohl, D; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Storcksdieck Genannt Bonsmann, S; Walczyk, T; Zeder, C, 2013)	0.61
" We can conclude that Fe is well absorbed from low extraction flour fortified with 30 mg/kg of Fe, as ferrous sulfate, and up to 60 mg/kg of Zn, as Zn sulfate."	( Effect of zinc sulfate fortificant on iron absorption from low extraction wheat flour co-fortified with ferrous sulfate. López de Romaña, D; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F, 2013)	0.82
"The present study evaluated the effectiveness of germination and iron fortification on iron concentration and bioavailability of brown rice."	( Effect of ferrous sulfate fortification in germinated brown rice on seed iron concentration and bioavailability. Shohag, MJ; Wang, Y; Wei, Y; Wu, C; Yang, X; Ying, F, 2013)	0.79
" To optimize iron bioavailability from an LNS named complementary food fortificant (CFF), 3 stable isotope studies were conducted in 52 young Beninese children."	( Iron bioavailability from a lipid-based complementary food fortificant mixed with millet porridge can be optimized by adding phytase and ascorbic acid but not by using a mixture of ferrous sulfate and sodium iron EDTA. Cercamondi, CI; Egli, IM; Hessou, J; Hounhouigan, JD; Hurrell, RF; Mitchikpe, E; Tossou, F; Zeder, C, 2013)	0.58
"The present study investigated the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on the bioavailability of Fe from ferric pyrophosphate (FP), a water-insoluble compound, in Fe-deficient anaemic rats that were subjected to a Hb repletion assay."	( Fructo-oligosaccharides and iron bioavailability in anaemic rats: the effects on iron species distribution, ferroportin-1 expression, crypt bifurcation and crypt cell proliferation in the caecum. Alvares, EP; Colli, C; De Carli, E; Gaievski, EH; Lobo, AR, 2014)	0.4
" Employing supplements with higher bioavailability might permit lower doses of iron to be used with fewer side effects, thus improving treatment efficacy."	( Iron bioavailability from commercially available iron supplements. Christides, T; Fairweather, R; McBride, R; Sharp, P; Wray, D, 2015)	0.42
"Iron bioavailability was measured using Caco-2 cells with ferritin formation as a surrogate marker for iron uptake."	( Iron bioavailability from commercially available iron supplements. Christides, T; Fairweather, R; McBride, R; Sharp, P; Wray, D, 2015)	0.42
"In our in vitro model, naturally iron-rich mineral waters and synthetic liquid iron formulations have equivalent or better bioavailability compared with ferrous iron sulphate tablets."	( Iron bioavailability from commercially available iron supplements. Christides, T; Fairweather, R; McBride, R; Sharp, P; Wray, D, 2015)	0.42
" Therefore, NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce does not affect Zn bioavailability in children."	( Effect of NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce on zinc absorption in children. Li, M; Li, W; Piao, J; Ren, T; Wang, J; Wang, R; Wu, J; Yang, X, 2015)	0.42
" The relative bioavailability of FAC and of the FeSO4 + NaFeEDTA was obtained by comparing their iron absorption with that of FeSO4 ."	( Iron bioavailability in 8-24-month-old Thai children from a micronutrient-fortified quick-cooking rice containing ferric ammonium citrate or a mixture of ferrous sulphate and ferric sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Chavasit, V; Hurrell, R; Porasuphatana, S; Suthutvoravut, U; Zeder, C, 2015)	0.42
" The purpose of this study was to measure the bioavailability of two iron fortified milk formulas designed to cover toddlers´ nutritional needs."	( Iron Absorption from Two Milk Formulas Fortified with Iron Sulfate Stabilized with Maltodextrin and Citric Acid. Cócaro, N; Gaitan, D; Krasnoff, G; Maciero, E; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F, 2015)	0.42
"Formulas A and B contain highly bioavailable iron, which contributes to covering toddlers´ requirements of this micronutrient."	( Iron Absorption from Two Milk Formulas Fortified with Iron Sulfate Stabilized with Maltodextrin and Citric Acid. Cócaro, N; Gaitan, D; Krasnoff, G; Maciero, E; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F, 2015)	0.42
"To determine the effects of dietary Fe concentration on Mn bioavailability in rats fed inorganic or organic Mn sources, fifty-four 22-d-old male rats were randomly assigned and fed a basal diet (2·63 mg Fe/kg) supplemented with 0 (low Fe (L-Fe)), 35 (adequate Fe (A-Fe)) or 175 (high Fe (H-Fe)) mg Fe/kg with 10 mg Mn/kg from MnSO4 or Mn-lysine chelate (MnLys)."	( Dietary iron concentration influences serum concentrations of manganese in rats consuming organic or inorganic sources of manganese. Bai, S; Ding, X; Gilbert, ER; Pan, S; Wang, J; Zeng, Q; Zhang, H; Zhang, K, 2016)	0.43
"Iron from iron-enriched yeast was 72-82 % as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate indicating that the yeast lysed during digestion and released its iron."	( Iron bioavailability from fresh cheese fortified with iron-enriched yeast. Egli, I; Foman, JT; Georgeon, S; Gysler, C; Hoppler, M; Hurrell, R; Mukherje, R; Richon, PA; Sabatier, M; Schaffer-Lequart, C; Vigo, M; Zeder, C, 2017)	0.7
" Oral iron is simple and cheap to administer and does not require hospital visits, but is poorly absorbed in advanced CKD and is associated with unpleasant gastrointestinal side effects."	( Iron Treatment Strategies in Nondialysis CKD. Macdougall, IC, 2016)	0.43
" Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate Fe bioavailability from bouillon cubes fortified with either FePP only, FePP+NaPP, ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) only, or FeSO4+NaPP."	( Sodium pyrophosphate enhances iron bioavailability from bouillon cubes fortified with ferric pyrophosphate. Cercamondi, CI; Duchateau, GS; Harika, RK; Koppenol, WP; Moretti, D; Murray, P; van den Berg, R; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2016)	0.43
" Many studies have revealed that organic iron exhibits better bioavailability than inorganic iron, but the concrete underlying mechanism is still unclear."	( Digital gene expression profiling analysis of duodenum transcriptomes in SD rats administered ferrous sulfate or ferrous glycine chelate by gavage. Fang, S; Feng, J; Hu, Q; Huang, D; Zhuo, Z, 2016)	0.65
" The aim of this study was to examine the iron bioavailability of a novel home fortificant, the "Lucky Iron Fish™" (LIF) (www."	( Dietary Factors Modulate Iron Uptake in Caco-2 Cells from an Iron Ingot Used as a Home Fortificant to Prevent Iron Deficiency. Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Perfecto, A; Rodriguez-Ramiro, I, 2017)	0.46
"Iron-binding peptides are an alternative for increasing the bioavailability of iron and to decreasing its pro-oxidant effect."	( Synthesis of whey peptide-iron complexes: Influence of using different iron precursor compounds. Alves, RC; Bertoldo-Pacheco, MT; Caetano-Silva, ME; Frem, RCG; Lima-Pallone, JA; Lucena, GN; Netto, FM, 2017)	0.46
" Thus, the bioavailability of dietary iron, either as ferritin or ferrous sulfate, was equivalent in both groups of patients."	( Dietary nonheme iron is equally bioavailable from ferritin or ferrous sulfate in thalassemia intermedia. Fung, EB; Khurana, M; Theil, EC; Vichinsky, EP, 2017)	0.93
"The higher bioavailability of iron bisglycinate chelate resulted in a lower load of elemental iron, a quarter of the dose, and achieved equivalent efficacy compared to iron sulfate."	( Efficacy of Supplementation with Iron Sulfate Compared to Iron Bisglycinate Chelate in Preterm Infants. Bagna, R; Bertino, E; Boetti, T; Cester, EA; Coscia, A; Mazzone, R; Saracco, P; Spada, E, 2018)	0.48
"To determine the effect of various calcium salts on non-heme iron bioavailability in fasted women of childbearing age."	( Effect of various calcium salts on non-heme iron bioavailability in fasted women of childbearing age. Candia, V; Carrera-Gil, F; Chaniotakis, S; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Ríos-Castillo, I; Vizcarra, B, 2018)	0.48
"Of the various calcium salts tested, calcium citrate was the only salt that decreased non-heme iron bioavailability relative to the calcium chloride control when taken on an empty stomach."	( Effect of various calcium salts on non-heme iron bioavailability in fasted women of childbearing age. Candia, V; Carrera-Gil, F; Chaniotakis, S; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Ríos-Castillo, I; Vizcarra, B, 2018)	0.48
"The objective of the present study is to improve iron bioavailability using high-density gastroretentive pellets of zero valent iron nanoparticles (ZVINPs)."	( Development and Characterization of Gastroretentive High-Density Pellets Lodged With Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles. Goyal, AK; Rath, G; Sharma, A, 2018)	0.48
" The use of liposomes as carriers can represent an interesting iron therapy to improve iron bioavailability and reduce its negative effects, in particular during pregnancy."	( Morphological evaluation of liposomal iron carriers. Battistelli, M; Falcieri, E; Salucci, S, 2018)	0.48
" The objective of this study was to measure the Fe bioavailability of Fe picolinate in a complementary fruit yogurt."	( The bioavailability of iron picolinate is comparable to iron sulfate when fortified into a complementary fruit yogurt: a stable iron isotope study in young women. Beaumont, M; Dubascoux, S; Grathwohl, D; Groulx, K; Guignard, LF; Habeych, E; Kastenmayer, P; Moretti, D; Richoz, J; Sabatier, M; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2020)	0.56
"The bioavailability of Fe picolinate was determined using stable iron isotopes in a double blind, randomized cross-over design in non-anemic Swiss women (n = 19; 25."	( The bioavailability of iron picolinate is comparable to iron sulfate when fortified into a complementary fruit yogurt: a stable iron isotope study in young women. Beaumont, M; Dubascoux, S; Grathwohl, D; Groulx, K; Guignard, LF; Habeych, E; Kastenmayer, P; Moretti, D; Richoz, J; Sabatier, M; Zeder, C; Zimmermann, MB, 2020)	0.56
" The above results show that Fe-Gly can improve the bioavailability and antioxidant capacity of iron and reduce the iron output of feces after enteric coating."	( Influences of different Fe sources on Fe bioavailability and homeostasis in SD rats. Fu, Z; Gong, S; Hu, H; Lin, Y; Shu, X; Wang, WX, 2019)	0.51
" Future studies could demonstrate the feasibility of applying these microparticles in formulation for food supplementation, concerning bioavailability and sensory aspects."	( Microencapsulation performance of Fe-peptide complexes and stability monitoring. Alvim, ID; Caetano-Silva, ME; Filiponi, MP; Gaigher, B; Pacheco, MTB, 2019)	0.51
"We aimed to determine the iron bioavailability of the iron-casein complex relative to that of ferrous sulfate (control) when given with whole milk in healthy young women."	( Iron bioavailability of a casein-based iron fortificant compared with that of ferrous sulfate in whole milk: a randomized trial with a crossover design in adult women. Ellis, AM; Henare, SJ; Moughan, PJ; Nur Singh, N; Thompson, AK; Walczyk, T, 2019)	0.96
"The iron-casein complex has iron bioavailability comparable to that of ferrous sulfate in healthy young women."	( Iron bioavailability of a casein-based iron fortificant compared with that of ferrous sulfate in whole milk: a randomized trial with a crossover design in adult women. Ellis, AM; Henare, SJ; Moughan, PJ; Nur Singh, N; Thompson, AK; Walczyk, T, 2019)	0.98
" Their bioavailability was measured in vitro by a Caco-2 cell model and in vivo in iron-deficient rats."	( In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of Mesoporous Iron Particles for Iron Bioavailability. Chen, JK; Jakfar, S; Liao, YJ; Lin, FH; Lin, JF; Tang, ZB; Wu, CC, 2019)	0.51
" One realistic method is the assisted phytostabilization, which aims at establishing a vegetation cover on the soil that will reduce metal(loid) bioavailability and spreading through the prevention of wind erosion and water leaching."	( Contrasted tolerance of Agrostis capillaris metallicolous and non-metallicolous ecotypes in the context of a mining technosol amended by biochar, compost and iron sulfate. Bourgerie, S; Gaillard, M; Lebrun, M; Miard, F; Morabito, D; Nandillon, R; Sabatier, S, 2021)	0.62
"WHO guidelines recommend concurrent iron and antimalarial treatment in children with malaria and iron deficiency, but iron may not be well absorbed or utilized during a malaria episode."	( Delayed iron improves iron status without altering malaria risk in severe malarial anemia. Cusick, SE; Georgieff, MK; John, CC; Opoka, RO; Ssemata, AS, 2020)	0.56
"Our study showed poor iron bioavailability from ECFS, and supplementation programmes may consider UCFS tablets for better haematological outcomes."	( Fractional iron absorption from enteric-coated ferrous sulphate tablet. Bose, B; Koneri, R; Kurpad, AV; Subramanian, R; Thankachan, P, 2020)	0.56
"Ferrous sulphate is a widely used oral iron supplement with low bioavailability and substantial side effects."	( Mucoadhesive microspheres of ferrous sulphate - A novel approach for oral iron delivery in treating anemia. B S, R; M J, R; M, SM; S, L; S, SL, 2020)	0.56
" Here, we evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of non-invasive supplementation with Sucrosomial iron (SI), a highly bioavailable iron supplement preventing IDA in humans and mice and various iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs)."	( Comparative Evaluation of Sucrosomial Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Oral Supplements in Iron Deficiency Anemia in Piglets. Jończy, A; Kamyczek, M; Kopeć, Z; Lipiński, P; Mazgaj, R; Stankiewicz, AM; Starzyński, RR; Swinkels, D; Szudzik, M; Żelazowska, B, 2021)	0.62
"Food fortification with iron nanoparticles (NPs) could help prevent iron deficiency anemia, but the absorption pathway and biodistribution of iron-NPs and their bioavailability in humans is unclear."	( Iron from nanostructured ferric phosphate: absorption and biodistribution in mice and bioavailability in iron deficient anemic women. Baumgartner, J; Bester, C; Gowachirapant, S; Hilty, F; Mankong, P; Tuntipopipat, S; Winkler, HC; Zandberg, L; Zeevaart, JR; Zimmermann, MB, 2022)	0.72
" Iron bioavailability from FAP and FePP relative to FeSO4 (relative bioavailability (RBV)) was 110% and 33%, respectively."	( Iron Bioavailability from Ferrous Ammonium Phosphate, Ferrous Sulfate, and Ferric Pyrophosphate in an Instant Milk Drink-A Stable Isotope Study in Children. Egli, I; Foman, JT; Hurrell, RF; Kastenmayer, P; Li, Q; Mallillin, AC; Rytz, A; Sabatier, M; Sagum, RS; Trinidad, TP; Zeder, C, 2022)	0.97
" The absorption and bioavailability depend on the delivery vehicle being used."	( Nano-formulations in treatment of iron deficiency anaemia: An overview. Sethi Chopra, D; Singh, D; Singh, K; Singh, N, 2022)	0.72
" We examined the effects of two oral iron supplements with differing bioavailability on the gut microbiomes in Cambodian WRA."	( The Effect of Oral Iron Supplementation on Gut Microbial Composition: a Secondary Analysis of a Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial among Cambodian Women of Reproductive Age. Finlayson-Trick, E; Fischer, JA; Goldfarb, DM; Karakochuk, CD; Krouen, H; Ma, Y; Nearing, J; Wang, S, 2023)	0.91
"We investigated if a lower dose of a highly bioavailable iron amino acid chelate was as effective as the standard dose of iron salts in increasing ferritin concentrations and whether any differences were observed in gut inflammation or enteropathogen detection."	( Is a Lower Dose of More Bioavailable Iron (18-mg Ferrous Bisglycinate) Noninferior to 60-mg Ferrous Sulfate in Increasing Ferritin Concentrations While Reducing Gut Inflammation and Enteropathogen Detection in Cambodian Women? A Randomized Controlled Noni Elango, R; Fischer, JAJ; Goldfarb, DM; Hou, K; Karakochuk, CD; Pei, LX, 2023)	1.13
" To elucidate the effects of ferrous sulfate modification on the fate of phosphorus in sludge biochar and its effect on phosphorus fractionation in soil, we investigated the changes in fractionation and bioavailability of phosphorus in modified sludge biochar and studied the changes in soil characteristics, microbial diversity and response, bioavailability, plant uptake of phosphorus, and heavy metals in contaminated soils after treatment with ferrous sulfate modified sludge biochar."	( Effects of ferrous sulfate modification on the fate of phosphorous in sewage sludge biochar and its releasing mechanisms in heavy metal contaminated soils. Aihemaiti, A; Cai, Y; Li, R; Liang, S; Yan, F; Zhang, Z, 2023)	1.59

Dosage Studied

To explore the influences of different dosage ferrous sulfate supplements on bone marrow hemopoiesis in rats. The paper also considers the clinical significance of a dosage form of iron-containing drugs with a sustained iron release.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The histological findings show especially that the iron depots of the spleen were empty in all three groups and thereby in this collective no connection exists between the color of the veal and the tested dosage of iron dextran 20%."	( Investigation on the dosage/efficacy relationship of iron dextran in veal calves. Baer, M; Fischer, W; Geisser, P; Heim, H; Hohl, H, 1991)	0.28
"The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) longitudinal relaxation rate R1 dose-response characteristics of a ferrous-sulphate-doped chemical dosimeter system (Fe MRI) immobilized in a gelatin matrix were explored."	( Dose-response characteristics of a ferrous-sulphate-doped gelatin system for determining radiation absorbed dose distributions by magnetic resonance imaging (Fe MRI). Boyer, AL; Hazle, JD; Hefner, L; Nyerick, CE; Wilson, L, 1991)	0.28
"In both experimental animals and human subjects iron absorption over a wide dosage range was quantitatively equivalent from ferrous salts and a ferric polymaltose complex under basal conditions."	( Equivalent bioavailability of iron from ferrous salts and a ferric polymaltose complex. Clinical and experimental studies. Jacobs, P, 1987)	0.27
" Calves were dosed orally on d 15 of the treatment period with 1 mCi of iron-59."	( Influence of high dietary iron as ferrous carbonate and ferrous sulfate on iron metabolism in young calves. Blackmon, DM; Gentry, RP; Ho, SY; McGuire, SO; Miller, WJ; Neathery, MW, 1985)	0.52
" We have explored the tin/zinc interaction using the change-in-plasma-zinc-concentration method with a standard dosage of 12."	( Studies on the bioavailability of zinc in humans: intestinal interaction of tin and zinc. Duarte-Favaro, RM; Dutra de Oliveira, JE; Marchini, JS; Solomons, NW; Vannuchi, H, 1983)	0.27
" A reduced dosage of hydroxyurea alternating with erythropoietin may prove less myelotoxic than hydroxyurea given daily or in pulsed-dose regimens."	( Augmentation by erythropoietin of the fetal-hemoglobin response to hydroxyurea in sickle cell disease. Dover, GJ; Nienhuis, AW; Noguchi, CT; Rodgers, GP; Schechter, AN; Uyesaka, N, 1993)	0.29
" A portion of the controls was switched to the iron salt diet at day 37 when 1,2-dimethylhydrazine was administered by gavage at a dosage of 20 mg/kg (base) and continued weekly for a total of 15 weeks."	( Action of dietary trypsin, pressed coffee oil, silymarin and iron salt on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine tumorigenesis by gavage. Gershbein, LL, )	0.13
" Red blood cell (RBC) iron incorporation of the isotope was determined 14 d after dosing with 57Fe and 58Fe."	( Absorption by 1-year-old children of an iron supplement given with cow's milk or juice. Abrams, SA; Liang, LK; O'Brien, KO; Stuff, JE; Wen, J, 1996)	0.29
" Prior exposure to FeSO4/H2O2 produced significant endothelial damage as reflected by the right-ward shift of the dose-response curve of bradykinin-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation."	( Hydroxyl radical scavenging effect of nicaraven in myocardial and coronary endothelial preservation and reperfusion injury. Alam, MS; Hashimoto, M; Ku, K; Masumura, S; Nakayama, K; Nosaka, S; Saitoh, Y; Tamura, K; Yamauchi, M, 1997)	0.3
" The rats were given 20 mg elemental iron/kg as a ferrous sulfate solution + 1 mEq sodium bicarbonate/kg, and then dosed orally with 150 mg deferiprone/kg immediately or after 15 min."	( Acute iron intoxication: the efficacy of deferiprone and sodium biocarbonate in the prevention of iron absorption from the digestive tract. Barr, J; Berkovitch, M; Eshel, G; Kariv, N; Schejter, A; Tavori, I, 1999)	0.56
" Each subject received all five dosing regimens in random order with at least 6 days between regimens."	( The effect of ferrous sulphate and sucralfate on the bioavailability of oral gemifloxacin in healthy volunteers. Allen, A; Bygate, E; Faessel, H; Isaac, L; Lewis, A, 2000)	0.31
" To minimize direct physical interaction in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the current study design required the male Sprague Dawley rats (220-240 g) to be dosed with 100 mg/kg of oral ferrous sulfate and 5 mg/kg of intravenous ciprofloxacin."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between intravenous ciprofloxacin and oral ferrous sulfate. Li, RC; Wong, PY; Zhu, M, 2000)	0.72
" In the CCl4 induced liver free radical injury system, the inhibitory rate of the same dosage of TP and Vit C was 45."	( [Inhibitory effects of tea polyphenols and vitamin C on lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4- cysteine in isolated human plasma and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver free radical injury in mice]. Li, T; Xin, YM; Zhan, H; Zhang, QJ, 2001)	0.31
" The same dosage of TP and Vit C had remarkable inhibitory effects on the CCl4 induced liver free radical injury, but there was no significant difference between the two groups."	( [Inhibitory effects of tea polyphenols and vitamin C on lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4- cysteine in isolated human plasma and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver free radical injury in mice]. Li, T; Xin, YM; Zhan, H; Zhang, QJ, 2001)	0.31
" Study A involved the measurement of the dose-response curve of the absorption of ferrous sulfate (through a nonheme-iron absorption pathway); study B involved the competition of iron bis-glycine chelate with ferrous sulfate for the nonheme-iron absorption pathway; study C involved the measurement of the dose-response curve of heme-iron absorption; study D involved the competition of iron bis-glycine chelate with hemoglobin for the heme-iron absorption pathway; and studies E and F were the same as studies A and B, except that the iron bis-glycine chelate was encapsulated in enteric gelatin capsules so that it would not be processed in the stomach."	( Iron bis-glycine chelate competes for the nonheme-iron absorption pathway. Arredondo, M; Gidi, V; Hertrampf, E; Letelier, A; Mazariegos, DI; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F, 2002)	0.54
" This study aimed to determine iron-induced oxidative damage provoked by a single clinical dosage of ferrous sulfate and to elucidate the antioxidant defense mechanisms in the human small intestine in vivo."	( New method to study oxidative damage and antioxidants in the human small bowel: effects of iron application. Bast, A; Brummer, RJ; Haenen, GR; Saris, WH; Troost, FJ, 2003)	0.53
" Redox titration was proved to be a reproducible, discriminatory, selective and cost effective method for evaluation of dissolved iron from iron prolonged release tablets and can be applied in the quality control of solid dosage forms containing iron compounds."	( Development and optimization of the drug release determination of iron from iron prolonged release tablets. Bibic, R; Kincl, M; Veber, M; Vrecer, F, 2003)	0.32
" The other report is of anemia due to iron deficiency treated successfully with ferrous sulfate in a dosage twenty times that previously used prophylactically."	( Treatment of nutritional anemia in infants. STURGEON, P, 1952)	0.46
"The aim of the experimental study was to determine which iron(II) sulphate form, the monohydrate or the heptahydrate, is more suitable for formulation of a retard dosage form with melt technology, and to control the suitable compound from a thermostability aspect according to the ICH (International Conference on Harmonization)."	( [Thermostability testing of iron(II) sulphate for formulation of drug product]. Eros, I; Laczkovich, O; Pallagi, E; Révész, P, 2003)	0.32
"Most of the candidate biomarkers show very limited promise as response-indicators to oral iron dosing at the 120 mg dosages or lower, but circulating IL-4, TNF-alpha as well as urinary TBARS, 8-hydroxy-2-desoxyguanosine and isoprostanes showed potential utility as reliable indicators of oxidative and inflammatory response to oral ferrous sulfate."	( Monitoring of hematological, inflammatory and oxidative reactions to acute oral iron exposure in human volunteers: preliminary screening for selection of potentially-responsive biomarkers. Biesalski, HK; Daniel, H; Frank, J; Friel, J; Kroll, S; Schümann, K; Solomons, NW; Weiss, G, 2005)	0.5
" Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp; Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA) is a unique erythropoiesis-stimulating protein that can be administered at an extended dosing interval relative to recombinant human erythropoietin because of its approximately 3-fold longer serum half-life."	( Darbepoetin alfa treatment for post-renal transplantation anemia during pregnancy. Goshorn, J; Youell, TD, 2005)	0.33
" The dosage of the preparation in group 1 was 1 tablet Ferro-Folgamma tid for 40 days, and 1 tablet Ferro-Folgamma bid for the same period."	( [Ferro-folgamma--a good alternative in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia and depleted iron stores in pregnant women]. Ivanov, S; Sigridov, I, 2005)	0.33
"Oral treatment with Ferro-Folgamma, according the described dosage regimen, demonstrates its fast and stable effect in treatment of moderate iron deficiency and recovery of depleted iron pool in pregnant patients as well."	( [Ferro-folgamma--a good alternative in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia and depleted iron stores in pregnant women]. Ivanov, S; Sigridov, I, 2005)	0.33
" The coated crystals can be filled into capsules to yield the final dosage form."	( Development of spherical iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate-containing solid particles with sustained drug release. Farkas, B; Gregor, T; Nagy, K; Pallagi, E; Szabó-Révész, P, 2007)	0.34
"To explore the influences of different dosage ferrous sulfate supplements on bone marrow hemopoiesis in rats."	( [Effects of ferrous sulfate supplementation on bone marrow hemopoiesis in rats]. Lai, JQ; Liu, H; Meng, J; Xing, BL; Xu, QM; Yang, QJ; Yin, SA; Zhao, XF, 2006)	0.97
" All of the children received medicinal iron drops at a dosage of 5 mg elemental iron as ferrous sulfate per kilogram of body weight."	( Effectiveness of intermittent iron treatment of two- to six-year-old Jordanian children with iron-deficiency anemia. Faqih, AM; Izzat, M; Kakish, SB, 2006)	0.56
"To determine if coadministration of polysaccharide iron complex and slow-release ferrous sulfate alter the absorption of mycophenolic acid (MPA), and to examine the potential influence of dosing relative to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) administration and the effect of immediate- versus sustained-release iron products on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of MPA."	( Lack of an effect of oral iron administration on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in stable renal transplant recipients. Gelone, DK; Lake, KD; Park, JM, 2007)	0.57
" Ferrous Sulphate was added in individual dosage of 5 or 10 mg of elemental iron/daily to usual school meal."	( Anemia reduction in preschool children with the addition of low doses of iron to school meals. Amâncio, OM; Arcanjo, FP; Coelho, MR; Magalhães, SM; Pinto, VP, 2008)	0.35
" Adherence analysis demonstrated an evident dose-response effect on mean Hb and prevalence of anemia only for the daily regimen."	( Effectiveness of daily and weekly iron supplementation in the prevention of anemia in infants. Cardoso, LO; Castro, IR; Engstrom, EM; Monteiro, CA; Portela, M, 2008)	0.35
" Experimental results indicate that the removal efficiency of S2- increases with increasing iron dosage and decreases with increasing initial S2- concentration and pH values."	( [Sulfide removal from wastewater by nanoscale iron]. Hao, CB; Li, ZL; Shang, HT; Xi, HB; Yang, Q, 2008)	0.35
" Leaching tests and the EQ3/6 geochemical model were used to estimate the acid dosage required to destabilize Cr(VI)-bearing and swell-causing minerals."	( Effects of particle size and acid addition on the remediation of chromite ore processing residue using ferrous sulfate. Christodoulatos, C; Jagupilla, SC; Kim, MG; Moon, DH; Wazne, M, 2009)	0.57
"002) as the dosage increased."	( Adherence and side effects of three ferrous sulfate treatment regimens on anemic pregnant women in clinical trials. Batista Filho, M; Bresani, CC; Ferreira, LO; Figueiroa, JN; Souza, AI, 2009)	0.63
" Secondary outcome measures will include serum ferritin concentration, haemoglobin level, DPO dosage, Key's index (DPO dosage divided by haemoglobin concentration), and occurrence of adverse events (especially gastrointestinal adverse events)."	( Rationale and design of the oral HEMe iron polypeptide Against Treatment with Oral Controlled Release Iron Tablets trial for the correction of anaemia in peritoneal dialysis patients (HEMATOCRIT trial). Barraclough, KA; Brown, F; Campbell, SB; Hawley, CM; Isbel, NM; Johnson, DW; Leary, D; Mudge, DW; Noble, E; Sturtevant, JM; van Eps, CL, 2009)	0.35
"Iron supplementation has been suggested as a strategy for prevention and treatment of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in many countries, but non-compliance of daily regimens and common dosage remain as major challenges."	( Once weekly low-dose iron supplementation effectively improved iron status in adolescent girls. Fatehi, F; Mozaffari-Khosravi, H; Naghiaee, Y; Noori-Shadkam, M, 2010)	0.36
" Batch coagulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of initial pH (pH(i): 5-10) and coagulant dosage (m: 100-5000 mg/L) on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from SDW."	( Treatment of dairy wastewater by inorganic coagulants: Parametric and disposal studies. Chandra Srivastava, V; Kushwaha, JP; Mall, ID, 2010)	0.36
"98 mg g(-1) at 25°C at a siderite dosage of 2 g L(-1)."	( Removal of arsenite from water by synthetic siderite: behaviors and mechanisms. Guo, H; Li, Y; Ren, Y; Wei, C; Zhao, K, 2011)	0.37
"Chromium and/or arsenate removal by Fe(II) as a function of pH, Fe(II) dosage and initial Cr(VI)/As(V) ratio were examined in batch tests."	( Simultaneous removal of chromium and arsenate from contaminated groundwater by ferrous sulfate: batch uptake behavior. Dong, H; Guan, X; Lo, IM; Ma, J, 2011)	0.6
" We hypothesized that once-monthly (QM) algorithmically dosed darbepoetin α (DA) and iron administration would successfully treat anemia of CKD in ESA-naïve CKD subjects."	( De novo once-monthly darbepoetin alpha treatment for the anemia of chronic kidney disease using a computerized algorithmic approach. Besarab, A; Chalhoub, E; Faber, MD; Frinak, S; Peterson, E; Yee, J; Zasuwa, G, 2011)	0.37
"Successful treatment of the anemia of CKD by QM DA based upon a computerized dosing program was achieved by 6 months in 78% of ESA-naïve, CKD subjects."	( De novo once-monthly darbepoetin alpha treatment for the anemia of chronic kidney disease using a computerized algorithmic approach. Besarab, A; Chalhoub, E; Faber, MD; Frinak, S; Peterson, E; Yee, J; Zasuwa, G, 2011)	0.37
"Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different dosing regimens of human recombinant erythropoietin (rHu-EPO) for preoperative autologous blood collection in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA)."	( Two different dosing regimens of human recombinant erythropoietin beta during preoperative autologous blood donation in patients having hip arthroplasty. Bicanic, G; Buljan, M; Delimar, D; Golubic-Cepulic, B; Nemet, D; Tripkovic, B, 2012)	0.38
"Although different dosing regimens of rHu-EPO administration during preoperative autologous blood donation have similar effects on the collection of two units of autologous blood, preoperative haemoglobin level and perioperative allogenic blood transfusion, a once weekly dose regimen of rHu-EPO was more convenient (although not statistically significantly) for patients."	( Two different dosing regimens of human recombinant erythropoietin beta during preoperative autologous blood donation in patients having hip arthroplasty. Bicanic, G; Buljan, M; Delimar, D; Golubic-Cepulic, B; Nemet, D; Tripkovic, B, 2012)	0.38
" Children who ingested 75% or more of the prescribed dosage were classified as high adhesion, while the others were classified as low adhesion, according to the mothers' testimonials."	( [Implementation and impact of the National Iron Supplementation Program in the city of Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais]. Azeredo, CM; Cássia Lanes Ribeiro, Rd; Cotta, RM; Franceschini, Sdo C; Sant'ana, LF; Silva, LS, 2011)	0.37
" The stability of iron storage and ESA dosage is important for maintaining stable Hb levels."	( The impact of ferritin fluctuations on stable hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis patients. Furuta, M; Hasuike, Y; Kida, A; Kitamura, R; Kuragano, T; Nakanishi, T; Nonoguchi, H; Otaki, Y; Yahiro, M, 2012)	0.38
"NTBI responses in both a fasting and post-oral iron dosing situation were related to serum iron concentration and ferritin status."	( Impact of oral iron challenges on circulating non-transferrin-bound iron in healthy Guatemalan males. Georgiou, NA; Kroll, S; Marx, JJ; Romero-Abal, ME; Schümann, K; Solomons, NW; Weiss, G, 2012)	0.38
"In any context of iron supplementation in the prenatal prophylaxis or therapeutic dosage range, a large amount will remain unabsorbed and pass through the intestinal tract into the colonic digesta possibly causing increased oxidation."	( Equivalent effects on fecal reactive oxygen species generation with oral supplementation of three iron compounds: ferrous sulfate, sodium iron EDTA and iron polymaltose. Arriaga, C; Orozco, MN; Schümann, K; Solomons, NW, 2012)	0.59
" Under optimal reaction conditions that included a current density of 30 mA cm(-2), FeSO(4) dosage of 10mM, initial pH of 3, and cathode area of 20 cm(2), the TOC and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies were 82% and 51% after 6h of the E-Fenton treatment."	( Electro-Fenton treatment of concentrates generated in nanofiltration of biologically pretreated landfill leachate. Li, X; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhen, L, 2012)	0.38
"Oral iron supplementation with ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄) at dosage levels suggested by the international guidelines poses a safety hazard to young children with malaria."	( Oral administration of ferrous sulfate, but not of iron polymaltose or sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaFeEDTA), results in a substantial increase of non-transferrin-bound iron in healthy iron-adequate men. Marx, J; Orozco, M; Romero-Abal, ME; Schümann, K; Solomons, NW; Weiss, G, 2012)	0.98
" The effect of cation dependency, pH tolerance and dosage requirement on flocculating ability of the strain was determined by flocculation assay with kaolin as the suspended particle."	( Cation dependence, pH tolerance, and dosage requirement of a bioflocculant produced by Bacillus spp. UPMB13: flocculation performance optimization through kaolin assays. Aris, AZ; Shamsuddin, ZH; Yusoff, MK; Zulkeflee, Z, 2012)	0.38
"Wheat flour and maize meal were sourced in Kenya, South Africa, and Tanzania, and the iron compound (sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate [NaFeEDTA], ferrous fumarate, or ferrous sulfate) was varied and dosed at rates according to the WHO guidelines for consumption of 75 to 149 g/day of wheat flour and > 300 g/day of maize meal and tested again for 150 to 300 g/day for both."	( Fortification of wheat flour and maize meal with different iron compounds: results of a series of baking trials. Johnson, Q; Randall, P; Verster, A, 2012)	0.57
"Rigorous data are sparse concerning the optimal route of administration and dosing strategy for iron therapy with or without concomitant erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) therapy for the management of iron deficiency anaemia in patients with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (ND-CKD)."	( The FIND-CKD study--a randomized controlled trial of intravenous iron versus oral iron in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients: background and rationale. Bock, A; Carrera, F; Cushway, T; Eckardt, KU; Gaillard, C; Macdougall, IC; Roger, SD; Roubert, B; Van Wyck, D, 2014)	0.4
"FIND-CKD was a 56-week, open-label, multicentre, prospective, randomized three-arm study (NCT00994318) of 626 patients with ND-CKD and iron deficiency anaemia randomized to (i) intravenous (IV) ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) at an initial dose of 1000 mg iron with subsequent dosing as necessary to target a serum ferritin level of 400-600 µg/L (ii) IV FCM at an initial dose of 200 mg with subsequent dosing as necessary to target serum ferritin 100-200 µg/L or (iii) oral ferrous sulphate 200 mg iron/day."	( The FIND-CKD study--a randomized controlled trial of intravenous iron versus oral iron in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients: background and rationale. Bock, A; Carrera, F; Cushway, T; Eckardt, KU; Gaillard, C; Macdougall, IC; Roger, SD; Roubert, B; Van Wyck, D, 2014)	0.4
" Analysis of the concentration of iron(II) in the supernatant indicated that phosphorus was mainly removed via adsorption to amorphous iron oxyhydroxides particles in both dosing scenarios."	( Removal of phosphorus from wastewaters using ferrous salts - a pilot scale membrane bioreactor study. Leslie, G; Tng, KH; Waite, TD; Wang, Y; Wu, H, 2014)	0.4
" Here we present an assessment of the effects of pH and iron salt dosing on the sorption of ciprofloxacin onto activated sludge using laboratory experiments and full-scale fate modelling."	( Factors influencing sorption of ciprofloxacin onto activated sludge: experimental assessment and modelling implications. Dott, W; Lehnberg, K; Plósz, BG; Polesel, F; Thomas, KV; Trapp, S, 2015)	0.42
" In this process, permanganate [Mn(VII)] and ferrous sulfate [Fe(II)] were dosed sequentially prior to Al."	( Mn(VII)-Fe(II) pre-treatment for Microcystis aeruginosa removal by Al coagulation: simultaneous enhanced cyanobacterium removal and residual coagulant control. Liu, H; Liu, R; Ma, M; Qu, J, 2014)	0.66
" The study highlights that iron supplementation under hypobaric hypoxia environment has possible limitation, and efficient supplementation form and dosage need careful consideration."	( Effect of iron supplementation on the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor and antioxidant status in rats exposed to high-altitude hypoxia environment. Bao, S; Dong, C; Gao, X; Han, T; Xu, C, 2014)	0.4
" The mean age of participants was different, and the dosage and frequency of ferrous sulphate differed."	( Systematic review and meta-analysis: what is the evidence for oral iron supplementation in treating anaemia in elderly people? Soiza, RL; Tay, HS, 2015)	0.42
" Blood samples were collected before dosing and until 24 h post-dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of Ferrous Sulphate (Tardyferon®) after Single Oral Dose Administration in Women with Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Barthe, L; Brunner, V; Clavel, T; Edmond, JM; Leary, A; Oulmi-Castel, M; Paillard, B; Sanchez, C, 2016)	0.43
" To improve coking wastewater's biodegradability, a minimum ferrous dosage is required to complete the first step reaction."	( Removal of cyanide compounds from coking wastewater by ferrous sulfate: Improvement of biodegradability. Wei, C; Wu, H; Xu, R; Yu, X, 2016)	0.68
"5-fold more severe cellular senescence, as compared to the control, dependent on the dosage of fructose."	( High Consumption of Iron Exacerbates Hyperlipidemia, Atherosclerosis, and Female Sterility in Zebrafish via Acceleration of Glycation and Degradation of Serum Lipoproteins. Cho, KH; Kim, JR; Kim, SH; Kim, SJ; Yadav, D, 2017)	0.46
" The paper also considers the clinical significance of a dosage form of iron-containing drugs with a sustained iron release, as well as ways to reduce the frequency and magnitude of side effects when ferrous sulfate is used."	( [Ferrous sulfate in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia: The positions continue]. Dvoretsky, LI, )	1.23
" Further attention should examine the dose-response effect in children, including an alternate day dosing schedule."	( Use of a Probiotic to Enhance Iron Absorption in a Randomized Trial of Pediatric Patients Presenting with Iron Deficiency. Barnes, TL; Griffin, KH; Larson, A; Morrissette, S; Rosen, GM; Stading, P, 2019)	0.51
" A compensatory increase in iron dosage has many side effects including discomfort."	( In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of Mesoporous Iron Particles for Iron Bioavailability. Chen, JK; Jakfar, S; Liao, YJ; Lin, FH; Lin, JF; Tang, ZB; Wu, CC, 2019)	0.51
" The lowest compliance corresponded to adequate dosage (29."	( Evaluation of the prescription pattern of ferrous sulfate as a therapy for preventing iron deficiency anemia in infants. Aguilar-Ramírez, M; Elizarrarás-Rivas, J; Galicia-Rodríguez, L; Hernández-Vásquez, MJ; Solano-Ceh, A; Vargas-Daza, ER; Vásquez-Guzmán, RA; Villarreal-Ríos, E, 2022)	0.99

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Item	Process	Frequency
Plant-based foods and beverages	core-ingredient	1,905
Plant-based foods	core-ingredient	1,904
Cereals and potatoes	core-ingredient	1,853
Cereals and their products	core-ingredient	1,514
Pastas	core-ingredient	1,455
Meals	core-ingredient	1,264
Frozen foods	core-ingredient	657
Snacks	core-ingredient	471
Pasta dishes	core-ingredient	416
Soups	core-ingredient	344
Breads	core-ingredient	336
Sweet snacks	core-ingredient	316
Biscuits and cakes	core-ingredient	288
Pizzas	core-ingredient	273
Pizzas pies and quiches	core-ingredient	273
Cakes	core-ingredient	201
Cooking helpers	core-ingredient	176
Canned foods	core-ingredient	151
Canned meals	core-ingredient	149
Canned soups	core-ingredient	146
Noodles	core-ingredient	145
Seafood	core-ingredient	112
Spaghetti	core-ingredient	102
Stews	core-ingredient	100
Frozen seafood	core-ingredient	93
Stuffed pastas	core-ingredient	90
Prepared salads	core-ingredient	87
Meats and their products	core-ingredient	86
Salads	core-ingredient	85
Ravioli	core-ingredient	77
Pastries	core-ingredient	71
Pie dough	core-ingredient	70
Meat ravioli	core-ingredient	58
Pasta stuffed with meat	core-ingredient	58
Meals with meat	core-ingredient	58
Beef dishes	core-ingredient	56
Rice dishes	core-ingredient	56
Beef ravioli	core-ingredient	51
Salty snacks	core-ingredient	37
Fishes	core-ingredient	34
Penne rigate	core-ingredient	33
Penne	core-ingredient	33
Breaded products	core-ingredient	32
Bread crumbs	core-ingredient	28
Fishes and their products	core-ingredient	28
Appetizers	core-ingredient	28
Meats	core-ingredient	27
Fish fingers	core-ingredient	27
Breaded fish	core-ingredient	27
Fish preparations	core-ingredient	27
Biscuits	core-ingredient	26
Macaroni and cheese	core-ingredient	24
Confectioneries	core-ingredient	23
Special breads	core-ingredient	23
Groceries	core-ingredient	22
Pasta salads	core-ingredient	21
Condiments	core-ingredient	21
Chips and fries	core-ingredient	21
Sandwiches	core-ingredient	19
Crisps	core-ingredient	19
Fruits and vegetables based foods	core-ingredient	18
Sauces	core-ingredient	17
Dry pastas	core-ingredient	15
Vegetables based foods	core-ingredient	12
Dried products	core-ingredient	12
Frozen plant-based foods	core-ingredient	11
Frozen meats	core-ingredient	11
Dried products to be rehydrated	core-ingredient	11
Deep dish pizza	core-ingredient	11
Frozen vegetables	core-ingredient	10
en:Cereals and their products	core-ingredient	10
en:Cereals and potatoes	core-ingredient	10
en:Plant-based foods	core-ingredient	10
en:Plant-based foods and beverages	core-ingredient	10
Meat alternatives	core-ingredient	9
Cheese ravioli	core-ingredient	9
Pasta stuffed with cheese	core-ingredient	9
Tortellini	core-ingredient	9
Pasta	core-ingredient	9
English muffins	core-ingredient	9
Pepperoni pizzas	core-ingredient	8
Pastry helpers	core-ingredient	8
it:Ditalini	core-ingredient	8
Meat analogues	core-ingredient	7
Dessert mixes	core-ingredient	7
Baking Mixes	core-ingredient	7
White breads	core-ingredient	7
Pizza Crust	core-ingredient	6
it:Acini di pepe	core-ingredient	6
Beef	core-ingredient	6
Prepared meats	core-ingredient	6
Cake mixes	core-ingredient	6
Toaster pastries	core-ingredient	6
Corn chips	core-ingredient	6
Frozen Pizzas	core-ingredient	6
Desserts	core-ingredient	6
Cheese pizzas	core-ingredient	5
Vegetarian pizzas	core-ingredient	5
Beverages	core-ingredient	5
Potato crisps	core-ingredient	5
Hot dog buns	core-ingredient	5
Bagel breads	core-ingredient	5
Vegetable soups	core-ingredient	5
Durum wheat pasta	core-ingredient	5
Cereal pastas	core-ingredient	5
Croutons	core-ingredient	5
Frozen pizzas and pies	core-ingredient	5
Tilapia	core-ingredient	5
Microwave meals	core-ingredient	4
Muffins	core-ingredient	4
Poultries	core-ingredient	4
Meat preparations	core-ingredient	4
Chicken and its products	core-ingredient	4
Egg noodles	core-ingredient	4
Egg pastas	core-ingredient	4
Meal kits	core-ingredient	4
Crackers	core-ingredient	4
Candies	core-ingredient	4
Dairies	core-ingredient	4
Hamburger buns	core-ingredient	4
Instant noodles	core-ingredient	4
Rigatoni	core-ingredient	4
Pasta sauces	core-ingredient	4
Frozen desserts	core-ingredient	4
Chicken nuggets	core-ingredient	3
Breaded chicken	core-ingredient	3
Poultry nuggets	core-ingredient	3
Chicken preparations	core-ingredient	3
Chickens	core-ingredient	3
Ravioli with ricotta and spinach	core-ingredient	3
Frozen cakes and pastries	core-ingredient	3
Mexican Dinner Mixes	core-ingredient	3
en:crisps	core-ingredient	3
Pâtes alimentaires	core-ingredient	3
Céréales et dérivés	core-ingredient	3
Céréales et pommes de terre	core-ingredient	3
Aliments d'origine végétale	core-ingredient	3
Aliments et boissons à base de végétaux	core-ingredient	3
Gnocchi	core-ingredient	3
Cocoa and its products	core-ingredient	3
Cheeses	core-ingredient	3
Fermented milk products	core-ingredient	3
Fermented foods	core-ingredient	3
Dehydrated sauces	core-ingredient	3
Wheat breads	core-ingredient	3
Instant noodle soups	core-ingredient	3
Whole-wheat-spaghetti	core-ingredient	3
Prepared lasagne	core-ingredient	3
Canned vegetable soups	core-ingredient	3
Pizza dough	core-ingredient	3
Bakery products	core-ingredient	3
Refrigerated foods	core-ingredient	3
fr:Repas	core-ingredient	3
Cooked chicken	core-ingredient	2
Cooked poultries	core-ingredient	2
Hamburgers	core-ingredient	2
Specific products	core-ingredient	2
Pasta with meat	core-ingredient	2
en:pasta-dishes	core-ingredient	2
Dehydrated beverages	core-ingredient	2
Minestrone soups	core-ingredient	2
Potato gnocchi	core-ingredient	2
en:rigatoni	core-ingredient	2
Chocolate candies	core-ingredient	2
Bars	core-ingredient	2
Fish fillets	core-ingredient	2
Mozzarella sticks	core-ingredient	2
Fried foods	core-ingredient	2
Breaded cheeses	core-ingredient	2
Sliced breads	core-ingredient	2
Broths	core-ingredient	2
Chicken Noodle soup	core-ingredient	2
Chicken and vegetables soup	core-ingredient	2
Reheatable soups	core-ingredient	2
Alfredo sauces	core-ingredient	2
Cereal semolinas	core-ingredient	2
Tortelloni	core-ingredient	2
Bolognese lasagne	core-ingredient	2
Meat lasagnas	core-ingredient	2
en:Spaghetti	core-ingredient	2
Sopas	core-ingredient	2
Comidas preparadas	core-ingredient	2
Sausages	core-ingredient	2
Chicken soups	core-ingredient	2
Beef and its products	core-ingredient	2
Canned raviolis	core-ingredient	2
Stuffing	core-ingredient	2
Cereales y patatas	core-ingredient	2
Alimentos de origen vegetal	core-ingredient	2
Alimentos y bebidas de origen vegetal	core-ingredient	2
en:noodles	core-ingredient	2
Pound Cake	core-ingredient	2
Dry durum wheat pasta	core-ingredient	2
Seeds	core-ingredient	2
Instant pasta with cheese	core-ingredient	2
Puff pastry sheets	core-ingredient	2
Instant pasta	core-ingredient	2
Pancakes	core-ingredient	2
Crêpes and galettes	core-ingredient	2
Pancake mixes	core-ingredient	2
Meal replacements	core-ingredient	2
Rotini	core-ingredient	2
Sushis	core-ingredient	1
Sushis-and-makis	core-ingredient	1
Frozen snacks and starters	core-ingredient	1
Licensed products	core-ingredient	1
Frozen ready-made meals	core-ingredient	1
frozen pasta and vegetables	core-ingredient	1
Pasta with beef	core-ingredient	1
Seasoning Mix	core-ingredient	1
Vitamins	core-ingredient	1
Dietary supplements	core-ingredient	1
Banana Nut Loaf	core-ingredient	1
en:Pasta with cheese sauce	core-ingredient	1
Comidas para microondas	core-ingredient	1
en:Macaroni and cheese	core-ingredient	1
en:pastas	core-ingredient	1
Frozen-pasta	core-ingredient	1
Creamer	core-ingredient	1
Milk substitutes	core-ingredient	1
Dairy substitutes	core-ingredient	1
en:Cheese Stick	core-ingredient	1
Patatas fritas de maíz	core-ingredient	1
Productos sin gluten	core-ingredient	1
en:Products for specific diets	core-ingredient	1
Chips fritos	core-ingredient	1
en:Specific products	core-ingredient	1
en:Chips and fries	core-ingredient	1
Aperitivos	core-ingredient	1
Snacks salados	core-ingredient	1
Botanas	core-ingredient	1
Products without gluten	core-ingredient	1
Products for specific diets	core-ingredient	1
Puffed salty snacks	core-ingredient	1
Salty snacks crackers garnished with cheese	core-ingredient	1
Snacks Salty snacks Appetizers Crackers	core-ingredient	1
Cheese flavored snacks	core-ingredient	1
en:puffed-salty-snacks	core-ingredient	1
Snack food	core-ingredient	1
Chip	core-ingredient	1
Cornmeal	core-ingredient	1
Cereal flours	core-ingredient	1
Flours	core-ingredient	1
Chocolate sandwich cookies	core-ingredient	1
Filled biscuits	core-ingredient	1
Chocolate biscuity bars	core-ingredient	1
Bars covered with chocolate	core-ingredient	1
Bonbons	core-ingredient	1
White chocolates	core-ingredient	1
Chocolates	core-ingredient	1
Salmon fillets	core-ingredient	1
Salmons	core-ingredient	1
Fatty fishes	core-ingredient	1
Lobster bisque	core-ingredient	1
Wheat flatbreads	core-ingredient	1
Flatbreads	core-ingredient	1
Multigrain sliced breads	core-ingredient	1
Soup-mix	core-ingredient	1
Dehydrated soups	core-ingredient	1
Dried meals	core-ingredient	1
fr:Fettuccine	core-ingredient	1
Enzymes	core-ingredient	1
Cheese pasta	core-ingredient	1
Corn semolinas	core-ingredient	1
Condensed soup	core-ingredient	1
Macaroni	core-ingredient	1
Hollandaise sauce	core-ingredient	1
Dried plant-based foods	core-ingredient	1
Meals Soups	core-ingredient	1
Beef meat balls with tomato sauce	core-ingredient	1
Beef meat balls	core-ingredient	1
Meat balls	core-ingredient	1
Beef preparations	core-ingredient	1
Noodle soup	core-ingredient	1
Canned legume	core-ingredient	1
Prepared vegetables	core-ingredient	1
Canned plant-based foods	core-ingredient	1
Legumes	core-ingredient	1
Legumes and their products	core-ingredient	1
Vegetarian	core-ingredient	1
Easy open	core-ingredient	1
canned chicken noodle soup	core-ingredient	1
Precooked rices	core-ingredient	1
Rice-in-a-box	core-ingredient	1
Pots	core-ingredient	1
Soupes	core-ingredient	1
Plats préparés	core-ingredient	1
Pasta meal	core-ingredient	1
Canned pasta	core-ingredient	1
Macaroni de blé dur	core-ingredient	1
Pâtes de blé dur	core-ingredient	1
Pâtes sèches	core-ingredient	1
Pâtes alimentaires de céréales	core-ingredient	1
Nouilles	core-ingredient	1
Acini Di Pepe	core-ingredient	1
Durum wheat macaroni	core-ingredient	1
en:Croutons with garlic	core-ingredient	1
Croûton	core-ingredient	1
Panes	core-ingredient	1
Rice vermicelli	core-ingredient	1
Chicken sandwiches	core-ingredient	1
Poultry sandwiches	core-ingredient	1
Crutones	core-ingredient	1
Ready to eat	core-ingredient	1
Casserole	core-ingredient	1
Cauliflowers	core-ingredient	1
Leaf vegetables	core-ingredient	1
Pappardelle	core-ingredient	1
Frozen poultry	core-ingredient	1
Wheat semolinas	core-ingredient	1
Pasta salad with tuna	core-ingredient	1
Pasta salad with fish	core-ingredient	1
Breaded onion rings	core-ingredient	1
Frozen plant-based foods mixes	core-ingredient	1
Durum wheat plates for lasagna	core-ingredient	1
Flaky biscuits	core-ingredient	1
Breadsticks	core-ingredient	1
Contient de l'huile de palme	core-ingredient	1
Croissants	core-ingredient	1
Viennoiseries	core-ingredient	1
Chicken pizza	core-ingredient	1
Tests	core-ingredient	1
Non food products	core-ingredient	1
Cheese Sticks	core-ingredient	1
Elbow Pasta	core-ingredient	1
Meat tortellinis	core-ingredient	1
Instant pasta with beef	core-ingredient	1
Pasta and Sauce Mix	core-ingredient	1
frozen pancakes	core-ingredient	1
Penne pasta in tomato sauce topped with feta cheese	core-ingredient	1
Froze	core-ingredient	1
Broccoli	core-ingredient	1
Vegetables	core-ingredient	1
Instant pasta with chicken	core-ingredient	1
Salted snacks	core-ingredient	1
Bread	core-ingredient	1
Vegetarian pasta salads	core-ingredient	1
Enriched Marcaroni	core-ingredient	1
Chocolate croissant	core-ingredient	1
Sweet pastries and pies	core-ingredient	1
Frozen pasta	core-ingredient	1
Shrimp scampi	core-ingredient	1
Sodas	core-ingredient	1
Carbonated drinks	core-ingredient	1
170	core-ingredient	1
Vegetarian meal	core-ingredient	1
Two-crust	core-ingredient	1
Pies	core-ingredient	1
Farfalle	core-ingredient	1
Dry Pas	core-ingredient	1
fr:Rations-alimentaires	core-ingredient	1
Notnahrung	core-ingredient	1
Bouillon pots	core-ingredient	1
Dairy desserts	core-ingredient	1
Pizza pastry base	core-ingredient	1
Espaguetis	core-ingredient	1
Pasta seca	core-ingredient	1
Pastas alimenticias	core-ingredient	1
Cereales y derivados	core-ingredient	1
Biscuits et gâteaux	core-ingredient	1
sucrés	core-ingredient	1

Role	Description
reducing agent	The element or compound in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction that donates an electron to another species.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
metal sulfate	Sulfate salts where the cation is a metal ion.
iron molecular entity
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
anthocyanidin acylglucoside and acylsambubioside biosynthesis	3	20
anthocyanidin sambubioside biosynthesis	1	15
anthocyanidin acylglucoside and acylsambubioside biosynthesis	3	27
anthocyanidin sambubioside biosynthesis	1	17

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Luciferase	Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)	Potency	80.1608	0.0072	15.7588	89.3584	AID1224835
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	26.1672	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID743063
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.6150	0.0015	30.6073	15,848.9004	AID1224841
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	13.8918	0.0010	19.4141	70.9645	AID743094
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	69.5987	0.0006	27.2152	1,122.0200	AID743219
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	362 (18.41)	18.7374
1990's	402 (20.45)	18.2507
2000's	577 (29.35)	29.6817
2010's	508 (25.84)	24.3611
2020's	117 (5.95)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	372 (17.53%)	5.53%
Reviews	78 (3.68%)	6.00%
Case Studies	160 (7.54%)	4.05%
Observational	8 (0.38%)	0.25%
Other	1,504 (70.88%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	1.97	1	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.13	1	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.91	4	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.71	6	1	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.39	2	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.02	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.29	6	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2.06	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
benzene [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.4	7	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	1.96	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.73	3	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.72	3	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.48	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	1.99	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	7.74	20	3	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	6.48	57	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.15	5	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.37	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
3-methylcatechol 3-methylbenzene-1,2-diol: structure in first source. dihydroxytoluene : Any hydroxytoluene that has two hydroxy substituents. 3-methylcatechol : A methylcatechol carrying a methyl substituent at position 3. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by some bacteria capable of degrading nitroaromatic compounds present in pesticide-contaminated soil samples.	2.37	2	0	methylcatechol	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	4.7	6	1	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.01	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.42	2	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.03	1	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	2.11	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase.	1.96	1	0	omega-(methylthio)-2-oxocarboxylic acid
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.6	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.24	6	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.03	1	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	9.11	28	9	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.17	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glycolaldehyde [no description available]	1.96	1	0	glycolaldehydes	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.66	3	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.01	1	0
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	3.11	5	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.11	1	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.02	1	0	imidazole
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	4.93	2	1	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.06	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	1.97	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.75	3	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	7.89	14	5	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	1.97	1	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	1.99	1	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	8.1	5	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.4	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.17	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	4.09	15	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.97	4	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.42	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.13	1	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.4	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.05	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.11	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.76	3	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	4.33	4	1	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	3.85	2	1	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.98	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pteridines [no description available]	2.39	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	3.06	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	1.98	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	3.06	5	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.49	2	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	1.97	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	2.73	3	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	3.38	7	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	3.81	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	8.4	7	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	2.48	2	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	4.07	3	1	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.02	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	1.97	1	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	1.97	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.72	3	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.76	3	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uroporphyrinogen iii Uroporphyrinogens: Porphyrinogens which are intermediates in heme biosynthesis. They have four acetic acid and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Uroporphyrinogen I and III are formed from polypyrryl methane in the presence of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase and uroporphyrin I synthetase, respectively. They can yield uroporphyrins by autooxidation or coproporphyrinogens by decarboxylation.	1.96	1	0	uroporphyrinogen	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	3.69	10	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	3.61	9	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2	1	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.04	1	0
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.73	3	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	3.39	7	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	2	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.07	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.39	2	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	3.29	6	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	3.09	5	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	6.98	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.01	1	0	monoazo compound
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	6.27	6	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
albendazole [no description available]	3.84	2	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	3.19	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	1.99	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	1.99	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
theophylline [no description available]	2.38	2	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.21	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.89	4	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.03	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	1.93	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	1.98	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.02	1	0
caffeine [no description available]	3.79	3	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	1.98	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.4	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.04	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.21	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	4.08	3	1	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.25	1	0
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	5.91	9	3	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.37	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
dapsone [no description available]	7.59	5	4	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.1	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	3.27	6	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	8.76	57	1	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.1	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	3.06	1	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	3.5	8	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	1.99	1	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	1.93	1	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.68	3	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	3.17	1	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.	3.06	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative
ebastine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.05	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	2.01	1	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.91	4	0
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	8.37	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.39	2	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.76	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
go 6976 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.38	2	0
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	1.99	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
beta-thujaplicin beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.	2.02	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; monoterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; plant metabolite
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	1.97	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	1.96	1	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.9	1	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hypericin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	1.97	1	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.07	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	3.43	1	1	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	3.37	1	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.01	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	4.07	3	1	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.17	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	1.97	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.04	1	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	4.07	3	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	1.99	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.38	2	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	3.37	1	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	5.03	5	2	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	7.45	2	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.91	4	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	1.99	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	1.97	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol 4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.	2.11	1	0	monochlorophenol
pentoxifylline [no description available]	1.99	1	0	oxopurine
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.01	1	0	pyridines
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	3.17	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenoxine pirenoxine: structure given in second source	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.91	4	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	4.35	1	1	isoquinolines
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	1.98	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.68	3	0	diarylmethane
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.66	3	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.7	3	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	1.99	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	1.99	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.39	2	0
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	7.61	5	4	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	1.97	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	1.96	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.04	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.49	2	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	1.97	1	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline: An antiprotozoal agent used to combat coccidial infections of swine, cattle, fowl, and other veterinary animals. Also used in controlling outbreaks of fowl typhoid and fowl cholera and in treatment of infectious enteritis.	2.15	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.38	2	0
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	1.96	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	1.99	1	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	2.13	1	0	amino acid
trimeprazine Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.	1.93	1	0	phenothiazines
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.72	3	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	2.02	1	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.38	2	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	1.96	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.35	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.37	2	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	4.48	5	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	7.66	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	3.64	3	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.92	4	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
adrenochrome Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.	1.98	1	0	indoles
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.41	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.91	4	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.15	1	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.89	3	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.13	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	4.2	5	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	11.69	10	6	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.37	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	4.63	6	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.49	2	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	1.98	1	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	5.94	2	2	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	5	3	3	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	9.47	5	1	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	12.3	73	15	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	1.96	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.42	2	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	1.96	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.03	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.69	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine diphosphate Cytidine Diphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.	1.97	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	4.28	4	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.4	2	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.44	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	3.19	1	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.1	5	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.73	3	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2.06	1	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	1.98	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
mannitol [no description available]	3.23	6	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	1.97	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2.37	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	1.97	1	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.04	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.	1.98	1	0	N-substituted diamine; secondary amino compound	antioxidant
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.74	3	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.37	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.68	3	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
bromotrichloromethane Bromotrichloromethane: A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride.	1.96	1	0
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	3.71	10	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.42	2	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tetraethyl lead Tetraethyl Lead: A highly toxic compound used as a gasoline additive. It causes acute toxic psychosis or chronic poisoning if inhaled or absorbed through the skin.. tetraethyllead : An organolead compound consisting of four ethyl groups joined to a central lead atom.	1.98	1	0	organolead compound
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2.08	1	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	2.41	2	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
alpha-pinene [no description available]	2.1	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	1.98	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.41	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	2.38	2	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	carbazole
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	2.13	1	0	penicillanic acids
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid 1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid: dye and found in industrial waste	2.01	1	0
fenoprop fenoprop: RN given is for parent cpd; structure	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	phenoxy herbicide
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	1.98	1	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	1.98	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-nitroaniline [no description available]	2.39	2	0	nitroaniline	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
terephthalic acid terephthalic acid: RN given refers to 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. terephthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.	2.71	3	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	3.51	1	1	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
acrylonitrile [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.15	1	0	alkane
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	7.37	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
hydracrylonitrile hydracrylonitrile: structure	1.96	1	0
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.11	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2.31	1	0	cycloalkene
n-butoxyethanol n-butoxyethanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-butoxyethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.	2.71	3	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.02	1	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.49	2	0	dichlorophenol
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	2.94	4	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.15	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.69	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.1	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	1.96	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.37	2	0	organic molecular entity
potassium cyanide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	3.14	5	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.05	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.39	2	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
thiazoles [no description available]	2.94	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	7.36	2	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	1.96	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
cyanoacetic acid cyanoacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acetic acid bearing a cyano substituent.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
4-methylcatechol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	methylcatechol	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; hapten; human metabolite; plant metabolite
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	2.38	2	0	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	5.66	10	2	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	4.19	5	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
phorone phorone: an industrial solvent; structure	1.98	1	0	dialkenyl ketone
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	3.08	5	0
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.03	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	4.92	4	2	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	4.92	4	2	organic molecular entity
coumarin-3-carboxylic acid coumarin-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	coumarins
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	2.02	1	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.04	1	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	7.58	52	3	dialdehyde	biomarker
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	2.01	1	0
siderite ferrous carbonate : A carbonate salt in which the counter-ion is iron in the +2 oxidation state.	3.91	2	1	carbonate mineral; carbonate salt; iron molecular entity; one-carbon compound
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.01	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	1.99	1	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.12	5	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
su 10603 SU 10603: 17-OH-steroid hydroxylase antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
calcium lactate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
4-methylimidazole 4-methylimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylimidazole : Imidazole substituted at position 4 by a methyl group.	2.13	1	0	imidazoles	carcinogenic agent; reaction intermediate
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	2.03	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.32	6	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	4.66	3	2	zinc molecular entity
ferrous sulfide ferrous sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-S; mackinawite & troilite both have MF Fe-S	2.08	1	0
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	2.03	1	0
ferrous oxide [no description available]	1.93	1	0	iron oxide
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	4.59	26	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.7	3	0
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.02	1	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
diphenyldiselenide diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.91	4	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.49	2	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
4-chlorobiphenyl 4-chlorobiphenyl : A monochlorobiphenyl carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	1.98	1	0	monochlorobiphenyl
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	2.08	1	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
4-chlorocatechol 4-chlorocatechol : A chlorocatechol that is catechol substituted by a chloro group at position 4.	2.11	1	0	chlorocatechol; monochlorobenzenes	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	2.05	1	0	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.1	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	1.97	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
c.i. direct blue 1 [no description available]	2.07	1	0
copper(ii) nitrate copper(II) nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt having copper(2+) as the couterion.	2.03	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.06	1	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.68	10	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
zinc carbonate [no description available]	2.15	1	0	organooxygen compound
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	6.11	9	1	carbon oxoanion
3-chlorocatechol 3-chlorocatechol: inhibits catechol-2,3-dioxygenase. chlorocatechol : Any member of the class of catechols that is catechol substituted by at least one chloro group.. 3-chlorocatechol : A chlorocatechol that is catechol in which the hydrogen adjacent to one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a chlorine.	1.96	1	0	chlorocatechol; monochlorobenzenes
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	2.44	2	0
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.03	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
ferrous lactate [no description available]	4.69	6	1	lactate salt
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.12	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	2.04	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
dysprosium Dysprosium: An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts.	3.5	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.25	1	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.9	4	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	7.82	3	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.66	3	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.31	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	1.96	1	0	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	8.15	5	0	titanium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	7.21	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	3.74	10	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.04	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	5.98	25	1	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.68	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	2.17	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.73	3	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
californium Californium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	1.99	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
lead sulfate lead sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-SO4	1.92	1	0
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	3.27	6	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	3.79	11	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.41	2	0	sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	1.99	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	4.21	5	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	11.2	43	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.44	2	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
sodium pyrophosphate sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.	3.51	1	1	inorganic sodium salt	chelator; food emulsifier; food thickening agent
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	2.15	1	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	11.61	27	2	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	1.96	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.41	2	0	inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite [no description available]	2.98	4	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	1.97	1	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	1.97	1	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	3.81	2	1	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	8.9	12	0	iron coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.68	3	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	10.91	24	1	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.49	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.7	3	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	2.39	2	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.02	1	0	dihydrogen
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.5	2	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	1.99	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2.15	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.04	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.71	3	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	10.4	19	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	10.56	16	1	aluminium sulfate
ferric phosphate ferric phosphate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(3+) phosphate : An inorganic phosphate having Fe(3+) as the counterion.	3.79	4	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic phosphate; iron molecular entity
ammonium ferric sulfate ammonium ferrous sulfate: supplies nutritional iron. ferrous ammonium sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of ammonium, iron and sulfate in which the ratio of ammonium to iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 2:1:2.	2.41	2	0	ammonium salt; iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	ferroptosis inducer
ferric pyrophosphate ferric pyrophosphate : An iron coordination entity composed from Fe(3+) cations and diphosphate(4-) anions in a 4:3 ratio.	9.63	22	10	iron coordination entity
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	2.47	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.04	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.9	4	0	cadmium coordination entity
calcium nitrate calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.	2.42	2	0	calcium salt; inorganic nitrate salt	fertilizer
cobalt sulfate cobalt sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. cobalt(2+) sulfate : A compound of cobalt and sulfate in which the ratio of cobalt (+2 oxidation state) to sulfate is 1:1.	2.05	1	0	metal sulfate
ferric nitrate ferric nitrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3) salt	7.69	3	0
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.43	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	8.15	5	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
mopidamol Mopidamol: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor which inhibits platelet aggregation. Formerly used as an antineoplastic.	1.98	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
tetrathionic acid Tetrathionic Acid: A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.	2.01	1	0	sulfur oxoacid
ferric nitrilotriacetate ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)	2.94	4	0	iron chelate	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.25	1	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
nickel sulfide nickel sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-S; see also nickel subsulfide: 12035-72-2	2.05	1	0
fluorides [no description available]	2.06	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	5.37	13	1	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
iodine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
osmium tetroxide Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.	1.99	1	0	osmium coordination entity	fixative; histological dye; oxidising agent; poison
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.65	3	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
carbamide peroxide Carbamide Peroxide: A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover.. urea hydrogen peroxide : A mixture obtained by combining equimolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea.	2.08	1	0	mixture	disinfectant; oxidising agent; reagent
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.04	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
triazophos triazophos: structure	2.44	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	19.54	71	20
3-nitro-1-propanol 3-nitro-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; N1 same as NM. 3-nitropropan-1-ol : The nitro compound formed from propan-1-ol by nitration at C-3.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound
alkenes [no description available]	2.48	2	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	3.89	12	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer	2.04	1	0	chlorphenamine
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	10.34	19	11	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	1.99	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	1.99	1	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	3.8	2	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
vanadyl sulfate [no description available]	7.02	1	0	metal sulfate; vanadium coordination entity
ferrozine Ferrozine: A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron.	2.38	2	0
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	1.98	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	3.19	1	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
norsalsolinol norsalsolinol: rigid dopamine analog; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. norsalsolinol : An isoquinolinol that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7. It is present in the dopamine-rich areas of the human brain, including the substantia nigra.	1.98	1	0	isoquinolinol	animal metabolite; apoptosis inducer; human metabolite; marine metabolite
halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria	2	1	0	phenanthrenes
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	2.05	1	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	4.05	3	1	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.43	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
n-butoxyacetic acid n-butoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.71	3	0	carboxylic acid
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	1.97	1	0
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.13	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	3.38	1	1	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	7.13	1	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	1.97	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.07	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	1.97	1	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sparfloxacin [no description available]	8.37	1	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
propyltrimethoxysilane [no description available]	7.25	1	0
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	8.69	10	0	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
1-octen-3-one 1-octen-3-one: structure in first source	7.02	1	0	olefinic compound
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.39	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
magnesium peroxide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
edda EDDA: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethylenediaminediacetic acid : An ethylenediamine derivative in which two of the four amine protons of ethylenediamine are replaced by carboxymethyl groups.	2.39	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; ethylenediamine derivative; glycine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; chelator
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.05	1	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
cuprous chloride cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.	2.42	2	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	agrochemical; molluscicide
sodium persulfate sodium persulfate: RN given refers to peroxydisulfuric acid, di-Na salt	2.8	3	0
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.38	2	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.7	3	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
diacetylfluorescein [no description available]	1.97	1	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.44	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2	1	0
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	1.97	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination: combination drug containing fanasil & pyrimethamine	2.05	1	0
n-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.41	2	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
iridium radioisotopes Iridium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.	2.9	4	0
4,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	1.99	1	0	phenanthroline
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	3.61	9	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2.96	4	0	1,2,3-triazole
duroquinone tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source. duroquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	1.99	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.4	2	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.01	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	1.98	1	0
nicaraven nicaraven: an antivasospastic substance	2.4	2	0
penicillin n penicillin N: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #6887	1.99	1	0	penicillin
xylenol orange xylenol orange: carboxylate anion which exhibits characteristic visible spectrum when attached to a metal	3.64	9	0
4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide 4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide : An organic disulfide obtained by formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-thiopyridine.	1.97	1	0	organic disulfide; pyridines
2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine: color reagent for serum iron; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.02	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
ferroin ferroin: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
v 70 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
p-chloro-diphenyl diselenide p-chloro-diphenyl diselenide: antidepressant; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.89	4	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
goethite [no description available]	2.04	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-curcumene alpha-curcumene: active priniciple in essential oils of Curcuma xanthorrhiza. alpha-curcumene : A sesquiterpene that is 2-methyl-2-heptene in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is substituted by a p-tolyl group.	1.98	1	0	sesquiterpene
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.47	2	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
diphenylditelluride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	3.68	10	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination [no description available]	1.97	1	0
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.43	2	0
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0
dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrorhodamine 123: uncharged & nonfluorescent derivative of the laser dye rhodamine 123; flow cytometric indicator for respiratory burst activity in neutrophil granulocytes	2.02	1	0
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	2.41	2	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	1.98	1	0	proanthocyanidin
parinaric acid parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15.	1.98	1	0	octadecatetraenoic acid
cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX	2.07	1	0
kt 6149 KW 2149: derivative of mitomycin C; structure in first source	1.97	1	0
kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2	1	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.39	2	0
sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine : A sulfonamide compound having a 4-hydroxylaminophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom and a 1,2-oxazol-3-yl group attached to the nitrogen atom.	2.04	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	allergen; metabolite
n-butoxyacetaldehyde n-butoxyacetaldehyde: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
glutathione monoisopropyl ester glutathione monoisopropyl ester: prevents mitochondrial damage in muscle after marked depletion of glutathione	1.98	1	0
fe(ii)-edta Fe(II)-EDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	iron coordination entity
2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol: has gastric antisecretory activity; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.01	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-hydroxyethyl radical ethoxide : An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ethanol.	1.97	1	0	organic anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-(s-glutathionyl)hydroquinone 2-(glutathion-S-yl)-1,4-hydroquinone : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,5-dihydroxyphenyl group.	1.99	1	0	aryl sulfide; glutathione conjugate; hydroquinones	human xenobiotic metabolite; nephrotoxic agent
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	7.13	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
12-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid 12-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid: emits radioluminescence when excited by radioactive decay of tritium	1.99	1	0
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
5-(2-aminoadipyl)cysteinylvaline 5-(2-aminoadipyl)cysteinylvaline: tripeptide present in fermentations of Penicillium chrysogenum; RN given refers to ((D-Val)-(S))-isomer	1.97	1	0
cholesterol hydroperoxide cholesterol hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer	1.98	1	0
ra 642 RA 642: has central hypertensive properties; structure	1.98	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	8.4	1	1	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.4	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.67	3	0	D-xylose
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.72	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	3.39	1	1	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.4	2	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	6.19	43	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	3.19	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	2.15	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
deacetoxycephalosporin c deacetoxycephalosporin C: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(R*)))-isomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	cephalosporin
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	5.53	21	0
allysine L-allysine : An optically active form of allysine having L-configuration.	2.11	1	0	allysine; amino acid zwitterion; aminoadipate semialdehyde; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desmethylnaproxen desmethylnaproxen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. desmethylnaproxen : A member of the class of naphthols that is naproxen in which the 6-methoxy group has been demethylated.	1.98	1	0
iron-ethylenediamine-n,n'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) [no description available]	2.05	1	0
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
phacolysin phacolysin: cpd not in Chemline 7/14/83; RN in 9th CI Form Index for 5,12-dihydroquinoxalino(2,3-b)phenazine-2,9-disulfonic acid (phacolysin in Negwer, 5th ed, #3514; MF=C18H12N4O6S2): 1790-56-3; different structure given for phacolysin in UD 24:43a (C21H17NO6S2) than in Negwer, 5th ed, #3514	1.97	1	0
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	1.98	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
ferric maltol ferric maltol: potential use as an oral therapy for iron deficiency anemia	5.59	5	1
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	1.99	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.7	3	0
gvs 111 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
2,2'-dipyridyl diselenide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
difructose anhydride iii difructose anhydride III: a non-reducing derivative of inulobiose	3.44	1	1	sugar dianhydride
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	11.09	39	11	iron coordination entity
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	2.11	1	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
tolvaptan [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	1.99	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	1.98	1	0
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
5-formyluracil 5-formyluracil: structure. 5-formyluracil : A pyrimidone resulting from the formal oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 5-hydroxymethyluracil to the corresponding aldehyde. It is a major one-electron photooxidation product of thymine in oligodeoxynucleotides.	1.97	1	0	aldehyde; nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	human metabolite; mutagen
wortmannin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2	1	0
permanganate [no description available]	2.45	2	0	manganese oxoacid
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2	1	0
bradykinin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	1.99	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2.4	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.03	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	3.09	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.1	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	2.07	1	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	1.98	1	0
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2	1	0	tripeptide
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.47	2	0	cyclodextrin
ergosterol [no description available]	2	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.4	2	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	3.6	9	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.15	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	6.56	11	5	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	1.99	1	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
ferric hydroxide ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9	3.86	4	0
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.49	2	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	1.96	1	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.03	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	2.02	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	6.94	6	4	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
lycopene [no description available]	2.15	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2	1	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	5.18	4	3	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	3.1	5	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.67	3	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	1.97	1	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
retinol acetate retinol acetate: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	acetate ester
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.15	1	0	stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.44	2	0
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.4	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	9.7	24	10	diphosphate ion
ferlixit ferlixit: used to induce siderosis in femal Wistar albino rats	4.93	4	2	polymer
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	7.65	3	0	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.39	7	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.25	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	1.93	1	0	diarylmethane
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.44	2	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.02	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	3.37	7	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	2	1	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2	1	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.48	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	2.42	2	0
nadp [no description available]	3.08	5	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	3.76	10	0
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	8.79	2	1	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.49	2	0
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.25	6	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
aluminum ammonium sulfate aluminum ammonium sulfate: RN given refers to NH4 salt (2:1:1); ALUMINUM AMMONIUM SULFATE was see ALUM COMPOUNDS 1975-93; use ALUM COMPOUNDS to search ALUMINUM AMMONIUM SULFATE 1975-93	2.04	1	0
quinine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
dtpa ferric chelate [no description available]	2.25	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.08	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
methyl ethyl ketone peroxide methyl ethyl ketone peroxide: synthetic product hardener & polyester varnish; methylethylketone peroxide in dimethylphthalate; used as fiberglass hardener; very toxic to eyes	2.03	1	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.06	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	5.23	6	2
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.05	1	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	8.45	7	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.5	2	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	4.11	3	1	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.83	4	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.25	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
quercitrin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.72	3	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.03	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	1.96	1	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.	2.69	3	0	all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	2.13	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.47	2	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	2	1	0	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
genistein [no description available]	2.02	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
garcinol garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi	2.03	1	0
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.04	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	3.86	2	1	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	2.92	1	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-octenal 2-octenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-oct-2-enal : The (E)-isomer of oct-2-enal.. oct-2-enal : An enal consisting of oct-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.	1.97	1	0	oct-2-enal	antifungal agent; volatile oil component
2-nonenal, (trans)-isomer 2-nonenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. non-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-non-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1.	1.97	1	0	enal; medium-chain fatty aldehyde; monounsaturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.71	10	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
2,4-decadienal (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal : A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.	1.97	1	0	polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde	apoptosis inducer; nematicide
methyl 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoate methyl linoleate hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer	1.97	1	0
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.02	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	2.01	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	3.42	1	1	organic molecular entity
magnesium trisilicate magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
ciguatoxins Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.	2.31	1	0	ciguatoxin	metabolite
biliverdine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
icariin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	1.98	1	0
7-hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	6.13	11	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.65	3	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z)-isomer; RN for unspecified isomer not in Chemline 8/12/83. 13-HPODE : An HPODE (hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroperoxy group is at position 13.	1.99	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	3.11	5	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	3.38	1	1	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.53	22	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	3.3	6	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
glyceryl behenate 1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.	2.11	1	0	1-monoglyceride; fatty acid ester	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
plastoquinone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	plastoquinone
deoxyribose [no description available]	7.9	4	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	4.19	5	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	5.41	14	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	5.44	14	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	3.01	4	0
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	2.06	1	0
oleoyl-coenzyme a oleoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	1.96	1	0	octadecenoyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	1.97	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
n-tert-butyl-(2-sulfophenyl)nitrone N-tert-butyl-(2-sulfophenyl)nitrone: Neuroprotectant	1.99	1	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.37	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	2.67	3	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
fosetyl-al fosetyl-Al : An aluminium salt composed of ethyl phosphonate anions and aluminium cations in a 3:1 ratio. A fungicide for various horticultural crops used to control a range of diseases including Phytophthora, Pythium and Plasmopara.	2.1	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	4.08	3	1
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture	1.96	1	0
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	1.98	1	0
ferrous fumarate ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt	12.93	38	13	dicarboxylic acid
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	1.96	1	0
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.	1.97	1	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	1.98	1	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
lactacystin [no description available]	2	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.93	4	0	ammonium ion derivative
a 1110u [no description available]	1.97	1	0
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	3.39	1	1	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	2.13	1	0
1,2-diarachidonoyl-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine 1,2-diarachidonoyl-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine: RN given refers to (R-(all-Z))-isomer	2	1	0
euk-134 EUK-134: antioxidant; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
ferrous bisglycinate ferrous bisglycinate: an iron fortificant in bread for iron-deficient school children	6.32	9	4
ferrous phosphate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.42	2	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
nicotianamine nicotianamine: an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor from soy sauce. (S,S,S)-nicotianamine : The (S,S,S)-stereoisomer of nicotianamine.	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; nicotianamine	chelator; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; plant metabolite
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	3.46	1	1	diterpenoid
zeolites [no description available]	2.02	1	0
ubiquinol ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.	4.02	2	0	polyprenylhydroquinone; ubiquinol	biomarker; metabolite
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.57	2	0
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate	3.38	1	1
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.7	3	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.15	1	0
ferrous succinate ferrous succinate: RN given refers to Fe(+2)(1:1) salt; important as iron supplement	2.39	2	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	14.22	29	16	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	1.96	1	0
procyanidin b1 procyanidin B1 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin units joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' respectively in a beta-configuration.. Procyanidin B1 can be found in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark or cortex), in Uncaria guianensis (cat's claw, in the root), and in Vitis vinifera (common grape vine, in the leaf) or in peach.	1.98	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; metabolite
mitoquinone mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity	2.04	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	12.94	55	17
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.39	2	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
perferryl iron [no description available]	3.14	1	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	3.08	5	0
nemonoxacin nemonoxacin: has antibacterial activity	8.48	1	1	quinolines
morelloflavone morelloflavone: also inhibits cruzain; RN given for (2S-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-morelloflavone : A biflavonoid found in Rheedia edulis and Garcinia livingstonei.	2.03	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavanone; hydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	1.99	1	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.44	2	0
m-trifluoromethyl-diphenyl diselenide m-trifluoromethyl-diphenyl diselenide: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
ferrous citrate ferrous citrate: iron fortificant	7.73	3	0
adonifoline adonifoline: isolated from Senecio scandens;structure in first source	2.07	1	0
arsenopyrite arsenopyrite: structure given in first source. arsenopyrite : A sulfide mineral with formula AsFeS. It is the most abundant and widespread arsenic mineral.	2.03	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	8.25	6	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.49	2	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.02	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	3.28	6	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	5.36	7	2	glycoside
sodium borate borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.	1.97	1	0
ferrous gluconate ferrous gluconate: iron important in this cpd; RN given refers to ferrous cpd	9.05	18	5
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.02	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.87	12	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.76	3	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
tris(acetylacetonate) aluminum(iii) [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	4.71	5	0
citric acid, iron, sorbitol drug combination citric acid, iron, sorbitol drug combination: RN given refers to (D)-isomer	1.93	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.23	5	0
zinc methionine [no description available]	3.41	1	1
potassium iodate [no description available]	8.43	1	1
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.04	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	1.96	1	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	2.11	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.15	1	0
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.	2.13	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	1.96	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.06	1	0
trelstar Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.	1.98	1	0
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	1.96	1	0
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.06	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	2.05	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.43	2	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.75	3	0
hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.	2.78	3	0
fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer	2.15	1	0
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	2.47	2	0	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	13.31	22	5
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	14.84	164	25	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	5.17	3	1
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	3.35	1	1
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.08	5	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	1.99	1	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
dihydroxyfumarate dihydroxyfumarate: RN given refers to ((E)-isomer); structure. dihydroxyfumaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid consisting of fumaric acid having two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions.	1.98	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid
omega-agatoxin iva omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.	2	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	1.99	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.07	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.43	2	0
phosphatidylethanol phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.	2.04	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	1.96	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	4.39	4	1
teferrol [no description available]	10.31	27	13
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	2.07	1	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.05	1	0
aqua regia aqua regia: mixture of hydrochloric & nitric acids	2.03	1	0
ferric oxide, saccharated Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.	12.37	25	12
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	8.68	10	6
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	7.71	19	1
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	5.98	8	1
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.71	3	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	11.46	15	7
crambin protein, crambe abyssinica crambin protein, Crambe abyssinica: 44 amino acid, molecular weight 5000, water-insoluble protein found in the seed of the plant Crambe abyssinica	2	1	0
ettringite ettringite: synthesis of ettringite from acid wastewaters of the aluminium anodising industry is a possible route of reducing the emissions to the environment, recovering at the same time resource materials as a useful marketable mineral	7.96	4	0
jarosite [no description available]	7.78	3	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.15	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.42	2	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.43	2	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.4	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	4.66	6	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
7,8-dihydroneopterin 7,8-dihydroneopterin: an antioxidant. 7,8-dihydroneopterin : A neopterin where positions C-7 and C-8 have been hydrogenated.	2.01	1	0	dihydropterin; neopterins	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.1	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
hypoxanthine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	12.78	51	20	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.01	1	0
neopterin [no description available]	2.4	2	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	1.97	1	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	4.92	14	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	2.1	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	1.98	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.07	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.03	1	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	4.5	5	1	guanosines	biomarker
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	2.1	1	0	oligosaccharide
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.55	2	0
ferric carboxymaltose ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia	14.36	31	17
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	1.97	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	1.96	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.04	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.4	2	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.41	2	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.42	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	24.83	496	202
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	24.83	496	202
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	2.91	4	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	17.95	144	73
ADDH [description not available]	5.44	5	1
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	5.44	5	1
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.91	4	0
Multiple Chronic Conditions Two or more concurrent chronic physical, mental, or behavioral health problems in an individual.	2.41	1	0
Aspiration, Respiratory [description not available]	3.5	2	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.73	3	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	8.65	3	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	3.73	3	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	14.79	59	40
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	4.52	9	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	7.12	12	3
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	8.06	9	4
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	7.12	12	3
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	8.06	9	4
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.76	3	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.6	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	7.41	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.69	3	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	6.5	16	1
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	9.68	8	2
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	9.68	8	2
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	7.49	2	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	5.79	8	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	16.75	102	44
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	5.79	8	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	8.56	17	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	8.56	17	1
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	8.33	11	7
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	5.22	6	2
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	5.22	6	2
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	3.63	9	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	3.63	9	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	3.53	8	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	8.72	31	4
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	4.75	29	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	3.27	6	0
Hematemesis Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.21	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.44	2	0
Acrocephaly Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.	2.71	3	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	5.44	5	3
Craniosynostoses Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.	2.71	3	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	8.64	1	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	3.64	1	1
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	5.56	6	1
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	4.65	3	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	3.43	7	0
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	5.56	6	1
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	4.65	3	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	3.43	7	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	4.55	1	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Erosive Duodenitis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Duodenitis Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.	2.42	2	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	6.15	6	2
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	6.15	6	2
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Iron Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)	8.82	16	5
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.43	2	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	4.13	3	1
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.49	2	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.5	2	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.42	2	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	7.77	3	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	3.51	2	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	2.25	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	5.37	7	2
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	18.56	96	6
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	6.25	6	2
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	6.25	6	2
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	7.42	13	4
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	6.67	12	5
Child Malnutrition Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	8.11	6	5
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	10.89	11	10
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	7.58	2	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	5.49	5	3
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	5.49	5	3
Anasarca [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	4.68	6	1
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.15	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	7.3	4	4
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	10.18	11	11
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	10.18	11	11
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	7.3	4	4
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	3.79	2	1
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	3.37	7	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	2.15	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	10.3	13	11
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	10.3	13	11
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	11.68	20	18
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	2.44	2	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	2.15	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	11.68	20	18
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.15	1	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.95	4	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	4.81	7	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.15	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	2.15	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.51	2	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.5	8	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.5	8	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	4.88	13	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	5.85	8	3
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	5.85	8	3
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	2.52	2	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	2.15	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	2.72	3	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	5.48	15	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	2.15	1	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	4.18	6	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	4.18	6	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	5.8	4	2
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.72	3	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	2.25	1	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.46	2	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	9.24	13	9
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	9.24	13	9
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	7.41	6	0
Pellagra A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).	2.17	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.17	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	4.33	4	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	4.33	4	1
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	2.21	1	0
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	9.09	51	2
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	2.21	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.73	3	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	2.25	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.25	1	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	2.07	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	3.89	2	1
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	2.08	1	0
Bezoars Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.	2.94	4	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	2.08	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	2.08	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	2.08	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	3	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	11.73	21	20
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	11.73	21	20
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	5.4	14	1
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	4.7	31	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	7.52	4	4
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	7.52	4	4
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	4.56	10	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	4.17	6	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	4.56	10	0
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	2.95	4	0
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	4.79	2	1
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	4.8	2	1
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	4.8	2	1
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	4.79	2	1
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	2.1	1	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	2.1	1	0
Placenta Praevia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.	2.1	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Hives [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	2.1	1	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	2.77	3	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	2.1	1	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	2.72	3	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	4.8	2	1
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	2.1	1	0
Pyrosis [description not available]	9.71	9	9
Emesis [description not available]	10.7	10	9
Colicky Pain [description not available]	10.13	13	10
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	10.2	13	11
Heartburn Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.	9.71	9	9
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	10.7	10	9
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	10.13	13	10
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	3.48	1	1
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	5.07	3	1
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	4.41	1	1
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	4.79	2	1
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	2.45	2	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	5.39	5	1
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	10.39	5	1
Stunted Growth [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Leanness [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	4.71	2	1
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	2.1	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	5.56	6	1
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	5.42	5	1
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	5.56	6	1
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	5.42	5	1
Tooth Erosion Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)	4.14	3	1
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	5.1	5	2
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	4.67	3	2
Fetal Distress A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.	2.11	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	2.11	1	0
Hemoperitoneum Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.	2.11	1	0
Uterine Rupture A complete separation or tear in the wall of the UTERUS with or without expulsion of the FETUS. It may be due to injuries, multiple pregnancies, large fetus, previous scarring, or obstruction.	2.11	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.13	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2.44	2	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.44	2	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	2.11	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.11	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.67	3	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.13	1	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	2.43	2	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	4.43	1	1
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	7.74	5	4
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia [description not available]	7.97	7	4
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	7.74	5	4
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.	7.97	7	4
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.13	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.13	1	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Arteriovenous Malformations Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.	2.13	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	6.62	5	4
Maternal Death The death of the female parent.	4.43	1	1
Neonatal Death The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.	4.43	1	1
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	7.56	10	6
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	4.74	2	1
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	7.56	10	6
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	4.74	2	1
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	15.6	117	44
Melena The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.	2.13	1	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.5	2	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	4.99	4	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	4.99	4	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	4.99	4	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Tungiasis An infestation with the flea TUNGA PENETRANS causing inflammation, pruritus, and pain, in both humans and other mammals. There is a high incidence of secondary infections such as BACTEREMIA and TETANUS.	2.13	1	0
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	2.13	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.91	4	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	4.09	3	1
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	4.09	3	1
Siderosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.	2.91	4	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	3.37	7	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.04	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.04	1	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	2.41	2	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	3.49	8	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	2.69	3	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Anemia, Sideroblastic Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.	2.35	2	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.04	1	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.44	2	0
Foot Ulcer Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.	2.05	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	4.62	3	2
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	4.62	3	2
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	7.59	9	4
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	7.59	9	4
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	4.35	1	1
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	4.35	1	1
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	2.05	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	2.39	2	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	2.39	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	3.43	1	1
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.05	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	5.83	4	2
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	7.62	5	4
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	7.62	5	4
Schistosoma haematobia Infection [description not available]	4.35	1	1
Schistosomiasis haematobia A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.	4.35	1	1
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	1.92	1	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	7.66	5	4
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	7.66	5	4
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	2.05	1	0
Chloasma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	2.05	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	3.95	14	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	3.95	14	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	8.59	5	4
Bruxism A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.	2.97	1	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	2.97	1	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	8.59	5	4
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	4.63	6	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	4.63	6	1
Dizzyness [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	2.06	1	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	2.4	2	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.45	2	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	4.11	3	1
Dysphagia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.05	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.7	3	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.12	3	1
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	3.37	7	0
Smear Layer Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.	3.45	1	1
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	3.46	1	1
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	2.07	1	0
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	2.98	1	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	2.07	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	8.59	22	5
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	8.59	22	5
Infection [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	3.46	1	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.46	2	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.44	2	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.43	2	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.83	2	1
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.07	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	3.46	1	1
Actinomycetoma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Mycetoma A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.	2.07	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.4	2	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.07	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.08	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	2.08	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	3.39	1	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.67	3	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	2.69	3	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	3.4	1	1
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	3.62	3	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.01	1	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	2.01	1	0
Antral Vascular Ectasia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	2.01	1	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Esophageal Perforation An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.	2.01	1	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	2.01	1	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	2.42	2	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	9.27	4	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	4.27	4	1
Pyloric Stenosis Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.	2.62	3	0
Suffocation [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	1.93	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	2.34	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.38	2	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.01	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	3.07	5	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.35	2	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	1.94	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	4.97	9	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	4.97	9	1
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.01	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	3.34	2	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	2.01	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2.7	3	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hemisensory Neglect [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Perceptual Disorders Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.	2.02	1	0
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	2.02	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	5.55	6	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	5.55	6	1
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	2.34	2	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	3.34	2	0
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	2.39	2	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	3.34	2	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.93	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.02	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.02	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2.02	1	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	2.02	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	2.02	1	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.02	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.03	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	3.41	1	1
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	4.36	2	2
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	2.02	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.02	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2.02	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	3.8	2	1
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.03	1	0
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	2.03	1	0
Abrasion, Dental [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	2.03	1	0
Microglossia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Exanthem [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	2.03	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	2.41	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.03	1	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	2.03	1	0
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.41	2	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	3.79	2	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.42	2	0
Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.	2.03	1	0
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.03	1	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	2.03	1	0
Postpartum Hemorrhage Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).	2.38	2	0
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.03	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	3.79	2	1
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	3.79	2	1
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.03	1	0
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	2.03	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.71	3	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	1.96	1	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	1.96	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.66	3	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	1.96	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	3.77	2	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	1.96	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.88	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Porphyria [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	2.36	2	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.67	3	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	3.06	5	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available]	4.31	2	2
HbS Disease [description not available]	5.37	5	1
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	5.37	5	1
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	2.38	2	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	2.89	4	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	1.96	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	2.36	2	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	1.96	1	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	1.96	1	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	1.96	1	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.37	2	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
AIDS Nephropathy [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.39	2	0
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.	1.98	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	1.98	1	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	1.98	1	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	1.98	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	5.89	3	1
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	1.98	1	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	1.98	1	0
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	1.98	1	0
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	1.98	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	1.98	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	1.98	1	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.9	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	3.07	5	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.98	1	0
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	2.9	1	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	3.37	1	1
Sterility, Male [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	1.98	1	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	1.98	1	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	1.98	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	6.98	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	1.98	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	3.37	1	1
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Retinal Artery Occlusion Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.	1.99	1	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	1.99	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	1.99	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	1.99	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	1.99	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	1.99	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.4	2	0
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	1.99	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	1.99	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	1.99	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.99	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	1.99	1	0
Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	8.77	2	1
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	1.99	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	1.99	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2	1	0
Cockayne-Touraine Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.	2	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.4	2	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	2	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	2	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	2	1	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2	1	0
Atelectasis [description not available]	2	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	2	1	0
Cold Sore [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	3.79	2	1
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Hair Diseases Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.	3.3	2	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	3.39	1	1
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	3.39	1	1
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	3.39	1	1
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	3.8	2	1
Lip Diseases Diseases involving the LIP.	2	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	2.39	2	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2	1	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	2.01	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	2.01	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.01	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	2.01	1	0
Esophageal Hernia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Acantholysis Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.	1.97	1	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	1.97	1	0
Burns, Inhalation Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.	2.89	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Boils [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cot Death [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Ache [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	1.97	1	0
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	1.97	1	0
Budd-Chiari Syndrome A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.	1.97	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	1.97	1	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	1.97	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	1.97	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	1.97	1	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	3.36	1	1
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	1.96	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	1.96	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.97	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	1.97	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	3.76	2	1
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	1.97	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	1.97	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	1.96	1	0
Hemorrhage, Vitreous [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Vitreous Hemorrhage Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.	1.97	1	0
Marasmus [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	1.96	1	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	1.96	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	1.96	1	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	1.96	1	0
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	1.96	1	0
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	1.96	1	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	1.96	1	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	1.96	1	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	1.96	1	0
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	3.35	1	1
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	1.96	1	0
Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	1.96	1	0

ferrous sulfate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (103)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (361 Items)

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (2)

Pathways (2)

Protein Targets (5)

Potency Measurements

Research

Studies (1,966)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 71.19

Study Types

ferrous sulfate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (103)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (361 Items)

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (2)

Pathways (2)

Protein Targets (5)

Potency Measurements

Research

Studies (1,966)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 71.19

Study Types

Related Drugs (825)

Related Conditions (726)