Wolfram Syndrome

A hereditary condition characterized by multiple symptoms including those of DIABETES INSIPIDUS; DIABETES MELLITUS; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEAFNESS. This syndrome is also known as DIDMOAD (first letter of each word) and is usually associated with VASOPRESSIN deficiency. It is caused by mutations in gene WFS1 encoding wolframin, a 100-kDa transmembrane protein.

Synonym
Wolfram Syndrome

Excerpt	Reference
"Wolfram syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy."	( Akiyama, M; Hatanaka, M; Kondo, M; Ohta, Y; Oka, Y; Shinoda, K; Tanabe, K; Tanizawa, Y; Yanai, A, 2011)
"Wolfram syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in WFS1 and is characterized by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness."	( Chung, W; Egli, D; Foo, K; Freeby, M; Goland, R; Hua, H; Kahler, DJ; LeDuc, C; Leibel, RL; Martinez, H; Shang, L; Watanabe, K; Zimmer, M, 2014)
"Wolfram syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by diabetes and neurodegeneration and considered as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) disease."	( Blanner, P; Brown, CM; Greer, PA; Hara, T; Hershey, T; Kanekura, K; Lu, S; Mahadevan, J; Marshall, BA; Martinez, R; Neilson, A; Oslowski, CM; Semenkovich, CF; Spears, LD; Toyoda, M; Umezawa, A; Urano, F; Yamazaki-Inoue, M, 2014)
"Wolfram syndrome is a rare neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the presence of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural deafness."	( Scully, KJ; Wolfsdorf, JI, 2020)
"BACKGROUNDWolfram syndrome is a rare ER disorder characterized by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, optic nerve atrophy, and progressive neurodegeneration."	( Abreu, D; Brown, CM; Bucelli, RC; Gu, H; Hershey, T; Hoekel, J; Hurst, S; Kries, K; Marshall, BA; Onwumere, C; Pearson, TS; Simpson, AN; Stone, SI; Tychsen, L; Urano, F; Van Stavern, GP; White, NH, 2021)
"The Wolfram syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease affecting many organs with life-threatening consequences; currently, no treatment is available."	( Couly, S; Crouzier, L; Cubedo, N; Danese, A; Delprat, B; Denus, M; Diez, C; Liévens, JC; Maurice, T; Patergnani, S; Pinton, P; Richard, EM; Rossel, M; Su, TP; Thiry, M; Yasui, Y, 2022)
"Wolfram syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by endocrine dysfunction and progressive neurodegeneration."	( Ehrlich, BE; Fischer, TT; Nguyen, LD, 2022)
"Wolfram syndrome is a rare multisystem autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain and central nervous system."	( Al-Salami, H; Koks, S; Li, D; Pfaff, A; Quintas, PC, 2022)
"Wolfram syndrome is a rare disease characterized by diabetes, neurodegeneration, loss of vision, and audition."	( Alfaro, R; Doty, T; Hershey, T; Lugar, H; Nicanor-Carreón, JG; Pepino, MY, 2023)
"Wolfram syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the WFS1 gene."	( Arroyo, MN; Benabdallah, K; Brown, C; Cai, Y; Carnel, L; Cnop, M; Cosentino, C; Demarez, C; Eizirik, DL; Gilon, P; Gorgogietas, V; Heeyoung, C; Igoillo-Esteve, M; Lytrivi, M; Marchetti, P; Marín-Cañas, S; Moreno-Castro, C; Musuaya, A; Pachera, N; Rajaei, B; Salpea, P; Santacreu, BJ; Sawatani, T; Toivonen, S; Urano, F, 2023)

Excerpt	Reference
"Although there is no treatment for Wolfram syndrome, preclinical studies in cell and rodent models suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting ER calcium homeostasis, including dantrolene sodium, may be beneficial."	( Abreu, D; Brown, CM; Bucelli, RC; Gu, H; Hershey, T; Hoekel, J; Hurst, S; Kries, K; Marshall, BA; Onwumere, C; Pearson, TS; Simpson, AN; Stone, SI; Tychsen, L; Urano, F; Van Stavern, GP; White, NH, 2021)

Timeframe	Studies, This Condition (%)	All Conditions %
pre-1990	6 (8.45)	23.3326
1990's	6 (8.45)	12.5806
2000's	9 (12.68)	18.1394
2010's	24 (33.80)	28.8240
2020's	26 (36.62)	9.53

Drug	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
lactic acid	low	1	0
thiamine	low	5	0
dantrolene	medium	2	1
valproic acid	low	3	0
glyburide	low	1	0
ibudilast	low	1	0
idebenone	low	1	0
ketamine	low	1	0
metformin	low	1	0
pentobarbital	low	1	0
4-phenylbutyric acid	low	2	0
potassium chloride	low	1	0
riluzole	low	1	0
tolbutamide	low	1	0
corticosterone	low	1	0
aldosterone	low	1	0
alanine	low	1	0
sucrose	low	1	0
histidine	low	1	0
threonine	low	1	0
arginine	low	1	0
trimethaphan	low	1	0
tungsten	low	1	0
fludrocortisone	low	1	0
glutathione disulfide	low	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18	low	1	0
oxytocin	low	1	0
betadex	low	1	0
safingol	low	1	0
sphingosine	low	1	0
deamino arginine vasopressin	low	3	0
6,7-dihydroxyflavone	low	1	0
pituitrin	low	5	0
nad	low	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor	low	1	0
glucagon	low	1	0
liraglutide	low	7	0
glucagon-like peptide 1	low	1	0
incretins	low	2	0
c-peptide	low	4	0
ubiquinone	low	1	0
calpain	low	1	0
exenatide	low	3	0
heme	low	1	0
oxyntomodulin	low	1	0

Protein Targets (426)

Protein	Potency Measurements	Inhibition Measurements	Activation Measurements	Drugs
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	10	0	0	10
Chain A, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain B, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain A, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain B, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain A, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain B, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain A, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain B, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain A, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain B, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain A, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain B, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain A, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain B, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain A, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain B, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain A, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
Chain B, AROMATIC AMINO ACID AMINOTRANSFERASE	0	0	1	1
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	4	0	0	4
survival motor neuron protein isoform d	4	0	0	4
Histone deacetylase 3	0	4	0	4
Histone deacetylase 4	0	4	0	4
Histone deacetylase 1	0	4	0	4
Histone deacetylase 7	0	4	0	4
Histone deacetylase 2	0	4	0	4
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	0	3	0	3
Histone deacetylase 11	0	3	0	3
Histone deacetylase 8	0	4	0	4
NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-5, mitochondrial	0	2	0	2
Histone deacetylase 6	0	4	0	4
Histone deacetylase 9	0	4	0	4
Histone deacetylase 5	0	4	0	4
Chain A, HADH2 protein	3	0	0	3
Chain B, HADH2 protein	3	0	0	3
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase	2	0	0	2
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	4	0	0	4
15-lipoxygenase, partial	2	0	0	2
TDP1 protein	9	0	0	9
Microtubule-associated protein tau	5	0	0	5
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a	3	0	0	3
polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX12	1	0	0	1
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1	1	0	0	1
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	1	0	0	1
caspase-1 isoform alpha precursor	1	0	0	1
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	1	0	0	1
Integrin beta-3	3	0	0	3
Integrin alpha-IIb	3	0	0	3
Aromatase	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	0	1	0	1
Histamine H2 receptor	4	0	0	4
Caspase-7	1	0	0	1
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE	4	0	0	4
Carbonic anhydrase 1	0	2	0	5
Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	3	1	7
Alanine racemase, biosynthetic	0	0	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D	0	0	0	2
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	0	3	0	4
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Adenosine deaminase	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 4	0	0	0	2
AR protein	11	0	0	11
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	10	0	0	10
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a	4	0	0	4
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2	3	0	0	3
geminin	8	0	0	8
Sex hormone-binding globulin	0	0	2	2
Corticosteroid-binding globulin	0	2	0	2
Mineralocorticoid receptor	0	1	3	4
Androgen receptor	0	2	0	2
Mineralocorticoid receptor	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A1	0	1	0	2
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	2	0	0	2
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN	0	0	2	2
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN	0	0	2	2
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN	0	0	2	2
thioredoxin reductase	5	0	0	5
phosphopantetheinyl transferase	5	0	0	5
NFKB1 protein, partial	3	0	0	3
GLS protein	2	0	0	2
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	5	0	0	5
alpha-galactosidase	2	0	0	2
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	7	0	0	7
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor	3	0	0	3
chromobox protein homolog 1	5	0	0	5
flap endonuclease 1	3	0	0	3
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)	2	0	0	2
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	3	0	0	3
lethal factor (plasmid)	2	0	0	2
Cytochrome P450 3A4	0	2	0	3
Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial	0	0	0	2
Nitric oxide synthase, brain	0	0	0	1
Nitric oxide synthase, brain	0	0	0	1
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	0	0	0	1
Nitric oxide synthase, inducible	0	0	1	3
Cationic amino acid transporter 3	0	1	0	1
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase	2	0	0	2
Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1	0	0	1	1
Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1	0	0	1	1
Chain A, D-MALTODEXTRIN BINDING PROTEIN	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Limit Dextrinase	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Solute-binding protein	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Solute-binding protein	0	0	1	1
Chain B, SusD	0	0	1	1
Chain A, SusD	0	0	1	1
Chain A, SusD	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Alpha-hemolysin	0	0	1	1
Chain B, Alpha-hemolysin	0	0	1	1
Chain C, Alpha-hemolysin	0	0	1	1
Chain D, Alpha-hemolysin	0	0	1	1
Chain E, Alpha-hemolysin	0	0	1	1
Chain F, Alpha-hemolysin	0	0	1	1
Chain G, Alpha-hemolysin	0	0	1	1
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	5	0	0	5
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)	3	0	0	3
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	9	0	0	9
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	6	0	0	6
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	7	0	0	7
farnesoid X nuclear receptor	3	0	0	3
activating transcription factor 6	2	0	0	2
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d	6	0	0	6
pregnane X receptor	2	0	0	2
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	5	0	0	5
GALC protein	2	0	0	2
GLI family zinc finger 3	5	0	0	5
Thrombopoietin	1	0	0	1
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)	2	0	0	2
progesterone receptor	4	0	0	4
nonstructural protein 1	3	0	0	3
pregnane X nuclear receptor	7	0	0	7
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	10	0	0	10
G	5	0	0	5
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	3	0	0	3
IDH1	3	0	0	3
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a	8	0	0	8
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	3	0	0	3
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a	3	0	0	3
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	4	0	0	4
heat shock protein beta-1	1	0	0	1
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1	2	0	0	2
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	3	0	0	3
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	6	0	0	6
Solute carrier family 22 member 2	0	2	0	2
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	4	0	5
Solute carrier family 22 member 3	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 3	0	1	0	1
Interferon beta	6	0	0	6
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	5	0	0	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	6	0	0	6
C-8 sterol isomerase	0	1	0	1
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	2	0	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	6	0	0	6
3-beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta(8),Delta(7)-isomerase	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	3	0	4
GABA theta subunit	6	0	0	6
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	5	0	0	5
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	6	0	0	6
Solute carrier family 22 member 2	0	3	0	3
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial	5	0	0	5
Vasopressin V2 receptor	0	2	2	4
Oxytocin receptor	0	2	3	5
Vasopressin V1a receptor	0	3	2	5
Vasopressin V1b receptor	0	2	2	4
Translocator protein	0	1	0	1
Vasopressin V2 receptor	0	2	1	3
aryl hydrocarbon receptor	2	0	0	2
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2	1	0	0	1
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1	3	0	0	3
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	0	0	1	1
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	0	3	3	6
Glucagon receptor	0	0	1	1
Glucagon receptor	0	0	1	1
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase	3	0	0	3
Glutathione reductase	0	0	0	1
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1	0	0	0	1
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EHMT2	0	1	0	1
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EHMT1	0	1	0	1
Luciferase	5	0	0	5
SMAD family member 2	2	0	0	2
USP1 protein, partial	3	0	0	3
SMAD family member 3	2	0	0	2
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	4	0	0	4
regulator of G-protein signaling 4	3	0	0	3
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	5	0	0	5
cytochrome P450 2D6	4	0	0	4
Parkin	2	0	0	2
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	3	0	0	3
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	4	0	0	4
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)	1	0	0	1
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1	4	0	0	4
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 1	2	0	0	2
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 1	2	0	0	2
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor	3	0	0	3
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor	1	0	0	1
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1	4	0	0	4
peripheral myelin protein 22	4	0	0	4
lamin isoform A-delta10	7	0	0	7
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	0	5	0	5
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	0	5	0	5
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	0	2	0	2
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 9	0	1	0	1
Bile salt export pump	0	4	0	4
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1	0	0	0	1
Potassium channel subfamily K member 2	0	0	3	3
Bile salt export pump	0	7	0	7
Chymotrypsinogen A	0	1	0	1
Beta-lactamase	0	1	0	1
ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
ATP synthase subunit epsilon, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2C9	0	5	0	5
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	0	1	0	1
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein	0	1	0	1
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	0	1	0	1
Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 15 member 1	0	1	0	1
Inositol monophosphatase 1	1	0	0	1
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 8	0	1	0	1
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	0	4	0	4
ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 7	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 15 member 2	0	1	0	1
NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3	0	1	0	1
NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3	0	1	0	1
CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	0	2	0	2
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1	0	1	0	1
Chain A, HISTIDINE-BINDING PROTEIN	0	0	1	1
ATAD5 protein, partial	3	0	0	3
Carbonic anhydrase 12	0	0	0	1
Plasma kallikrein	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 3	0	0	0	1
Histidine-binding periplasmic protein	0	0	1	1
Carbonic anhydrase 4	0	1	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 6	0	1	0	2
Adenosine receptor A1	0	0	0	1
Adenosine receptor A2a	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	0	1	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 7	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	0	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	0	2	0	3
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	0	2	0	3
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	0	2	0	3
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1	0	1	0	1
Glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 9	0	2	1	4
Carbonic anhydrase	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase-like protein, putative	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	0	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	0	2	0	3
Carbonic anhydrase	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 13	0	0	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	0	2	0	3
Carbonic anhydrase 15	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 13	0	0	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	0	2	0	3
Carbonic anhydrase 14	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	0	0	0	1
glp-1 receptor, partial	1	0	0	1
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor	2	0	0	2
plasminogen precursor	2	0	0	2
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor	2	0	0	2
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A	1	0	0	1
cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	0	1	0	1
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor	0	1	1	2
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A	0	1	1	2
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B	0	1	0	1
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C	0	1	0	1
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D	0	1	0	1
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	2	0	0	2
cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Beta-lactamase	1	0	0	1
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit	1	0	0	1
thioredoxin glutathione reductase	1	0	0	1
EWS/FLI fusion protein	3	0	0	3
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B	1	0	0	1
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)	3	0	0	3
Histone H2A.x	1	0	0	1
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA	2	0	0	2
huntingtin isoform 2	1	0	0	1
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit	2	0	0	2
Cellular tumor antigen p53	4	0	0	4
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2D6	0	2	0	2
Glutamate receptor 2	2	0	0	2
Cytochrome P450 2C19	0	2	0	2
Spike glycoprotein	1	0	0	1
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-2	0	1	0	1
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5	3	0	0	3
Ataxin-2	3	0	0	3
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	0	1	0	1
Acetylcholinesterase	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	0	1	0	1
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	1	0	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Cholinesterase	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	0	2	0	2
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	0	2	0	2
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	0	2	0	2
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	0	1	0	1
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	0	4	0	4
acetylcholinesterase	2	0	0	2
Dihydrofolate reductase	0	2	0	2
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4	0	1	0	1
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1	0	1	0	1
Chain B, Exotoxin A	0	0	1	1
Chain B, Exotoxin A	0	0	1	1
Chain B, Exotoxin A	0	0	1	1
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha	0	2	0	2
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Vasopressin V1a receptor	0	1	0	1
Vasopressin V1b receptor	0	1	0	1
Oxytocin receptor	0	1	0	1
Oxytocin receptor	0	0	1	1
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	0	0	1	1
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D	0	1	0	1
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S	0	1	0	1
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C	0	1	0	1
Taste receptor type 2 member 31	0	0	1	1
Taste receptor type 2 member 60	0	0	1	1
Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 4	0	1	1	2
Taste receptor type 2 member 14	0	0	1	1
Taste receptor type 2 member 13	0	0	1	1
Taste receptor type 2 member 9	0	0	1	1
Taste receptor type 2 member 4	0	0	1	1
Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 2	0	1	1	2
arylsulfatase A	1	0	0	1
pyruvate kinase	1	0	0	1
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein	1	0	0	1
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor	1	0	0	1
mu-type opioid receptor isoform MOR-1	0	0	1	1
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3	1	0	0	1
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a	1	0	0	1
ras-related protein Rab-9A	1	0	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	0	0	1	1
pyruvate kinase PKM isoform b	1	0	0	1
Cytochrome P450 1A2	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	0	3	0	3
Ornithine decarboxylase	1	0	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	1	0	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	1	0	0	1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1	0	2	0	2
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	0	2	0	2
Alpha-synuclein	1	0	0	1
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17	1	0	0	1
Pteridine reductase 1	0	2	0	2
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease	1	0	0	1
caspase-3	1	0	0	1
Sphingosine kinase 1	0	2	0	2
Chain A, Cruzipain	1	0	0	1
acid sphingomyelinase	1	0	0	1
endonuclease IV	1	0	0	1
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1	1	0	0	1
glucocerebrosidase	1	0	0	1
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 isoform 1	0	1	0	1
DNA polymerase beta	1	0	0	1
ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N	0	1	0	1
C-C chemokine receptor type 6	0	1	0	1
apelin receptor	0	1	0	1
DNA polymerase eta isoform 1	1	0	0	1
bcl-2-related protein A1	0	1	0	1
streptokinase A precursor	0	0	1	1
Endoglycoceramidase II	0	0	0	1
Protein kinase C alpha type	0	1	0	1
Estrogen receptor	0	0	1	1
Protein kinase C delta type	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C epsilon type	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C zeta type	0	1	0	1
cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C gamma type	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C beta type	0	1	0	1
Estrogen receptor beta	0	0	1	1
Protein kinase C eta type	0	1	0	1
Sphingosine kinase 2	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C theta type	0	1	0	1
Chain A, MALTOPORIN	0	0	1	1
Chain B, MALTOPORIN	0	0	1	1
Chain A, ykoF	0	0	1	1
Chain B, ykoF	0	0	1	1
Chain A, ThiT	0	0	1	1
Thiamine transporter ThiT	0	0	1	1
Transketolase	0	0	1	1
Thiamine-binding periplasmic protein	0	0	1	1
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
Albumin	0	1	1	2
Albumin	0	0	1	1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7	0	2	0	3
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6	0	1	0	2
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	0	1	0	1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10	0	1	0	1
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase	0	1	0	1
Cocaine esterase	0	1	0	1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9	0	0	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2A6	0	1	0	1
Tissue factor	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	0	1	0	1
Liver carboxylesterase 1	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B7	0	1	0	1
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	1	0	1
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Synonyms(1)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Research

Studies (71)

Protein Targets (426)

Wolfram Syndrome

Synonyms(1)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Treatment

Research

Studies (71)

Drugs Studied (59)

Protein Targets (426)