A food additive that imparts colour to food. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food colours are from E 100 to E 199, divided into yellows (E 100-109), oranges (E 110-119), reds (E 120-129), blues and violets (E 130-139), greens (E 140-149), browns and blacks (E 150-159), and others (E 160-199).
| Member | Definition | Class |
|---|
| astaxanthine | A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein. | astaxanthin |
| canthaxanthin | A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'. | canthaxanthin |
| curcumin | A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa. | curcumin |
| fast green fcf | An organic sodium salt having 2-{(4-{ethyl[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]amino}phenyl)[4-{ethyl[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]iminio}cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl}-5-hydroxybenzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used as a substitute for Light green SF yellowish in Masson's trichrome as it is less likely to fade, and is more brilliant in colour. Also used as a food colouring agent. | Fast green FCF |
| gardenia yellow | A diester that is crocetin in which both of the carboxy groups have been converted to their gentiobiosyl esters. It is one of the water-soluble yellow-red pigments of saffron and is used as a spice for flavouring and colouring food. Note that in India, the term 'Crocin' is also used by GlaxoSmithKline as a brand-name for paracetamol. | crocin-1 |
| limestone | A calcium salt with formula CCaO3. | calcium carbonate |
| lutein | | lutein |
| monascorubrin | | monascorubrin |
| riboflavin | D-Ribitol in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is substituted by a 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl moiety. It is a nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables, but the richest natural source is yeast. The free form occurs only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide. | riboflavin |
| titanium dioxide | A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications. | titanium dioxide |
| violaxanthin | The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin. | all-trans-violaxanthin |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|
| 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 21.7188 | 1 | 3 |
| 15-lipoxygenase, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 24.9679 | 1 | 4 |
| 67.9K protein | Vaccinia virus | Potency | 3.5481 | 1 | 1 |
| acetylcholinesterase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 52.6024 | 4 | 8 |
| activating transcription factor 6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 42.4644 | 2 | 6 |
| aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 15.3363 | 1 | 3 |
| Alpha-synuclein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 18.8541 | 1 | 2 |
| apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1 | Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 | Potency | 7.0795 | 1 | 1 |
| AR protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.5417 | 10 | 36 |
| aryl hydrocarbon receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 34.9476 | 3 | 8 |
| ATAD5 protein, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 29.0929 | 1 | 1 |
| Ataxin-2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 34.9622 | 1 | 3 |
| ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 42.0116 | 2 | 5 |
| bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.4393 | 1 | 2 |
| caspase-1 isoform alpha precursor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 26.3648 | 1 | 3 |
| caspase-3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.4393 | 1 | 2 |
| Caspase-7 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.1060 | 1 | 2 |
| Cellular tumor antigen p53 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 23.9548 | 3 | 14 |
| cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 2 | 2 |
| Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 35.4813 | 1 | 2 |
| Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 5.7448 | 1 | 4 |
| Chain A, Cruzipain | Trypanosoma cruzi | Potency | 31.6228 | 1 | 2 |
| Chain A, Ferritin light chain | Equus caballus (horse) | Potency | 21.2804 | 1 | 2 |
| Chain A, HADH2 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.1509 | 2 | 3 |
| Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 79.4328 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase | Giardia intestinalis | Potency | 17.7407 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.1951 | 1 | 4 |
| Chain B, HADH2 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.1509 | 2 | 3 |
| cytochrome P450 2D6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 7.5637 | 1 | 1 |
| cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 16.1303 | 2 | 6 |
| cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 8.1286 | 2 | 2 |
| cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 30.5200 | 1 | 4 |
| DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3F isoform a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.3872 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 27.2454 | 2 | 3 |
| DNA polymerase beta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 44.6684 | 1 | 1 |
| DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 62.3032 | 1 | 2 |
| DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 45.6656 | 1 | 3 |
| estrogen nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 31.9113 | 11 | 37 |
| estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 50.8797 | 2 | 5 |
| estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 16.1807 | 6 | 12 |
| euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 15.1861 | 1 | 2 |
| farnesoid X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 41.5081 | 4 | 9 |
| flap endonuclease 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 60.4566 | 1 | 2 |
| GABA theta subunit | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 16.1303 | 1 | 3 |
| geminin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 14.7830 | 2 | 4 |
| GLI family zinc finger 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.8888 | 3 | 5 |
| GLS protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 28.1838 | 1 | 1 |
| glucocerebrosidase | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 32.4648 | 1 | 2 |
| glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens] | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 36.1699 | 3 | 12 |
| Glutamate receptor 2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 47.0042 | 1 | 2 |
| GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 35.4813 | 1 | 1 |
| Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 35.4813 | 1 | 1 |
| heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.7828 | 1 | 1 |
| heat shock protein beta-1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 26.7331 | 2 | 3 |
| hemoglobin subunit beta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| Histamine H2 receptor | Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig) | Potency | 7.9433 | 1 | 4 |
| histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 35.4813 | 1 | 1 |
| histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 4.2837 | 2 | 2 |
| Histone H2A.x | Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster) | Potency | 44.4126 | 2 | 3 |
| histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 14.1254 | 1 | 1 |
| huntingtin isoform 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.5481 | 1 | 1 |
| hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 52.5026 | 2 | 4 |
| hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 6.3096 | 2 | 2 |
| IDH1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 16.3601 | 1 | 1 |
| importin subunit beta-1 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 25.6651 | 2 | 2 |
| Inositol monophosphatase 1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 10.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Integrin alpha-IIb | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| Integrin beta-3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| interleukin 8 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 84.1267 | 1 | 1 |
| lamin isoform A-delta10 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 18.6298 | 1 | 2 |
| lethal factor (plasmid) | Bacillus anthracis str. A2012 | Potency | 15.8511 | 1 | 2 |
| Luciferase | Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly) | Potency | 23.2003 | 3 | 4 |
| lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.5068 | 1 | 1 |
| Microtubule-associated protein tau | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 7.6484 | 1 | 3 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 30.4620 | 1 | 3 |
| muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| neuropeptide S receptor isoform A | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.3162 | 1 | 1 |
| Nrf2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.3872 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 28.9326 | 4 | 8 |
| nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 47.3936 | 1 | 2 |
| nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 32.4806 | 1 | 3 |
| Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.4915 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 24.3888 | 2 | 8 |
| nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 44.8793 | 3 | 9 |
| Parkin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.3872 | 1 | 1 |
| peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| peripheral myelin protein 22 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 10.1595 | 1 | 2 |
| peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 31.7198 | 5 | 16 |
| peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 26.7758 | 5 | 11 |
| phosphopantetheinyl transferase | Bacillus subtilis | Potency | 53.8820 | 1 | 2 |
| PINK1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.3872 | 1 | 1 |
| plasminogen precursor | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 3.9811 | 1 | 1 |
| polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX12 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 7.9433 | 1 | 2 |
| potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.8146 | 1 | 2 |
| pregnane X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 26.6524 | 2 | 5 |
| pregnane X receptor | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 79.4328 | 1 | 1 |
| progesterone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 51.8607 | 2 | 5 |
| pyruvate kinase PKM isoform a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 28.1838 | 2 | 2 |
| RAR-related orphan receptor gamma | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 27.9530 | 2 | 6 |
| retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 19.0377 | 3 | 6 |
| retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 29.4093 | 4 | 11 |
| SMAD family member 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 42.5382 | 3 | 7 |
| SMAD family member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 42.5382 | 3 | 7 |
| Smad3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 28.9342 | 1 | 2 |
| snurportin-1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 25.6651 | 2 | 2 |
| Spike glycoprotein | Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus | Potency | 0.3548 | 1 | 1 |
| TAR DNA-binding protein 43 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 35.4813 | 1 | 1 |
| TDP1 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 18.2487 | 2 | 13 |
| thioredoxin glutathione reductase | Schistosoma mansoni | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| thioredoxin reductase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 50.1187 | 1 | 1 |
| thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 21.4730 | 2 | 12 |
| thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.0988 | 3 | 4 |
| thyroid stimulating hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 30.4361 | 7 | 15 |
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.4817 | 2 | 6 |
| transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 15.8489 | 1 | 1 |
| tumor necrosis factor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 53.0804 | 1 | 1 |
| tumor susceptibility gene 101 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 19.9526 | 1 | 1 |
| urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 3.9811 | 1 | 1 |
| urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 3.9811 | 1 | 1 |
| USP1 protein, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 48.6335 | 2 | 4 |
| v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 18.4114 | 2 | 3 |
| vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 27.8372 | 5 | 15 |
| vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 44.6684 | 1 | 1 |
| Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 47.0042 | 1 | 2 |