A food additive that is used to change or otherwise control the acidity or alkalinity of foods. They may be acids, bases, neutralising agents or buffering agents.
ChEBI ID: 64049
| Member | Definition | Class |
|---|---|---|
| acetic acid | A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. | acetic acid |
| adipic acid | An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane. | adipic acid |
| ammonium acetate | An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU. | ammonium acetate |
| ammonium hydroxide | A solution of ammonia in water. | ammonium hydroxide |
| citric acid, anhydrous | A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. | citric acid |
| fumaric acid | A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle. | fumaric acid |
| malic acid | A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group. | malic acid |
| potassium acetate | A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions | potassium acetate |
| potassium bicarbonate | A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab. | potassium hydrogencarbonate |
| sodium lactate | An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion. | sodium lactate |
| Timeframe | Studies, Drugs with This Role(%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 4,652 (17.73) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 4,072 (15.52) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 6,086 (23.20) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 8,604 (32.79) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 2,823 (10.76) | 2.80 |
| Publication Type | Studies, Drugs with this Role (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 1,192 (4.20%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 967 (3.40%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 641 (2.26%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 82 (0.29%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 25,522 (89.85%) | 84.16% |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 12.5893 | 1 | 1 |
| AR protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 36.2396 | 2 | 2 |
| aryl hydrocarbon receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 72.3733 | 1 | 1 |
| ATAD5 protein, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 32.6294 | 1 | 1 |
| bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 89.1251 | 1 | 1 |
| Cellular tumor antigen p53 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.0591 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Beta-lactamase | Escherichia coli K-12 | Potency | 79.4328 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 84.2790 | 1 | 2 |
| Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 99.1498 | 1 | 2 |
| chromobox protein homolog 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.1623 | 1 | 1 |
| cytochrome P450 2D6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 34.6713 | 1 | 1 |
| cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 7.7619 | 1 | 1 |
| estrogen nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 15.8198 | 4 | 10 |
| estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.1647 | 2 | 2 |
| euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| farnesoid X nuclear receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0045 | 1 | 1 |
| geminin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.9200 | 1 | 1 |
| GLI family zinc finger 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 23.3439 | 2 | 3 |
| glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens] | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 16.4535 | 3 | 5 |
| histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 35.4813 | 1 | 2 |
| lamin isoform A-delta10 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.1778 | 1 | 1 |
| lethal factor (plasmid) | Bacillus anthracis str. A2012 | Potency | 25.1189 | 1 | 1 |
| nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 31.4011 | 4 | 6 |
| nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 54.4827 | 1 | 1 |
| parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 39.8107 | 1 | 1 |
| peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 55.8856 | 2 | 2 |
| peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0447 | 1 | 1 |
| RAR-related orphan receptor gamma | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Potency | 13.3332 | 1 | 2 |
| retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 27.2227 | 1 | 1 |
| thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.0571 | 2 | 2 |
| thyroid stimulating hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.9811 | 2 | 2 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 isoform a | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 4.5885 | 2 | 2 |
| Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 483.3333 | 1 | 3 |
| Beta-lactamase | Bacillus licheniformis | Ki | 490.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 3,220.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 1,530.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 3,370.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 9 | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 150,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, Proto-oncogene Tyrosine-protein Kinase Src | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 40,000.0000 | 1 | 26 |
| Egl nine homolog 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 119.5000 | 2 | 2 |
| Fibrinogen C domain-containing protein 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 3,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Free fatty acid receptor 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 120.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha isoform 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 39.8690 | 1 | 1 |
| Lysine-specific demethylase 4E | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 1,600.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| perilipin-1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 3.7080 | 1 | 1 |
| perilipin-5 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 4.5885 | 2 | 2 |
| Prolyl 4-hydroxylase | Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 | IC50 | 606.3000 | 1 | 2 |
| Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 | 40,000.0000 | 2 | 2 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 20 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Ki | 16,196.9225 | 1 | 4 |
| Solute carrier family 22 member 6 | Mus musculus (house mouse) | Ki | 306.8531 | 1 | 4 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase | Helicobacter pylori 26695 | Kd | 2.5000 | 1 | 1 |
| 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase | Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) | Kd | 7.3000 | 1 | 1 |
| Chain A, N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase | Acetobacter aceti | Kd | 1,200.0000 | 1 | 4 |
| Chain B, N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase | Acetobacter aceti | Kd | 1,200.0000 | 1 | 4 |
| Egl nine homolog 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 200.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Free fatty acid receptor 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 250.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Free fatty acid receptor 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 | 12.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein NahY | Pseudomonas putida | Kd | 12.7500 | 1 | 2 |
| Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 0.9000 | 1 | 1 |
| Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 0.9700 | 1 | 2 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (mM) | Bioassay(s) | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP-citrate synthase | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Km | 110.0000 | 1 | 2 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Kinact | 395.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Kinact | 10.5000 | 1 | 1 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial | Homo sapiens (human) | Kinact | 0.0970 | 1 | 1 |
| Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial | Homo sapiens (human) | Kinact | 0.0900 | 1 | 1 |
| Cell death-related nuclease 4 | Caenorhabditis elegans | INH | 1,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Monocarboxylate transporter 1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Km | 6,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Monocarboxylate transporter 2 | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 6,500.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Monocarboxylate transporter 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Km | 28,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| NADP-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial | Homo sapiens (human) | Activity | 960.0000 | 1 | 1 |
| Ribonuclease T | Escherichia coli K-12 | INH | 1,000.0000 | 1 | 1 |