stilbenes profile

Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	638088
CHEMBL ID	113028
CHEBI ID	26775
CHEBI ID	36007
MeSH ID	M0020537

Synonym
BIDD:ER0266
BIDD:ER0595
AC-20799
1,1'-(1,2-ethenediyl)dibenzene
alpha,beta-diphenylethylene
CHEBI:26775
stilbene
1,1'-ethene-1,2-diyldibenzene
1,1'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[benzene]
1,1'-(ethene-1,2-diyl)dibenzene
1,1'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bisbenzene
1,1'-[(1e)-ethene-1,2-diyl]dibenzene
588-59-0
trans-alpha,beta-diphenylethylene
CHEBI:36007 ,
[(e)-2-phenylethenyl]benzene
LS-14271
benzene,1'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis-, (e)-
trans-stilbene
trans-1,2-diphenylethylene
(e)-1,2-diphenylethylene
(e)-stilbene
1,trans-2-diphenylethylene
trans-.alpha.,.beta.-diphenylethylene
nsc2069
1,trans-2-diphenylethene
103-30-0
trans-1,2-diphenylethene
nsc-2069
stilbene, (e)-
1,2-diphenylethylene
benzene, 1,1'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis-, (e)-
trans-stilbene, scint. grade
benzene, 1,1'-[(e)-1,2-ethenediyl]bis-
1,1'-(e)-ethene-1,2-diyldibenzene
inchi=1/c14h12/c1-3-7-13(8-4-1)11-12-14-9-5-2-6-10-14/h1-12h/b12-11
hsdb 5020
ccris 5933
(e)-1,1'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bisbenzene
toluylene
benzene, 1,1'-(1e)-1,2-ethenediylbis-
ai3-52677
brn 1616740
einecs 203-098-5
nsc 2069
GHL.PD_MITSCHER_LEG0.1238
trans-stilbene, 96%
einecs 209-621-3
bibenzylidene
brn 1904445
stilben [german]
bibenzal
bibenzylidine
S-8000
stilbenes
(e)-1,2-diphenylethene
CHEMBL113028
S0090
AKOS002312306
A832041
unii-3fa7nw80a0
4-05-00-02160 (beilstein handbook reference)
3fa7nw80a0 ,
NCGC00260274-01
dtxcid106050
tox21_202726
dtxsid4026050 ,
cas-103-30-0
w1wnw14z2i ,
unii-w1wnw14z2i
trans-1,2-diphenylethylene [hsdb]
stilbene, trans-
stilbene trans-form [mi]
stilbene trans-form
e-stilbene
trans stilbene
e-1,2-diphenylethene
5284-44-6
[(1e)-2-phenylethenyl]benzene
trans-1,2-diphenylethene (1)
bdbm175262
trans-stilbene-d10 (rings-d10)
Q306338
EN300-100505
D78253
CS-0144621
HY-128793
EN300-303343

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Stilbenes are a major grapevine class of phenolic compounds, known for their biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, but never studied in combination. "	( Combination of Trans-Resveratrol and ε-Viniferin Induces a Hepatoprotective Effect in Rats with Severe Acute Liver Failure via Reduction of Oxidative Stress and MMP-9 Expression. Da Silva, J; Fernandes, JC; Ferreira, RB; Lima, A; Marroni, NP; Schemitt, EG, 2021)	2.06
"Stilbenes are a group of chemicals characterized with the presence of 1,2-diphenylethylene. "	( Cytoprotective effects of (E)-N-(2-(3, 5-dimethoxystyryl) phenyl) furan-2-carboxamide (BK3C231) against 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced damage in CCD-18Co human colon fibroblast cells. Chan, KM; Inayat-Hussain, SH; Tan, HH; Thomas, NF, 2020)	2
"Stilbenes is a class of natural polyphenols with 1,2-diphenylethylene as the skeleton structure which have structural and active diversity. "	( [Simultaneous rapid detection of ten stilbenes in serum of mice by UPLC-MS/MS]. He, CN; Li, P; Liu, Q; Liu, SS; Xiao, PG; Yang, ZH, 2020)	2.27
"Stilbenes are a class of polyphenolic compounds, naturally found in a wide variety of dietary sources such as grapes, berries, peanuts, red wine, and some medicinal plants. "	( Biological actions and molecular effects of resveratrol, pterostilbene, and 3'-hydroxypterostilbene. Chen, YK; Ho, CT; Tsai, HY, 2017)	1.9
"Stilbenes are a large group of compounds with the C"	( Oral delivery system enhanced the bioavailability of stilbenes: Resveratrol and pterostilbene. Hu, JY; Lin, GR; Peng, RM; Ting, Y, 2018)	2.17
"Stilbenes are a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds of plant origin derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway that may exist as cis- or trans-isomers."	( Cytotoxic Stilbenes and Derivatives as Promising Antimitotic Leads for Cancer Therapy. Duarte, N; Faustino, C; Francisco, AP; Isca, VMS, 2018)	1.6
"Stilbenes are a potent group of phytoestrogens, of which resveratrol (Res) is a well-known representative exhibiting a variety of immunomodulatory activities, including the attenuation of autoimmune diseases and boosting anti-tumor immunity."	( The phytogestrogenic stilbenes, arachidin-1 and resveratrol, modulate regulatory T cell functions responsible for successful aging in aged ICR mice. Chang, JC; Chiou, RY; Lin, WS; Weng, BB, 2016)	1.47
"Stilbenes are a family of bioactive compounds found in plants. "	( Isorhapontigenin: a novel bioactive stilbene from wine grapes. Cantos-Villar, E; Fernández-Marín, MI; García-Parrilla, MC; Guerrero, RF; Monti, JP; Puertas, B; Richard, T; Rodriguez-Werner, MA; Winterhalter, P, 2012)	1.82
"Stilbenes are a small family of phenylpropanoids produced in a number of unrelated plant species, including grapevine (Vitis vinifera). "	( Structural, functional, and evolutionary analysis of the unusually large stilbene synthase gene family in grapevine. Aubourg, S; Baltenweck-Guyot, R; Heintz, D; Hugueney, P; Lugan, R; Marais, GA; Parage, C; Poutaraud, A; Renault, L; Réty, S; Tavares, R, 2012)	1.82
"Stilbenes are a group of natural compounds with many biological activities. "	( Stilbene derivatives that are colchicine-site microtubule inhibitors have antileukemic activity and minimal systemic toxicity. Cao, TM; Durrant, D; Kellogg, GE; Lee, RM; Liu, J; Simoni, D; Tripathi, A; Tsai, S, 2008)	1.79

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Stilbenes have been reported to be phytoestrogen compounds owing to its structural similarity to the estrogenic agent diethylstilbestrol. "	( Estrogenic activity of constituents from the rhizomes of Rheum undulatum Linné. Jeong, EJ; Kim, SH; Kim, YN; Kwak, HJ; Park, S, 2018)	1.92
"Stilbenes have been recognized for their beneficial physiological effects on human health. "	( Characterization of Stilbene Synthase Genes in Mulberry (Morus atropurpurea) and Metabolic Engineering for the Production of Resveratrol in Escherichia coli. Li, Z; Liu, C; Ren, Y; Wang, C; Wang, X; Xu, F; Yu, M; Zhao, A; Zhi, S, 2017)	1.9
"Stilbenes have been shown to protect lipoproteins from oxidative damage and to have cancer chemopreventive activity."	( Determination of stilbenes (delta-viniferin, trans-astringin, trans-piceid, cis- and trans-resveratrol, epsilon-viniferin) in Brazilian wines. Bornet, A; Delaunay, JC; Mérillon, JM; Richard, T; Teissédre, PL; Valls, J; Vanderlinde, R; Vitrac, X, 2005)	1.39
"Stilbenes have been shown to have cancer chemopreventive activity and to protect lipoproteins from oxidative damage. "	( Determination of stilbenes (trans-astringin, cis- and trans-piceid, and cis- and trans-resveratrol) in Portuguese wines. Cabanis, JC; Mérillon, JM; Pujolas, A; Ribeiro de Lima, MT; Teissedre, PL; Vercauteren, J; Waffo-Téguo, P, 1999)	2.09
"Stilbenes have been shown to have cancer chemopreventive activity and to protect lipoproteins from oxidative damage."	( Levels of stilbene oligomers and astilbin in French varietal wines and in grapes during noble rot development. Castagnino, C; Cros, G; Delaunay, JC; Gasc, F; Landrault, N; Larronde, F; Merillon, JM; Teissedre, PL; Vercauteren, J, 2002)	1.04

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Stilbenes inhibit MTA1 expression, disrupt the MTA1/histone deacetylase complex, modulate MTA1-associated Epi-miRNAs and reduce MTA1-dependent inflammation, cell survival, and metastasis in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo."	( Metastasis-associated protein 1-mediated antitumor and anticancer activity of dietary stilbenes for prostate cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Levenson, AS, 2022)	1.67

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Compounds (1), (2), (3), and (4) caused no adverse toxic effects and yielded no evidence of carcinogenic activity in a 2-year feeding study in albino rats at dietary levels up to 1000 ppm."	( Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with FWAs. Calandra, JC; Keplinger, ML; Lyman, FL, 1975)	0.25
" Also the toxic dose to the mothers, 3000 mg/kg, given to rabbits in case of one FWA was without these effects."	( Studies of embryo toxicity in rats and rabbits. Lorke, D; Machemer, L, 1975)	0.25
"trans-4-Acetylaminostilbene (trans-AAS) is acutely toxic in rats and lesions are produced specifically in the glandular stomach."	( Organ specific acute toxicity of the carcinogen trans-4-acetylaminostilbene is not correlated with macromolecular binding. Neumann, HG; Pfeifer, A, 1986)	0.27
" There was a positive correlation between the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid release and the extent of tissue swelling, suggesting that release may be secondary to toxic cellular events."	( Excitatory amino acid-induced toxicity in chick retina: amino acid release, histology, and effects of chloride channel blockers. Hyndman, AG; Nicklas, WJ; Zeevalk, GD, 1989)	0.28
"trans-4-Acetylaminostilbene (trans-AAS) is acutely toxic to rats."	( Modulation of trans-4-acetylaminostilbene metabolism in the rat by methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital and its relevance for acute toxicity. Neumann, HG; Pfeifer, A, )	0.13
" Compilation of the various sites of DES toxicity in humans and experimental animals indicates that lesions appear predominantly in estrogen responsive target tissues suggesting that the presence of the estrogen receptor in such target tissues may help govern the tissue specificity of the toxic insult."	( The role of the estrogen receptor in diethylstilbestrol toxicity. Korach, KS; McLachlan, JA, 1985)	0.27
" Specific lesions of the stomach epithelium together with acute bone marrow incapacity and toxic effects on peripheral blood cells lead to acute anemia, which is considered to be the cause of death."	( Tissue specific, acute toxic effects of the carcinogen trans-4-dimethylaminostilbene. Marquardt, P; Neumann, HG; Romen, W, 1985)	0.27
" The same treatment did not produce adverse effects on renal or hepatic functions, but markedly potentiated bromobenzene hepatotoxicity."	( Effect of dietary trans-stilbene oxide on hepatic and renal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities and bromobenzene-induced toxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Hook, JB; Kuo, CH; Maita, K; Rush, GF; Sleight, S, 1984)	0.27
" Since the dose rate of aromatic amines, like AAF, in feeding studies for tumor formation is about 100 times below that examined in the isolated perfused livers, it is highly unlikely that oxidative stress is generated by metabolites able to undergo redox cycling and that reactive oxygen contributes to acute toxic effects."	( Cytotoxicity of aromatic amines in rat liver and oxidative stress. Hillesheim, W; Jaeschke, H; Neumann, HG, 1995)	0.29
"Isolated perfused livers from male Wistar rats were used to study acute and chronic toxic effects of carcinogenic aromatic amines."	( Acute and chronic toxicity of aromatic amines studied in the isolated perfused rat liver. Ambs, S; Neumann, HG, 1996)	0.29
"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands such as dioxin and benzo[a]pyrene are environmental contaminants with many adverse health effects, including immunosuppression, carcinogenesis, and endothelial cell damage."	( Resveratrol has antagonist activity on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor: implications for prevention of dioxin toxicity. Casper, RF; Jolivet, A; Milgrom, E; Quesne, M; Rogers, IM; Savouret, JF; Shirota, T, 1999)	0.3
"beta-Amyloid peptide (beta-AP) elicits a toxic effect on neurons in vitro and in vivo."	( Synergistic protection of PC12 cells from beta-amyloid toxicity by resveratrol and catechin. Conte, A; Pellegrini, S; Tagliazucchi, D, 2003)	0.32
" Most of the adverse events occurred in the rats administered 3000 mg per kilogram body weight per day."	( Resveratrol-associated renal toxicity. Booth, TD; Crowell, JA; Korytko, PJ; Levine, BS; Morrissey, RL, 2004)	0.32
" The toxic effects of dioxin are realized via its interaction with the Ah-receptor."	( Flavonoids and resveratrol as regulators of Ah-receptor activity: protection from dioxin toxicity. Devichenskii, VM; Gapparov, MM; Pevnitskii, LA; Telegin, LY; Tutel'yan, VA, 2003)	0.32
" These findings confirm a key role for glutathione in protecting cells from CsA-induced adverse effects and do not support a direct link between CsA-mediated ROS generation and adverse renal effects."	( Diverse effects of natural antioxidants on cyclosporin cytotoxicity in rat renal tubular cells. Capasso, G; Chiodini, P; Della Ragione, F; Di Gennaro, CI; Galletti, P; Indaco, S; Manna, C; Migliardi, V; Zappia, V, 2005)	0.33
" However, adverse health effects of phytoestrogens have often been ignored."	( Genotoxicity of phytoestrogens. Kobras, K; Schmitt, E; Stopper, H, 2005)	0.33
" Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF-7 human mammary carcinoma, HepG2 (ER+) human hepatocellular carcinoma and VERO estrogen receptor negative (ER-) non-transformed monkey fibroblast cell lines were treated with alachlor and acetochlor (2-500 microg/ml) as toxic agents, and RESV (10 microM) as preventive agent."	( Chemopreventive properties of trans-resveratrol against the cytotoxicity of chloroacetanilide herbicides in vitro. Jakab, MG; Kocsis, Z; Marcsek, ZL; Szende, B; Tompa, A, 2005)	0.33
"Anthracyclines are a well-known cause of cardiotoxicity, but a number of other drugs used to treat cancer can also result in cardiac and cardiovascular adverse effects."	( Cardiac and cardiovascular toxicity of nonanthracycline anticancer drugs. Ewer, MS; Jones, RL, 2006)	0.33
"Zinc neurotoxicity has been demonstrated in ischemic, seizure, hypoglycemic, and trauma-induced neuronal death where Zn(2+) is thought to be synaptically released and taken up in neighbouring neurons, reaching toxic concentrations."	( Zinc neurotoxicity is dependent on intracellular NAD levels and the sirtuin pathway. Cai, AL; Sheline, CT; Zipfel, GJ, 2006)	0.33
"Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, such as Huntington's disease and Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), are caused by gain of toxic function of abnormally expanded polyQ tracts."	( Bax-inhibiting peptide protects cells from polyglutamine toxicity caused by Ku70 acetylation. Cohen, HY; Gama, V; Gomez, JA; Ishikawa, K; Li, Y; Matsuyama, S; Mizusawa, H; Sasaguri, H; Sinclair, DA; Yokota, T; Yoshida, T, 2007)	0.34
" Taken together, the present data indicate that resveratrol is toxic to cultured macrophages, T cells and skin cells at concentrations>or=25 micromol L(-1), and that the cytotoxicity occurs via a mechanism that does not involve oxidative stress."	( Evaluation of resveratrol and piceatannol cytotoxicity in macrophages, T cells, and skin cells. Billack, B; Hardej, D; Lau-Cam, C; Radkar, V, 2007)	0.34
" However, the most common adverse effect, nephrotoxicity, limits the use of this drug in many cancer patients."	( Resveratrol attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Antunes, LM; Bianchi, Mde L; Coimbra, TM; Costa, RS; Darin, JD; Do Amaral, CL; Francescato, HD, 2008)	0.35
" Resveratrol and silymarin reduced tBH-induced hepatocyte toxic effects in short term experiments (5h) as measured by a significant reduction in ALT and NO increase produced by tBH."	( Effects of resveratrol pretreatment on tert-butylhydroperoxide induced hepatocyte toxicity in immobilized perifused hepatocytes: involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase and hemoxygenase-1. Canová, NK; Cerný, D; Farghali, H; Horínek, A; Kmonícková, E; Martínek, J; Zídek, Z, 2009)	0.35
" Adverse events were mild in severity and similar between all groups."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of trans-resveratrol in a rising multiple-dose study in healthy volunteers. Almeida, L; Costa, R; Falcão, A; Fernandes-Lopes, C; Loureiro, AI; Nunes, T; Rocha, JF; Soares, E; Soares-da-Silva, P; Vaz-da-Silva, M; Wright, L, 2009)	0.35
" A plausible criterion for the use of such compounds is that they should not exert any toxic effect on normal cells."	( Cytometric analysis of cytotoxicity of polyphenols and related phenolics to rat thymocytes: potent cytotoxicity of resveratrol to normal cells. Fujimoto, A; Masuda, T; Matsui, H; Nishimura, Y; Oyama, T; Oyama, Y; Sakanashi, Y, 2009)	0.35
" To evaluate the practical usefulness of resveratrol, this study examined the protective effect of oral resveratrol on the sub-acute toxic effects of TCDD in C57BL/6J mice."	( Attenuation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity by resveratrol: a comparative study with different routes of administration. Akamine, A; Hashiguchi, I; Ike, A; Ishida, T; Ishii, Y; Koga, T; Kuramoto, C; Takeda, T; Taketoh, J; Yahata, M; Yamada, H, 2009)	0.35
" In a 28-day study, Resvida caused no adverse effects in rats at 50, 150 and 500 mg/kg bw/day."	( Safety studies conducted on high-purity trans-resveratrol in experimental animals. Bausch, J; Beck, M; Burdock, GA; Edwards, JA; Williams, LD, 2009)	0.35
" Although several COX-2 inhibitors are known to exert chemopreventive efficacy, not all are considered ideal candidates for chemoprevention due to the risk of adverse cardiovascular events."	( Chemopreventive doses of resveratrol do not produce cardiotoxicity in a rodent model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Bishayee, A; Booth, TD; Hodnichak, CM; Luther, DJ; Meszaros, JG; Ohanyan, V; Shamhart, PE; Sisakian, H, 2011)	0.37
"The clinical use of cisplatin, a potent antineoplastic agent, is limited by its severe adverse effects."	( Resveratrol protects against Cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity by alleviating oxidative damage. Han, Y; He, D; Jin, S; Qi, F; Wang, J; Zhang, Q, 2009)	0.35
" • CA4P-related grade 3 or 4 adverse events were tumour pain, dyspnoea, hypoxia and syncope in patients who received doses ≥ 50 mg m(-2)."	( A pharmacokinetic and safety study of single dose intravenous combretastatin A4 phosphate in Chinese patients with refractory solid tumours. Chen, L; He, X; Huang, H; Huang, J; Li, S; Li, Z; Lin, T; Ye, S; Zhan, J, 2011)	0.37
" Our data demonstrate that both melatonin and resveratrol, as found in red wine, protect the heart in an experimental model of myocardial infarction via the SAFE pathway."	( Is red wine a SAFE sip away from cardioprotection? Mechanisms involved in resveratrol- and melatonin-induced cardioprotection. Lacerda, L; Lamont, KT; Lecour, S; Opie, LH; Somers, S, 2011)	0.37
" However, information on potential agent(s) that may protect the cerebellum against the toxic effects of ethanol is lacking."	( Resveratrol restores Nrf2 level and prevents ethanol-induced toxic effects in the cerebellum of a rodent model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Dipette, DJ; Kumar, A; Lavoie, HA; Singh, CK; Singh, US, 2011)	0.37
" However, liver adverse reactions caused by RPM or RPMP were frequently reported all around the world recent years."	( Hepatoxicity of major constituents and extractions of Radix Polygoni Multiflori and Radix Polygoni Multiflori Praeparata. Li, N; Mao, XJ; Wang, J; Wang, MJ; Xie, J; Yu, J; Zhao, RH; Zhaori, GT, 2011)	0.37
" Water extractions of RPM and RPMP were less toxic than any other solvent in most of the assays."	( Hepatoxicity of major constituents and extractions of Radix Polygoni Multiflori and Radix Polygoni Multiflori Praeparata. Li, N; Mao, XJ; Wang, J; Wang, MJ; Xie, J; Yu, J; Zhao, RH; Zhaori, GT, 2011)	0.37
" Based on body weight effects, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for resveratrol was 200mg/kg/day in rats and 600 mg/kg/day in dogs."	( Subchronic oral toxicity and cardiovascular safety pharmacology studies of resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol with cancer preventive activity. Crowell, JA; Johnson, WD; Kapetanovic, I; McCormick, DL; Morrissey, RL; Muzzio, M; Usborne, AL, 2011)	0.37
" More application site adverse drug reactions were observed in patients randomized to WBI-1001 than in those randomized to placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of topical WBI-1001 in patients with mild to moderate psoriasis: results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled, phase II trial. Bissonnette, R; Bolduc, C; Lyle, M; Maari, C; Nigen, S; Tang, L; Webster, JM, 2012)	0.38
"One of the most important adverse effects of cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic agent which is widely used in the treatment of cancer patients, is hearing loss."	( The effect of resveratrol on the prevention of cisplatin ototoxicity. Bayindir, T; Erdem, T; Filiz, A; Iraz, M; Selimoglu, E, 2012)	0.38
" Despite their genotoxic effects, resveratrol, genistein, and baicalein did not cause mutagenesis, which is a major side effect of conventional anticancer drugs."	( High-throughput genotoxicity assay identifies antioxidants as inducers of DNA damage response and cell death. Austin, CP; Fox, JT; Huang, R; Myung, K; Sakamuru, S; Simmons, SO; Teneva, N; Tice, RR; Xia, M, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the release of progesterone by porcine ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) after exposure to toxic concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON), resveratrol (RSV), and their combination (DON with RSV)."	( Resveratrol inhibits reproductive toxicity induced by deoxynivalenol. Capcarova, M; Ciereszko, RE; Kolesarova, A; Lukac, N; Maruniakova, N; Sirotkin, AV, 2012)	0.38
" Safety was monitored by vital signs, ocular and physical examinations, electrocardiogram, routine laboratory tests, and collection of adverse events."	( Vascular disrupting agent for neovascular age related macular degeneration: a pilot study of the safety and efficacy of intravenous combretastatin A-4 phosphate. Balkissoon, J; Campochiaro, PA; Do, DV; Donahue, JK; Hafiz, G; Handa, JT; Ibrahim, MA; Nguyen, QD; Rivers, R; Sepah, YJ; Shah, SM; Van Anden, E, 2013)	0.39
"The most common adverse events were elevated blood pressure (46."	( Vascular disrupting agent for neovascular age related macular degeneration: a pilot study of the safety and efficacy of intravenous combretastatin A-4 phosphate. Balkissoon, J; Campochiaro, PA; Do, DV; Donahue, JK; Hafiz, G; Handa, JT; Ibrahim, MA; Nguyen, QD; Rivers, R; Sepah, YJ; Shah, SM; Van Anden, E, 2013)	0.39
"The safety profile of intravenous CA4P was consistent with that reported in oncology trials of CA4P and with the class effects of vascular disruptive agents; however, the frequency of adverse events was different."	( Vascular disrupting agent for neovascular age related macular degeneration: a pilot study of the safety and efficacy of intravenous combretastatin A-4 phosphate. Balkissoon, J; Campochiaro, PA; Do, DV; Donahue, JK; Hafiz, G; Handa, JT; Ibrahim, MA; Nguyen, QD; Rivers, R; Sepah, YJ; Shah, SM; Van Anden, E, 2013)	0.39
" In conclusion, our results indicate protective effects of resveratrol at low doses against genetic damage and adverse effects induced by (131)I administration."	( Resveratrol mitigates genotoxicity induced by iodine-131 in primary human lymphocytes. Hedayati, M; Hosseinimehr, SJ; Shafaghati, N, 2013)	0.39
" Following a 24-hour incubation of a toxic concentration of CEES (1000 μmol L-1), we used the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] test to analyse cell viability."	( Ebselen analogues reduce 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulphide toxicity in A-431 cells. Billack, B; Pietka-Ottlik, M; Pino, MA, 2013)	0.39
" There were no significant adverse cardiovascular side effects."	( Randomized safety and efficacy study of fosbretabulin with paclitaxel/carboplatin against anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Bal, C; Balkissoon, J; Elisei, R; Gitlitz, B; Gramza, A; Haugen, BR; Jarzab, B; Karandikar, SM; Khuri, F; Licitra, L; Lu, C; Lu, SP; Marur, S; Ondrey, F; Remick, SC; Sosa, JA; Yosef, RB, 2014)	0.4
" Any adverse effects (mainly concerning the abdomen), at doses of ≥0."	( Review of recent data on the metabolism, biological effects, and toxicity of resveratrol in humans. Beaudeux, JL; Cottart, CH; Nivet-Antoine, V, 2014)	0.4
" The study revealed that there were no significant treatment related adverse effects in rats exposed to Longevinex for 28 days and considered safe at the given dose where compared to plain Resveratrol."	( Sub-acute toxicity profile of a modified resveratrol supplement. Sali, VK; Sangeetha, MK; Thanka, J; Vallabi, DE; Vasanthi, HR, 2013)	0.39
"The public interest steadily increases in the biological adverse effects caused by components released from resin-based dental restorations."	( Cytotoxicity and induction of DNA double-strand breaks by components leached from dental composites in primary human gingival fibroblasts. Carell, T; Durner, J; Eldenez, A; Geurtsen, W; Hickel, R; Kaina, B; Reichl, FX; Rothmund, L; Scherthan, H; Shehata, M; Styllou, P; Van Landuyt, K, 2013)	0.39
"The herbicide itself and the degradation products are highly toxic on biological systems."	( The effects of resveratrol against trifluralin toxicity in the urinary tract of rats. Denek, Z; Erbil, G; Micili, SC; Ozbal, S; Ozogul, C, 2016)	0.43
" Stilbene derivatives with electron-withdrawing functional groups were 2-3 times more toxic than the H2O2 control, indicating that they may form toxic metabolites in the presence of H2O2."	( The functional group on (E)-4,4'-disubstituted stilbenes influences toxicity and antioxidative activity in differentiated PC-12 cells. Fradinger, EA; Galbreath, M; Garcia, GX; Isovitsch, R; Larsen, SW; Pye, C, 2013)	0.65
"Doxorubicin is one of the most widely used anti-cancer drugs, but its clinical application is compromised by severe adverse effects in different organs including cardiotoxicity."	( AMP-activated protein kinase α2 and E2F1 transcription factor mediate doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity by forming a positive signal loop in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and non-carcinoma cells. Choe, W; Ha, J; Im, DU; Kang, I; Kim, J; Kim, SS; Ock, S; Park, IJ; Seo, SM; Shin, HY; Viollet, B; Yang, W; Yun, H, 2014)	0.4
" MSE powder was well tolerated up to the oral dosing of 5000 mg with no serious adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of resveratrol derivatives in humans after oral administration of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extract powder. Asama, T; Hashimoto, K; Higaki, K; Hikami, S; Iizuna, S; Kimura, Y; Ota, H; Tani, H; Tatefuji, T; Yoshimatsu, M, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events (AE), cardiovascular parameters, and biochemical investigations were studied, and the maximum tolerated dose was determined."	( A phase I clinical trial assessing the safety and tolerability of combretastatin A4 phosphate injections. Han, X; Li, N; Liu, P; Qin, Y; Shi, Y; Sun, K; Sun, Y; Wang, H; Wu, L; Xu, H; Yang, S; Zhang, S, 2014)	0.4
" Safety and tolerability were appraised by monitoring adverse events and laboratory parameters."	( Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of benvitimod, a candidate drug for the treatment of psoriasis. Cai, L; Chen, G; Chen, X; Fang, Y; Jing, S; Li, J; Wang, Q; Zhang, C; Zhang, J; Zhao, L, 2014)	0.4
" All adverse events were mild."	( Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of benvitimod, a candidate drug for the treatment of psoriasis. Cai, L; Chen, G; Chen, X; Fang, Y; Jing, S; Li, J; Wang, Q; Zhang, C; Zhang, J; Zhao, L, 2014)	0.4
" Blood chemistry values remained within the normal range, and there were no significant differences in the number of participants reporting adverse events across conditions."	( Safety and metabolic outcomes of resveratrol supplementation in older adults: results of a twelve-week, placebo-controlled pilot study. Anton, SD; Doss, H; Embry, C; Leeuwenburgh, C; Lu, X; Manini, TM; Marsiske, M, 2014)	0.4
" Several edible and safe lipids, surfactants and cosolvents were screened for solubilization of resevratrol."	( Lipid based nanoemulsifying resveratrol for improved physicochemical characteristics, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antiangiogenic efficacy. Joshi, A; More, U; Pund, S; Thakur, R, 2014)	0.4
"Cardiotoxicity is an aggravating side effect of many clinical antineoplastic agents such as arsenic trioxide (As2O3), which is the first-line treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)."	( Arsenic trioxide and resveratrol show synergistic anti-leukemia activity and neutralized cardiotoxicity. Chen, M; Fan, Y; Fang, K; Meng, J; Tu, Y; Wan, L; Yu, L; Zhu, W, 2014)	0.4
" AFB1 wielded their toxic effects on the survival, spontaneous movement, hatching and heart rate and development of embryos were observed in both time and dose-dependent manner at 4μM."	( Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio): potential activity of piceatannol encapsulated chitosan/poly (lactic acid) nanoparticles. Baskar, SK; Dhanapal, J; Ravindrran, MB, 2015)	0.42
"Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic drug, but it generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce severe adverse effects such as ototoxicity."	( Protective effect of resveratrol against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in HEI-OC1 auditory cells. An, YS; Chang, J; Choi, J; Im, GJ; Kim, HS; Lee, SH, 2015)	0.42
" The results also inspired us to think about a "supplementary regimen" to increase safety and decrease the adverse effect in the treatment of corneal infections."	( The effect of resveratrol on protecting corneal epithelial cells from cytotoxicity caused by moxifloxacin and benzalkonium chloride. Chen, RH; Chen, TC; Hu, FR; Su, MJ; Tsai, TH; Tsai, TY; Wang, IJ; Yeh, CY, 2015)	0.42
" Results indicate a higher toxic effect of the mycotoxins when they are co-exposed."	( Cytotoxicity of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A on Caco-2 cell line in presence of resveratrol. Cano-Sancho, G; Fernández-Cruz, ML; González-Arias, CA; Ramos, AJ; Sanchis, V, 2015)	0.42
" Primary outcome measures include a primary side effect profile determined by participant interview, a side effect profile determined by serum biochemistry and vital signs."	( Proposed trial: safety and efficacy of resveratrol for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and associated insulin resistance in adolescents who are overweight or obese adolescents - rationale and protocol. Dolinsky, VW; Duhamel, T; McGavock, J; Robert, M; T' Jong, GW; Wicklow, B; Wittmeier, K, 2015)	0.42
" Following treatment for 48 h, the highly toxic radiocontrast agent, ioxitalamate, exerted cytotoxic effects on the HK-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, as shown by MTT assay."	( Resveratrol alleviates the cytotoxicity induced by the radiocontrast agent, ioxitalamate, by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species in HK-2 human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells in vitro. Chen, YY; Cheng, CC; Huang, YT; Lai, PC; Lai, YH; Lin, TC; Liu, CH; Su, YS, 2016)	0.43
" Because of the probable link between hIAPP and the development of type II diabetes, there has been strong interest in developing reagents to study the aggregation of hIAPP and possible therapeutics to block its toxic effects."	( Inhibition of IAPP Aggregation and Toxicity by Natural Products and Derivatives. Brender, JR; Fierke, CA; Pithadia, A; Ramamoorthy, A, 2016)	0.43
" Res, a natural antioxidant, and TC, an antibiotic with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, offered significant protection from severe oxidative stress and inflammation and ameliorated the general well-being of mice against the toxic outcome of PQ."	( Effect of resveratrol and tetracycline on the subacute paraquat toxicity in mice. Ambhore, PD; Pawar, PP; Puttewar, S; Satpute, RM; Sawale, SD, 2017)	0.46
"Repeated Mn administration induces toxic effects in several rat brain structures and treatment with R and QCT may be a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate the metal neurotoxicity."	( Manganese neurotoxicity and protective effects of resveratrol and quercetin in preclinical research. Filip, M; Gawlik, M; Gawlik, MB; Smaga, I, 2017)	0.46
" Results showed no significant differences in body weight, food intake, absolute organ weight, haematology, with no adverse effects (toxicity) on biochemical values nor any abnormal clinical signs or behavioural changes were observed in any of the control/treatment groups, including reproductive and developmental parameters, gross and histopathological changes."	( Evaluation of 90 day repeated dose oral toxicity and reproductive/developmental toxicity of 3'-hydroxypterostilbene in experimental animals. Bani, S; Majeed, M; Natarajan, S; Pandey, A; S, N, 2017)	0.46
" Hence, NIC could exacerbate adverse effects of AZA while antioxidants such as resveratrol (RES) could prevent it."	( Nicotine Exposure Augments Renal Toxicity of 5-aza-cytidine Through p66shc: Prevention by Resveratrol. Arany, I; Dixit, M; Faisal, A; Hall, S, 2017)	0.46
"RES can protect the kidney from adverse effects of NIC in patients undergoing anticancer therapy."	( Nicotine Exposure Augments Renal Toxicity of 5-aza-cytidine Through p66shc: Prevention by Resveratrol. Arany, I; Dixit, M; Faisal, A; Hall, S, 2017)	0.46
" In conclusion, resveratrol can reverse the adverse effects of obesity on oocytes, which is beneficial for subsequent embryonic development."	( Resveratrol reverses the adverse effects of a diet-induced obese murine model on oocyte quality and zona pellucida softening. Feng, D; Feng, X; Feng, Z; Jia, Z; Li, H; Wang, H; Wang, L; Xu, D; Zhao, X, 2018)	0.48
" Higher percentages of adverse events were detected in groups 2 (31."	( Efficacy and safety of resveratrol, an oral hemoglobin F-augmenting agent, in patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia. Bordbar, M; Eshghi, P; Haghpanah, S; Hoormand, M; Karimi, M; Zarei, T; Zekavat, O, 2018)	0.48
" However, the toxic effects exerted by piceatannol in MOLT4 cells diminished after longer periods of exposure to the compound."	( Induction of autophagy, apoptosis and aquisition of resistance in response to piceatannol toxicity in MOLT-4 human leukemia cells. Kmieć, Z; Siedlecka-Kroplewska, K; Ślebioda, T, 2019)	0.51
" It is considered to be safe within a therapeutic range, in case of acute intoxication hepatotoxicity occurs."	( Tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside attenuates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based metabolomics and multivariate data analysis. Chen, NH; Gao, Y; Li, JT; Li, L; Li, X; Yang, SW; Zhang, L, 2021)	0.62
" Furthermore, these toxic effects have not been fully explored."	( Modulation of Innate Immune Toxicity by Silver Nanoparticle Exposure and the Preventive Effects of Pterostilbene. Chen, RJ; Chen, YY; Huang, CC; Lee, YH; Pranata, R; Wang, YJ; Wu, YH, 2021)	0.62
" In the current study, it has been demonstrated that PTS could enhance the level of glyoxalase 1 (GLO-1) and elevate glutathione (GSH) content to active the glyoxalase system, resulting in elimination of the toxic MGO as well as advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in HUVECs."	( Pterostilbene prevents methylglyoxal-induced cytotoxicity in endothelial cells by regulating glyoxalase, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Chen, ZQ; Gu, WT; Nie, H; Tang, D; Wang, SM; Xiao, W; Xu, SH; Xu, YH; Zhang, LY; Zhang, ZT, 2021)	0.62
" Safety and tolerability assessments included adverse events (AEs) and local tolerability scales."	( Tapinarof Cream 1% for Extensive Plaque Psoriasis: A Maximal Use Trial on Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics. DellaMaestra, W; DuBois, J; Jett, JE; Lee, MS; McLaughlin, M; Parish, LC; Piscitelli, SC; Raoof, TJ; Somerville, MC; Tabolt, G; Wilson, T, 2022)	0.72
" Most frequent adverse events were folliculitis (22."	( One-year safety and efficacy of tapinarof cream for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: Results from the PSOARING 3 trial. Armstrong, AW; Bissonnette, R; Brown, PM; Kircik, L; Lebwohl, MG; Piscitelli, SC; Rubenstein, DS; Stein Gold, L; Strober, B; Tallman, AM; Tyring, SK, 2022)	0.72
" Arsenic is one of the most detrimental environmental toxins and its management with chelating agents remains a matter of concern due to associated adverse effects."	( Flavonoids and stilbenoids as a promising arsenal for the management of chronic arsenic toxicity. Antoniv, O; Antonyak, H; Darmohray, R; Dub, N; Lenchyk, L; Lysiuk, R; Mishra, A; Oliinyk, P; Rathod, SSS; Tsal, O; Upyr, T, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" It is concluded that simple and linear kinetics prevail and that a pharmacokinetic threshold does not exist in this dose range."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters influencing tissue specificity in chemical carcinogenesis. Neumann, HG, 1979)	0.26
" However, this experiment further emphasizes the importance of pharmacokinetic considerations when examining interactions in the disposition of xenobiotics."	( Enhanced total body clearance of heptachlor from rats by trans-stilbeneoxide. Rozman, K; Scheufler, E, 1984)	0.27
"Clinical evaluation of novel agents that target tumor blood vessels requires pharmacodynamic end points that measure vascular damage."	( Assessment of pharmacodynamic vascular response in a phase I trial of combretastatin A4 phosphate. Anderson, HL; Jones, T; Miller, MP; Price, PM; Robbins, A; Yap, JT, 2003)	0.32
" As part of a chemoprevention drug development programme, the pharmacokinetic properties of DMU 212 were compared with those of resveratrol in the plasma, liver, kidney, lung, heart, brain and small intestinal and colonic mucosa of mice."	( Pharmacokinetics in mice and growth-inhibitory properties of the putative cancer chemopreventive agent resveratrol and the synthetic analogue trans 3,4,5,4'-tetramethoxystilbene. Boocock, D; Farmer, PB; Gescher, AJ; Jones, DJ; Potter, GA; Ruparelia, KC; Sale, S; Steward, WP; Verschoyle, RD; Wilsher, N, 2004)	0.32
"Although in vitro studies suggest that variable rates of tumor-specific prodrug dephosphorylation may explain these differences in pharmacokinetics profiles, the improved antitumor activity and altered pharmacokinetic profile of CA1 may be due to the formation of a more reactive metabolite."	( Comparative preclinical pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of the combretastatin prodrugs combretastatin A4 phosphate and A1 phosphate. Anthoney, DA; Bibby, MC; Cooper, PA; Kirwan, IG; Lippert, JW; Loadman, PM; Pettit, GR; Shnyder, SD; Swaine, DJ, 2004)	0.32
" The developed HPLC assay is sensitive, reproducible and accurate and can be applied to pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies."	( Preparative enzymatic synthesis and HPLC analysis of rhapontigenin: applications to metabolism, pharmacokinetics and anti-cancer studies. Davies, NM; Halls, SC; Helms, GL; Roupe, KA; Yáñez, JA, 2005)	0.33
" The application of the assay to determine the pharmacokinetic disposition after a single oral dose to rats is described."	( Stereospecific determination of cis- and trans-resveratrol in rat plasma by HPLC: application to pharmacokinetic studies. Chen, X; He, H; Ma, L; Ren, W; Wang, G; Yang, B; Yu, Q, 2007)	0.34
" The area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) values for resveratrol-3-sulfate and resveratrol monoglucuronides were up to 23 times greater than those of resveratrol."	( Phase I dose escalation pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers of resveratrol, a potential cancer chemopreventive agent. Boocock, DJ; Booth, TD; Brenner, DE; Brown, VA; Crowell, JA; Ducharme, MP; Faust, GE; Gescher, AJ; Patel, KR; Perloff, M; Schinas, AM; Steward, WP, 2007)	0.34
" The described assay method was applied to pharmacokinetic studies in rats and a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) successfully."	( Quantitative determination of trans-polydatin, a natural strong anti-oxidative compound, in rat plasma and cellular environment of a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line for pharmacokinetic studies. Chen, X; Han, D; He, H; Jing, J; Li, T; Ma, L; Ren, W; Wang, G; Wang, R; Wu, X; Yu, Q; Zhao, Y; Zheng, Y, 2007)	0.34
" The validated method was used to study the pharmacokinetic profiles of OXY and RES in rat plasma after oral administration of Smilax china root extract."	( High performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination and pharmacokinetic studies of oxyresveratrol and resveratrol in rat plasma after oral administration of Smilax china extract. Chen, G; Guo, DA; Huang, H; Li, P; Lu, Z; Sha, N; Shao, B; Wang, X; Zhang, J, 2008)	0.35
"There was a large interindividual variability in the trans-resveratrol pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetic profile of trans-resveratrol. Almeida, L; Falcao, A; Fernandes-Lopes, C; Loureiro, AI; Nunes, T; Rocha, JF; Soares, E; Soares-da-Silva, P; Vaz-da-Silva, M; Wright, L, 2008)	0.35
"The rate of absorption of trans-resveratrol following an oral 400 mg single-dose was significantly delayed by the presence of food, as reflected by Cmax and tmax."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetic profile of trans-resveratrol. Almeida, L; Falcao, A; Fernandes-Lopes, C; Loureiro, AI; Nunes, T; Rocha, JF; Soares, E; Soares-da-Silva, P; Vaz-da-Silva, M; Wright, L, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were determined after an oral administration of diltiazem (15 mg/kg) to rats in the presence and absence of resveratrol (0."	( Effects of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its major metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Hong, SP, 2008)	0.35
" In comparison with resveratrol, TMS had greater plasma exposure, longer elimination half-life and lower clearance."	( A rapid HPLC method for the quantification of 3,5,4'-trimethoxy-trans-stilbene (TMS) in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic study. Ho, PC; Lin, HS, 2009)	0.35
" Trans-resveratrol half-life was 1-3 h following single-doses and 2-5 h following repeated dosing."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of trans-resveratrol in a rising multiple-dose study in healthy volunteers. Almeida, L; Costa, R; Falcão, A; Fernandes-Lopes, C; Loureiro, AI; Nunes, T; Rocha, JF; Soares, E; Soares-da-Silva, P; Vaz-da-Silva, M; Wright, L, 2009)	0.35
" This assay was successfully applied to pre-clinical pharmacokinetic samples from rat urine and serum."	( A high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis and preliminary pharmacokinetic characterization of 3'-hydroxypterostilbene in rats. Davies, NM; Takemoto, JK, 2009)	0.35
" This simple HPLC method was subsequently applied in a pharmacokinetic study carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Determination of pterostilbene in rat plasma by a simple HPLC-UV method and its application in pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Yue, BD, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of polydatin were calculated by non-compartment model statistics."	( [Pharmacokinetic study of polydatin in Beagle dogs]. Cai, Z; Ma, AD; Yang, XM; Yu, F, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of polydatin at 3 doses were obtained, with T((1/2)); of 89."	( [Pharmacokinetic study of polydatin in Beagle dogs]. Cai, Z; Ma, AD; Yang, XM; Yu, F, 2009)	0.35
" The method was reliable and has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of CA4P in beagle dogs via intravenous drop infusion at dose rates of 1, 3 and 9mgkg(-1)."	( Development of a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for the determination of combretastatin A4 phosphate, combretastatin A4 and combretastatin A4 glucuronide in beagle dog plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Chai, Y; Che, J; Chen, Z; Cheng, Y; Hou, Y; Liu, X; Meng, Q; Shan, C; Wang, X, 2009)	0.35
" This reliable HPLC method was subsequently applied to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of M-PIC in Sprague-Dawley rats using 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin as a dosing vehicle."	( A simple and sensitive HPLC-UV method for the quantification of piceatannol analog trans-3,5,3',4'-tetramethoxystilbene in rat plasma and its application for a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Spatafora, C; Tringali, C; Wu, C, 2010)	0.36
" The method was successfully applied in pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies of CSA after oral administration to rats."	( Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of cajaninstilbene acid in rats by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Efferth, T; Fu, YJ; Hua, X; Kong, Y; Li, J; Peng, X; Wu, N; Zu, YG, 2010)	0.36
" This HPLC method was successfully applied to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of Z-TMS in Sprague-Dawley rats using hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CyD) as a dosing vehicle."	( Determination of Z-3,5,4'-trimethoxystilbene in rat plasma by a simple HPLC method: application in a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Choo, QY; Go, ML; Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Zhang, W, 2010)	0.36
"A number of pharmacokinetic studies have shown marked differences in the plasma metabolic profile of resveratrol (RES) between humans and animals and between individuals of the same species, which complicates the identification of the putative bioactive metabolites responsible for the beneficial effects of RES."	( Pharmacokinetic study of trans-resveratrol in adult pigs. Azorín-Ortuño, M; Espín, JC; García-Conesa, MT; Larrosa, M; Pallarés, FJ; Tomás-Barberán, F; Vallejo, F; Yañéz-Gascón, MJ, 2010)	0.36
" After intravenous administration, OTE possessed a long terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2) (λz) = 481 ± 137 min) and slow clearance (Cl = 29."	( Quantification of oxyresveratrol analog trans-2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene in rat plasma by a rapid HPLC method: application in a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Choo, QY; Ho, PC; Lin, HS, 2010)	0.36
" Noncompartmental analysis was used to derive pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, and metabolic profile of resveratrol and its dimethylether analog, pterostilbene, in rats. Huang, Z; Kapetanovic, IM; McCormick, DL; Muzzio, M; Thompson, TN, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of MR-4 were subsequently assessed in rats using 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as a dosing vehicle."	( Quantification of trans-3,4,5,4'-Tetramethoxystilbene in rat plasma by HPLC: application to pharmacokinetic study. Go, ML; Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Spatafora, C; Tringali, C; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
"• Three pharmacokinetic and safety studies for combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P), the first vascular disrupting agent, have been conducted in Western countries."	( A pharmacokinetic and safety study of single dose intravenous combretastatin A4 phosphate in Chinese patients with refractory solid tumours. Chen, L; He, X; Huang, H; Huang, J; Li, S; Li, Z; Lin, T; Ye, S; Zhan, J, 2011)	0.37
"• This is the first pharmacokinetic and safety study conducted in East Asian patients."	( A pharmacokinetic and safety study of single dose intravenous combretastatin A4 phosphate in Chinese patients with refractory solid tumours. Chen, L; He, X; Huang, H; Huang, J; Li, S; Li, Z; Lin, T; Ye, S; Zhan, J, 2011)	0.37
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model which allowed the simultaneous modeling of trans-resveratrol and its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of trans-resveratrol and its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates after oral and intravenous administration in rats. Alfaras, I; Colom, H; Juan, ME; Maijó, M; Planas, JM, 2011)	0.37
" To evaluate its suitability as a drug candidate, a pharmacokinetic study was carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats with the emphasis to identify the impact of aqueous solubility, dose escalation, food, and repeated dosing on its oral bioavailability."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetic evaluation of resveratrol trimethyl ether in sprague-dawley rats: the impacts of aqueous solubility, dose escalation, food and repeated dosing on oral bioavailability. Ho, PC; Lin, HS, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using both compartmental and non-compartmental analyses."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside from traditional Chinese medicine Polygonum multiflorum following oral administration to rats. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic profiles estimated by fitting two-compartment and non-compartment models revealed that PM-SG was rapidly absorbed into the body fluids and widely distributed throughout the body, with great efficiency of utility, followed by quick elimination."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside from traditional Chinese medicine Polygonum multiflorum following oral administration to rats. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2011)	0.37
"This was the first report on the favorable pharmacokinetic profiles of PM-SG in rat plasma and tissues after oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside from traditional Chinese medicine Polygonum multiflorum following oral administration to rats. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2011)	0.37
" Its medicinal activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and endothelial protection, have been extensively studied, but its pharmacokinetic property is still unclear."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in mice after oral administration of Polygonum multiflorum extract. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of PM-SG were determined in mice applying both compartmental and non-compartmental analyses."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in mice after oral administration of Polygonum multiflorum extract. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2012)	0.38
" All pharmacokinetic parameters estimated by compartmental and non-compartmental models reached a same conclusion that PM-SG was rapidly absorbed and widely distributed throughout the body with a great efficiency of utility, followed by quick elimination and clearance."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in mice after oral administration of Polygonum multiflorum extract. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2012)	0.38
"This was the first report on determination of the pharmacokinetic profile of PM-SG in mice after oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in mice after oral administration of Polygonum multiflorum extract. Chen, S; Gu, H; Lou, Z; Lv, G; Shan, L, 2012)	0.38
"5ml/min/kg) and terminal elimination half-life (147±61min)."	( Determination of trans-2,4,3',4',5'-pentamethoxystilbene in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Spatafora, C; Tringali, C, 2012)	0.38
" This study examined the determining factors for previously reported oral pharmacokinetic profiles of MulA and its bacterial metabolite oxyresveratrol (OXY) on in vitro models."	( In vitro pharmacokinetic characterization of mulberroside A, the main polyhydroxylated stilbene in mulberry (Morus alba L.), and its bacterial metabolite oxyresveratrol in traditional oral use. Lei, JP; Mei, M; Ruan, JQ; Wang, YT; Wu, WJ; Yan, R; Zhao, HY; Zhou, RN, 2012)	0.38
" Despite the therapeutic effects of resveratrol, its pharmacokinetic properties are not favorable since this compound has poor bioavailability being rapidly and extensively metabolized and excreted."	( Resveratrol in medicinal chemistry: a critical review of its pharmacokinetics, drug-delivery, and membrane interactions. Lima, JL; Lucio, M; Neves, AR; Reis, S, 2012)	0.38
" Synthesis of RES conjugates and development and validation of a sensitive bioanalytical assay were applied to pharmacokinetic evaluation of RES and its circulating monoconjugates in C57BL mice."	( Analytical method development for synthesized conjugated metabolites of trans-resveratrol, and application to pharmacokinetic studies. Canney, DJ; Iwuchukwu, OF; Nagar, S; Sharan, S, 2012)	0.38
" This method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of trans-SG in rats after intravenous administration."	( Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of trans-stilbene glycoside in rat plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Feng, D; He, J; Peng, Y; Qi, H; Sun, J; Wan, P; Wang, J; Zha, W; Zhou, J; Zhu, X; Zhu, Y, 2012)	0.38
"A pharmacokinetic study of the metabolic profile of resveratrol has been performed in healthy men after moderate red wine (RW) consumption."	( Pharmacokinetics of resveratrol metabolic profile in healthy humans after moderate consumption of red wine and grape extract tablets. Andres-Lacueva, C; Escribano, E; Estruch, R; Rotches-Ribalta, M; Urpi-Sarda, M, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of DFS were examined in Sprague-Dawley rats after intravenous administration (2 mg/kg)."	( Quantification of trans-2,6-difluoro-4'-N,N-dimethylaminostilbene in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Anderson, BD; Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Liu, C; Ong, PS; Sviripa, VM; Watt, DS; Xiang, TX, 2013)	0.39
" After RES is transformed into TARES, its pharmacokinetic properties are improved, such as the t1/2 has been prolonged and the AUC has been enhanced."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion study of resveratrol and its prodrug 3,5,4'-tri-O-acetylresveratrol in rats. Cheng, S; Liang, L; Liu, X; Wang, Q; Zhang, M; Zhang, S, 2013)	0.39
"8 mL/min/kg) and moderate terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2λz) = 93."	( Pharmacokinetics of pterostilbene in Sprague-Dawley rats: the impacts of aqueous solubility, fasting, dose escalation, and dosing route on bioavailability. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Yeo, SC, 2013)	0.39
" Cmax and AUC of gallic acid were increased (P<0."	( Influence of processing on pharmacokinetic of typical constituents in radix polygoni multiflori after oral administration by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Chang, YX; Gao, XM; He, J; Li, J; Ma, WF; Zhang, BL; Zhang, L; Zhang, P; Zheng, F, 2013)	0.39
" The LC-MS/MS method could be used to evaluate the effect of processing on pharmacokinetic of typical constituents in radix polygoni multiflori after oral administration."	( Influence of processing on pharmacokinetic of typical constituents in radix polygoni multiflori after oral administration by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Chang, YX; Gao, XM; He, J; Li, J; Ma, WF; Zhang, BL; Zhang, L; Zhang, P; Zheng, F, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of pinosylvin were subsequently assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Quantification of pinosylvin in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Luo, W; Wu, J; Yeo, SC, 2013)	0.39
"A great number of pharmacological and pharmacokinetic investigations in the past 22 years have demonstrated that PD has favorable therapeutic properties, indicating its potential as an effective material."	( Polydatin: a review of pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Du, QH; Peng, C; Zhang, H, 2013)	0.39
" The pharmacokinetic results are presented."	( An improved highly sensitive method to determine low oxyresveratrol concentrations in rat plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Jia, T; Tian, F; Tian, H; Wei, H, 2014)	0.4
" The effect of combined use was in support of a synergistic pharmacodynamic effect."	( Towards novel anti-tumor strategies for hepatic cancer: ɛ-viniferin in combination with vincristine displays pharmacodynamic synergy at lower doses in HepG2 cells. Akalın, G; Incesu, Z; Işcan, A; Kutlu, HM; Önder, NI; Özdemir, F; Şen, M, 2014)	0.4
" Plasma tRV concentrations with enzymatic hydrolysis were maintained over 24 h, with a tmax of 12 h and a mean residence time (MRT) of 14 h, 5 and 2 times higher than those for tRV powder intake, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of resveratrol derivatives in humans after oral administration of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extract powder. Asama, T; Hashimoto, K; Higaki, K; Hikami, S; Iizuna, S; Kimura, Y; Ota, H; Tani, H; Tatefuji, T; Yoshimatsu, M, 2014)	0.4
" However, its maximum tolerated dose and pharmacokinetic characteristics have not been reported on."	( Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of benvitimod, a candidate drug for the treatment of psoriasis. Cai, L; Chen, G; Chen, X; Fang, Y; Jing, S; Li, J; Wang, Q; Zhang, C; Zhang, J; Zhao, L, 2014)	0.4
" The validated method was suitable for quantification of TVN and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of TVN after oral and intravenous administration to rats."	( Development and validation of a sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method for the determination of trans δ-veniferin, a resveratrol dehydrodimer, in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetics and bioavailability studies. Kong, L; Liao, X; Liu, Q; Luo, J; Xu, J; Zhao, J, 2014)	0.4
" After successful validation, the pharmacokinetic profiles of 2,3-DMS and 3,4-DMS were subsequently studied in Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Quantification of the resveratrol analogs trans-2,3-dimethoxy-stilbene and trans-3,4-dimethoxystilbene in rat plasma: application to pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies. Cardullo, N; Lin, HS; Ng, SY; Ong, PS; Spatafora, C; Tringali, C; Yeo, SC, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic studies so far have focused on plasma levels, while Pt distribution in tissues is most relevant for biological action."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of pterostilbene in the rat. Azzolini, M; Biasutto, L; La Spina, M; Mattarei, A; Paradisi, C; Zoratti, M, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated based on the total (18)F radioactivity measurements in plasma followed by metabolite analysis using radio-HPLC."	( Ethnic comparison of pharmacokinetics of (18)F-florbetaben, a PET tracer for beta-amyloid imaging, in healthy Caucasian and Japanese subjects. Aitoku, Y; Barthel, H; Dinkelborg, L; Nagasawa, T; Patt, M; Sabri, O; Sasaki, M; Sattler, B; Schultze-Mosgau, M; Senda, M; Shimizu, K; Yamane, T, 2015)	0.42
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability of polydatin (PD) in rats after oral and intravenous administration, a simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of polydation."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability study of polydatin in rat plasma by using a LC-MS/MS method. Cai, G; Ding, X; Gao, S; Hou, X; Lin, F; Sun, M; Xiao, K, 2014)	0.4
" Furthermore, RSV pretreatment significantly decreased metabolite to parent (CBZE/CBZ) ratios of Cmax and AUC and significantly increased CBZE/CBZ ratios of CL/F and Vd/F, indicating the reduced formation of CBZE to CBZ."	( Effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in healthy human volunteers. Bedada, SK; Nearati, P, 2015)	0.42
" Hence Polymer conjugation utilizing different chemical linkers and polymer compositions was investigated for enhanced pharmacokinetic profile of resveratrol."	( Stabilization of resveratrol in blood circulation by conjugation to mPEG and mPEG-PLA polymers: investigation of conjugate linker and polymer composition on stability, metabolism, antioxidant activity and pharmacokinetic profile. Batty, KT; Benson, HA; Brown, DH; Chen, Y; Siddalingappa, B, 2015)	0.42
"To develop a method for simultaneous determination of cis-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside (cis-THSG) and trans-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside (trans-THSG) in mice and comparative study of cis-THSG and trans-THSG in pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution."	( [Comparative study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of cis- and trans-2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucosides in mice]. Dong, LH; Guo, PP; Wang, CY; Yan, WY; Zhang, ZJ, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the elimination half-life of cis-THSG was longer than that of trans-THSG and the biological availability of cis-THSG was higher than that of trans-THSG."	( [Comparative study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of cis- and trans-2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucosides in mice]. Dong, LH; Guo, PP; Wang, CY; Yan, WY; Zhang, ZJ, 2014)	0.4
" The results of pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution indicated that there was significant difference between cis-THSG and trans-THSG in vivo."	( [Comparative study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of cis- and trans-2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucosides in mice]. Dong, LH; Guo, PP; Wang, CY; Yan, WY; Zhang, ZJ, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of DHS were subsequently assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Determination of naturally occurring resveratrol analog trans-4,4'-dihydroxystilbene in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Chen, W; Elhennawy, MG; Lin, HS; Xiang, X; Yeo, SC, 2015)	0.42
" Since trans-2,6-difluoro-4'-(N-methylamino)stilbene (DMDFS, M1) was present in all species as metabolite and displayed in vitro growth inhibition superior to DFS, its pharmacokinetic profiles were examined in Sprague-Dawley rats using DFS as a comparator."	( Analysis of trans-2,6-difluoro-4'-(N,N-dimethylamino)stilbene (DFS) in biological samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: metabolite identification and pharmacokinetics. Huang, M; Kril, L; Lin, HS; Liu, C; Sviripa, VM; Watt, DS; Yeo, SC, 2015)	0.42
" The multiple dose of 200 or 100 mg/kg resveratrol significantly increased the AUC and Cmax of APZ."	( The effect of resveratrol on pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole in vivo and in vitro. Cai, JP; Dai, DP; Gu, EM; Hu, GX; Li, XY; Liang, BQ; Zhan, YY, 2016)	0.43
"A rapid, selective, and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine resveratrol levels in plasma and brain tissue in mice for supporting pharmacokinetic and brain distribution studies."	( Validated LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of resveratrol levels in mouse plasma and brain and its application to pharmacokinetic and brain distribution studies. Ko, YT; Ramalingam, P, 2016)	0.43
" A cellular pharmacokinetic model integrating resveratrol transport/metabolism with glucuronide hydrolysis/excretion was well fitted to the experimental data, allowing derivation of the efflux rate constant values in the absence or presence of shRNA targeting MRP4."	( Efflux Transport Characterization of Resveratrol Glucuronides in UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Transfected HeLa Cells: Application of a Cellular Pharmacokinetic Model to Decipher the Contribution of Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 4. Dong, D; Li, F; Quan, E; Wang, S; Wu, B, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic comparison among pinostilbene, resveratrol and some resveratrol analogues suggested that stilbenes with meta-hydroxyl group(s) may be associated with metabolic instability and subsequently suffer from rapid clearance and low oral bioavailability."	( Determination of pinostilbene in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. Chen, W; Chuang, XF; Lin, HS; Yeo, SC, 2016)	0.65
" Pharmacodynamic data exhibited a significant decrease in the serum biomarker enzymes (serum glutamic oxalo-acetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase) after oral administration of RV-SLNs as compared to control and marketed (SILYBON(®)) formulations against paracetamol-induced liver cirrhosis."	( A novel monolithic controlled delivery system of resveratrol for enhanced hepatoprotection: nanoformulation development, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Ahmad, FJ; Ahmad, I; Ahmad, S; Iqbal, Z; Singh, A, 2016)	0.43
" These results were confirmed by an in vivo pharmacokinetic study of oral administered FEX (10mg/kg) in rats."	( Effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine in rats: Involvement of P-glycoprotein inhibition. Bedada, SK; Neerati, P; Yellu, NR, 2016)	0.43
" In comparison with FEX alone, RSV pretreatment significantly increased maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), while there was no significant change was observed in T1/2 and Tmax of FEX."	( Effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine in rats: Involvement of P-glycoprotein inhibition. Bedada, SK; Neerati, P; Yellu, NR, 2016)	0.43
"RSV significantly enhanced the exposure of FEX in rats likely by the inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated efflux during the intestinal absorption, suggesting that there is a potential pharmacokinetic interaction between RSV and FEX."	( Effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine in rats: Involvement of P-glycoprotein inhibition. Bedada, SK; Neerati, P; Yellu, NR, 2016)	0.43
" Thus, the outcome indicates that RSV-TPGS-Lipo 2 is a promising carrier for glioma treatment with improved pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, in vitro cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of Vitamin E TPGS coated trans resveratrol liposomes. Balavigneswaran, CK; Mahto, SK; Mishra, N; Muthu, MS; Singh, S; Vajanthri, KY; Vijayakumar, MR, 2016)	0.43
" The analytical method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the multi-components after oral administration of Sanjie Zhentong Capsule in rats."	( Simultaneous determination of ten bioactive constituents of Sanjie Zhentong Capsule in rat plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Hu, JH; Huang, W; Li, D; Li, J; Pan, Y; Wang, Y; Wang, ZZ; Xiao, W, 2017)	0.46
" The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of CSA and one of its main metabolites (M1) to explore their fate in the body and provide a pharmacokinetic foundation for their in vivo biological activities and functional food or complementary medicine application."	( Pharmacokinetics of Cajaninstilbene Acid and Its Main Glucuronide Metabolite in Rats. Cao, FR; Chang, Q; Feng, L; Liao, YH; Liu, XM; Pan, RL; Tao, X; Wang, LS, 2017)	0.46
" An 8-h pharmacokinetic study was performed."	( Influence of diabetes on plasma pharmacokinetics and brain bioavailability of grape polyphenols and their phase II metabolites in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Chen, TY; Cooper, B; Ferruzzi, MG; Ho, L; Janle, EM; Pasinetti, GM; Simon, JE; Talcott, ST; Todd, G; Wang, J; Wu, QL, 2017)	0.46
" We investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) response of polyphenols in obese/overweight versus lean individuals before and after repeated dosing of grape polyphenols."	( The effect of obesity and repeated exposure on pharmacokinetic response to grape polyphenols in humans. Baer, DJ; Chen, TY; Ferruzzi, MG; Gebauer, SK; Ho, L; Novotny, JA; Pasinetti, GM; Terekhov, AI, 2017)	0.46
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of DRG were subsequently examined in Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Quantification of desoxyrhapontigenin (4-methoxyresveratrol) in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Chen, H; Dai, Y; Lin, HS; Ong, PS; Tan, ALC; Wu, J; Xiang, X, 2018)	0.48
" It is well-known that some compounds could influence other compounds' pharmacokinetic parameters significantly."	( Pharmacokinetic studies unveiled the drug-drug interaction between trans-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and emodin that may contribute to the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of Polygoni Multiflori Radix. Gao, X; Han, L; Hu, L; Wang, C; Wang, L; Xing, Y; Yang, W; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" The purpose of this study is to investigate the pharmacokinetic of ISO in mice plasma, after oral administration of three doses (40, 80, and 160 mg/kg)."	( Plasma pharmacokinetics of isorhapontigenin, a novel derivative of stilbenes, in mice by LC-MS/MS method. Jin, B; Li, T; Ma, C; Wang, YL; Zhang, TT, 2019)	0.75
" For macromolecule conjugate nanomedicine, its pharmacology mechanism is closely related to the pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo."	( A UHPLC-MS/MS method coupled with simple and efficient alkaline hydrolysis for free and total determination of conjugate nanomedicine: Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution study of poly (l-glutamic acid)-graft-methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)/combretastatin Chen, L; Feng, B; Liao, Z; Liu, K; Liu, Y; Shan, B; Song, Y; Su, D; Xu, P; Zeng, Q; Zhong, Y, 2019)	0.51
" However, there is limited pharmacokinetic information on this compound, especially its distribution in neuronal tissue and its route of excretion."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxyresveratrol alone and in combination with piperine as a bioenhancer in rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Junsaeng, D; Khemawoot, P; Likhitwitayawuid, K; Songvut, P; Sritularak, B, 2019)	0.51
"The addition of piperine could enhance some of the pharmacokinetic properties of oxyresveratrol via both intravenous and oral administration."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxyresveratrol alone and in combination with piperine as a bioenhancer in rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Junsaeng, D; Khemawoot, P; Likhitwitayawuid, K; Songvut, P; Sritularak, B, 2019)	0.51
"We have shown for the first time that PAI can observe the pharmacodynamic response of tumor vasculature to drug treatment both longitudinally and at different dose levels."	( Longitudinal Photoacoustic Imaging of the Pharmacodynamic Effect of Vascular Targeted Therapy on Tumors. Beard, P; Johnson, SP; Lythgoe, MF; Ogunlade, O; Pedley, RB, 2019)	0.51
" Therefore, this method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of CA4P in phase I clinical trial."	( A high-throughput and simultaneous determination of combretastatin A-4 phosphate and its metabolites in human plasma using HPLC-MS/MS: Application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Fang, Y; Huang, J; Sun, Y; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Wu, F; Wu, Q; Wu, W; Yu, X, 2021)	0.62
" However, the unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties of oxyresveratrol, including low water solubility and poor oral availability and stability, have posed challenges to its development as a useful therapeutic agent."	( Oxyresveratrol: Sources, Productions, Biological Activities, Pharmacokinetics, and Delivery Systems. Likhitwitayawuid, K, 2021)	0.62
"The purpose of this study is to develop a sensitive LC-MS-MS method to simultaneously quantify polydatin and its metabolite, resveratrol, for its application in a pharmacokinetic (PK) study and to determine polydatin hydrolysis by microflora."	( Development of a novel UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneously quantification of polydatin and resveratrol in plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Du, T; Etim, I; Gao, S; Liang, D; Sunsong, R; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Despite its potential for chemotherapeutic advancement, the compound has pharmaceutical limitations, such as, the drug has a poor pharmacokinetic profile and low bioavailability."	( The science of resveratrol, formulation, pharmacokinetic barriers and its chemotherapeutic potential. Badgujar, V; Khan, A; Majeed, S; Murtuja, S; Robertson, I; Sajid Ali, M; Sami, F; Saquib Hasnain, M; Tahir Ansari, M; Wai Hau, T, 2022)	0.72
" This phase I trial (NCT04829786) compared the pharmacokinetic profile of palovarotene in healthy Japanese and non-Japanese participants and evaluated the safety of single doses."	( A Pharmacokinetic, Safety, and Tolerability Trial of Palovarotene in Healthy Japanese and Non-Japanese Participants. Dube, L; Grogan, D; Haga, N; Le Quan Sang, KH; Ogier, J, 2023)	0.91
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of palovarotene were similar between groups at both dose levels."	( A Pharmacokinetic, Safety, and Tolerability Trial of Palovarotene in Healthy Japanese and Non-Japanese Participants. Dube, L; Grogan, D; Haga, N; Le Quan Sang, KH; Ogier, J, 2023)	0.91
"Japanese and non-Japanese groups had similar pharmacokinetic profiles, indicating that palovarotene dose adjustments are not necessary for Japanese patients with FOP."	( A Pharmacokinetic, Safety, and Tolerability Trial of Palovarotene in Healthy Japanese and Non-Japanese Participants. Dube, L; Grogan, D; Haga, N; Le Quan Sang, KH; Ogier, J, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Similar antiviral activity was demonstrated when ddI was combined with 5 or 10 mM RV in PBMCs infected with clinical isolates of HIV-1."	( Synergistic inhibition of HIV-1 in activated and resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and selected drug-resistant isolates with nucleoside analogues combined with a natural product, resveratrol. Davis, C; Heredia, A; Redfield, R, 2000)	0.31
" m When TNP-470 was combined with combreAp, no significant lengthening of the growth delay, irrespective of the tumor size, was present with the applied schedule."	( In vivo antitumor effect of vascular targeting combined with either ionizing radiation or anti-angiogenesis treatment. Ahmed, B; Anné, J; Lambin, P; Landuyt, W; Nuyts, S; Op de Beeck, M; Rijnders, A; Theys, J; van den Bogaert, W; van Oosterom, A, 2001)	0.31
"These results are the first to show that piceatannol, when combined with subtherapeutic dosages of CsA, prevents graft rejection, suggesting that targeting Syk and Zap could be useful for preventing graft rejection."	( Piceatannol in combination with low doses of cyclosporine A prolongs kidney allograft survival in a stringent rat transplantation model. Colburn, MJ; Dong, Y; Fechner, J; Fernandez, LA; Hamawy, MM; Hu, H; Ishido, N; Kanmaz, T; Knechtle, SJ; Oberley, T; Schultz, J; Tae Kim, H; Torrealba, J; Tsuchida, M; Yagci, G, 2002)	0.31
"To investigate the effect of resveratrol (Res) alone and its combination with cyclosporin A (CsA) on the proliferation of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes (hPBTCs), transformation into lymphoblasts, as well as IL-2 and INF-gamma production."	( [Effect of resveratrol alone and its combination with cyclosporin A on the immune function of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes]. Pan, CE; Wu, SL; Yu, L; Zhang, M, 2003)	0.32
" Resveratrol partially reversed the inhibitory effects of low concentrations of LPS alone, and completely reversed the inhibition of nodule formation when low concentrations of LPS were combined with BaP."	( Inhibition of osteogenesis in vitro by a cigarette smoke-associated hydrocarbon combined with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide: reversal by resveratrol. Andreou, V; Casper, RF; D'Addario, M; Ellen, RP; Sukhu, B; Tenenbaum, HC; Zohar, R, 2004)	0.32
"To study the anti-tumor effect of resveratrol and in combination with 5-FU on murine liver cancer."	( Effect of resveratrol and in combination with 5-FU on murine liver cancer. Meng, KW; Pan, CE; Qin, XL; Sun, ZJ; Wu, SL; Yu, L, 2004)	0.32
"Transplantable murine hepatoma22 model was used to evaluate the anti-tumor activity of resveratrol (RES) alone or in combination with 5-FU in vivo."	( Effect of resveratrol and in combination with 5-FU on murine liver cancer. Meng, KW; Pan, CE; Qin, XL; Sun, ZJ; Wu, SL; Yu, L, 2004)	0.32
" The enhanced inhibition of tumor growth by 5-FU was also observed in hepatoma22 bearing mice when 5-FU was administered in combination with 10 mg/kg resveratrol."	( Effect of resveratrol and in combination with 5-FU on murine liver cancer. Meng, KW; Pan, CE; Qin, XL; Sun, ZJ; Wu, SL; Yu, L, 2004)	0.32
" Nowadays, using artificial neural networks (ANN's) in combination with MVA is rapidly expanding."	( Optimization of solid-phase extraction using artificial neural networks in combination with experimental design for determination of resveratrol by capillary zone electrophoresis in wines. Farková, M; Havel, J; Pazourek, J; Spanilá, M, 2005)	0.33
" Thus, the use of angiogenesis inhibitors in combination with radiation therapy should help to overcome the limitations of each leading to enhanced efficacy and diminished toxicity."	( Radiation combined with antiangiogenic and antivascular agents. O'Reilly, MS, 2006)	0.33
" Changes in dynamic CT parameters of tumor blood volume (BV) and permeability surface area product (PS) were measured for the whole tumor volume, tumor rim, and center after radiotherapy alone and after radiotherapy in combination with CA4P."	( Tumor antivascular effects of radiotherapy combined with combretastatin a4 phosphate in human non-small-cell lung cancer. Carnell, D; Goh, V; Hoskin, PJ; Meer, K; Ng, QS; Padhani, AR; Saunders, MI, 2007)	0.34
" We studied the effects of methyl jasmonate in combination with sucrose on defense-related gene expression, stilbene and anthocyanin production in grapevine cell suspensions."	( Effect of methyl jasmonate in combination with carbohydrates on gene expression of PR proteins, stilbene and anthocyanin accumulation in grapevine cell cultures. Barrieu, F; Belhadj, A; Cluzet, S; Hamdi, S; Mérillon, JM; Saigne, C; Telef, N, 2008)	0.35
"To explore the effects of garlic oil combined with resveratrol on the apoptosis and expression of Fas, bcl-2 and bax in human gastric cancer cell line MGC-803."	( [Effects of garlic oil combined with resveratrol on inducting of apoptosis and expression of Fas, bcl-2 and bax in human gastric cancer cell line]. Li, HQ; Zheng, GH, 2008)	0.35
"The garlic oil combined with resveratrol induced cell apoptosis markedly at the 24th after the treatment The protein expression of Fas in the combined medicine groups was 10."	( [Effects of garlic oil combined with resveratrol on inducting of apoptosis and expression of Fas, bcl-2 and bax in human gastric cancer cell line]. Li, HQ; Zheng, GH, 2008)	0.35
"The garlic oil combined with the resveratrol might obviously induce the apoptosis of gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 which be involved in increasing the expression of Fas protein and bax gene and decreasing the expression of bcl-2 gene at the same time."	( [Effects of garlic oil combined with resveratrol on inducting of apoptosis and expression of Fas, bcl-2 and bax in human gastric cancer cell line]. Li, HQ; Zheng, GH, 2008)	0.35
" In the next step the action of RES alone or in combination with ROSC was examined."	( Action of resveratrol alone or in combination with roscovitine, a CDK inhibitor, on cell cycle progression in human HL-60 leukemia cells. Komina, O; Wesierska-Gadek, J, 2008)	0.35
" In order to understand the underlying mechanisms, we studied the effects of PLE alone and in combination with fluconazole (FLC) on the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway against both FLC-sensitive and FLC-resistant strains by analyzing the sterol content and the ergosterol pathway gene (ERG) expression."	( The effect of plagiochin E alone and in combination with fluconazole on the ergosterol biosynthesis of Candida albicans. Cheng, AX; Lou, HX; Lv, BB; Sun, LM; Wu, XZ, 2009)	0.35
" In this study, the effect of infection with oncolytic H-1 parvovirus (H-1PV) combined with antibiotic norfloxacin (NFX) or phytoalexin resveratrol on the survival of cell lines Panc-1 and BxPC3 derived from human pancreatic carcinoma was tested."	( Anticancer effects of an oncolytic parvovirus combined with non-conventional therapeutics on pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. Angelova, A; Galabov, AS; Georgieva, PB; Raykov, Z; Rommelaere, J, 2009)	0.35
"In preclinical models, radioimmunotherapy with (131)I-A5B7 anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody ((131)I-A5B7) combined with the vascular disruptive agent combretastatin-A4-phosphate (CA4P) produced cures unlike either agent alone."	( A phase I trial of radioimmunotherapy with 131I-A5B7 anti-CEA antibody in combination with combretastatin-A4-phosphate in advanced gastrointestinal carcinomas. Begent, RH; Buscombe, J; Chan, PS; Chester, KA; Dancey, G; Folkes, LK; Gaya, AM; Green, AJ; Malaroda, A; Meyer, T; Othman, S; Owen, K; Padhani, AR; Pedley, RB; Poupard, L; Rustin, GJ; Sharma, SK; Stirling, JJ; Stratford, MR; Taylor, NJ; Violet, JA; Wellsted, D, 2009)	0.35
" In the present study, we investigated the effects of hypotensive resuscitation combined with Polydatin administration on microcirculation and survival rate in a clinically relevant model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in pregnancy."	( Hypotensive resuscitation combined with polydatin improve microcirculation and survival in a rabbit model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in pregnancy. Qin, W; Sheng, C; Wang, CH; Yu, YH; Zhao, KS, 2011)	0.37
" The aim of this study was to use a mouse model to investigate whether hypertension or its modification influenced the treatment efficacy of CA4P in combination with other therapies."	( Combretastatin-induced hypertension and the consequences for its combination with other therapies. Bohn, AB; Busk, M; Horsman, MR; Skals, M; Wang, T, )	0.13
" The effects of CA4P alone or in combination with the antihypertensive drug hydralazine (HDZ) on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) were characterized in non-tumor-bearing animals."	( Combretastatin-induced hypertension and the consequences for its combination with other therapies. Bohn, AB; Busk, M; Horsman, MR; Skals, M; Wang, T, )	0.13
"We investigated the anti-tumor effect of peritumoral resveratrol in combination with immunotherapy in vivo in neuroblastoma-bearing mice."	( The anti-tumor effect of resveratrol alone or in combination with immunotherapy in a neuroblastoma model. Gillies, SD; Hank, JA; Kim, K; Polans, AS; Rakhmilevich, AL; Reisfeld, RA; Seo, S; Sondel, PM; Soto, BL; Subramanian, L; Van De Voort, TJ; Yang, RK, 2011)	0.37
" This study aimed at examining effects of resveratrol alone and in combination with curcumin or chrysin on UGT induction in Caco-2 cells."	( Resveratrol in combination with other dietary polyphenols concomitantly enhances antiproliferation and UGT1A1 induction in Caco-2 cells. Iwuchukwu, OF; Nagar, S; Tallarida, RJ, 2011)	0.37
"The vascular disrupting agent combretastatin-A4-phosphate (CA4P) demonstrated antitumour activity in preclinical studies when combined with radiation."	( Phase Ib trial of radiotherapy in combination with combretastatin-A4-phosphate in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, prostate adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Alonzi, R; Carnell, D; Goh, V; Hoskin, PJ; Mandeville, H; Meer, K; Milner, J; Ng, QS; Padhani, AR; Saunders, MI, 2012)	0.38
" DLT of cardiac ischaemia occurred in two patients with SCCHN at a weekly dose of 50 mg/m2 in combination with cetuximab."	( Phase Ib trial of radiotherapy in combination with combretastatin-A4-phosphate in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, prostate adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Alonzi, R; Carnell, D; Goh, V; Hoskin, PJ; Mandeville, H; Meer, K; Milner, J; Ng, QS; Padhani, AR; Saunders, MI, 2012)	0.38
" In the present study, we investigated the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), vitamin D₃ and resveratrol alone and in combination with adenosine analogues, 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2CdA) and 9-β-d-arabinosyl-2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-A), on the methylation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) tumour suppressor gene in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells."	( Comparative effects of retinoic acid, vitamin D and resveratrol alone and in combination with adenosine analogues on methylation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue tumour suppressor gene in breast cancer cells. Bednarek, A; Fabianowska-Majewska, K; Salamé, P; Stefanska, B, 2012)	0.38
"CA4P in combination with bevacizumab appears safe and well tolerated in this dosing schedule."	( Phase I trial of combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) in combination with bevacizumab in patients with advanced cancer. Carden, C; Collins, DJ; Fisher, N; Harris, A; Judson, I; Koh, DM; Leach, MO; Lu, SP; Nathan, P; Ng, M; Padhani, AR; Rustin, GJ; Smythe, J; Stirling, JJ; Taylor, NJ; Zweifel, M, 2012)	0.38
" Recent in vivo studies and clinical trials indicate a possible drug-drug interaction potential using high-dosage formulations."	( Drug interaction potential of resveratrol. Beck, M; Detampel, P; Huwyler, J; Krähenbühl, S, 2012)	0.38
"This pre-clinical study was designed to investigate the effect of various vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) that have undergone or are in clinical evaluation, had on the oxygenation status of tumours and what effects that could have on the combination with radiation."	( Induction of hypoxia by vascular disrupting agents and the significance for their combination with radiation therapy. Busk, M; Horsman, MR; Iversen, AB, 2013)	0.39
" In addition, we aimed to explore differences in drug-drug interactions across multiple GBM-derived cell cultures and predict such differences by use of transcriptional biomarkers."	( Comparative drug pair screening across multiple glioblastoma cell lines reveals novel drug-drug interactions. Baskaran, S; Forsberg Nilsson, K; Gerlee, P; Häggblad, M; Hansson, C; Karlsson-Lindahl, L; Kling, T; Lundgren, B; Martens, U; Monsefi, N; Nelander, S; Olsson, M; Schmidt, L; Uhrbom, L; Westermark, B, 2013)	0.39
"We performed a screen in which we quantified drug-drug interactions for 465 drug pairs in each of the 5 GBM cell lines U87MG, U343MG, U373MG, A172, and T98G."	( Comparative drug pair screening across multiple glioblastoma cell lines reveals novel drug-drug interactions. Baskaran, S; Forsberg Nilsson, K; Gerlee, P; Häggblad, M; Hansson, C; Karlsson-Lindahl, L; Kling, T; Lundgren, B; Martens, U; Monsefi, N; Nelander, S; Olsson, M; Schmidt, L; Uhrbom, L; Westermark, B, 2013)	0.39
" The combination with cisplatin and etoposide resulted in a partially synergistic inhibition of cell proliferation."	( The effect of resveratrol in combination with irradiation and chemotherapy: study using Merkel cell carcinoma cell lines. Bigenzahn, J; Brunner, M; Heiduschka, G; Houben, R; Lill, C; Schmid, R; Seemann, R; Thurnher, D, 2014)	0.4
"Due to its radiosensitizing effect, resveratrol seems to be a promising agent in combination with radiation therapy."	( The effect of resveratrol in combination with irradiation and chemotherapy: study using Merkel cell carcinoma cell lines. Bigenzahn, J; Brunner, M; Heiduschka, G; Houben, R; Lill, C; Schmid, R; Seemann, R; Thurnher, D, 2014)	0.4
" IC(50) value of ɛ-viniferin in combination with vincristine was 15."	( Towards novel anti-tumor strategies for hepatic cancer: ɛ-viniferin in combination with vincristine displays pharmacodynamic synergy at lower doses in HepG2 cells. Akalın, G; Incesu, Z; Işcan, A; Kutlu, HM; Önder, NI; Özdemir, F; Şen, M, 2014)	0.4
"To study the therapeutical effect and mechanisms of resveratrol and its combination with praziquantel on the liver fibrosis due to Schistosoma japonicum infection."	( [Therapeutic effect of resveratrol as well as resveratrol combined with praziquantel on the liver fibrosis due to Schistosoma japonicum infection in mice]. Chen, Y; Xiao, Z, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, we explored whether short-term moderate CR (20%), either alone or in combination with resveratrol, can induce autophagy in the hearts of 26-month-old Fischer 344 × Brown Norway rats."	( Calorie restriction combined with resveratrol induces autophagy and protects 26-month-old rat hearts from doxorubicin-induced toxicity. Dirain, ML; Dutta, D; Leeuwenburgh, C; Xu, J, 2014)	0.4
" Here, we show that diadenosine triphosphate, applied alone or in combination with cyclodextrins to the grapevine suspension-cultured cells, increased the transcript level of genes encoding key phenylpropanoid-pathway enzymes as well as the trans-resveratrol production inside cells and its secretion into the extracellular medium."	( Diadenosine triphosphate is a novel factor which in combination with cyclodextrins synergistically enhances the biosynthesis of trans-resveratrol in Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell suspension cultured cells. Belchí-Navarro, S; Czekała, Ł; Guranowski, A; Pedreño, MA; Pietrowska-Borek, M, 2014)	0.4
" In this study, a new monofunctional planaramineplatinum(II) complex, namely tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)monochloroplatinum(II) chloride (coded as LH3), was synthesised and investigated for its activity against human ovarian A2780, cisplatin-resistant A2780 (A2780(cisR)) and ZD0473-resistant A2780 (A2780(ZD0473R)) cancer cell lines, alone and in combination with the phytochemicals curcumin, genistein and resveratrol."	( Synthesis of a monofunctional platinum compound and its activity alone and in combination with phytochemicals in ovarian tumor models. Arzuman, L; Beale, P; Huq, F; Proschogo, N; Yu, JQ, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of this study was to: (a) develop a simple, high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method combined with direct 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to rapidly assess and compare free radical scavenging activity or anti-oxidant activity for major classes of polyphenolics present in wines; and (b) to investigate relationship between free radical scavenging activity to the total polyphenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the wine samples."	( Development and validation of a simple high performance thin layer chromatography method combined with direct 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay to quantify free radical scavenging activity in wine. Agatonovic-Kustrin, S; Morton, DW; Yusof, AP, 2016)	0.43
" The aim of this study is to investigate the synergistic anticancer effect of resveratrol in combination with cisplatin and the potential anticancer mechanisms involved in A549 cells."	( The synergistic effect of resveratrol in combination with cisplatin on apoptosis via modulating autophagy in A549 cells. Hu, S; Kong, H; Li, X; Wang, H; Xie, W; Xu, R; Ye, L; Zeng, X, 2016)	0.43
"The potential of front-face fluorescence spectroscopy combined with second-order chemometric methods was investigated for the quantification of the main polyphenols present in wine samples."	( Front-face fluorescence spectroscopy combined with second-order multivariate algorithms for the quantification of polyphenols in red wine samples. Cabrera-Bañegil, M; Durán-Merás, I; Galeano-Díaz, T; Hurtado-Sánchez, MD, 2017)	0.46
"The antibacterial activity of pterostilbene in combination with gentamicin against six strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were investigated."	( Bactericidal Effect of Pterostilbene Alone and in Combination with Gentamicin against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Basri, DF; Ghazali, AR; Lee, WX, 2017)	0.46
" But at present the effects of resveratrol combined with taxol on human laryngeal carcinoma cell strain Hep-2 and their underlying molecular mechanisms are rarely reported."	( [Apoptosis mechanism of taxol combined with resveratrol on human laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells]. Lu, CX; Sun, JH; Wu, CL, 2016)	0.43
"To explore the preventive and therapeutic effects of Resveratrol combined with total flavones of hawthorn, compatibility of traditional Chinese medicines, on the endothelial cells injury after artery bypass graft surgery."	( Resveratrol combined with total flavones of hawthorn alleviate the endothelial cells injury after coronary bypass graft surgery. Feng, B; He, S; Su, Z; Zheng, G; Zhu, Y, 2018)	0.48
" After CABG surgery, the rabbits were administrated with saline (model group), aspirin (Aspirin group), resveratrol (Res group), total flavones of hawthorn (Haw group) and resveratrol combined with total flavones of hawthorn (Res+Haw group) once a day for eight weeks, respectively."	( Resveratrol combined with total flavones of hawthorn alleviate the endothelial cells injury after coronary bypass graft surgery. Feng, B; He, S; Su, Z; Zheng, G; Zhu, Y, 2018)	0.48
"Compared with the model group, the level of CECs density and the expressions of albumen and mRNA of ICAM-1 were significantly decreased in the aspirin,resveratrol,total flavones of hawthorn and resveratrol combined with total flavones of hawthorn groups (P < ."	( Resveratrol combined with total flavones of hawthorn alleviate the endothelial cells injury after coronary bypass graft surgery. Feng, B; He, S; Su, Z; Zheng, G; Zhu, Y, 2018)	0.48
"The Resveratrol combined with total flavones of hawthorn could protect the endothelial cells after coronary artery bypass graft."	( Resveratrol combined with total flavones of hawthorn alleviate the endothelial cells injury after coronary bypass graft surgery. Feng, B; He, S; Su, Z; Zheng, G; Zhu, Y, 2018)	0.48
"To investigate the effects of different intensity exercise combined with resveratrol on retinol binding protein 4(RBP4) mRNA and protein expression in visceral adipose tissue and plasma RBP4 concentration of aged obese rats."	( [Effects of different intensities exercise combined with resveratrol on RBP4 in aged obese rats]. Bai, YP; Cui, JQ; Lin, C; Song, WW; Su, M; Wu, L; Zhang, HY, 2017)	0.46
"Different intensities exercise combined with resveratrol could reduce the RBP4 mRNA and protein expression in visceral adipose tissue and plasma RBP4 concentrations of aged obese rats, but less affected by exercise intensity."	( [Effects of different intensities exercise combined with resveratrol on RBP4 in aged obese rats]. Bai, YP; Cui, JQ; Lin, C; Song, WW; Su, M; Wu, L; Zhang, HY, 2017)	0.46
"Polytherapy (or drug combination cancer therapy (DCCT)), targeting multiple mechanisms associated with tumor proliferation, can efficiently maximize therapeutic efficacy, decrease drug dosage, and reduce drug resistance."	( Molecular Engineering-Based Aptamer-Drug Conjugates with Accurate Tunability of Drug Ratios for Drug Combination Targeted Cancer Therapy. Fang, X; Fu, T; He, N; Huang, Q; Peng, Y; Sun, W; Tan, W; Wang, P; Zhang, P; Zhao, Z; Zhou, F, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of oxyresveratrol alone and in combination with piperine as a bioenhancer in rats."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxyresveratrol alone and in combination with piperine as a bioenhancer in rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Junsaeng, D; Khemawoot, P; Likhitwitayawuid, K; Songvut, P; Sritularak, B, 2019)	0.51
"Male Wistar rats were administered with oxyresveratrol 10 mg/kg, oxyresveratrol 10 mg/kg plus piperine 1 mg/kg via intravenous or oxyresveratrol 100 mg/kg, oxyresveratrol 100 mg/kg plus piperine 10 mg/kg via oral gavage."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxyresveratrol alone and in combination with piperine as a bioenhancer in rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Junsaeng, D; Khemawoot, P; Likhitwitayawuid, K; Songvut, P; Sritularak, B, 2019)	0.51
"The combination with piperine had shown a significantly higher maximum concentration in plasma approximately 1500 μg/L within 1-2 h after oral dosing, and could increase oral bioavailability of oxyresveratrol approximately 2-fold."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxyresveratrol alone and in combination with piperine as a bioenhancer in rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Junsaeng, D; Khemawoot, P; Likhitwitayawuid, K; Songvut, P; Sritularak, B, 2019)	0.51
" Third, the therapeutic effects and the mechanism of the drug combination in the inhibition of transplanted tumors was studied."	( Synergistic Anticancer Effects of Cisplatin Combined with Combretastatin A4 Phosphate on Human Osteosarcoma-Xenografted Mice. Dai, G; Liu, G; Song, Q; Zheng, D, 2021)	0.62
"5 mg protein/mL) and hepatocytes (1 million cells/mL) followed by liquid chromatography in combination with hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometric analysis to detect and identify the generated metabolites."	( Identification and characterization of the in vitro metabolites of batatasin III by liquid chromatography in combination with Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Kong, F; Wang, T; You, W, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The addition of SITS, DIDS, or furosemide to the luminal perfusion solution resulted in a decreased rate of absorption of water and 2-14C-urate."	( Effect of anion exchange inhibitors and para-aminohippurate on the transport of urate in the rat proximal tubule. Bennett, S; Kahn, AM; Sansom, SC; Weinman, EJ, 1983)	0.27
" Tissue concentrations showed a significant cardiac bioavailability and strong affinity for liver and kidneys."	( Kinetics of trans- and cis-resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) after red wine oral administration in rats. Bertelli, A; Bertelli, AA; Giovannini, L; Stradi, R; Tillement, JP; Urien, S, 1996)	0.29
"In view of the increasing interest in the biological activity of resveratrol, one of the components of red wine which is considered to be one of the main ingredients responsible for the beneficial effect of wine on human health, we have studied plasma kinetics and tissue bioavailability of this compound after red wine oral administration in rats."	( Evaluation of kinetic parameters of natural phytoalexin in resveratrol orally administered in wine to rats. Bertelli, A; Bertelli, AA; Giovannini, L; Stradi, R; Tillement, JP; Urien, S, 1998)	0.3
" Despite its importance, little is known about its bioavailability in both humans and animals."	( Determination of trans-resveratrol in plasma by HPLC. de la Torre-Boronat, MC; Juan, ME; Lamuela-Raventós, RM; Planas, JM, 1999)	0.3
" However, the bioavailability and metabolic pathways must be known before drawing any conclusions on the benefits of dietary resveratrol to health."	( Biological effects of resveratrol. Frémont, L, 2000)	0.31
" It is present in the diet, and the hepatic and duodenal sulphation might limit the bioavailability of this compound."	( Sulphation of resveratrol, a natural product present in grapes and wine, in the human liver and duodenum. De Santi, C; Mosca, F; Pacifici, GM; Pietrabissa, A; Spisni, R, 2000)	0.31
" Resveratrol is sulphated, and the hepatic and duodenal sulphation might limit the bioavailability of this compound."	( Sulphation of resveratrol, a natural compound present in wine, and its inhibition by natural flavonoids. De Santi, C; Mosca, F; Pacifici, GM; Pietrabissa, A; Spisni, R, 2000)	0.31
" Glucuronidation may reduce the bioavailability of this compound however, flavonoids inhibit resveratrol glucuronidation and such an inhibition might improve the bioavailability of resveratrol."	( Glucuronidation of resveratrol, a natural product present in grape and wine, in the human liver. de Santi, C; Mosca, F; Pacifici, GM; Pietrabissa, A, 2000)	0.31
" Urgent investigations on its bioavailability and effects on in vivo systems, especially in humans, are necessary."	( Resveratrol, a natural chemopreventive agent against degenerative diseases. Baer-Dubowska, W; Ignatowicz, E, )	0.13
" A time course study was also carried out to assess the bioavailability of resveratrol in serum, liver and brain using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)."	( Resveratrol protects against global cerebral ischemic injury in gerbils. Lubahn, D; Rottinghaus, GE; Simonyi, A; Sun, AY; Sun, GY; Wang, Q; Xu, J, 2002)	0.31
" Among the recently disclosed tubulin polymerization inhibitors, there are several interesting low molecular weight compounds with improved oral bioavailability and demonstrated activity against multi-drug resistance positive phenotypes."	( Recent advances in the field of tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Prinz, H, 2002)	0.31
" However, although it has numerous biological activities in vitro, there are few data about its bioavailability and tissue distribution in vivo."	( Distribution of [14C]-trans-resveratrol, a cancer chemopreventive polyphenol, in mouse tissues after oral administration. Barthe, N; Brouillaud, B; Deffieux, G; Desmoulière, A; Krisa, S; Mérillon, JM; Rosenbaum, J; Vitrac, X, 2003)	0.32
" These results indicate that absorption of resveratrol in-vivo may be high but with limited bioavailability due to efficient sulfate conjugation."	( Resveratrol transport and metabolism by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Kaldas, MI; Walle, T; Walle, UK, 2003)	0.32
"The present study investigates the bioavailability of resveratrol and quercetin in humans, mice, and rats after oral ingestion of grape juice preparations or pure aglycones."	( Urinary and plasma levels of resveratrol and quercetin in humans, mice, and rats after ingestion of pure compounds and grape juice. Lee, MJ; Lu, H; Maliakal, P; Meng, X; Yang, CS, 2004)	0.32
" This suggests some bioavailability by this route."	( Abilities of 3,4-diarylfuran-2-one analogs of combretastatin A-4 to inhibit both proliferation of tumor cell lines and growth of relevant tumors in nude mice. Coy, DH; Fuselier, JA; Sun, L; Vasilevich, NI, )	0.13
" Demonstration of its mechanism of action also implies the elucidation of the steps of bioavailability and bioabsorption in cells and tissues."	( Transport of resveratrol, a cancer chemopreventive agent, to cellular targets: plasmatic protein binding and cell uptake. Berlot, JP; Delmas, D; Jannin, B; Lançon, A; Latruffe, N; Menzel, M, 2004)	0.32
" Although the systemic bioavailability of resveratrol is very low, accumulation of resveratrol in epithelial cells along the aerodigestive tract and potentially active resveratrol metabolites may still produce cancer-preventive and other effects."	( High absorption but very low bioavailability of oral resveratrol in humans. DeLegge, MH; Hsieh, F; Oatis, JE; Walle, T; Walle, UK, 2004)	0.32
" Although the reported biological data indicate that resveratrol is a highly promising cardiovascular protective agent, more studies are needed to establish its bioavailability and in vivo cardioprotective effects, particularly in humans."	( Cardiovascular protective effects of resveratrol. Barenghi, L; Bradamante, S; Villa, A, 2004)	0.32
" Currently, structural analogues of resveratrol with improved bioavailability are being pursued as potential therapeutic agents for cancer."	( Role of resveratrol in prevention and therapy of cancer: preclinical and clinical studies. Aggarwal, BB; Aggarwal, RS; Bhardwaj, A; Seeram, NP; Shishodia, S; Takada, Y, )	0.13
" The lack of effect on the chemopreventive parameters is probably due to the formation of various resveratrol conjugates reducing its bioavailability in the rat."	( Bioactivity and metabolism of trans-resveratrol orally administered to Wistar rats. Erbersdobler, H; Soldo, T; Somoza, V; Wenzel, E, 2005)	0.33
" In order to reveal information on absorption, metabolism, and the consequent bioavailability of resveratrol, different research approaches were performed, including in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, all of which are considered in this review."	( Metabolism and bioavailability of trans-resveratrol. Somoza, V; Wenzel, E, 2005)	0.33
" Bioavailability studies mainly in animals or in humans using the pure compound at very high doses were performed."	( Bioavailability of trans-resveratrol from red wine in humans. Caporaso, N; Fogliano, V; Galaverna, G; Ghidini, C; Marchelli, R; Sforza, S; Vescovi, PP; Vitaglione, P, 2005)	0.33
" It is worthy to note that the phenolic compound possesses a low bioavailability and rapid clearance from the plasma."	( Resveratrol as an anti-inflammatory and anti-aging agent: mechanisms and clinical implications. de la Lastra, CA; Villegas, I, 2005)	0.33
" Great differences emerge as far as ingested doses, bioavailability and liver ability to accumulate the various compounds."	( Dietary antioxidant compounds and liver health. Caporaso, N; Fogliano, V; Morisco, F; Vitaglione, P, 2004)	0.32
" Critical areas of future investigation include: (1) identification of the direct molecular target(s) of EGCG and related polyphenolic compounds in cells; (2) the in vivo metabolism and bioavailability of these compounds; (3) the ancillary effects of these compounds on tumor-stromal interactions; (4) the development of synergistic combinations with other antitumor agents to enhance efficacy in cancer prevention and therapy, and also minimize potential toxicities."	( Modulation of signal transduction by tea catechins and related phytochemicals. Shimizu, M; Weinstein, IB, 2005)	0.33
" Concordantly with data on bioavailability and metabolism of native resveratrol from the literature, these investigations revealed an extensive uptake and metabolism in the liver and kidney, respectively, of [(18)F]-1."	( Synthesis and biodistribution of an 18F-labelled resveratrol derivative for small animal positron emission tomography. Bergmann, R; Gester, S; Pawelke, B; Pietzsch, J; Wuest, F, 2005)	0.33
" It would be important in the future to investigate the origins of the differences in wine stilbene levels in relation to the vine varieties, and the bioavailability of the newly extracted stilbene delta-viniferin in plasma after consumption of different types of wines."	( Determination of stilbenes (delta-viniferin, trans-astringin, trans-piceid, cis- and trans-resveratrol, epsilon-viniferin) in Brazilian wines. Bornet, A; Delaunay, JC; Mérillon, JM; Richard, T; Teissédre, PL; Valls, J; Vanderlinde, R; Vitrac, X, 2005)	0.67
" BSDL is involved in the duodenal hydrolysis of lipid esters and in part of cholesteryl esters thus favoring the bioavailability of free cholesterol."	( In vitro polyphenol effects on activity, expression and secretion of pancreatic bile salt-dependent lipase. Lombardo, D; Petit-Thévenin, JL; Ristorcelli, E; Sbarra, V; Teissedre, PL; Vérine, A, 2005)	0.33
" The review encompasses the occurrence and bioavailability of the polyphenolics, the in vitro and in vivo evidence for their effects on cancer, both positive and negative, and the various mechanisms by which the chemicals may exert their effects."	( A review of the effects and mechanisms of polyphenolics in cancer. Barney, DL; Exon, JH; Nichenametla, SN; Taruscio, TG, 2006)	0.33
" Since the bioavailability of ingested RS at distant organs is low and apoptosis induction often requires relatively high RS levels (above 20 micromol/l), this polyphenolic food ingredient might be particularly effective as a chemopreventive in the digestive tract."	( Bax and Bak are the critical complementary effectors of colorectal cancer cell apoptosis by chemopreventive resveratrol. Mahyar-Roemer, M; Pöhland, T; Roemer, K; Wagner, S, 2006)	0.33
" The estimates of oral bioavailability characterize these stilbenes as poorly bioavailable compounds."	( Pharmacokinetics of selected stilbenes: rhapontigenin, piceatannol and pinosylvin in rats. Davies, NM; Roupe, KA; Teng, XW; Yáñez, JA, 2006)	0.87
"Consumption of polyphenols is associated with health promotion through diet, although many are poorly absorbed in animals and humans alike."	( Protection of lipids from oxidation by epicatechin, trans-resveratrol, and gallic and caffeic acids in intestinal model systems. Chetrit, D; Kerem, Z; Regev-Shoshani, G; Shoseyov, O, 2006)	0.33
" A number of points for consideration are raised: (1) the necessity to characterize wine analytically, as the content in important components of wine, such as resveratrol, is influenced considerably by regional factors, such as climate and local oenological procedures; (2) the bioavailability of the components of wine, which appears to be adequate as a broad range of biological effects have been documented at low concentrations that can be achieved by moderate chronic wine consumption; (3) the lack of importance of wine color, as also white wine consumption affords benefit, thanks to its content in the antioxidants caffeic acid, tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, which are also found in olive oil; (4) the recommendation by WHO to "investigate the possible protective effects of ingredients other than alcohol in alcoholic beverages"."	( Wine, research and cardiovascular disease: instructions for use. Bertelli, AA, 2007)	0.34
" The evidence suggests a potential role for dietary cranberry and blueberry in the prevention of cancer and vascular diseases, justifying further research to determine how the bioavailability and metabolism of berry phytonutrients influence their activity in vivo."	( Cranberry and blueberry: evidence for protective effects against cancer and vascular diseases. Neto, CC, 2007)	0.34
" Our results might provide a possible explanation for the in vivo antiplatelet effect of resveratrol despite the poor bioavailability and the weak in vitro activity."	( Low concentrations of resveratrol potentiate the antiplatelet effect of prostaglandins. Wang, WY; Wu, CC; Wu, CI; Wu, YC, 2007)	0.34
" The absorption rate constants (ka) of Res-nanoliposomes in intestine were not significantly different."	( [Study on drug release in vitro and rat intestinal absorption of resveratrol nanoliposomes]. Hou, SX; Li, W; Li, XY; Wang, XC; Zhou, YW, 2007)	0.34
" However, some of these agents have poor bioavailability and many of the in-depth studies into their mechanisms of action have been carried out in vitro using doses which are unachievable in humans."	( Predicting the physiological relevance of in vitro cancer preventive activities of phytochemicals. Andreadi, CK; Foreman, BE; Howells, LM; Hudson, EA; Manson, MM; Moiseeva, EP; Neal, CP; Sun, YY, 2007)	0.34
" The bioavailability of the drug in serum was in the low micromolar range (2-10 micromol/L) and no accumulation was observed in tumor tissue."	( Resveratrol inhibits tumor growth of human neuroblastoma and mediates apoptosis by directly targeting mitochondria. Albert, DM; Darjatmoko, SR; Kulkarni, A; Lindstrom, MJ; Polans, AS; Sareen, D; Subramanian, L; van Ginkel, PR; Walker, Q, 2007)	0.34
" Thus, the bioavailability of resveratrol in the epidermis appears to be enhanced upon application of the pro-molecule compared to resveratrol."	( Tracking the dephosphorylation of resveratrol triphosphate in skin by confocal Raman microscopy. Flach, CR; Mendelsohn, R; Zhang, G, 2007)	0.34
" In addition, the yeast-encapsulated resveratrol exhibited good stability, and its bioavailability was enhanced as a result of increased solubility of resveratrol and sustained releasing."	( Stabilization and encapsulation of photosensitive resveratrol within yeast cell. Ji, R; Rao, L; Shi, G; Xiang, H; Yang, H; Yu, H, 2008)	0.35
" Being a phenolic compound, resveratrol certainly possesses a low bioavailability and most importantly, a rapid clearance from the plasma."	( Anti-inflammatory responses of resveratrol. Das, DK; Das, S, 2007)	0.34
" In this report, we have reviewed the most recent scientific knowledge on the bioavailability and biological activity of these polyphenols ('fact'), as well as the health claims (which are not always supported by scientific studies) ascribed to the polyphenols-containing nutraceuticals ('fiction')."	( Nutraceuticals: facts and fiction. Espín, JC; García-Conesa, MT; Tomás-Barberán, FA, )	0.13
" Potential mechanisms of anticancer action and bioavailability of berry phenolics, as well as gaps in knowledge and recommendations for future berry research, are also briefly discussed."	( Berry fruits for cancer prevention: current status and future prospects. Seeram, NP, 2008)	0.35
" However, as complete phytochemical profiles are lacking for most nuts, information is limited regarding their bioavailability and metabolism, so further research on this topic is warranted."	( Phytochemical composition of nuts. Blumberg, JB; Chen, CY, 2008)	0.35
" Since oral administration resulted in relatively low bioavailability of resveratrol, the effect of increased local levels was tested by peritumor injection of the drug."	( Resveratrol inhibits uveal melanoma tumor growth via early mitochondrial dysfunction. Albert, DM; Bhattacharya, S; Darjatmoko, SR; Lindstrom, MJ; Polans, AS; Sareen, D; Subramanian, L; van Ginkel, PR, 2008)	0.35
"These data suggest that resveratrol can inhibit tumor growth and can induce apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and that by further increasing bioavailability of resveratrol the potency of the drug can be increased, leading to tumor regression."	( Resveratrol inhibits uveal melanoma tumor growth via early mitochondrial dysfunction. Albert, DM; Bhattacharya, S; Darjatmoko, SR; Lindstrom, MJ; Polans, AS; Sareen, D; Subramanian, L; van Ginkel, PR, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic evidence in rodents and humans suggests that the bioavailability of resveratrol is very low and that resveratrol conjugates are the major circulating agent-derived species."	( Resveratrol from red grapes - pedestrian polyphenol or useful anticancer agent? Gescher, AJ, 2008)	0.35
" The bioavailability of orally administered resveratrol is insufficient to permit high enough drug concentrations for systemic therapy."	( Delivery of resveratrol, a red wine polyphenol, from solutions and hydrogels via the skin. Fang, JY; Huang, ZR; Hung, CF; Lin, YK, 2008)	0.35
" The low bioavailability of this compound enhances its concentration in the luminal content and becomes a potential chemopreventive agent against colon cancer."	( Resveratrol induces apoptosis through ROS-dependent mitochondria pathway in HT-29 human colorectal carcinoma cells. Daniel, H; Juan, ME; Planas, JM; Wenzel, U, 2008)	0.35
" RM-beta-CD significantly increased the maximal plasma concentration of orally administered resveratrol, but, it did not increase the oral bioavailability in comparison with the CMC suspension."	( The impact of aqueous solubility and dose on the pharmacokinetic profiles of resveratrol. Das, S; Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Ng, KY, 2008)	0.35
" Further, dose manipulation (up to 50 mg kg(-1)) did not have a significant impact on the oral bioavailability of resveratrol."	( The impact of aqueous solubility and dose on the pharmacokinetic profiles of resveratrol. Das, S; Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Ng, KY, 2008)	0.35
"Several in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of pure trans-resveratrol (t-Res) to act as an anti-oxidant, but the scientific literature is lacking in in vivo studies dealing with dietary t-Res bioavailability in oxidative stress models."	( Dietary trans-resveratrol bioavailability and effect on CCl4-induced liver lipid peroxidation. Caporaso, N; Fogliano, V; Milani, S; Morisco, F; Ottanelli, B; Vitaglione, P, 2009)	0.35
" Current topics of debate are their bioavailability and bioactivity."	( Bioactivity and structure of biophenols as mediators of chronic diseases. Robards, K; Tucker, G, 2008)	0.35
" The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of food on the bioavailability of trans-resveratrol following oral administration."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetic profile of trans-resveratrol. Almeida, L; Falcao, A; Fernandes-Lopes, C; Loureiro, AI; Nunes, T; Rocha, JF; Soares, E; Soares-da-Silva, P; Vaz-da-Silva, M; Wright, L, 2008)	0.35
"The rate of absorption of trans-resveratrol following an oral 400 mg single-dose was significantly delayed by the presence of food, as reflected by Cmax and tmax."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetic profile of trans-resveratrol. Almeida, L; Falcao, A; Fernandes-Lopes, C; Loureiro, AI; Nunes, T; Rocha, JF; Soares, E; Soares-da-Silva, P; Vaz-da-Silva, M; Wright, L, 2008)	0.35
" Consequently, the absolute bioavailability (AB) of diltiazem in the presence of resveratrol (2."	( Effects of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its major metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Hong, SP, 2008)	0.35
" Despite scepticism concerning the bioavailability of these polyphenols, in vivo data have clearly demonstrated the neuroprotective properties of the naturally occurring polyphenol resveratrol in rodent models for stress and diseases."	( Therapeutic potential of resveratrol in Alzheimer's disease. Davies, P; Dreses-Werringloer, U; Marambaud, P; Vingtdeux, V; Zhao, H, 2008)	0.35
" Bioavailability was higher after morning administration."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of trans-resveratrol in a rising multiple-dose study in healthy volunteers. Almeida, L; Costa, R; Falcão, A; Fernandes-Lopes, C; Loureiro, AI; Nunes, T; Rocha, JF; Soares, E; Soares-da-Silva, P; Vaz-da-Silva, M; Wright, L, 2009)	0.35
"The present study aimed to assess the effect of resveratrol on the bioavailability of nicardipine in rats."	( Effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous nicardipine in rats: possible role of P-glycoprotein inhibition by resveratrol. Choi, BC; Choi, JS; Kang, KW, 2009)	0.35
" However, there is concern about the bioavailability of these agents pertinent to the poor absorption and thereby limiting its clinical use."	( Liposome encapsulation of curcumin and resveratrol in combination reduces prostate cancer incidence in PTEN knockout mice. Narayanan, BA; Narayanan, NK; Nargi, D; Randolph, C, 2009)	0.35
" These effects are observed despite its extremely low bioavailability and rapid clearance from the circulation due to extensive sulfation and glucuronidation in the intestine and liver."	( Antitumor activity of resveratrol and its sulfated metabolites against human breast cancer cells. Haslinger, E; Jäger, W; Kunert, O; Miksits, M; Svoboda, M; Szekeres, T; Thalhammer, T; Wlcek, K, 2009)	0.35
" After validation, the methods were applied to the assessment of the bioavailability and distribution of trans-resveratrol in rats after the intravenous administration of 15 mg/kg."	( Quantification of trans-resveratrol and its metabolites in rat plasma and tissues by HPLC. Juan, ME; Maijó, M; Planas, JM, 2010)	0.36
" These data suggest that 1) oral resveratrol is attractive candidate as an agent capable of combating dioxin toxicity and 2) increasing the bioavailability of this polyphenol enhances its protective effect."	( Attenuation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity by resveratrol: a comparative study with different routes of administration. Akamine, A; Hashiguchi, I; Ike, A; Ishida, T; Ishii, Y; Koga, T; Kuramoto, C; Takeda, T; Taketoh, J; Yahata, M; Yamada, H, 2009)	0.35
" As resveratrol has low bioavailability and interacts with multiple molecular targets, the development of new molecules with better bioavailability and targeting sirtuin at lower concentrations is a promising field of the medicinal chemistry."	( Sirtuin activators. Alcaín, FJ; Villalba, JM, 2009)	0.35
" Enhanced bioavailability may thus be a major factor contributing to the neuroprotective activity of pinostilbene."	( Protective effects of pinostilbene, a resveratrol methylated derivative, against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Chang, RC; Chao, J; Cheng, KW; Li, H; Wang, M; Yu, MS, 2010)	0.36
" Many valuable properties such as cardioprotective and anticarcinogenic activity have been attributed to resveratrol; however, its bioavailability is quite low."	( Wine, resveratrol and health: a review. Cantos-Villar, E; García-Parrilla, MC; Guerrero, RF; Puertas, B, 2009)	0.35
"5 mL/min/kg, respectively, while its absolute oral bioavailability was 12."	( Determination of pterostilbene in rat plasma by a simple HPLC-UV method and its application in pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Yue, BD, 2009)	0.35
" This mini-review summarizes recent studies on the possible mechanisms of action, potential therapeutic uses, and bioavailability of the nonalcoholic constituents of alcoholic beverages, in particular resveratrol and other polyphenols."	( The biological responses to resveratrol and other polyphenols from alcoholic beverages. Brown, L; Chan, V; Das, DK; Das, S; Feick, P; Kroon, PA; Singer, MV; Tosaki, A, 2009)	0.35
" In vivo, these effects could result in reduced activation of procarcinogens and/or in drug bioavailability limitation."	( CYP1A1 and CYP3A4 modulation by dietary flavonoids in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Dupont, I; Larondelle, Y; Pussemier, L; Schneider, YJ; Scippo, ML; Sergent, T; Van der Heiden, E, 2009)	0.35
"The potential for colloidal carriers to increase drug bioavailability has spurred a renewed interest in their uptake mechanisms and movement within cells."	( The evidence for solid lipid nanoparticles mediated cell uptake of resveratrol. Kristl, J; Teskac, K, 2010)	0.36
"9ml/min/kg, respectively; and its absolute oral bioavailability was as high as 50."	( A simple and sensitive HPLC-UV method for the quantification of piceatannol analog trans-3,5,3',4'-tetramethoxystilbene in rat plasma and its application for a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Spatafora, C; Tringali, C; Wu, C, 2010)	0.36
"One of the approaches to increasing the bioavailability of resveratrol is to protect its 3-OH phenolic group."	( Regioselective lipase-catalyzed synthesis of 3-o-acyl derivatives of resveratrol and study of their antioxidant properties. Ballesteros, A; Jimenez-Barbero, J; Plou, FJ; Poveda, A; Torres, P, 2010)	0.36
" As a drawback, its bioavailability is very limited due to the fast metabolic alterations to which it is subjected in the plasma."	( Metabolic effects of resveratrol in mammals--a link between improved insulin action and aging. Durand, C; Fröjdö, S; Pirola, L, 2008)	0.35
" Moreover, the bioavailability of resveratrol in the brain remains uncertain."	( AMP-activated protein kinase signaling activation by resveratrol modulates amyloid-beta peptide metabolism. Chandakkar, P; Davies, P; Ferruzzi, MG; Giliberto, L; Janle, EM; Lobo, J; Marambaud, P; Simon, JE; Vingtdeux, V; Wu, Q; Zhao, H, 2010)	0.36
"trans-Resveratrol, a natural antioxidant, has been described as a nutraceutic compound with important beneficial effects on health, but its low oral bioavailability hinders its therapeutic activity."	( Multidrug resistance proteins restrain the intestinal absorption of trans-resveratrol in rats. González-Pons, E; Juan, ME; Planas, JM, 2010)	0.36
" Our study thus demonstrated for the first time that trans-resveratrol is the bioactive form in medulloblastoma cells in which the expression of brain-associated SULTs was down-regulated, resulting in the increased intracellular bioavailability and anti-medulloblastoma efficacy of trans-resveratrol."	( Identification of metabolic pattern and bioactive form of resveratrol in human medulloblastoma cells. Chen, XY; Fu, YS; Kong, QY; Li, H; Liu, J; Ma, JX; Shu, XH; Sun, Y; Sun, Z; Wang, JM; Wang, Q; Wu, ML, 2010)	0.36
" Given the important role of the breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2/BCRP) in the efflux of conjugated forms, the present study investigates the bioavailability and tissue distribution of trans-resveratrol and its metabolites after the oral administration of 60 mg/kg in Bcrp1(-/-) mice."	( Involvement of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP1/ABCG2) in the bioavailability and tissue distribution of trans-resveratrol in knockout mice. Alfaras, I; Alvarez, AI; Juan, ME; Merino, G; Pérez, M; Planas, JM; Prieto, JG, 2010)	0.36
" Although there has been remarkable evidence for resveratrol as a potent chemopreventive agent in vitro, it seems that the low bioavailability of resveratrol in humans could interfere with a successful in vivo treatment."	( Fighting cancer with red wine? Molecular mechanisms of resveratrol. Efferth, T; Kraft, TE; Parisotto, D; Schempp, C, 2009)	0.35
" Toxicity, pharmacokinetics and clinical bioavailability of resveratrol are also reviewed in this article."	( Resveratrol and liver disease: from bench to bedside and community. Bishayee, A; Darvesh, AS; McGory, R; Politis, T, 2010)	0.36
" Our results indicate that resveratrol alleviates type 1 diabetes-induced vasculopathy by decreasing vascular oxidative stress and thereby increasing the bioavailability of nitric oxide without changing metabolic abnormalities."	( Resveratrol shows vasoprotective effect reducing oxidative stress without affecting metabolic disturbances in insulin-dependent diabetes of rabbits. Akar, F; Gokalp, B; Ozturk, K; Pektas, MB; Sepici, A; Soylemez, S; Surucu, HS; Tufan, C; Ulus, AT, 2011)	0.37
" Since their low bioavailability is a major obstacle to biomedical applications, efforts are being made to improve their absorption and slow down phase II metabolism."	( Determination of quercetin and resveratrol in whole blood--implications for bioavailability studies. Biasutto, L; Garbisa, S; Marotta, E; Paradisi, C; Zoratti, M, 2010)	0.36
" We describe the underlying mechanisms, but also focus on possible limitations and how they might be overcome in future clinical use--either by chemically synthesized derivatives or special formulations that improve bioavailability and pharmacokinetics."	( Potential of the dietary antioxidants resveratrol and curcumin in prevention and treatment of hematologic malignancies. Dicato, M; Diederich, M; Jacob, C; Kelkel, M, 2010)	0.36
" The metabolism of resveratrol and its bioavailability also warrant further consideration in light of recent in vitro and in vivo studies."	( Resveratrol: challenges in translation to the clinic--a critical discussion. Bhattacharya, S; Kenealey, J; Polans, AS; Subramanian, L; van Ginkel, PR; Youssef, S, 2010)	0.36
" Considerable debate appears to exist on the dose and bioavailability of resveratrol, leading to the controversies on its effectiveness."	( Effects of Longevinex (modified resveratrol) on cardioprotection and its mechanisms of action. Bak, I; Das, DK; Lekli, I; Mukherjee, S; Ray, D; Tosaki, A, 2010)	0.36
"When administered orally, pterostilbene demonstrates greater bioavailability and total plasma levels of both the parent compound and metabolites than does resveratrol."	( Pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, and metabolic profile of resveratrol and its dimethylether analog, pterostilbene, in rats. Huang, Z; Kapetanovic, IM; McCormick, DL; Muzzio, M; Thompson, TN, 2011)	0.37
" These results serve to highlight the contrasting effects on different activities brought about by methoxylation, which is widely employed as a structural modification approach to improve potency and bioavailability of resveratrol."	( Methoxylation of resveratrol: effects on induction of NAD(P)H quinone-oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) activity and growth inhibitory properties. Go, ML; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
" However, the absolute oral bioavailability of MR-4 was low (6."	( Quantification of trans-3,4,5,4'-Tetramethoxystilbene in rat plasma by HPLC: application to pharmacokinetic study. Go, ML; Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Spatafora, C; Tringali, C; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
" Extensive metabolism in the intestine and liver results in an oral bioavailability considerably less than 1%."	( Bioavailability of resveratrol. Walle, T, 2011)	0.37
" However, an important issue with the future development of resveratrol for disease management is its low bioavailability due to its rapid metabolism in mammals."	( Resveratrol in cancer management: where are we and where we go from here? Ahmad, N; Kumar, R; Ndiaye, M, 2011)	0.37
" Therefore, it is of great interest to stabilize trans-resveratrol in order to preserve its biological activities and to improve its bioavailability in the brain."	( Characterization of trans-resveratrol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules and tissue distribution studies in rats. Battastini, AM; Bernardi, A; da Silva, T; Frozza, RL; Guterres, SS; Hoppe, JB; Paese, K; Pohlmann, AR; Salbego, C, 2010)	0.36
" Future studies should be designed to account for a disease process in which the pathogenic factors may take place for years before disease manifestations take place, the possibly limited bioavailability of polyphenols, and the potential need to provide combinations or modifications of polyphenols."	( Polyphenols: planting the seeds of treatment for the metabolic syndrome. Cherniack, EP, 2011)	0.37
"These results highlight the importance of studying the bioavailability of the assayed compounds in the experimental models used to be able to choose the best route of administration depending on the target organ and to determine which compounds or derived metabolites are effective treating the studied disease."	( Lack of effect of oral administration of resveratrol in LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Azorín-Ortuño, M; Espín, JC; García-Conesa, MT; Larrosa, M; Tomás-Barberán, F; Yañez-Gascón, MJ, 2011)	0.37
" However, RSV's bioavailability is compromised by its physicochemical properties, such as low stability, increased oxidation on heat and light exposure, low water solubility and also its high hepatic uptake."	( New delivery systems to improve the bioavailability of resveratrol. Ribeiro, AJ; Santos, AC; Veiga, F, 2011)	0.37
" To achieve an optimal response of RSV, new strategies are still required to enhance its bioavailability and reduce its perceived toxicity."	( New delivery systems to improve the bioavailability of resveratrol. Ribeiro, AJ; Santos, AC; Veiga, F, 2011)	0.37
" We used a formulation that increases oral bioavailability to assess the mechanisms involved in the glucoregulatory action of RSV in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed diabetic wild type mice."	( Resveratrol increases glucose induced GLP-1 secretion in mice: a mechanism which contributes to the glycemic control. Barra, Y; Barthélemy, S; Burcelin, R; Champion, S; Dao, TM; Drucker, DJ; Klopp, P; Pechere, L; Sérée, E; Serino, M; Vachoux, C; Waget, A, 2011)	0.37
" Stabilized "nutraceutical" formulations of resveratrol with high absorption rate are essential to examine its potential medical benefits since dietary polyphenols are known to be rapidly metabolized by gut microflora and oxidized during absorption."	( Resveratrol may be beneficial in treatment of diabetic foot syndrome. Assaad-Khalil, S; Bashmakov, YK; Petyaev, IM, 2011)	0.37
" However, the poor in vivo bioavailability of resveratrol due to its rapid metabolism is being considered as a major obstacle in translating its effects in humans."	( Enhancing the bioavailability of resveratrol by combining it with piperine. Ahmad, N; Bailey, HH; Johnson, JJ; Mukhtar, H; Nihal, M; Scarlett, CO; Siddiqui, IA, 2011)	0.37
"Our study demonstrated that piperine significantly improves the in vivo bioavailability of resveratrol."	( Enhancing the bioavailability of resveratrol by combining it with piperine. Ahmad, N; Bailey, HH; Johnson, JJ; Mukhtar, H; Nihal, M; Scarlett, CO; Siddiqui, IA, 2011)	0.37
" When suspension was given (4mg/kg), the absolute oral bioavailability was almost nil; when 2,4,3',4',5'-PMS was fully solubilized by randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin, it possessed a low bioavailability (3."	( Determination of trans-2,4,3',4',5'-pentamethoxystilbene in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Spatafora, C; Tringali, C, 2012)	0.38
" Overall, the results demonstrated that pterostilbene had more potent inhibitory effects on colon cancer cells than resveratrol, which may be associated with the superior bioavailability of pterostilbene to resveratrol."	( Inhibitory effects of resveratrol and pterostilbene on human colon cancer cells: a side-by-side comparison. Decker, EA; Dong, P; McClements, DJ; Nutakul, W; Qiu, P; Sobers, HS; Xiao, H, 2011)	0.37
"The therapeutic promise of trans-resveratrol (tRes) is limited by poor bioavailability following rapid metabolism."	( Natural prenylated resveratrol analogs arachidin-1 and -3 demonstrate improved glucuronidation profiles and have affinity for cannabinoid receptors. Bratton, SM; Brents, LK; Doerksen, RJ; Liu, H; Medina-Bolivar, F; Nair, V; Nopo-Olazabal, L; Patel, RY; Prather, PL; Radominska-Pandya, A; Seely, KA, 2012)	0.38
"Prenylated stilbenoids may be preferable alternatives to tRes due to increased bioavailability via slowed metabolism."	( Natural prenylated resveratrol analogs arachidin-1 and -3 demonstrate improved glucuronidation profiles and have affinity for cannabinoid receptors. Bratton, SM; Brents, LK; Doerksen, RJ; Liu, H; Medina-Bolivar, F; Nair, V; Nopo-Olazabal, L; Patel, RY; Prather, PL; Radominska-Pandya, A; Seely, KA, 2012)	0.38
" This has strong implications for in vivo absorption as the enzymatic activity of gut microflora could enhance the bioavailability of β-glycosides of dietary polyphenols."	( In vitro absorption of dietary trans-resveratrol from boiled and roasted peanuts in Caco-2 cells. Chukwumah, Y; Verghese, M; Vogler, B; Walker, L, 2011)	0.37
" Additionally, preliminary studies show that pterostilbene exhibits much greater bioavailability compared with other stilbene compounds; however the exact pharmacologic mechanism of pterostilbene and its effects in humans are still under investigation."	( Pterostilbene and cancer: current review. McCormack, D; McFadden, D, 2012)	0.38
" However, the poor solubility leads to the poor bioavailability and limits its development."	( Comparison of different methods for preparation of a stable riccardin D formulation via nano-technology. Duan, C; Jia, L; Jiao, Y; Liu, G; Liu, Y; Lou, H; Zhang, D; Zhang, Q; Zheng, D, 2012)	0.38
" Oxidative stress can decrease the bioavailability of nitric oxide (*NO) in vessels."	( Antioxidant effects of resveratrol and other stilbene derivatives on oxidative stress and *NO bioavailability: Potential benefits to cardiovascular diseases. Bonnefont-Rousselot, D; Borderie, D; Frombaum, M; Le Clanche, S, 2012)	0.38
" Despite the therapeutic effects of resveratrol, its pharmacokinetic properties are not favorable since this compound has poor bioavailability being rapidly and extensively metabolized and excreted."	( Resveratrol in medicinal chemistry: a critical review of its pharmacokinetics, drug-delivery, and membrane interactions. Lima, JL; Lucio, M; Neves, AR; Reis, S, 2012)	0.38
"Trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene (trans-resveratrol, RES) exhibits very low bioavailability due to extensive conjugative metabolism."	( Analytical method development for synthesized conjugated metabolites of trans-resveratrol, and application to pharmacokinetic studies. Canney, DJ; Iwuchukwu, OF; Nagar, S; Sharan, S, 2012)	0.38
" However, there is no information describing the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of rhaponticin after intravenous administration."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of rhaponticin in rat plasma by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS and UHPLC-DAD-MSn. Bai, X; Cheng, XL; Lin, RC; Su, Q; Tan, XJ; Zhao, YY, 2012)	0.38
"UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS and UHPLC-multistage tandem MS methods were developed for the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of rhaponticin in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of rhaponticin in rat plasma by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS and UHPLC-DAD-MSn. Bai, X; Cheng, XL; Lin, RC; Su, Q; Tan, XJ; Zhao, YY, 2012)	0.38
"The present pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism studies of rhaponticin will provide helpful information for development of suitable dosage forms and clinical references on rational administration."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of rhaponticin in rat plasma by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS and UHPLC-DAD-MSn. Bai, X; Cheng, XL; Lin, RC; Su, Q; Tan, XJ; Zhao, YY, 2012)	0.38
" The low oral bioavailability indicated for this polyphenol, with the intestine as a bottleneck to its absorption, has promoted the large intestine as a potential target site for its chemopreventive activity."	( Colorectal cancer chemoprevention by trans-resveratrol. Alfaras, I; Juan, ME; Planas, JM, 2012)	0.38
" The levels of brain-associated SULT (SULT1A1, SULT1C2, and SULT4A1) expression in U251 cells were lower than those in LN229 cells, suggesting the inverse relationship of SULT-mediated sulfonation activity with high intracellular resveratrol bioavailability and resveratrol sensitivity of human GBM cells."	( Distinct sulfonation activities in resveratrol-sensitive and resveratrol-insensitive human glioblastoma cells. Chen, XY; Kong, QY; Li, H; Liu, J; Shi, H; Shu, XH; Sun, Z; Wu, ML, 2012)	0.38
" The absolute bioavailability of TMS was 45."	( [Trimethoxystilbene and its effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs]. Gao, G; Gao, J; Hu, J; Jiang, X; Wang, X; Xiang, D; Xie, L, 2012)	0.38
" The bioavailability of TMS was to 45%."	( [Trimethoxystilbene and its effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of PASMCs]. Gao, G; Gao, J; Hu, J; Jiang, X; Wang, X; Xiang, D; Xie, L, 2012)	0.38
" Due to its poor bioavailability, reformulated versions of resveratrol with improved bioavailability have been developed (resVida, Longevinex(®) , SRT501)."	( Sirtuin activators and inhibitors. Alcaín, FJ; Villalba, JM, )	0.13
" The current review focuses on the role of these efflux pumps located in the intestine on the low oral bioavailability of trans-resveratrol."	( The bioavailability and distribution of trans-resveratrol are constrained by ABC transporters. Alfaras, I; Colom, H; Juan, ME; Planas, JM, 2012)	0.38
" In order to provide more information regarding absorption, metabolism, and bioavailability of resveratrol, various research approaches have been performed, including in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models."	( Resveratrol biosynthesis: plant metabolic engineering for nutritional improvement of food. De Gara, L; Giovinazzo, G; Ingrosso, I; Paradiso, A; Santino, A, 2012)	0.38
" This suggests that dietary intake of this compound can enhance the bioavailability of resveratrol in the human body."	( Enzymatic synthesis of piceid glucosides using maltosyltransferase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii DSM 6725. Baek, NI; Cha, J; Choi, KH; Hwang, S; Kim, J; Park, H; Yang, SJ, 2012)	0.38
" The bioavailability of resveratrol is highly influenced by several factors such as the food matrix and, therefore, this study has been compared with a pilot study in which men ingested grape extract (GE) tablets as a nutraceutical, containing similar total amounts of resveratrol than RW."	( Pharmacokinetics of resveratrol metabolic profile in healthy humans after moderate consumption of red wine and grape extract tablets. Andres-Lacueva, C; Escribano, E; Estruch, R; Rotches-Ribalta, M; Urpi-Sarda, M, 2012)	0.38
" However, for many polyphenol compounds of natural origin bioavailability is limited by low solubility in biological fluids, as well as by rapid metabolization in vivo."	( Using liposomes as carriers for polyphenolic compounds: the case of trans-resveratrol. Bonechi, C; Ciani, L; Lamponi, S; Martini, S; Rebmann, H; Ristori, S; Rossi, C, 2012)	0.38
"Due to the low bioavailability of resveratrol, determining whether its metabolites exert any beneficial effect is an interesting issue."	( Delipidating effect of resveratrol metabolites in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Andrés-Lacueva, C; Churruca, I; Eseberri, I; Lasa, A; Portillo, MP, 2012)	0.38
"Resveratrol exerts a variety of biological and pharmacological activities, which are observed despite its extremely low bioavailability and rapid clearance from the circulation due to extensive sulfation and glucuronidation in the intestine and liver."	( Gut and microbial resveratrol metabolite profiling after moderate long-term consumption of red wine versus dealcoholized red wine in humans by an optimized ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Andres-Lacueva, C; Boto-Ordoñez, M; Chiva-Blanch, G; Corella, D; Estruch, R; Guillen, M; Jaeger, W; Jauregui, O; Llorach, R; Perez-Garcia, L; Rotches-Ribalta, M; Tinahones, FJ; Urpi-Sarda, M, 2012)	0.38
" When DFS was given as a suspension (6 mg/kg), the absolute oral bioavailability (F) was almost negligible."	( Quantification of trans-2,6-difluoro-4'-N,N-dimethylaminostilbene in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Anderson, BD; Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Liu, C; Ong, PS; Sviripa, VM; Watt, DS; Xiang, TX, 2013)	0.39
" It is anticipated that dietary intake of this compound is more effective by enhancing the bioavailability of resveratrol in the human body because of its hydrophilic properties in the intestinal fluid."	( Bioconversion of piceid to piceid glucoside using amylosucrase from Alteromonas macleodii deep ecotype. Baek, NI; Cha, J; Kim, J; Lee, HS; Park, CS; Park, H; Park, JH, 2012)	0.38
" Moreover, we evaluated endothelial function by dose-relaxation curves to acetylcholine, hepatic NO bioavailability and TXA2 production."	( Resveratrol improves intrahepatic endothelial dysfunction and reduces hepatic fibrosis and portal pressure in cirrhotic rats. Bosch, J; Di Pascoli, M; Diví, M; García-Pagán, JC; Gracia-Sancho, J; Rodríguez-Vilarrupla, A; Rosado, E; Vilaseca, M, 2013)	0.39
" Our findings of the effective reduction of amyloid aggregation of lysozyme by polyphenol mixtures in vitro are of the utter physiological relevance considering the bioavailability and low toxicity of tested phenols."	( Amyloid aggregation of lysozyme: the synergy study of red wine polyphenols. Gazova, Z; Kurin, E; Mučaji, P; Nagy, M; Siposova, K, 2013)	0.39
" To overcome these problems, we developed two novel resveratrol nanodelivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles to enhance resveratrol's oral bioavailability for further use in medicines, supplements, and nutraceuticals."	( Novel resveratrol nanodelivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles to enhance its oral bioavailability. Lima, JL; Lúcio, M; Martins, S; Neves, AR; Reis, S, 2013)	0.39
" This discrepancy is due to the bioavailability of resveratrol."	( [Resveratrol: distribution, properties and perspectives]. Abdelazid, K; Bonet-Costa, V; Borrás, C; El Alami, M; Gambini, J; Inglés, M; López-Grueso, R; Olaso-González, G; Viña, J, )	0.13
" These pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and metabolism studies of RH will provide helpful information for the development of suitable dosage forms and clinical references on rational administration."	( A simple and rapid spectrofluorimetric method for determining the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rhaponticin in rat plasma, feces and urine using a cerium probe. Sun, Y; Yang, X; Zhao, Y, )	0.13
" The single dose (40 mg) of the soluble t-Res was well absorbed and elicited biologically efficient blood levels (0."	( Optimization of trans-Resveratrol bioavailability for human therapy. Amiot, MJ; Burcelin, R; Ciccolini, J; Dao, TM; Emond, C; Fanciullino, R; Pechere, L; Romier, B; Savouret, JF; Seree, E, 2013)	0.39
" This study aimed to investigate the impacts of aqueous solubility, fasting, dose escalation, and dosing route on its bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Pharmacokinetics of pterostilbene in Sprague-Dawley rats: the impacts of aqueous solubility, fasting, dose escalation, and dosing route on bioavailability. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Yeo, SC, 2013)	0.39
" When given in oral suspension (15 mg/kg), PTS had relatively low bioavailability (F = 15."	( Pharmacokinetics of pterostilbene in Sprague-Dawley rats: the impacts of aqueous solubility, fasting, dose escalation, and dosing route on bioavailability. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Yeo, SC, 2013)	0.39
"Aqueous solubility was identified as a barrier to its oral bioavailability while solubilizing PTS with HP-β-CD substantially increased its bioavailability; dose manipulation was a practical strategy to enhance its bioavailability and systemic exposure; and its delivery through oral mucosa was feasible."	( Pharmacokinetics of pterostilbene in Sprague-Dawley rats: the impacts of aqueous solubility, fasting, dose escalation, and dosing route on bioavailability. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Yeo, SC, 2013)	0.39
" However, its poor solubility and bioavailability restricted the clinical application greatly."	( Enhanced pharmacokinetics and anti-tumor efficacy of PEGylated liposomal rhaponticin and plasma protein binding ability of rhaponticin. Sun, Y; Zhao, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The results demonstrated that Riccardin D's bioavailability was 13."	( The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of Riccardin D in rats. Chen, WF; Du, FY; Li, XX; Ling, X; Lou, HX; Xing, J; Yao, H; Zan, X; Zhang, JZ, 2013)	0.39
", low bioavailability but high bioactivity, is a conundrum not yet solved in which the final responsible actor (if any) for the exerted effects has not yet been unequivocally identified."	( Resveratrol and clinical trials: the crossroad from in vitro studies to human evidence. Espín, JC; García-Conesa, MT; González-Sarrías, A; Larrosa, M; Tomás-Barberán, FA; Tomé-Carneiro, J, 2013)	0.39
"Altogether, our data provide significant new insight into the molecular mechanism of RSV and support the notion that despite low bioavailability in vivo, RSV biological effects could be mediated by its metabolites."	( Resveratrol metabolites inhibit human metastatic colon cancer cells progression and synergize with chemotherapeutic drugs to induce cell death. Aires, V; Cotte, AK; Delmas, D; Ghiringhelli, F; Latruffe, N; Limagne, E, 2013)	0.39
" However, its low water-solubility and bioavailability could limit its use in both food and pharmaceutical fields."	( Reversed phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography used for the physicochemical and thermodynamic characterization of piceatannol/β-cyclodextrin complex. Amira-Guebailia, H; Houache, O; Messiad, H, 2013)	0.39
" It emerged that the poor bioavailability of these nutraceuticals poses an obstacle to their exerting adequate anti-cancer potential."	( Nutraceuticals as new treatment approaches for oral cancer: II. Green tea extracts and resveratrol. Chaushu, G; Dayan, A; Dayan, D; Salo, T; Vered, M; Zlotogorski, A, 2013)	0.39
" An anti-amyloidogenic bis-styrylbenzene derivative, KMS80013, showed excellent oral bioavailability (F=46."	( Therapeutic and pharmacokinetic characterizations of an anti-amyloidogenic bis-styrylbenzene derivative for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Ahn, YG; Byeon, SR; Jeon, M; Kim, DJ; Kim, HV; Kim, HY; Kim, MS; Kim, YS; Kong, JY, 2013)	0.39
"These results indicate that influence of the processing could improve the bioavailability of gallic acid and reduce the absorption of PM-SG, polydatin and emodin in rats."	( Influence of processing on pharmacokinetic of typical constituents in radix polygoni multiflori after oral administration by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Chang, YX; Gao, XM; He, J; Li, J; Ma, WF; Zhang, BL; Zhang, L; Zhang, P; Zheng, F, 2013)	0.39
" Future studies which characterize the bioavailability and efficacy of resveratrol supplementation are critical to provide evidence for its long-term health benefits."	( Resveratrol vs. calorie restriction: data from rodents to humans. Lam, YY; Peterson, CM; Ravussin, E, 2013)	0.39
" Its bioavailability is low and raises the possibility that the metabolites of resveratrol have biological effects."	( Resveratrol 3-O-D-glucuronide and resveratrol 4'-O-D-glucuronide inhibit colon cancer cell growth: evidence for a role of A3 adenosine receptors, cyclin D1 depletion, and G1 cell cycle arrest. Carew, MA; Carrington, S; Meira, LB; Modjtahedi, H; Polycarpou, E; Tyrrell, E, 2013)	0.39
" However, the biggest problem associated with this molecule, a limited bioavailability due to its fast metabolism in the liver, has led to obtaining its analogues or derivatives."	( Resveratrol and analogues: a review of antioxidant activity and applications to human health. da Silva, AD; de Carvaho, GS; Oliveira, V; Raposo, NR; Santos, JA, 2013)	0.39
" It has increased bioavailability in comparison to other stilbene compounds, which may enhance its dietary benefit and possibly contribute to a valuable clinical effect."	( A review of pterostilbene antioxidant activity and disease modification. McCormack, D; McFadden, D, 2013)	0.39
"Due to the low bioavailability of resveratrol, determining whether its metabolites exert any beneficial effect is an interesting issue."	( Resveratrol metabolites modify adipokine expression and secretion in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and mature adipocytes. Churruca, I; Eseberri, I; Lasa, A; Portillo, MP, 2013)	0.39
" Very recently, an alternative use of ABCG2 inhibitors in enhancing the bioavailability of ABCG2 substrates has emerged."	( ABCG2: recent discovery of potent and highly selective inhibitors. Boumendjel, A; Di Pietro, A; Gauthier, C; Lecerf-Schmidt, F; Payen, L; Peres, B; Valdameri, G; Winter, E, 2013)	0.39
" From all these data, miRNAs appear as interesting mediators in regulating polyphenols' biological effects; however, further studies are needed to validate miRNA targets and particularly in physiologically relevant conditions taking into account the bioavailability of dietary polyphenols."	( miRNA as molecular target of polyphenols underlying their biological effects. Jude, B; Milenkovic, D; Morand, C, 2013)	0.39
" Upon oral administration at 15mg/kg, pinosylvin could not be quantified in plasma (<1ng/mL) while dose-escalation to 50mg/kg led to a low and erratic plasma exposure with very poor estimated oral bioavailability (F<1%)."	( Quantification of pinosylvin in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Luo, W; Wu, J; Yeo, SC, 2013)	0.39
" However, the higher in vivo bioavailability of pterostilbene represents a fundamental advantage."	( Pterostilbene: Biomedical applications. Asensi, M; Estrela, JM; Mena, S; Ortega, A; Rodriguez, ML, )	0.13
"It is well known that resveratrol (RSV) displayed cancer-preventing and anticancer properties but its clinical application is limited because of a low bioavailability and a rapid clearance from the circulation."	( Synthesis and cytotoxic activity evaluation of 2,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives on human breast cancer cell lines. Bertamino, A; Campiglia, P; Caruso, A; Chimento, A; Gomez-Monterrey, IM; Milite, C; Musella, S; Novellino, E; Pezzi, V; Sala, M; Saturnino, C; Sinicropi, MS; Sirianni, R; Tortorella, P, 2013)	0.39
" Here we review: (a) the sources, the metabolism, and the bioavailability of resveratrol; (b) the ability of resveratrol to modulate redox signalling and to interact with multiple molecular targets of diverse intracellular pathways; (c) its protective effects against oxidative damage in cardio-cerebro-vascular districts and metabolic disorders such as diabetes; and (d) the evidence for its efficacy and toxicity in humans."	( Antioxidant effects of resveratrol in cardiovascular, cerebral and metabolic diseases. Bartolo, M; Carrizzo, A; Damato, A; Forte, M; Maciag, A; Puca, AA; Salzano, F; Trimarco, V; Vecchione, C, 2013)	0.39
" The present study investigated the synergistic antidepressant-like effect of trans-resveratrol and piperine, a bioavailability enhancer, in mice and explored the possible mechanism."	( Piperine potentiates the antidepressant-like effect of trans-resveratrol: involvement of monoaminergic system. Chen, Z; Huang, W; Li, G; Lin, M; Pan, J; Wang, Q; Wu, F; Wu, S; Xie, X; Xu, Y; Yan, Q; Yu, X, 2013)	0.39
" With the aim of improving bioavailability and selectivity, the antiproliferative effects of free-, liposomed-, and immunoliposomed-curcumin and/or resveratrol formulations have been compared in two human breast cancer cell lines with different HER2 expression levels."	( Immunoliposome encapsulation increases cytotoxic activity and selectivity of curcumin and resveratrol against HER2 overexpressing human breast cancer cells. Barrajón-Catalán, E; Catania, A; Cicirata, F; Micol, V; Nicolosi, S, 2013)	0.39
" Resveratrol suppresses MTC growth in vitro, but it has low bioavailability in vivo due to its poor water solubility and rapid metabolic breakdown, as well as lack of tumor-targeting ability."	( Octreotide-functionalized and resveratrol-loaded unimolecular micelles for targeted neuroendocrine cancer therapy. Burke, JF; Chen, H; Gong, S; Jaskula-Sztul, R; Pilla, S; Xu, W, 2013)	0.39
"Pterostilbene, a methoxylated analog of Resveratrol, is gradually gaining more importance as a therapeutic drug owing to its higher lipophilicity, bioavailability and biological activity than Resveratrol."	( Protective effect of Pterostilbene against free radical mediated oxidative damage. Acharya, JD; Ghaskadbi, SS, 2013)	0.39
"The phytochemical resveratrol has been shown to exert numerous health benefits in preclinical studies, but its rapid metabolism and resulting poor bioavailability may limit translation of these effects to humans."	( Sulfate metabolites provide an intracellular pool for resveratrol generation and induce autophagy with senescence. Andreadi, C; Brenner, DE; Britton, RG; Brown, K; Brown, VA; Gescher, AJ; Horner-Glister, E; Karmokar, A; Patel, KR; Sale, S; Singh, R; Steward, WP, 2013)	0.39
" Different studies were undertaken to obtain synthetic analogs of resveratrol with major bioavailability and anticancer activity."	( Biological activity of 3-chloro-azetidin-2-one derivatives having interesting antiproliferative activity on human breast cancer cell lines. Bertamino, A; Campana, C; Campiglia, P; Caruso, A; Chimento, A; Gomez-Monterrey, IM; Martire, E; Musella, S; Novellino, E; Parisi, OI; Pezzi, V; Puoci, F; Sala, M; Saturnino, C; Sinicropi, MS; Sirianni, R, 2013)	0.39
" This paper presents a review of the most recent studies on the complexes formed between several important types of antioxidant compounds and cyclodextrins, focusing on the contradictory data reported in the literature concerning to the antioxidant activity of the host/guest molecule complexes, the different complexation constants reported for identical complexes, the bioavailability of the antioxidant compound in the presence of cyclodextrins and recommendation concerning the use of natural or modified cyclodextrins."	( Cyclodextrins and antioxidants. García-Carmona, F; López-Nicolás, JM; Rodríguez-Bonilla, P, 2014)	0.4
"Different O/W nanoemulsion-based delivery systems were developed in order to optimize the bioavailability of encapsulated resveratrol for potential oral administration."	( Bioavailability of encapsulated resveratrol into nanoemulsion-based delivery systems. Balestrieri, ML; Castaldo, D; D'Onofrio, N; Donsì, F; Ferrari, G; Servillo, L; Sessa, M; Tsao, R, 2014)	0.4
"The study of the bioavailability of active compounds in functional foods, such as polyphenol-rich beverages, is required before making nutritional claims."	( Resveratrol metabolic fingerprinting after acute and chronic intakes of a functional beverage in humans. Andres-Lacueva, C; Martí, MM; Reglero, G; Rotches-Ribalta, M; Urpi-Sarda, M, 2014)	0.4
"The biochemical activities of plant flavonoids and stilbenoids point to many health-related applications, hampered however by a low bioavailability associated with rapid metabolic modification."	( Prodrugs of quercetin and resveratrol: a strategy under development. Biasutto, L; Zoratti, M, 2014)	0.4
" In vitro evidence of resveratrol efficacy is widespread, however, many concerns regarding its effectiveness in vivo arise from its poor stability in vitro and bioavailability following oral ingestion."	( Chemistry, stability and bioavailability of resveratrol. d'Erme, M; Francioso, A; Masci, A; Mastromarino, P; Mosca, L, 2014)	0.4
" However, the generally low solubility, stability, bioavailability and target specificity, together with the side effects seen when used at high levels, have limited their application."	( Application of nanotechnology in improving bioavailability and bioactivity of diet-derived phytochemicals. Moustaid-Moussa, N; Nie, S; Su, R; Sun, M; Wang, S; Wu, D; Zhang, J, 2014)	0.4
"Resveratrol has many proposed health benefits, including the prevention of cancers, but its low bioavailability is considered a limiting factor in translating these effects to humans."	( Resveratrol-sulfates provide an intracellular reservoir for generation of parent resveratrol, which induces autophagy in cancer cells. Andreadi, C; Britton, RG; Brown, K; Patel, KR, 2014)	0.4
" We conclude intravenous resveratrol acts as an acute renal vasodilator, partially mediated by increased NO production/NO bioavailability and superoxide scavenging but not by inducing vasodilatory cyclooxygenase products."	( Resveratrol induces acute endothelium-dependent renal vasodilation mediated through nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species scavenging. Beierwaltes, WH; Gordish, KL, 2014)	0.4
" However, its limited bioavailability and poor stability in solution hamper its use in pharmaceutical applications."	( Improved stability of trans-resveratrol in aqueous solutions by carboxymethylated (1,3/1,6)-β-D-glucan. Boffi, A; d'Erme, M; Francioso, A; Mastromarino, P; Mosca, L; Restignoli, R, 2014)	0.4
" There are, however, comparatively fewer studies that have investigated resveratrol treatment and cancer outcomes in vivo, perhaps limited by its poor bioavailability when taken orally."	( Resveratrol and cancer: focus on in vivo evidence. Carter, LG; D'Orazio, JA; Pearson, KJ, 2014)	0.4
" By virtue of extensive pre-systemic metabolism and existence of enterohepatic recirculation, t-RVT bioavailability is almost zero."	( Trans-resveratrol self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) with enhanced bioavailability potential: optimization, pharmacokinetics and in situ single pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) studies. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2015)	0.42
" Resveratrol, the main antioxidant in red wine, improves NO bioavailability and prevents cardiovascular disease."	( Resveratrol decreases fructose-induced oxidative stress, mediated by NADPH oxidase via an AMPK-dependent mechanism. Chen, BZ; Cheng, PW; Cheng, WH; Ho, WY; Hsiao, M; Lu, PJ; Lu, WH; Su, YT; Sun, GC; Tseng, CJ; Yeh, TC, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that the limited bioavailability of tRes can be improved by modifying its structure to create analogs which would be glucuronidated at a lower rate than tRes itself."	( Novel resveratrol-based substrates for human hepatic, renal, and intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Bratton, SM; Crooks, PA; Eddy, SD; Greer, AK; Hendrickson, HP; Madadi, NR; Mazerska, Z; Radominska-Pandya, A, 2014)	0.4
" However, there remains concern regarding low bioavailability and wide inter-individual differences in absorption and metabolism in humans, which suggests a great need to develop novel methods for resveratrol delivery."	( Development of a lozenge for oral transmucosal delivery of trans-resveratrol in humans: proof of concept. Blanchard, OL; Friesenhahn, G; Javors, MA; Smoliga, JM, 2014)	0.4
" Therefore, the developed PEG conjugate is a favorable system for modifying the solubility and bioavailability of RES."	( Amino acid-PEGylated resveratrol and its influence on solubility and the controlled release behavior. Chen, A; Du, H; Huang, D; Shang, Z; Song, H; Zhang, Y; Zhao, H, 2014)	0.4
"Resveratrol (RSV) regulates NAD bioavailability and sirtuin-related metabolism, which relates to aging, metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease."	( Resveratrol ameliorates hepatic metaflammation and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Lim, Y; Yang, SJ, 2014)	0.4
" The drug suffers enterohepatic recirculation and extensive first-pass metabolism by CYP3A4 in liver, resulting in very low bioavailability (almost zero)."	( Optimized PLGA nanoparticle platform for orally dosed trans-resveratrol with enhanced bioavailability potential. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
"The current studies entail a novel formulation approach to develop systematically optimized (OPT) nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance the oral bioavailability potential using poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) of t-RVT and overcome enterohepatic recirculation."	( Optimized PLGA nanoparticle platform for orally dosed trans-resveratrol with enhanced bioavailability potential. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
"6-fold) indicated significant enhancement in the rate and extent of bioavailability by the OPT formulation compared to pure drug and marketed product."	( Optimized PLGA nanoparticle platform for orally dosed trans-resveratrol with enhanced bioavailability potential. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
"The studies, therefore, could provide another useful tool for successful development of t-RVT NPs and an in vivo approach to designate nanoparticulate system of t-RVT with distinctly improved bioavailability and to overcome enterohepatic recirculation."	( Optimized PLGA nanoparticle platform for orally dosed trans-resveratrol with enhanced bioavailability potential. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
" Methyl pinosylvin, pinosylvin, matairesinol, nortrachelogenin, as well as resveratrol, a metabolite of pinosylvin, were detected in serum at total concentration of 7-73 μM, confirming the bioavailability of pine knot extract derived lignans and stilbenoids."	( Novel Lignan and stilbenoid mixture shows anticarcinogenic efficacy in preclinical PC-3M-luc2 prostate cancer model. Aittokallio, T; Eckerman, C; Holmbom, B; Laajala, TD; Mäkelä, SI; Polari, L; Saarinen, NM; Smeds, A; Yatkin, E, 2014)	0.4
" The oral absolute bioavailability of TVN was 14."	( Development and validation of a sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method for the determination of trans δ-veniferin, a resveratrol dehydrodimer, in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetics and bioavailability studies. Kong, L; Liao, X; Liu, Q; Luo, J; Xu, J; Zhao, J, 2014)	0.4
"The current studies entail successful formulation of systematically optimized (OPT) nanoparticulate drug delivery system to increase the oral bioavailability using Eudragit RL 100 of trans-resveratrol (t-RVT), and evaluate their in-vitro/in-vivo performance."	( In-vitro/in-vivo characterization of trans-resveratrol-loaded nanoparticulate drug delivery system for oral administration. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
"25-fold) indicated significant enhancement in the rate and extent of bioavailability by the optimized trans-resveratrol-loaded Eudragit RL 100 nanoparticles (OPT-t-RVT NPs) compared with pure drug."	( In-vitro/in-vivo characterization of trans-resveratrol-loaded nanoparticulate drug delivery system for oral administration. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
"The results, therefore, insight into the role of solubility enhancement and trounce enterohepatic recirculation for improving the oral bioavailability of t-RVT."	( In-vitro/in-vivo characterization of trans-resveratrol-loaded nanoparticulate drug delivery system for oral administration. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
" This lack of cognitive effects may be due to low bioavailability and, in turn, reduced bioefficacy of resveratrol in vivo."	( Effects of resveratrol alone or in combination with piperine on cerebral blood flow parameters and cognitive performance in human subjects: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over investigation. Dew, TP; Haskell, CF; Kennedy, DO; Reay, JL; Wightman, EL; Williamson, G, 2014)	0.4
" Its bioavailability after an oral dose is very low and therefore it is very important to make sure that plasma concentrations of free resveratrol are sufficient enough to be active as antioxidant."	( PTEN mediates the antioxidant effect of resveratrol at nutritionally relevant concentrations. Abdelaziz, KM; Bonet-Costa, V; Borrás, C; El Alami, M; Gambini, J; Inglés, M; Miguel, MG; Viña, J, 2014)	0.4
"gov NCT01747252) revealed relatively high bioavailability and two distinctly separated plasma concentration peaks at 1 and 5 h."	( A novel red grape cells complex: health effects and bioavailability of natural resveratrol. Azachi, M; Danon, A; Hagay, Y; Katz, A; Yatuv, R, 2014)	0.4
" To improve the drug stability, increase the bioavailability and minimize side-effects of resveratrol, novel drug delivery systems have been formulated to bring this potential candidate to the first line of disease treatment."	( Resveratrol: review on therapeutic potential and recent advances in drug delivery. Ali, J; Baboota, S; Pangeni, R; Sahni, JK; Sharma, S, 2014)	0.4
" In the near future, resveratrol-based therapies with either resveratrol or its analogs that have better bioavailability could be useful in the treatment of diabetes and its complications, either alone or in combination with other anti-diabetic drugs."	( Resveratrol and diabetes. Evangelopoulos, A; Kazazis, C; Vallianou, NG, 2013)	0.39
" Although systemic bioavailability of both stilbenes is very low, both compounds were also able to downregulate tumor growth and AR-signalling in vivo."	( Stilbene induced inhibition of androgen receptor dimerization: implications for AR and ARΔLBD-signalling in human prostate cancer cells. Azoitei, A; Cronauer, MV; Genze, F; Herweg, A; Luedeke, M; Schrader, AJ; Schrader, MG; Streicher, W; Zengerling, F, 2014)	0.67
" Furthermore, many questions remain still unsolved, such as the dose or the duration of treatment to maximize its effects, the bioavailability of resveratrol and the role of food matrix to improve its bioactivity."	( Resveratrol: a supplementation for men or for mice? Bo, S; Ponzo, V; Soldati, L, 2014)	0.4
" We also focused on analysis of RSV uptake, and on the effects of low RSV concentrations, considering the limited bioavailability of RSV in vivo."	( Stilbenes and resveratrol metabolites improve mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation defects in human fibroblasts. Aires, V; Bastin, J; Benoist, JF; Delmas, D; Djouadi, F; Latruffe, N; Le Bachelier, C; Schlemmer, D, 2014)	1.85
" However, poor aqueous solubility and cellular bioavailability has limited its therapeutic application."	( Lipid based nanoemulsifying resveratrol for improved physicochemical characteristics, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antiangiogenic efficacy. Joshi, A; More, U; Pund, S; Thakur, R, 2014)	0.4
" However, further investigations are warranted in order to increase the bioavailability and understand the biological mechanisms and safety of using piceatannol."	( A review of the pharmacological effects of piceatannol on cardiovascular diseases. Chan, SW; Tang, YL, 2014)	0.4
" Their efficacy has been tested in tumor xenografted mice and considerable experimental findings have stimulated researchers to further improve the bioavailability of these nutraceuticals."	( Targeting cancer with nano-bullets: curcumin, EGCG, resveratrol and quercetin on flying carpets. Aras, A; Farooqi, AA; Hechenleitner, AA; Khokhar, AR; Pineda, EA; Qureshi, MZ; Silva, MF; Sobczak-Kupiec, A, 2014)	0.4
" Derivatives are under development with the aim of improving their bioavailability and/or bioefficacy."	( Improving the efficacy of plant polyphenols. Azzolini, M; Biasutto, L; Mattarei, A; Paradisi, C; Romio, M; Sassi, N; Zoratti, M, 2014)	0.4
"7 ng/mL) and poor oral bioavailability (2."	( Quantification of the resveratrol analogs trans-2,3-dimethoxy-stilbene and trans-3,4-dimethoxystilbene in rat plasma: application to pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies. Cardullo, N; Lin, HS; Ng, SY; Ong, PS; Spatafora, C; Tringali, C; Yeo, SC, 2014)	0.4
" Despite the array of bioactivities that it possesses, RES has low bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility and dissolution properties."	( Resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles reduce oxidative stress induced by radiation or amyloid-beta in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. Dong, J; Li, X; Lu, X; Si, J; Xu, H; Yin, H; Zheng, D, 2014)	0.4
" However, the methylated resveratrol analogs exhibit better bioavailability as they are more easily transported into the cell and more resistant to degradation."	( Biosynthesis of methylated resveratrol analogs through the construction of an artificial biosynthetic pathway in E. coli. Choi, O; Hong, YS; Hwang, BY; Jang, JH; Kang, SY; Kim, CY; Lee, JK, 2014)	0.4
" Oral administration (same dose) resulted in moderate Pt bioavailability (∼35%) and in an increased abundance of Pt-S in blood (AUC(Pt)/AUC(Pt-S) ∼0."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of pterostilbene in the rat. Azzolini, M; Biasutto, L; La Spina, M; Mattarei, A; Paradisi, C; Zoratti, M, 2014)	0.4
" To achieve an equivalent effect, a 10-fold dosage of genistein was required, thus highlighting the dose advantage of resveratrol, as poor bioavailability is a common concern for its clinical application."	( Arsenic trioxide and resveratrol show synergistic anti-leukemia activity and neutralized cardiotoxicity. Chen, M; Fan, Y; Fang, K; Meng, J; Tu, Y; Wan, L; Yu, L; Zhu, W, 2014)	0.4
" No information about the bioavailability of these polyphenols is available."	( Investigation of the absorption of resveratrol oligomers in the Caco-2 cellular model of intestinal absorption. Bartel, LC; Empl, MT; Michael, M; Schebb, NH; Willenberg, I; Wonik, J, 2015)	0.42
" Further, various studies demonstrated several issues associated with resveratrol which account for its poor systemic bioavailability (almost zero) due to rapid and extensive first pass metabolism and existence of enterohepatic recirculation."	( Recent advances of resveratrol in nanostructured based delivery systems and in the management of HIV/AIDS. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2014)	0.4
"Resveratrol, a natural compound found in grapes, has potential chemotherapy effects but very low oral bioavailability in humans."	( Pre-formulation studies of resveratrol. Liang, D; Mock, C; Robinson, K, 2015)	0.42
"Low bioavailability severely hinders exploitation of the biomedical potential of resveratrol."	( New water-soluble carbamate ester derivatives of resveratrol. Azzolini, M; Biasutto, L; Carraro, M; Mattarei, A; Paradisi, C; Zoratti, M, 2014)	0.4
" To test this, the effect of resveratrol on NO bioavailability was measured in thick ascending limb suspensions."	( Resveratrol increases nitric oxide production in the rat thick ascending limb via Ca2+/calmodulin. Cabral, PD; Garvin, JL; Gonzalez-Vicente, A, 2014)	0.4
" RES treatment of bone cells results in protective effects, but dose translation from in vitro studies to clinically relevant doses is limited since bioavailability is not taken into account."	( Resveratrol supplementation affects bone acquisition and osteoporosis: Pre-clinical evidence toward translational diet therapy. Tou, JC, 2015)	0.42
"To develop an optimized supersaturable self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) in order to improve the oral bioavailability of trans-resveratrol (t-RVT), together with surmounting poor aqueous solubility, enterohepatic recirculation and controlling drug precipitation, by employing a precipitation inhibitor (PPI) that is, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)."	( In vitro and in vivo performance of supersaturable self-nanoemulsifying system of trans-resveratrol. Pai, RS; Singh, G, 2016)	0.43
" However, the translational potential of resveratrol has been limited by its specificity, poor bioavailability and uncertain toxicity."	( Resveratrol and its oligomers: modulation of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling in disease. Anthony, NG; Gray, AI; Lim, KG; Mackay, SP; Pyne, NJ; Pyne, S, 2014)	0.4
" The poor bioavailability of resveratrol in humans has been a major concern for translating basic science findings into clinical utility."	( Enhancing the delivery of resveratrol in humans: if low bioavailability is the problem, what is the solution? Blanchard, O; Smoliga, JM, 2014)	0.4
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability of polydatin (PD) in rats after oral and intravenous administration, a simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of polydation."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability study of polydatin in rat plasma by using a LC-MS/MS method. Cai, G; Ding, X; Gao, S; Hou, X; Lin, F; Sun, M; Xiao, K, 2014)	0.4
" Resveratrol (Res) is a promising candidate for overcoming cancer chemoresistance, but it has low bioavailability due to poor absorption, and ready metabolism limits its application."	( mPEG-b-PCL/TPGS mixed micelles for delivery of resveratrol in overcoming resistant breast cancer. Chen, M; Chen, R; Morott, J; Repka, MA; Wang, S; Wang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Resveratrol, a potent natural antioxidant, possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities, but its oral bioavailability is very low due to its extensive hepatic and presystemic metabolism."	( Vitamin E loaded resveratrol nanoemulsion for brain targeting for the treatment of Parkinson's disease by reducing oxidative stress. Ali, J; Baboota, S; Mustafa, G; Pangeni, R; Sharma, S, 2014)	0.4
"Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a well-known natural polyphenolic compound that has garnered considerable interest because of its bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in humans."	( Novel antifungal mechanism of resveratrol: apoptosis inducer in Candida albicans. Lee, DG; Lee, J, 2015)	0.42
" Recently, nanotechnology-based formulations (nanoformulations) are being looked upon as a novel method for improving the pharmacokinetic properties, as well as enhancing targetability and bioavailability of resveratrol."	( Resveratrol nanoformulations: challenges and opportunities. Jambhrunkar, S; Popat, A; Qu, Z; Soo, E; Summerlin, N; Thakur, S, 2015)	0.42
" In this work carbomer microgels were combined with agarose networks in a semi-interpenetrating polymer network structure, aiming at obtaining suitable delivery systems for the loading and release of molecules with poor bioavailability but high therapeutic interest, like resveratrol."	( Cross-linked poly(acrylic acids) microgels and agarose as semi-interpenetrating networks for resveratrol release. Albani, D; Giordano, C; Munarin, F; Petrini, P; Prina, E; Rodilossi, S; Tunesi, M, 2015)	0.42
" This study thus aimed to elucidate brain bioavailability of trans-resveratrol by monitoring brain concentrations and dwell times following administration of resveratrol through intragastric, intraperitoneal, external carotid artery/ECA and intrathecal routes."	( Diffusion Efficiency and Bioavailability of Resveratrol Administered to Rat Brain by Different Routes: Therapeutic Implications. Chen, XY; Gu, JY; Kong, QY; Li, H; Liu, J; Shi, S; Shu, XH; Song, X; Wang, LL; Wu, ML, 2015)	0.42
" However, its low bioavailability upon oral ingestion and lack of specificity may hamper the translation of the encouraging experimental data into human health benefits."	( Common pathways in health benefit properties of RSV in cardiovascular diseases, cancers and degenerative pathologies. Aires, V; Delmas, D, 2015)	0.42
" Further preclinical and clinical studies are needed in order to understand safety, bioavailability and bioefficacy of dietary polyphenols in IBD patients."	( The role of dietary polyphenols in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Abdollahi, M; Farzaei, MH; Rahimi, R, 2015)	0.42
" Poor bioavailability is the main factor limiting the efficacy of chemopreventive agents."	( Nanoparticles increase the efficacy of cancer chemopreventive agents in cells exposed to cigarette smoke condensate. Fenoglio, D; Filaci, G; Izzotti, A; Lee, JL; Parodi, A; Pulliero, A; Romani, M; Sinkam, PN; Soares, CP; Wu, Y, 2015)	0.42
" The strong effects of resveratrol on the mitochondrial respiratory chain and on glycolysis suggest that caution should be used in attempts to increase bioavailability of this compound in the CNS."	( Silent information regulator 1 modulator resveratrol increases brain lactate production and inhibits mitochondrial metabolism, whereas SRT1720 increases oxidative metabolism. Beart, PM; Klugmann, M; Lau, CL; Rae, CD; Rowlands, BD; Ryall, JG; Thomas, DS, 2015)	0.42
"Nanoemulsions have been developed for the oral delivery of poorly bioavailable phenolic compounds that are sensitive to intestinal glucuronidation."	( Involvement of the inhibition of intestinal glucuronidation in enhancing the oral bioavailability of resveratrol by labrasol containing nanoemulsions. Chang, Q; Liao, YH; Liu, CY; Liu, XM; Pan, RL; Yang, FF; Zhou, J; Zhou, M, 2015)	0.42
"To increase its bioavailability and anticancer efficacy, we have encapsulated RSV-GNPs by Coacervation method."	( Resveratrol loaded gelatin nanoparticles synergistically inhibits cell cycle progression and constitutive NF-kappaB activation, and induces apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Hoti, SL; Karthikeyan, S; Prasad, NR, 2015)	0.42
"Growing evidence suggests that the elevation of free fatty acids, including palmitic acid (PA), are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, which may be involved in endothelial dysfunction, characterized by the reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) synthesized from endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)."	( Resveratrol analog piceatannol restores the palmitic acid-induced impairment of insulin signaling and production of endothelial nitric oxide via activation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative heme oxygenase-1 in human endothelial cells. Cheong, YK; Chung, HT; Jeong, SO; Lee, JH; Pae, HO; Park, SH; Son, Y, 2015)	0.42
" In the second part of the review we have addressed the issue of resveratrol bioavailability and the importance of wine matrix and phytocomplex highlighting the biological effects that can be obtained with nutraceuticals and resveratrol pills compared to the daily consumption of a glass of red wine."	( Wine, alcohol and pills: What future for the French paradox? Bertelli, AA; Biagi, M, 2015)	0.42
" In vivo, relative oral bioavailability of the encapsulated PLD was 282."	( Novel nanoliposomal delivery system for polydatin: preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation. Chen, W; Guan, Q; Hu, X; Li, L; Wang, X, 2015)	0.42
"PLD-loaded liposomes could significantly prolong the drug circulation time in vivo and increase the oral bioavailability of the drug."	( Novel nanoliposomal delivery system for polydatin: preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation. Chen, W; Guan, Q; Hu, X; Li, L; Wang, X, 2015)	0.42
" However, the low bioavailability of resveratrol raises questions about whether the antidiabetic effects of oral resveratrol can act directly on these tissues."	( Resveratrol activates duodenal Sirt1 to reverse insulin resistance in rats through a neuronal network. Baur, JA; Breen, DM; Côté, CD; Daljeet, M; Duca, FA; Filippi, BM; Lam, TK; Rasmussen, BA; Zadeh-Tahmasebi, M, 2015)	0.42
" Its limited bioavailability provides compelling evidence of the need for more suitable formulations in order to attain better clinical effectiveness."	( Stability and solubility of trans-resveratrol are strongly influenced by pH and temperature. Kristl, J; Lavrič, Z; Zupančič, Š, 2015)	0.42
" The poor bioavailability of a polyphenol will affect the effective dose delivered to cancer cells."	( In vitro and in vivo antitumoral effects of combinations of polyphenols, or polyphenols and anticancer drugs: perspectives on cancer treatment. Bei, R; Benvenuto, M; Fantini, M; Frajese, GV; Masuelli, L; Modesti, A; Tresoldi, I, 2015)	0.42
" To meet these drawbacks, some resveratrol conjugates would be useful, which would possess improved stability, uptake and bioavailability than the lead compound, and the ability to release it once it is internalized into the cell."	( Synthesis of amphiphilic resveratrol lipoconjugates and evaluation of their anticancer activity towards neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Cardullo, N; Chillemi, R; Greco, V; Malfa, G; Sciuto, S; Tomasello, B, 2015)	0.42
"Studies were undertaken to evaluate the bioavailability in rats and content analysis of gnetol in Gnetum gnemon products reported to contain gnetol and to examine the pharmacological properties of gnetol in in vitro models including anti-inflammatory/analgesic, antidiabetic, anti-adipogenesis, and anticancer activity."	( Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Content Analysis of Gnetol in Foodstuffs. Akinwumi, BC; Anderson, HD; Davies, NM; Martinez, SE; Remsberg, CM; Sayre, CL; Takemoto, JK, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to develop and assess nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) compared to solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for improving the oral bioavailability of oxyresveratrol (OXY)."	( Modification of oral absorption of oxyresveratrol using lipid based nanoparticles. Likhitwitayawuid, K; Sangsen, Y; Sritularak, B; Wiwattanapatapee, R; Wiwattanawongsa, K, 2015)	0.42
" When it was given as an oral suspension (10 mg/kg), DHS was absorbed slowly (t max 180 or 300 min) with very limited plasma exposure and absolute oral bioavailability (F = 2."	( Determination of naturally occurring resveratrol analog trans-4,4'-dihydroxystilbene in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Chen, W; Elhennawy, MG; Lin, HS; Xiang, X; Yeo, SC, 2015)	0.42
" For this purpose, the oral bioavailability of the encapsulated polyphenol as well as its anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of endotoxic shock was studied."	( Zein-Based Nanoparticles Improve the Oral Bioavailability of Resveratrol and Its Anti-inflammatory Effects in a Mouse Model of Endotoxic Shock. Esparza, I; Gamazo, C; González-Navarro, CJ; Irache, JM; Larraneta, E; Penalva, R, 2015)	0.42
" The validated method was applied to the study of bioavailability and tissue distribution of PTS in normal and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) bearing mice."	( UPLC-MS method for quantification of pterostilbene and its application to comparative study of bioavailability and tissue distribution in normal and Lewis lung carcinoma bearing mice. Chen, B; Deng, L; Deng, Y; Li, Y; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
" Resveratrol has very low oral bioavailability and, from a formulation perspective, it has low solubility in water, which leads to its poor absorption upon oral administration."	( Dendrimer nanotechnology for enhanced formulation and controlled delivery of resveratrol. Chauhan, AS, 2015)	0.42
" Some natural derivatives of resveratrol, like pterostilbene, have a better bioavailability than the parent compound."	( Effect of substituted stilbenes on platelet function. Curini, M; Gresele, P; Guglielmini, G; Marcotullio, MC; Messina, F; Orsini, S, 2015)	0.73
" The issue of bioavailability of resveratrol is of paramount importance and is determined by its rapid elimination and the fact that its absorption is highly effective, but the first hepatic step leaves little free resveratrol."	( Properties of Resveratrol: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies about Metabolism, Bioavailability, and Biological Effects in Animal Models and Humans. Abdelaziz, KM; Bonet-Costa, V; Borras, C; Gambini, J; Gimeno-Mallench, L; Gomez-Cabrera, MC; Inglés, M; Lopez-Grueso, R; Mas-Bargues, C; Olaso, G; Vina, J, 2015)	0.42
" During oral dosing (10 mg/kg) where both DFS and DMDFS were absorbed rapidly, the oral bioavailability of DFS was approximately 2-fold greater than that of DMDFS (DFS: F = 42."	( Analysis of trans-2,6-difluoro-4'-(N,N-dimethylamino)stilbene (DFS) in biological samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: metabolite identification and pharmacokinetics. Huang, M; Kril, L; Lin, HS; Liu, C; Sviripa, VM; Watt, DS; Yeo, SC, 2015)	0.42
"Trans-resveratrol affects biological systems in a multitude of ways, but its oral bioavailability is remarkably poor due to in vivo metabolization."	( Permeation profiles of resveratrol cream delivered through porcine vaginal mucosa: Evaluation of different HPLC stationary phases. Brandão, MA; Collins, CH; da Silva, CG; de Almeida, PA; de Oliveira, MA; Ferreira, Ade O; Polonini, HC; Raposo, NR; Soldati, PP, 2015)	0.42
" In the present study, we applied the Caco-2-transwell-system in order to investigate the modulation of intestinal bioavailability by soluble fibers."	( Investigation of the effects of soluble fibers on the absorption of resveratrol and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PHIP) in the Caco-2 cellular model of intestinal absorption. Schebb, NH; Willenberg, I; Wonik, J, 2015)	0.42
" However, research has recently focused on the investigation of other natural or synthetic compounds in order to find substances that show a higher bioactivity and/or bioavailability than resveratrol."	( The Resveratrol Tetramer r-Viniferin Induces a Cell Cycle Arrest Followed by Apoptosis in the Prostate Cancer Cell Line LNCaP. Albers, M; Empl, MT; Steinberg, P; Wang, S, 2015)	0.42
" Chronic resveratrol consumption may increase the poor bioavailability of resveratrol or otherwise potentiate its psychological effects."	( The effects of chronic trans-resveratrol supplementation on aspects of cognitive function, mood, sleep, health and cerebral blood flow in healthy, young humans. Dew, T; Haskell-Ramsay, CF; Kennedy, DO; Reay, JL; Wightman, EL; Williamson, G; Zhang, W, 2015)	0.42
" Therefore, resveratrol derivatives were prepared to improve bioavailability and anti-melanogenesis activity."	( Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Resveratrol Derivatives as Melanogenesis Inhibitors. Hwang, BY; Jo, YH; Kim, C; Kim, SB; Lee, MK; Liu, Q, 2015)	0.42
" Furthermore, RSV suffers from other issues, including limited bioavailability due to extensive hepatic metabolism."	( Critical review of resveratrol in xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity. Du, K; Jaeschke, H; McGill, MR; Weemhoff, JL, 2015)	0.42
"39 fold increase in plasma apigenin levels compared to administration of apigenin alone, suggesting that co-administration of resveratrol could increase bioavailability of apigenin."	( Resveratrol as a Bioenhancer to Improve Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Apigenin. Cho, E; Choi, I; Ha, SK; Lee, JA, 2015)	0.42
" Resveratrol supplementation represents a promising therapy to attenuate kidney injury, but the poor solubility and limited bioavailability of this polyphenol limits its use in dietary intervention."	( Potential renoprotective effects of piceatannol in ameliorating the early-stage nephropathy associated with obesity in obese Zucker rats. Aguirre, L; Aldámiz-Echevarría, L; Andrade, F; Arbones-Mainar, JM; Carpéné, C; Hasnaoui, M; Hijona, E; Llarena, M; Pérez-Matute, P; Portillo, MP; Villanueva-Millán, MJ, 2016)	0.43
"Oxidative stress dependent-decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability plays an integral role in hypercholesterolemia-induced erectile dysfunction (ED)."	( Resveratrol Protects and Restores Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum. Atabey, N; Demir, Ö; Esen, AA; Evcim, S; Gidener, S; Kefi, A; Kizer, O; Korhan, P; Murat, N, 2016)	0.43
" After oral dosing (50mg/kg), the bioavailability of pinostilbene was limited but highly erratic (F=1."	( Determination of pinostilbene in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. Chen, W; Chuang, XF; Lin, HS; Yeo, SC, 2016)	0.43
" However, its low bioavailability raises questions about its therapeutic relevance for treating or preventing obesity complications."	( Limited beneficial effects of piceatannol supplementation on obesity complications in the obese Zucker rat: gut microbiota, metabolic, endocrine, and cardiac aspects. Aguirre, L; Aldámiz-Echevarría, L; Andrade, F; Arbones-Mainar, JM; Bujanda, L; Carpéné, C; Hasnaoui, M; Hijona, E; Hijona, L; Leboulanger, F; Llarena, M; Mosqueda-Solis, A; Nepveu, F; Pérez-Matute, P; Perio, P; Portillo, MP; Senard, JM; Villanueva-Millán, MJ, 2016)	0.43
" However, there is concern that the bioavailability of resveratrol may limit some of its clinical utility."	( Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems as a tool to improve solubility and bioavailability of resveratrol. Abourehab, MA; Balata, GF; Essa, EA; Shamardl, HA; Zaidan, SH, 2016)	0.43
"An understanding of the chemistry and source of resveratrol, its bioavailability and the promising effects on mitochondria brings a new hope to therapy of mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases."	( Resveratrol and the mitochondria: From triggering the intrinsic apoptotic pathway to inducing mitochondrial biogenesis, a mechanistic view. Daglia, M; de Oliveira, MR; Hajheydari, Z; Manayi, A; Nabavi, SF; Nabavi, SM, 2016)	0.43
" By virtue of its lipophilic nature and low molecular weight, sulforaphane displays significantly higher bioavailability than the polyphenol-based dietary supplements that also activate Nrf2."	( Sulforaphane and Other Nutrigenomic Nrf2 Activators: Can the Clinician's Expectation Be Matched by the Reality? Coombes, JS; Fassett, RG; Houghton, CA, 2016)	0.43
" In vivo studies revealed nearly five-fold increase in the bioavailability of SR-1 (AUC0→∞=3411 ± 170."	( A novel monolithic controlled delivery system of resveratrol for enhanced hepatoprotection: nanoformulation development, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Ahmad, FJ; Ahmad, I; Ahmad, S; Iqbal, Z; Singh, A, 2016)	0.43
"Dietary stilbenoids are associated with many benefits for human health, which depend on their bioavailability and bioaccessibility."	( Non-covalent interaction between dietary stilbenoids and human serum albumin: Structure-affinity relationship, and its influence on the stability, free radical scavenging activity and cell uptake of stilbenoids. Cao, H; Chen, X; Jia, X; Shi, J; Xiao, J, 2016)	0.43
" Similarly absorption rate constant (Ka), fraction absorbed (Fab) and effective permeability (Peff) of FEX were increased significantly in ileum of RSV and VER pretreated groups when compared to FEX alone group."	( Effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine in rats: Involvement of P-glycoprotein inhibition. Bedada, SK; Neerati, P; Yellu, NR, 2016)	0.43
"007), and nitric oxide synthase inhibition (with L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester) normalized these blood pressure differences, suggesting improved nitric oxide bioavailability underlies the hemodynamic alterations in the Resv-treated offspring."	( Perinatal Resveratrol Supplementation to Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Dams Mitigates the Development of Hypertension in Adult Offspring. Bourque, SL; Care, AS; Davidge, ST; Dyck, JR; Gragasin, FS; Panahi, S; Sung, MM, 2016)	0.43
" Among many reasons, inefficient systemic delivery and bioavailability of promising chemopreventive agents are considered to significantly contribute to such a disconnection."	( Impact of nanotechnology on the delivery of natural products for cancer prevention and therapy. Sanna, V; Siddiqui, IA, 2016)	0.43
" In present study, we assessed the effects of trans-resveratrol used in combination with piperine, commonly known as a bioavailability enhancer, on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behaviors and relevant molecular targets."	( Piperine potentiates the effects of trans-resveratrol on stress-induced depressive-like behavior: involvement of monoaminergic system and cAMP-dependent pathway. An, Y; Lin, M; Pan, J; Wang, G; Wu, F; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Yu, Y; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" Other natural stilbenes derived from resveratrol such as pterostilbene or piceatannol, display higher oral bioavailability and bioactivity than the parent compound, but are far less abundant in natural sources."	( Production of highly bioactive resveratrol analogues pterostilbene and piceatannol in metabolically engineered grapevine cell cultures. Bru-Martínez, R; Cusidó, RM; Martínez-Márquez, A; Morante-Carriel, JA; Palazon, J; Ramírez-Estrada, K, 2016)	0.79
" The studies demonstrated that the composite liposome could generate potent cytotoxicity against the drug-resistant MCF-7/Adr tumor cells in vitro and enhance the bioavailability and the tumor-retention of the drugs in vivo."	( Combination Therapy using Co-encapsulated Resveratrol and Paclitaxel in Liposomes for Drug Resistance Reversal in Breast Cancer Cells in vivo. Guo, F; Liang, W; Meng, J; Wang, C; Xu, H; Yang, XD, 2016)	0.43
" The bioavailability of resveratrol is, however, not favorable, due to its poor water-solubility and extensive metabolism."	( [Resveratrol in Pharmaceutical Chemistry]. Noszál, B; Orgován, G, 2015)	0.42
" However, poor efficacy and bioavailability have prevented the use of resveratrol in clinics."	( 4-(E)-{(p-tolylimino)-methylbenzene-1,2-diol}, 1 a novel resveratrol analog, differentially regulates estrogen receptors α and β in breast cancer cells. Abdalla, F; Bhat, HK; Bhat, NK; Chatterjee, A; Dandawate, P; Padhye, S; Ronghe, A; Singh, B, 2016)	0.43
" Moreover, due to the limited pharmacokinetic parameters of resveratrol, multiple strategies aimed at increasing the bioavailability of resveratrol have also been addressed."	( Resveratrol and Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanistic Insights. Ahmed, T; Braidy, N; Javed, S; Nabavi, SF; Nabavi, SM; Šamec, D; Tariq, A; Tejada, S, 2017)	0.46
" However, its clinical application is limited because of a low oral bioavailability with high adsorption but rapid metabolism and low tissue concentrations."	( Resveratrol and Its Analogs As Antitumoral Agents For Breast Cancer Treatment. Caruso, A; Chimento, A; Pezzi, V; Saturnino, C; Sinicropi, MS; Sirianni, R, 2016)	0.43
" Unfortunately, low bioavailability and rapid degradation to less active metabolites limit the use of this compound in a practical medicine."	( [Biological multifunctionality of resveratrol and its derivatives]. Książek, K; Kuczmarska, A; Mikuła-Pietrasik, J, 2015)	0.42
" A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that phenolic phytochemicals with poor bioavailability are possibly acting primarily through remodeling of the gut microbiota."	( Resveratrol Attenuates Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO)-Induced Atherosclerosis by Regulating TMAO Synthesis and Bile Acid Metabolism via Remodeling of the Gut Microbiota. Chen, ML; Mi, MT; Ran, L; Yang, J; Yi, L; Zhang, QY; Zhang, Y; Zhou, X; Zhu, JD, 2016)	0.43
" The consequence of these alterations is a reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) with implications for aspects such as control of vascular tone and low grade inflammation."	( Effects of exercise training and resveratrol on vascular health in aging. Gliemann, L; Hellsten, Y; Nyberg, M, 2016)	0.43
"Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene; RES) produces a variety of pharmacological effects; however, its oral bioavailability (BA) approaches zero."	( Development of a Solid Dispersion System for Improving the Oral Bioavailability of Resveratrol in Rats. Chang, CW; Hsu, MC; Wong, CY; Wu, YT, 2017)	0.46
" However, its low bioavailability and rapid metabolism to its glucuronate and sulfate conjugates has opened a debate on the mechanisms underlying its bioactivity."	( Cytotoxic, Antiangiogenic and Antitelomerase Activity of Glucosyl- and Acyl- Resveratrol Prodrugs and Resveratrol Sulfate Metabolites. Carda, M; Dupont, A; Falomir, E; Lucas, R; Martí-Centelles, R; Morales, JC; Peñalver, P; Zafra-Gómez, A, 2016)	0.43
" In this study, we investigated the possibility of improving the dermal bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug resveratrol by nanocrystal technology."	( Enhancing Topical Delivery of Resveratrol through a Nanosizing Approach. Caddeo, C; Fadda, AM; Lai, F; Pini, E; Pireddu, R; Sinico, C; Valenti, D, 2017)	0.46
"Resveratrol (RV) 1, a plant polyphenol, has proven effective in commercial products yet drawbacks include low bioavailability due to rapid metabolism."	( Synthesis and skin gene analysis of 4'-acetoxy-resveratrol (4AR), therapeutic potential for dermal applications. Acerson, MJ; Andrus, MB; Lephart, ED, 2016)	0.43
" To overcome the poor oral bioavailability of both compounds and improve patient compliance, a novel self-microemulsifying formulation containing curcumin together with resveratrol was developed."	( A Novel Self-Microemulsifying System for the Simultaneous Delivery and Enhanced Oral Absorption of Curcumin and Resveratrol. Jaisamut, P; Wiwattanapatapee, R; Wiwattanawongsa, K, 2017)	0.46
"Pterostilbene, an analog of resveratrol increasing bioavailability has shown to offer antioxidant and anticancer properties in vitro and in vivo."	( Pterostilbene induces apoptosis through caspase activation in ovarian cancer cells. Chen, Y; Dong, J; Guo, H, 2016)	0.43
"The fact that 74% of the cancer drugs are derived from natural sources, naturally occurring polyphenols or its simple analogs with improved bioavailability may have the potential to be cancer drugs in the future."	( Polyphenol compounds and PKC signaling. Das, J; Ramani, R; Suraju, MO, 2016)	0.43
" We also cover recent pharmacologic efforts to improve the poor bioavailability of resveratrol and influence the transition between body systems in humans."	( Resveratrol: How Much Wine Do You Have to Drink to Stay Healthy? Weiskirchen, R; Weiskirchen, S, 2016)	0.43
" However, the greater in vivo bioavailability of PS, as compared to resveratrol, is an added advantage for its efficacy."	( Promising therapeutic potential of pterostilbene and its mechanistic insight based on preclinical evidence. Kosuru, R; Prakash, S; Rai, U; Singh, A; Singh, S, 2016)	0.43
" However, due to its occurrence in plants more in glycosidic form as piceid, the bioavailability and bioactivity are limited."	( Bioconversion of piceid to resveratrol by selected probiotic cell extracts. Basholli-Salihu, M; Mueller, M; Mulla, D; Praznik, W; Schuster, R; Viernstein, H, 2016)	0.43
"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreases bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) and impairs NO-dependent relaxations."	( Hydrogen sulfide: A novel mechanism for the vascular protection by resveratrol under oxidative stress in mouse aorta. Ahmed, A; Dereli, MV; Ozzayım, O; Sevin, G; Yetik-Anacak, G, 2016)	0.43
" However, the anticancer effects of triacetylresveratrol (TRES, an acetylated analog of RES) which has higher bioavailability have not been well established."	( In vitro comparative studies of resveratrol and triacetylresveratrol on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and STAT3 and NFκB signaling in pancreatic cancer cells. Duan, J; E, J; Gu, J; Lu, SE; Malhotra, J; Tan, XL; Xu, F; Yue, W, 2016)	0.43
"88-times increase of bioavailability in the brain by intranasal Res-NSs in situ gel formulation."	( Fabrication of an ionic-sensitive in situ gel loaded with resveratrol nanosuspensions intended for direct nose-to-brain delivery. Chen, W; Hao, J; Jin, K; Tang, H; Tong, T; Zhang, S; Zhao, J; Zhuang, Q, 2016)	0.43
"Despite the therapeutic effects of resveratrol, its clinical application is restricted by its poor oral bioavailability and low water solubility."	( Resveratrol cross-linked chitosan loaded with phospholipid for controlled release and antioxidant activity. Jeong, H; Kim, NH; Lee, DW; Lee, JH; Samdani, KJ; Yoo, DH; Yoo, IS, 2016)	0.43
" Furthermore, the potential preventive activity of curcumin and resveratrol should be evaluated in long-term exposure clinical trials, using preparations with high bioavailability and that are well standardized."	( Curcumin and Resveratrol in the Management of Cognitive Disorders: What is the Clinical Evidence? Di Giacomo, S; Mazzanti, G, 2016)	0.43
" OS reduces the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), which has been associated with hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and a reduced vasodilatory response."	( The effects of resveratrol on aging vessels. Austin, C; Azzawi, M; Degens, H; Diaz, M; Vanhees, L, 2016)	0.43
" Owing to a difference in the affinity of T3 and Toc for the α-tocopherol transfer protein, the bioavailability of orally ingested T3 is lower than that of Toc."	( Synergistic Anticancer Effect of Tocotrienol Combined with Chemotherapeutic Agents or Dietary Components: A Review. Eitsuka, T; Miyazawa, T; Nakagawa, K; Nishida, H; Tatewaki, N, 2016)	0.43
"Nanosizing is frequently used as formulation approach to increase the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( Systematical investigation of a combinative particle size reduction technology for production of resveratrol nanosuspensions. Liu, T; Möschwitzer, JP; Müller, RH, 2017)	0.46
" Resveratrol crosses the blood-brain barrier, and lumbar puncture (LP) greatly increases its bioavailability in rat brains; therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of LP-administered resveratrol on orthotopic rat glioblastomas."	( Lumbar puncture-administered resveratrol inhibits STAT3 activation, enhancing autophagy and apoptosis in orthotopic rat glioblastomas. Hong, L; Jia, L; Jia-Yao, G; Jie, B; Li-Li, W; Lin, S; Mo-Li, W; Pei-Nan, L; Peng, Z; Qian, W; Qing-You, K; Shun, S; Xiao-Hong, S; Xiao-Yan, C; Xue, S, 2016)	0.43
" The limited bioavailability of resveratrol may further impede its potential effects."	( Resveratrol and Lifespan in Model Organisms. Chin, D; Pallauf, K; Rimbach, G; Rupp, PM; Wolf, IM, 2016)	0.43
"The aim of this review is to focus on various studies related to chemical composition l, pharmacological activities, bioavailability problems associated with resveratrol."	( Research Problems Associated with Resveratrol (trans-3, 5, 4'- trihydroxystilbene; RSV) and Various Strategies to Overcome those Problems (Review). Garg, R; Sardana, S, 2017)	0.46
"If bioavailability is such a limitation in the clinical application of resveratrol, then methods need to be optimized for resveratrol formulations."	( Research Problems Associated with Resveratrol (trans-3, 5, 4'- trihydroxystilbene; RSV) and Various Strategies to Overcome those Problems (Review). Garg, R; Sardana, S, 2017)	0.46
"Delivery of the natural anti-inflammatory compound resveratrol with nanoemulsions can dramatically improve its tissue targeting, bioavailability and efficacy."	( Development and characterization of resveratrol nanoemulsions carrying dual-imaging agents. Bagia, C; Cavanaugh, JE; Herneisey, M; Janjic, JM; Liu, L; Mirtic, J; Potdar, S; Williams, J, 2016)	0.43
"Resveratrol (RSV) has been shown to effectively suppress chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in a mouse model; however, when locally administered to the sinonasal cavity, bolus RSV is limited by low drug bioavailability owing to its low aqueous solubility and relatively rapid clearance from the administration site."	( Sinonasal Delivery of Resveratrol via Mucoadhesive Nanostructured Microparticles in a Nasal Polyp Mouse Model. Choy, YB; Huh, BK; Khalmuratova, R; Kim, SN; Lee, M; Lee, SH; Park, CG; Park, JW; Shin, HW, 2017)	0.46
" Resveratrol is a promising anti-restenotic natural drug but subject to low bioavailability when systemically administered."	( Restenosis Inhibition and Re-differentiation of TGFβ/Smad3-activated Smooth Muscle Cells by Resveratrol. Binder, BY; DiRenzo, D; Goel, SA; Guo, LW; Ke, J; Kent, A; Kent, KC; Li, L; Little, C; Murphy, WL; Roenneburg, DA; Shi, XD; Shi, Y; Takayama, T; Urabe, G; Wang, B; Zhang, M; Zhou, Y; Zhu, Y, 2017)	0.46
"Pterostilbene, a structural analog of resveratrol, has higher oral bioavailability and bioactivity than that of the parent compound; but is far less abundant in natural sources."	( De novo biosynthesis of pterostilbene in an Escherichia coli strain using a new resveratrol O-methyltransferase from Arabidopsis. Heo, KT; Hong, YS; Kang, SY, 2017)	0.46
"Despite various beneficial biological properties, resveratrol lacks therapeutic applications because of poor bioavailability due to variable absorption and extensive metabolism."	( Increased intestinal permeation and modulation of presystemic metabolism of resveratrol formulated into self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. Charrueau, C; Dairou, J; Eto, B; Limas Nzouzi, N; Mamadou, G; Ponchel, G, 2017)	0.46
"The biomedical effects of the natural phenol pterostilbene are of great interest but its bioavailability is negatively affected by the phenolic group in position 4' which is an ideal target for the conjugative enzymes of phase II metabolism."	( New natural amino acid-bearing prodrugs boost pterostilbene's oral pharmacokinetic and distribution profile. Azzolini, M; Biasutto, L; Chiodarelli, G; Fanin, M; La Spina, M; Mattarei, A; Paradisi, C; Romio, M; Zoratti, M, 2017)	0.46
" SNEDDS formulation components were rationally selected and optimized for maximum drug loading by applying the design of experiments and further evaluated for stability in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, functional stability of antioxidants, in vitro release, Caco-2 cell uptake, oral bioavailability and prophylactic anticancer activity."	( α-Tocopherol as functional excipient for resveratrol and coenzyme Q10-loaded SNEDDS for improved bioavailability and prophylaxis of breast cancer. Agrawal, AK; Dora, CP; Garg, T; Jain, S; Kushwah, V; Thanki, K, 2017)	0.46
" However, poor bioavailability of resveratrol is a potential limitation for resveratrol treatment and cancer outcome in vivo."	( Resveratrol as MDR reversion molecule in breast cancer: An overview. Alamolhodaei, NS; Hayes, AW; Karimi, G; Ramezani, M; Tsatsakis, AM, 2017)	0.46
" Future human studies should address the appropriate dose range and low bioavailability of resveratrol."	( Resveratrol Improves Vascular Function and Mitochondrial Number but Not Glucose Metabolism in Older Adults. Anghel, V; Barzilai, N; Bonkowski, MS; Coleville, AJ; Crandall, JP; Golden, A; Hawkins, M; Kim, S; Kulkarni, AS; Moaddel, R; O'Broin, P; Pollack, RM; Powell, D; Sinclair, DA; Stein, D; Zhang, K, 2017)	0.46
"Isorhapontigenin, an orally bioavailable dietary polyphenol, displayed superior anti-inflammatory effects compared with resveratrol."	( Isorhapontigenin, a bioavailable dietary polyphenol, suppresses airway epithelial cell inflammation through a corticosteroid-independent mechanism. Barnes, PJ; Donnelly, LE; Fenwick, PS; Lin, HS; Yeo, SCM, 2017)	0.46
" However, their poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability limit their clinical use."	( Alginate Nanoparticles Containing Curcumin and Resveratrol: Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation Against DU145 Prostate Cancer Cell Line. Dash, AK; Saralkar, P, 2017)	0.46
" Different types of formulations have been designed for the improvement of bioavailability of these compounds, nanonization being one of the most notable approaches among them."	( Polyphenol nanoformulations for cancer therapy: experimental evidence and clinical perspective. Abdollahi, M; Bahramsoltani, R; Davatgaran-Taghipour, Y; Farzaei, MH; Karimi-Soureh, Z; Masoomzadeh, S; Rahimi, R, 2017)	0.46
" Concurrent administration of RES and QUR was able to enhance the bioavailability of RES."	( Co-encapsulated resveratrol and quercetin in chitosan and peg modified chitosan nanoparticles: For efficient intra ocular pressure reduction. Kandasamy, R; Muthusamy, S; Natesan, S; Palanichamy, R; Pandian, S; Ponnusamy, C, 2017)	0.46
" Many PPs have little bioavailability and reach the colon almost unaltered."	( The gut microbiota: A key factor in the therapeutic effects of (poly)phenols. Espín, JC; González-Sarrías, A; Tomás-Barberán, FA, 2017)	0.46
" The oral bioavailability of CSA was estimated to be 44."	( Pharmacokinetics of Cajaninstilbene Acid and Its Main Glucuronide Metabolite in Rats. Cao, FR; Chang, Q; Feng, L; Liao, YH; Liu, XM; Pan, RL; Tao, X; Wang, LS, 2017)	0.46
"Sulfotransferase activity modulates metabolism of resveratrol in adipocytes with potential consequences on bioavailability and thus metabolic action of this polyphenol."	( Role of sulfotransferases in resveratrol metabolism in human adipocytes. Barron, D; Chabert, C; Gheldof, N; Hager, J; Moco, S; Teav, T, 2017)	0.46
"The effect of diabetes on the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and brain distribution of grape polyphenols and select metabolites was studied in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat model."	( Influence of diabetes on plasma pharmacokinetics and brain bioavailability of grape polyphenols and their phase II metabolites in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Chen, TY; Cooper, B; Ferruzzi, MG; Ho, L; Janle, EM; Pasinetti, GM; Simon, JE; Talcott, ST; Todd, G; Wang, J; Wu, QL, 2017)	0.46
"Diabetes may alter the overall bioavailability of some polyphenols in plasma and brain in part due to higher urinary clearance."	( Influence of diabetes on plasma pharmacokinetics and brain bioavailability of grape polyphenols and their phase II metabolites in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Chen, TY; Cooper, B; Ferruzzi, MG; Ho, L; Janle, EM; Pasinetti, GM; Simon, JE; Talcott, ST; Todd, G; Wang, J; Wu, QL, 2017)	0.46
" Moreover, its poor solubility in water and low bioavailability are the challenging issues."	( Anticonvulsant activity of resveratrol-loaded liposomes in vivo. Akkaya, H; Aslan, I; Erdogan, CS; Ethemoglu, MS; Kilic, E; Seker, FB; Yilmaz, B, 2017)	0.46
" CA4P-NPs reached an absolute bioavailability of 77."	( Water-Soluble Combretastatin A4 Phosphate Orally Delivered via Composite Nanoparticles With Improved Inhibition Effect Toward S180 Tumors. Qiu, L; Shen, Y; Wu, L, 2017)	0.46
" Quite often however their instability, extensive metabolization, low bioavailability and poor solubility limit their application in cancer prevention and therapy."	( Nanoparticle formulations to enhance tumor targeting of poorly soluble polyphenols with potential anticancer properties. Bonferoni, MC; Ferrari, F; Rossi, S; Sandri, G, 2017)	0.46
" bioavailability promoted by the presence of HPβCD in the complex."	( Pterostilbene reduces oxidative stress, prevents hypertrophy and preserves systolic function of right ventricle in cor pulmonale model. Belló-Klein, A; Bianchi, SE; Campos-Carraro, C; Colombo, R; Dos Santos Lacerda, D; Duarte Ortiz, V; Gazzi de Lima-Seolin, B; Linck Bassani, V; Poletto Bonetto, JH; Sander da Rosa Araujo, A; Türck, P, 2017)	0.46
" It is argued that the concentration of stilbenoids in food and beverages is too low to have any therapeutic potential and this concentration is further reduced by their low bioavailability and extensive metabolism."	( Anti-inflammatory activity of natural stilbenoids: A review. Dvorakova, M; Landa, P, 2017)	0.46
" We have previously reported that resveratrol and synthetic analogs of resveratrol with a higher bioavailability inhibit the synthesis of androgens in human adrenocortical H295R cells."	( Resveratrol, piceatannol and analogs inhibit activation of both wild-type and T877A mutant androgen receptor. Lundqvist, J; Oskarsson, A; Tringali, C, 2017)	0.46
"We hypothesized that metabolites of dietary flavonoids attenuate impairments in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability evoked by glucotoxic conditions mimicking Type 1 or 2 diabetes."	( Metabolites of flavonoid compounds preserve indices of endothelial cell nitric oxide bioavailability under glucotoxic conditions. Babu, PVA; Jalili, T; Qian, Y; Symons, JD, 2017)	0.46
" However, the poor water solubility and low bioavailability of resveratrol limit its clinical applications."	( Resveratrol and inflammatory bowel disease. Jiang, B; Miao, M; Shi, Y; Zhou, J, 2017)	0.46
"Drug nanosuspension is one of the established methods to improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs."	( Production of drug nanosuspensions: effect of drug physical properties on nanosizing efficiency. Liu, T; Möschwitzer, JP; Müller, RH, 2018)	0.48
" However, the low bioavailability of resveratrol makes it worthwhile to explore newer compounds with similar properties."	( Protective effects of the resveratrol analog piceid in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells. Cavanaugh, JE; Parmar, MS; Potdar, S; Ray, SD, 2018)	0.48
" We have conjugated resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, and 3-(5-methoxy, 2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (MOMIPP), a chalcone, to HA with the goal of enhancing drug bioavailability and targeting triple negative breast cancers."	( Receptor-Mediated Attachment and Uptake of Hyaluronan Conjugates by Breast Cancer Cells. Crowder, DC; Ditto, AJ; Maltese, WA; Overmeyer, JH; Shah, KN; Tavana, H; Yun, YH, 2017)	0.46
" Therefore, many researchers focused on designing and synthesizing the derivatives of resveratrol to enhance the bioavailability and the pharmacological activity of resveratrol."	( Therapeutic Versatility of Resveratrol Derivatives. Deng, S; Li, C; Ma, X; Nawaz, W; Shu, X; Zhou, Z, 2017)	0.46
"In this work, in order to enhance the stability, bioavailability and antioxidant activity of insoluble antioxidants used into juice, yoghourt and nutritional supplements, the oligo-hyalurosomes nano-delivery system (CRHs) based on oligo-hyaluronic acid -curcumin (oHC) polymer loaded curcumin(Cur) and resveratrol (Res) was fabricated with new nanotechnolgy."	( Co-encapsulation of curcumin and resveratrol into novel nutraceutical hyalurosomes nano-food delivery system based on oligo-hyaluronic acid-curcumin polymer. Chen, D; Guo, C; Yin, J, 2018)	0.48
"Self-microemulsifying (SME) drug delivery system has been developed to increase oral bioavailabilities, and inhibitory excipients are capable of improving oral bioavailability by inhibiting enzyme mediated intestinal metabolism."	( Improving oral bioavailability of resveratrol by a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase inhibitory excipient-based self-microemulsion. Chang, Q; Cong, ZQ; Hu, X; Liao, YH; Liu, CY; Liu, XM; Pan, RL; Yang, FF; Zhou, J, 2018)	0.48
" Because of its effectiveness in increasing the permanence and bioavailability of resveratrol in the intestinal epithelium, we investigated whether the effect of resveratrol-loaded in poly(anhydride) nanoparticles reduce oxidative stress and promote myenteric neuroprotection in the ileum of rats subjected to I/R."	( Evaluation of the treatment with resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles in intestinal injury model caused by ischemia and reperfusion. Borges, SC; Buttow, NC; Cavalcanti, OA; da Silva, LM; de Paula Werner, MF; Ferreira, PEB; Irache, JM, 2018)	0.48
" However, its low levels of aqueous solubility, stability, and poor bioavailability limit its application."	( Resveratrol liposomes and lipid nanocarriers: Comparison of characteristics and inducing browning of white adipocytes. Fan, Z; Overby, H; Ren, G; Wang, S; Zhao, L; Zu, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Furthermore, its poor aqueous solubility and the resulting limited bioavailability hinder its antitumor activity in the clinic."	( Combination drug delivery via multilamellar vesicles enables targeting of tumor cells and tumor vasculature. Kim, YJ; Liu, Y; Rohrs, JA; Siriwon, N; Wanga, P; Yu, Z, 2018)	0.48
" After oral administration of DRG fully solubilized by 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), the plasma profiles of DRG were highly erratic with a low absolute bioavailability (F < 9."	( Quantification of desoxyrhapontigenin (4-methoxyresveratrol) in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Chen, H; Dai, Y; Lin, HS; Ong, PS; Tan, ALC; Wu, J; Xiang, X, 2018)	0.48
" However, the oral bioavailability of these compounds in humans is low (˂1-2%)."	( The Oral Bioavailability of Trans-Resveratrol from a Grapevine-Shoot Extract in Healthy Humans is Significantly Increased by Micellar Solubilization. Behnam, D; Bosy-Westphal, A; Calvo-Castro, LA; David, F; Ehrt, H; Frank, J; Schiborr, C; Sus, N; Voggel, J, 2018)	0.48
"The oral bioavailability of trans-resveratrol from the grapevine-shoot extract Vineatrol30 was significantly increased using a liquid micellar formulation, without any treatment-related adverse effects, making it a suitable system for improved supplementation of trans-resveratrol."	( The Oral Bioavailability of Trans-Resveratrol from a Grapevine-Shoot Extract in Healthy Humans is Significantly Increased by Micellar Solubilization. Behnam, D; Bosy-Westphal, A; Calvo-Castro, LA; David, F; Ehrt, H; Frank, J; Schiborr, C; Sus, N; Voggel, J, 2018)	0.48
" In addition, the bioavailability of these polyphenols is usually very low due to their poor absorption in the gut."	( Curcumin and dietary polyphenol research: beyond drug discovery. Jin, TR, 2018)	0.48
" It was reported that the complex resveratrol-methyl β-cyclodextrin (RV-CD) improves resveratrol's stability and bioavailability and increases its antioxidant activity."	( Resveratrol-cyclodextrin complex affects the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism in bovine in vitro produced embryos. Echeverri, J; Gutiérrez-Adán, A; Hamdi, M; López-Herrera, A; Millán de la Blanca, MG; Rizos, D; Sánchez-Calabuig, MJ; Torres, V; Urrego, R, 2018)	0.48
" We have demonstrated the utility of PAMAM dendrimers for enhancing solubility, stability and oral bioavailability of various drugs."	( Dendrimers for Drug Delivery. Chauhan, AS, 2018)	0.48
" They constitute interesting compounds that have not yet been investigated within the bioavailability framework."	( Computational simulations determining disulfonic stilbene derivative bioavailability within human serum albumin. Fleury, F; Jaunet-Lahary, T; Laurent, AD; Vercauteren, DP, 2018)	0.48
" Nonetheless, the low bioavailability of resveratrol has reduced its attractiveness as a potential anti-cancer treatment."	( Pterostilbene Suppresses Ovarian Cancer Growth via Induction of Apoptosis and Blockade of Cell Cycle Progression Involving Inhibition of the STAT3 Pathway. Dellinger, TH; Finlay, J; Glackin, CA; Han, ES; Lowe, G; Roberts, CM; Wen, W, 2018)	0.48
" However, the clinical applications of Resveratrol are limited due to its low bioavailability and rapid metabolism, while its natural glycosilated precursor Polydatin shows better metabolic stability and major abundance in fresh fruits and vegetables."	( Polydatin, Natural Precursor of Resveratrol, Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Ballini, A; De Maria, S; Di Benedetto, A; Grano, M; Mori, G; Muzio, LL; Porro, C; Posa, F; Ravagnan, G; Trotta, T, 2018)	0.48
" The present study takes the advantages of nanocarriers combined with a ligand (galactose) anchoring to orally deliver RES in an attempt to improve its bioavailability and pharmacological activity."	( Galactosylated PLGA nanoparticles for the oral delivery of resveratrol: enhanced bioavailability and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Li, S; Lin, H; Siu, FY; Ye, S, 2018)	0.48
" After oral administration, RES-GNPs significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of RES, up to 335."	( Galactosylated PLGA nanoparticles for the oral delivery of resveratrol: enhanced bioavailability and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Li, S; Lin, H; Siu, FY; Ye, S, 2018)	0.48
" Taken together, these results suggest that t-RV can mitigate the AHG-induced EDR damage through a mechanism involving ROS scavenging and probably an increase in the bioavailability of NO."	( t-Resveratrol Protects against Acute High Glucose Damage in Endothelial Cells. Álvarez, R; Balada, C; Flores, G; Guzmán, L; Knox, M; Martínez, JL; Vinet, R, 2018)	0.48
" However, oxidative degradation and low bioavailability limit their exogenous application as fungicides on crops."	( Synthesis and antifungal activities of novel thiophene-based stilbene derivatives bearing an 1,3,4-oxadiazole unit. He, D; Jian, W; Shang, J; Wen, L, 2019)	0.51
" Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and piceatannol (PIC) are natural anti-inflammatory compounds; however, poor bioavailability and limited understanding of biomolecular mechanistic limits its clinical use."	( Albumin nano-encapsulation of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and piceatannol potentiated its ability to modulate HIF and NF-kB pathways and improves therapeutic outcome in experimental colitis. Khan, MN; McCarron, PA; Tambuwala, MM; Thompson, P, 2019)	0.51
" Moreover, pterostilbene exhibits much greater bioavailability and bioactivity than resveratrol which warrants further investigation in the anti-cancer functions and mechanisms."	( [Emerging Actions of Pterostilebene on Cancer Research]. Di, S; Gao, Y; Li, X; Ma, Z; Xu, L; Yan, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2018)	0.48
", liposomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric, lipid and ceramic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes) for improved bioavailability and targeted delivery of combretastatins to the tumor vasculature."	( Cytotoxic Stilbenes and Derivatives as Promising Antimitotic Leads for Cancer Therapy. Duarte, N; Faustino, C; Francisco, AP; Isca, VMS, 2018)	0.88
" Its high bioavailability is a major advantage for possible biomedical applications."	( Pterostilbene Improves Cognitive Performance in Aged Rats: An in Vivo Study. Azzolini, M; Berardi, N; Biasutto, L; La Spina, M; Peruzzo, R; Sale, A; Sansevero, G; Zoratti, M, 2019)	0.51
" TRG had poor absolute bioavailability in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion study of trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucoside and its two metabolites in rats. Dong, C; Su, M; Wan, J; Zhou, M, 2019)	0.51
" Its low water solubility, its photo-sensitivity and its low bioavailability make its applications in the food industry complicated."	( Encapsulation of ε-viniferin in onion-type multi-lamellar liposomes increases its solubility and its photo-stability and decreases its cytotoxicity on Caco-2 intestinal cells. Atgié, C; Courtois, A; Faure, C; Garcia, M; Krisa, S; Richard, T; Sauvant, P, 2019)	0.51
" Recently, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been widely postulated, yet PD instability and low bioavailability limit its beneficial actions."	( Protective effects of polydatin in free and nanocapsulated form on changes caused by lipopolysaccharide in hippocampal organotypic cultures. Basta-Kaim, A; Lasoń, W; Leśkiewicz, M; Regulska, M; Ślusarczyk, J; Szczepanowicz, K; Trojan, E; Warszyński, P, 2019)	0.51
" This chapter reviews the current knowledge on the phenolic compounds as food components, namely their occurrence in the diet, bioavailability and metabolism, biological activities and mechanisms of action."	( Plant phenolics as functional food ingredients. Ayuda-Durán, B; González-Manzano, S; González-Paramás, AM; Oludemi, T; Santos-Buelga, C, 2019)	0.51
" Isorhapontigenin possesses greater oral bioavailability than resveratrol and has also been identified to possess anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties."	( Isorhapontigenin, a resveratrol analogue selectively inhibits ADP-stimulated platelet activation. Albadawi, DAI; Chaggar, V; Dash, PR; Patel, K; Patra, PH; Ravishankar, D; Salamah, M; Vaiyapuri, R; Vaiyapuri, S; Watson, KA; Williams, HF, 2019)	0.51
"The combination with piperine had shown a significantly higher maximum concentration in plasma approximately 1500 μg/L within 1-2 h after oral dosing, and could increase oral bioavailability of oxyresveratrol approximately 2-fold."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxyresveratrol alone and in combination with piperine as a bioenhancer in rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Junsaeng, D; Khemawoot, P; Likhitwitayawuid, K; Songvut, P; Sritularak, B, 2019)	0.51
"Pterostilbene, a phenolic compound derived from resveratrol, possesses greater bioavailability than its parent compound due to the presence of two methoxyl groups."	( Effects of Pterostilbene on Diabetes, Liver Steatosis and Serum Lipids. Aguirre, L; Fernández-Quintela, A; Gómez-Zorita, S; Milton-Laskíbar, I; Portillo, MP; Xiao, J, 2021)	0.62
"Polydatin (PD) has many pharmacological activities; however, its bioavailability is still a critical cornerstone issue."	( Novel polydatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for safe and efficient type 2 diabetes therapy: In silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches. Abd El-Twab, SM; Abdel-Moneim, A; El-Shahawy, A; Elden, ZE; Taha, M; Yousef, AI, 2020)	0.56
" The bioavailability of TMS is low."	( Tetramethoxystilbene-Loaded Liposomes Restore Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Mediated Attenuation of Dilator Responses in Rat Aortic Vessels Ex vivo. Alexander, Y; Astley, C; Azzawi, M; Beards, F; Degens, H; Harris, LK; Lightfoot, AP; Renshall, L; Whitehead, D; Zaabalawi, A, 2019)	0.51
" These results suggest that pterostilbene might be a potential anticancer agent targeting both cancer cells and cancer stem-like cells of cervical cancer via the superior bioavailability to resveratrol."	( Pterostilbene Suppresses both Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem-Like Cells in Cervical Cancer with Superior Bioavailability to Resveratrol. Choi, YS; Han, JM; Jung, HJ; Shin, HJ, 2020)	0.56
" These findings indicate that RA-based self-assembled ultrasmall nanomicelles demonstrate tremendous potential toward the improvement in the ocular bioavailability as well as a therapeutic effect of poor aqueous soluble drugs such as Pt."	( Novel ultrasmall nanomicelles based on rebaudioside A: A potential nanoplatform for the ocular delivery of pterostilbene. Song, K; Sun, M; Wu, X; Xie, W; Xin, M; Zhang, F, 2020)	0.56
" However, most of them are rapidly metabolized and excreted, yielding very low phenolic bioavailability what makes it difficult to find out which are the mechanisms responsible for the observed bioactivity."	( Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Pterostilbene Metabolites in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells. de-Paz, MV; Lucas, R; Morales, JC; Peñalver, P; Zodio, S, 2020)	0.56
" However, the compound had poor bioavailability and the underlying absorption mechanisms had not been studied."	( In vitro and in situ study on characterization and mechanism of the intestinal absorption of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside. Gong, X; Li, Y; Wang, C; Zheng, L; Zhou, Y, 2020)	0.56
"TSG was poorly absorbed in the intestines and the absorption of TSG in stomach is much higher than that in intestine."	( In vitro and in situ study on characterization and mechanism of the intestinal absorption of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside. Gong, X; Li, Y; Wang, C; Zheng, L; Zhou, Y, 2020)	0.56
" The present results showed that although similar properties in physiochemical, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, absorption and transport across rat everted gut sacs between SME-1 (inhibitory excipient containing SME) and SME-2 (control SME, without inhibitory excipient), an improved absolute bioavailability of 57."	( Enhancing in vivo oral bioavailability of cajaninstilbene acid using UDP-glucuronosyl transferase inhibitory excipient containing self-microemulsion. Chang, Q; Cong, ZQ; Ji, CY; Ji, YB; Liao, YH; Liu, CY; Ma, SQ; Pan, RL; Yang, FF, 2020)	0.56
" The methylated analogues of resveratrol have been found to have higher bioavailability and cytotoxic activity than that of the prototupe compound."	( The Effect of 4'-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimetoxystilbene, the Metabolite of Resveratrol Analogue DMU-212, on Growth, Cell Cycle and Apoptosis in DLD-1 and LOVO Colon Cancer Cell Lines. Borys-Wojcik, S; Jodynis-Liebert, J; Jozkowiak, M; Kaczmarek, M; Nowicki, A; Piotrowska-Kempisty, H; Ramlau, P; Skupin-Mrugalska, P; Wierzchowski, M, 2020)	0.56
"Oxyresveratrol (OXY) exhibits poor bioavailability due to its low solubility."	( Exploring potential coformers for oxyresveratrol using principal component analysis. Hirun, N; Ouiyangkul, P; Tantishaiyakul, V, 2020)	0.56
" Resveratrol is a widely recognized activator of Sirt1; however, poor bioavailability and rapid metabolism limit effective clinical translation of promising animal data."	( Modulation of Energy Sensing by Leucine Synergy with Natural Sirtuin Activators: Effects on Health Span. Zemel, MB, 2020)	0.56
" In addition, techniques to improve their sustainable resourcing, stability and bioavailability will be presented and discussed."	( Phenolic compounds: current industrial applications, limitations and future challenges. Albuquerque, BR; Barros, L; Ferreira, ICFR; Heleno, SA; Oliveira, MBPP, 2021)	0.62
" In fact, polyphenols show a low bioavailability due to several factors: interaction with the food matrix, the metabolic processes mediated by the liver (phase I and II metabolism), intestine and microbiota."	( Polyphenols and Human Health: The Role of Bioavailability. Biella, S; Colombo, F; Di Lorenzo, C; Restani, P; Stockley, C, 2021)	0.62
" In addition, due to the poor bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors and superiority of targeting nanoparticles-based drug delivery system, we herein prepared piceatannol-encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles that conjugated with chemokine C-C motif ligand 4 (P-NPs-C) and studied its therapeutic effects in vitro in BMDMs and in vivo in experimental colitis model."	( CCL4-mediated targeting of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor using nanoparticles alleviates inflammatory bowel disease. Gong, W; Gu, G; Hong, Z; Liu, J; Liu, P; Ren, H; Ren, J; Wang, G; Wu, X; Yu, J; Zhao, F; Zhao, Y; Zheng, T, 2021)	0.62
" We concluded that PD-CSNPs and PD ameliorate diabetic liver damage by modulating glucose transporter 2 expression, affecting the activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, and suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, PD-CSNPs being more efficient than PD, probably due to higher bioavailability and prolonged release."	( Hepatoprotective Effects of Polydatin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles in Diabetic Rats: Modulation of Glucose Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation Biomarkers. Abd El-Hameed, AM; Abd El-Twab, SM; Abdel-Moneim, A; El-Shahawy, AAG; Yousef, AI, 2021)	0.62
" We have used a lipid-based nanoemulsion termed Lipid-Oil-Nanodroplets (LONDs) for the encapsulation and in vivo delivery of the poorly bioavailable combretastatin A4 (CA4)."	( Targeted microbubbles carrying lipid-oil-nanodroplets for ultrasound-triggered delivery of the hydrophobic drug, combretastatin A4. Bushby, RJ; Charalambous, A; Coletta, PL; Evans, SD; Ingram, N; Loadman, PM; Markham, AF; Marston, G; McLaughlan, JR; McVeigh, LE; Mico, V; Peyman, SA; Volpato, M; Wierzbicki, A, 2021)	0.62
" Nevertheless, chemical instability and low solubility of OXY in aqueous solutions reduce its bioavailability and hinder it from exerting neuroprotective activities."	( Alkoxy glycerol enhanced activity of Oxyresveratrol in Alzheimer's disease by rescuing Tau protein. Elumalai, P; Lakshmi, S; Sivan, S; Varija Raghu, S, 2021)	0.62
" These compounds are widely consumed in daily diet and many studies report several benefits to human health thanks to their bioavailability in humans."	( An Overview on Dietary Polyphenols and Their Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). D Amen, E; Dinelli, G; Tibaldi, C; Truzzi, F; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" In this review, we summarize the existing in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data from published studies addressing the optimization of bioavailability of stilbenoids."	( Enhancing Bioavailability of Nutraceutically Used Resveratrol and Other Stilbenoids. Baldovska, S; Kolesarova, A; Vesely, O, 2021)	0.62
"Most drugs or the natural substances reputed to display some biological activity are hydrophobic molecules that demonstrate low bioavailability regardless of their mode of absorption."	( Resveratrol and cyclodextrins, an easy alliance: Applications in nanomedicine, green chemistry and biotechnology. Batiha, GE; Bru, R; Clément, C; Jacquard, C; Jeandet, P; Khan, H; Khayatkashani, M; Matencio, A; Morkunas, I; Nabavi, SF; Nabavi, SM; Sobarzo-Sánchez, E; Trotta, F; Uddin, MS, 2021)	0.62
"Stilbene-glycoside (THSG) is a promising dietary supplement with remarkable biological properties, however, its poor stability and low oral bioavailability hinder its application as an ingredient in functional foods."	( Enhanced stability of stilbene-glycoside-loaded nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride. Abd El-Aty, AM; Liu, S; Ma, C; Sun, T; Wang, Y; Yang, M; Yang, Q; Zhang, J, 2022)	0.72
" SwissADME studies revealed that the compounds showed low GI absorption and were not found to be CYP inhibitors and had bioavailability score that would allow them to be considered as potential drug candidates."	( Molecular dynamics simulations, docking and MMGBSA studies of newly designed peptide-conjugated glucosyloxy stilbene derivatives with tumor cell receptors. Banerjee, IA; Lebedenko, CG; Mitchell, SM; Rico, MI, 2022)	0.72
"Pterostilbene is a revesterol analog with a long bioavailability and having potent anti-inflammatory activity in animal studies."	( Pterostilbene exert an anti-arthritic effect by attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress, and alteration of gut microbiota. Ding, H; Ding, X; Han, J; Li, X; Liu, Y; Rui, Z; Yuan, Y; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72
" However, the therapeutic outcomes of PS are limited by potential side effects associated with the systemic exposure and the modest bioavailability afforded by its oral administration."	( Oral Delivery of Pterostilbene by L-Arginine-Mediated "Nano-Bomb" Carrier for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Cao, Y; Li, R; Ma, Y; Wei, W; Yan, X; Yang, M; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Studies on the therapeutic application of stilbenes pinpoint that challenges such as low bioavailability and isomerization are the major bottlenecks for their development as therapeutic drugs."	( Stilbenes: Source plants, chemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology, application and problems related to their clinical Application-A comprehensive review. Ge, X; Han, L; Li, Y; Teka, T; Yan, X; Zhang, L, 2022)	2.43
" Nanoformulations can bring a major improvement in the bioavailability of resveratrol but still the formulation still suffers with pharmacokinetics issues clinically."	( The science of resveratrol, formulation, pharmacokinetic barriers and its chemotherapeutic potential. Badgujar, V; Khan, A; Majeed, S; Murtuja, S; Robertson, I; Sajid Ali, M; Sami, F; Saquib Hasnain, M; Tahir Ansari, M; Wai Hau, T, 2022)	0.72
" Although bioavailability studies have shown poor absorption and high metabolism of this stilbene, multiple studies demonstrated its biological properties."	( In the shadow of resveratrol: biological activities of epsilon-viniferin. Atgié, C; Beaumont, P; Courtois, A; Krisa, S; Richard, T, 2022)	0.72
"Palovarotene (Sohonos™) is an orally bioavailable selective retinoic acid receptor (RAR)γ agonist being developed by Ipsen for the reduction of heterotopic ossification (HO) formation in patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)."	( Palovarotene: First Approval. Hoy, SM, 2022)	0.72
" Indeed, due to its higher bioavailability paired with reduced toxicity compared to other stilbenes, PTS has become an attractive drug candidate for the treatment of several disease conditions, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging."	( New Insights into Dietary Pterostilbene: Sources, Metabolism, and Health Promotion Effects. Ganesan, K; Mohandas, S; Nagarajan, S; Ramkumar, KM; Xu, B, 2022)	0.94
", are front runners as drug candidates due to their diverse effects from different functional groups that affect bioavailability and molecular interactions."	( Stilbenes, a Versatile Class of Natural Metabolites for Inflammation-An Overview. Al-Khayri, JM; Al-Mssallem, MQ; Alessa, FM; Almaghasla, MI; Gowda, Y; Harish, HM; Lakshmaiah, VV; Mascarenhas, R; Nagella, P; Rezk, AA, 2023)	2.35
"This study aimed to develop an exosome-coated polydatin (PD) nanoparticles (exo-PD) for improving the water solubility and bioavailability of polydatin and explore its salutary effects on intestinal radiation injury."	( Exosome-coated polydatin nanoparticles in the treatment of radiation-induced intestinal damage. Chen, M; Chen, Q; Cui, F; Hou, J; Hu, D; Liu, Q; Qiu, X; Wu, Z; Yan, T; Yao, L, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" In the 10-mg bid dosage group, 30 of the 31 patients were considered evaluable for efficacy."	( Phase II study of tamoxifen: report of 74 patients with stage IV breast cancer. Band, PR; Israel, L; Lerner, HJ; Leung, BS, 1976)	0.26
" Dose-response curves for these agents were parallel and EC50 values for effects on SCC were 40, 52, and 295 microM, respectively."	( The use of isolated fish opercular epithelium as a model tissue for studying intrinsic activities of loop diuretics. Eriksson, O; Mayer-Gostan, N; Wistrand, PJ, 1985)	0.27
" Dose-response curves for the purifed LH, an impure urinary LH preparation, pituitary powder, and LH in plasma were all identical."	( Radioimmunoassay for luteinizing hormone in human plasma or serum: physiological studies. Odell, WD; Rayford, PL; Ross, GT, 1967)	0.25
" The time course of this increase and of the return to control activity after cessation of treatment, the dose-response of this increase and the structural features of the trans-stilbene oxide molecule which are essential for the increase have all been examined."	( The effect of trans-stilbene oxide and other structurally related inducers of drug-metabolizing enzymes on glucuronidation. DePierre, JW; Seidegård, J, 1982)	0.26
" Pretreatment (group I) of rats with TSO resulted in elevated fecal excretion of 14C already on the first day after dosing with heptachlor, whereas the effect of the treatment was not apparent in group II and III rats until after 2 days and reached its maximum 3 days after the start of TSO administration."	( Enhanced total body clearance of heptachlor from rats by trans-stilbeneoxide. Rozman, K; Scheufler, E, 1984)	0.27
" Increasing dosage of trans-stilbene oxide from 400 mg/kg to 1000 mg/kg had little effect on the above enzyme activities."	( Variations in induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes by trans-Stilbene oxide in rodent species. Emerole, GO; Thabrew, MI, 1983)	0.27
" The time course and dose-response of the increases in glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities have been characterized."	( The effect of trans-stilbene oxide and other structurally related inducers of drug-metabolizing enzymes on the pentose phosphate pathway and other enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. DePierre, JW; Seidegård, J, 1982)	0.26
" The 11 test compounds synthesized in this study did not produce estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity at the dosage levels used (1-25 micrograms), but did produce a significant displacement of [3H]estradiol in the rat uterine receptor binding assay with analog XVIII possessing the greatest binding affinity and compound XI the lowest affinity."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of gem-dichlorocyclopropyl and cyclopropyl analogs of stilbene congeners as potential antiestrogens. Magarian, RA; Pento, JT; Stobaugh, JF, 1982)	0.26
" The time course and dose-response relationship of the induction brought about by trans-stilbene oxide were determined."	( Effect of inducers of drug-metabolizing enzymes on glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase in rat liver. Carlberg, I; Depierre, JW; Mannervik, B, 1981)	0.26
" Trans-resveratrol added to plasma was distributed between subsequently isolated lipoproteins with a linear dose-response curve."	( Interaction of transresveratrol with plasma lipoproteins. Belguendouz, L; Frémont, L; Gozzelino, MT, 1998)	0.3
" However, these olefins were not detected in the urine or feces of antibiotics-treated rats dosed with cis- or trans-stilbene oxide."	( Reductive metabolism of stilbene oxide and styrene oxide to the olefins in rats. Kitamura, S; Maeda, C; Mita, M; Shiraishi, Y; Sueki, H; Tatsumi, K, 2000)	0.31
" F3 (30 nM) rapidly and reversibly blocked inward currents generated by pulse applications of nicotine, shifting the dose-response curve to the right in a parallel fashion without changing the maximum response."	( Antagonism of nicotinic receptors of rat chromaffin cells by N,N, N-trimethyl-1-(4-trans-stilbenoxy)-2-propylammonium iodide: a patch clamp and ligand binding study. Clementi, F; Di Angelantonio, S; Gotti, C; Moretti, M; Nistri, A, 2000)	0.31
"The observed p53 concentration changes upon stimulation by polyphenols are relatively small, do not follow a uniform pattern in the four cell lines tested, and do not exhibit a dose-response effect."	( Do wine polyphenols modulate p53 gene expression in human cancer cell lines? Diamandis, EP; Goldberg, DM; Grass, L; Levesque, M; Soleas, GJ, 2001)	0.31
" In the JB6 mouse epidermal cell line, resveratrol activated JNKs dose-dependently within a dose range of 10-40 microM, the same dosage responsible for the inhibition of tumor promoter-induced cell transformation."	( Involvement of c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinases in resveratrol-induced activation of p53 and apoptosis. Dong, Z; Huang, C; She, QB; Zhang, Y, 2002)	0.31
" We have investigated the effects of multiple daily or twice daily dosing with CA4P on the vascular function, cell survival and growth of syngeneic and spontaneous breast cancers in mice."	( Schedule dependence of combretastatin A4 phosphate in transplanted and spontaneous tumour models. Chaplin, DJ; Hill, SA; Lewis, G; Tozer, GM, 2002)	0.31
" In this study, we examined the effect of BPA on the sexual differentiation of open-field behavior and the sexually dimorphic nuclei in the brain in the offspring of rats exposed to BPA during the fetal and suckling periods at a dosage below the human tolerable daily intake (TDI) level."	( Low dose effects of bisphenol A on sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior in rats. Aou, S; Arai, O; Kubo, K; Ogata, R; Omura, M; Watanabe, R, 2003)	0.32
" The growth delay results obtained with the in vivo rodent tumor models involving repeat dosing of combreAp can partly be explained by anti-angiogenic activity of the compound."	( Vascular targeting effect of combretastatin A-4 phosphate dominates the inherent angiogenesis inhibitory activity. Ahmed, B; Bouma-Ter Steege, JC; Griffioen, AW; Joosten-Achjanie, SR; Lambin, P; Landuyt, W; Van Der Schaft, DW; Van Eijk, LI; Van Esch, AM, 2003)	0.32
" The extract did not show significant toxicity to mice even at a dosage of 1000 mg/kg body weight by daily oral administration for 28 days."	( Antitumor effect of stilbenoids from Vateria indica against allografted sarcoma S-180 in animal model. Akao, Y; Araki, Y; Futamura, Y; Iinuma, M; Ito, T; Matsumoto, K; Mishima, S; Nozawa, Y; Tanaka, T, )	0.13
" every 21 days, and the maximal dosage was 90 mg/m(2)."	( Cardiovascular safety profile of combretastatin a4 phosphate in a single-dose phase I study in patients with advanced cancer. Buchter, C; Cooney, MM; DeCaro, K; Dowlati, A; Levine, SL; Levitan, N; Overmoyer, B; Radivoyevitch, T; Remick, SC; Robertson, K; Stambler, BS; Taylor, A, 2004)	0.32
"44 for QTc); blood pressure and uncorrected QTc interval dose-response correlations were not significant."	( Cardiovascular safety profile of combretastatin a4 phosphate in a single-dose phase I study in patients with advanced cancer. Buchter, C; Cooney, MM; DeCaro, K; Dowlati, A; Levine, SL; Levitan, N; Overmoyer, B; Radivoyevitch, T; Remick, SC; Robertson, K; Stambler, BS; Taylor, A, 2004)	0.32
" Fourteen components were identified and dosed in the anthocyanin fraction."	( Antioxidants in Sicilian wines: analytic and compositive aspects. Dugo, G; Dugo, P; La Torre, GL; Mondello, L; Salvo, F, 2003)	0.32
" Resveratrol feeding caused a significant reduction in microsomal cyclooxygenase (COX) activities in the liver and lungs, while the dosage of NDEA (200 mg/kg body weight) induced COX activity 24 h after its administration."	( Resveratrol inhibits N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced ornithine decarboxylase and cyclooxygenase in mice. Bhardwaj, A; Kaushik, G; Khanduja, KL, 2004)	0.32
" Plasma resveratrol concentrations in blood collected 1 h after dose administration during week 4 were dose related but were relatively low given the high dosage levels; conjugates were not measured."	( Resveratrol-associated renal toxicity. Booth, TD; Crowell, JA; Korytko, PJ; Levine, BS; Morrissey, RL, 2004)	0.32
" The data obtained suggest the possible use of these micronutrients both in alternative to classic chemotherapy, and in combination with very low dosage of vinorelbine (5 microM)."	( Resveratrol and propolis as necrosis or apoptosis inducers in human prostate carcinoma cells. Capasso, F; Cardile, V; Consoli, R; Renis, M; Russo, A; Scifo, C; Vancheri, C; Vanella, A, 2004)	0.32
" For rats fed the higher dosage of 300 mg resveratrol per kg bw and day recovery was 54% and 17%, respectively."	( Bioactivity and metabolism of trans-resveratrol orally administered to Wistar rats. Erbersdobler, H; Soldo, T; Somoza, V; Wenzel, E, 2005)	0.33
"1 dosage or treatment with the sirtuin activator resveratrol specifically rescued early neuronal dysfunction phenotypes induced by mutant polyglutamines in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans."	( Resveratrol rescues mutant polyglutamine cytotoxicity in nematode and mammalian neurons. Abderrahmane, S; Arango, M; Catoire, H; Lambert, E; Néri, C; Parker, JA; Tourette, C, 2005)	0.33
"A simple, sensitive and precise high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method of analysis of trans-resveratrol in Polygonum cuspidatum root extracts and in dosage forms was developed and validated."	( Estimation of trans-resveratrol in herbal extracts and dosage forms by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Babu, SK; Kumar, KV; Subbaraju, GV, 2005)	0.33
" Taken together, these results indicate that the treatment dosage may determine the effect of resveratrol on ethanol-induced ROS generation, intracellular ATP levels, and cell apoptosis or necrosis."	( Dosage effects of resveratrol on ethanol-induced cell death in the human K562 cell line. Chan, WH; Chang, YJ, 2006)	0.33
" Using murine myotubes as a surrogate model system both angiotensin I and II were found to induce activation of protein kinase C (PKC), with a parabolic dose-response curve similar to the induction of total protein degradation."	( Mechanism of induction of muscle protein degradation by angiotensin II. Russell, ST; Tisdale, MJ; Wyke, SM, 2006)	0.33
" The present study illustrated that pharmacological dosage of resveratrol inhibited aromatase at both the enzyme and mRNA levels."	( The red wine polyphenol resveratrol displays bilevel inhibition on aromatase in breast cancer cells. Chan, FL; Chen, S; Lee, KW; Leung, LK; Wang, Y, 2006)	0.33
" In a rat model of injured aorta, a low dosage of resveratrol (10 mg/kg) increased the amount of EPCs in rat circulation as compared with placebo, whereas the result of a high dosage (50 mg/kg) did not reach statistical difference."	( Effects of resveratrol on endothelial progenitor cells and their contributions to reendothelialization in intima-injured rats. By, W; Cq, W; Dj, H; Hh, F; Hy, D; J, G; Xl, X; Ym, X, 2006)	0.33
" It was concluded that the targeting properties of the prepared delivery system would potentially improve the therapeutic benefits of combretastatin A4 compared with nontargeted liposomes or solution dosage forms."	( A tumor vasculature targeted liposome delivery system for combretastatin A4: design, characterization, and in vitro evaluation. Kiani, MF; Moore, BM; Nallamothu, R; Pattillo, CB; Scott, RC; Thoma, LA; Wood, GC, 2006)	0.33
" The concentrations of stilbenes decreasing BCPCF transport by 50% during 60 min of incubation at 37 degrees C (IC50) were determined from dose-response curves."	( Resveratrol oligomers are potent MRP1 transport inhibitors. Bobrowska-Hägerstrand, M; Hägerstrand, H; Lillås, M; Motohashi, N; Mrówczyñska, L; Shirataki, Y; Wróbel, A, )	0.44
" Future studies involving different doses and the dose-response relationship could promise better results."	( Neuroprotection by resveratrol against traumatic brain injury in rats. Altinoz, E; Ates, O; Cayli, S; Gurses, I; Kocak, A; Sener, M; Yologlu, S; Yucel, N, 2007)	0.34
"Resveratrol of every dosage could improve the performance records of behavior tests in AD mice,could inhibit the SOD vitality and the MDA level both in the serum and in the brain, and could suppress the acetylcholinesterase vitality and the bax expression."	( [Effect of resveratrol on the cognitive ability of Alzheimeros mice]. Huang, YM; Luo, L, 2006)	0.33
" Dose-response studies of the most active compounds were carried out to obtain IC50 values."	( Substituted trans-stilbenes, including analogues of the natural product resveratrol, inhibit the human tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced activation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB. Deck, LM; Gonzales, AM; Heynekamp, JJ; Hunsaker, LA; Jagt, DL; Orlando, RA; Weber, WM, 2006)	0.67
" These beneficial effects of resveratrol are only partly explained by its antioxidant properties as suggested by the lack of any dose-response effect on tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels."	( Strong cardioprotective effect of resveratrol, a red wine polyphenol, on isolated rat hearts after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Amri, M; Aouani, E; Elkahoui, S; Limam, F; Mokni, M, 2007)	0.34
" The low dosage was chosen to mimic moderate red wine consumption."	( Chronic resveratrol enhances endothelium-dependent relaxation but does not alter eNOS levels in aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Ford, RJ; Levy, AS; Quadrilatero, J; Rush, JW, 2007)	0.34
" In addition, the effects of continuous, daily and intermittent dosing (1-5 mg/kg) on tumor necrosis and growth were studied by quantitative histological and stereological analysis."	( Vascular targeting agent Oxi4503 inhibits tumor growth in a colorectal liver metastases model. Chan, L; Christophi, C; Malcontenti-Wilson, C; Muralidharan, V; Nikfarjam, M, 2008)	0.35
" Subcutaneous continuous dosing infusion with Oxi4503 at 1 mg/kg/day reduced tumor growth compared to the controls, but was associated with marked systemic toxicity."	( Vascular targeting agent Oxi4503 inhibits tumor growth in a colorectal liver metastases model. Chan, L; Christophi, C; Malcontenti-Wilson, C; Muralidharan, V; Nikfarjam, M, 2008)	0.35
" Intermittent dosing with Oxi4503 produced the maximum reduction in tumor growth, minimal toxicity, and a significant improvement in survival."	( Vascular targeting agent Oxi4503 inhibits tumor growth in a colorectal liver metastases model. Chan, L; Christophi, C; Malcontenti-Wilson, C; Muralidharan, V; Nikfarjam, M, 2008)	0.35
"Resveratrol, a well-established phytoestrogen and chemopreventive agent, has gained much attention among oncologists because it can act as both estrogen receptor agonist and antagonist, depending on dosage and cell context."	( Identifying the estrogen receptor coactivator PELP1 in autophagosomes. El-Naggar, AK; Gaur, A; Kondo, S; Kumar, R; Ohshiro, K; Rayala, SK; Vadlamudi, RK, 2007)	0.34
" Dose-response curves showed that a concentration of 20 microM RSV was optimal in inducing PON-1 expression in HC04 cells."	( Resveratrol induces catalytic bioscavenger paraoxonase 1 expression and protects against chemical warfare nerve agent toxicity in human cell lines. Curtin, BF; Dhoieam, P; Doctor, BP; Gordon, RK; Nambiar, MP; Seetharam, KI, 2008)	0.35
" In this study we investigate the dose-response relationship of ultrasound contrast agent for a minimal exposure power Doppler technique (minexPD) in a murine melanoma model."	( Dose-response relationship of ultrasound contrast agent in an in vivo murine melanoma model. Lee, WM; Schultz, S; Sehgal, CM; Seiler, GS; Ziemer, LS, 2007)	0.34
" The drug dose-response curves for all post-treatment vascular DCE-MRI parameters showed a shape similar to that of the TCD(50) curve."	( Preclinical studies to predict efficacy of vascular changes induced by combretastatin a-4 disodium phosphate in patients. Horsman, MR; Maxwell, RJ; Murata, R; Nielsen, T; Ostergaard, L; Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H, 2008)	0.35
" The antioxidant activity of resveratrol was dependent on the complexed resveratrol because CDs acts as a controlled dosage reservoir that protects resveratrol against rapid oxidation by free radicals."	( ORAC-fluorescein assay to determine the oxygen radical absorbance capacity of resveratrol complexed in cyclodextrins. Fortea, MI; Gabaldón, JA; Lucas-Abellán, C; Mercader-Ros, MT; Núñez-Delicado, E; Zafrilla, MP, 2008)	0.35
" Using PABPN1 nematodes that show muscle cell degeneration and abnormal motility, we found that increased dosage of the sirtuin and deacetylase sir-2."	( Sirtuin inhibition protects from the polyalanine muscular dystrophy protein PABPN1. Abu-Baker, A; Brais, B; Catoire, H; Holbert, S; Néri, C; Parker, JA; Pasco, MY; Rouleau, GA; Tourette, C, 2008)	0.35
"027% of the dosage were excreted in urine and bile respectively as unchanged drug within 24h."	( Tissue distribution and excretion of resveratrol in rat after oral administration of Polygonum cuspidatum extract (PCE). Liu, W; Wang, D; Xu, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Compared to resveratrol, OXY exhibited a wider effective dosage range."	( Dietary oxyresveratrol prevents parkinsonian mimetic 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity. Chang, RC; Chao, J; Ho, YS; Wang, M; Yu, MS, 2008)	0.35
"Ten rats were intragastrically administered for 14 days with a grape-stalk extract determining a daily t-Res dosage of 3 mg/kg."	( Dietary trans-resveratrol bioavailability and effect on CCl4-induced liver lipid peroxidation. Caporaso, N; Fogliano, V; Milani, S; Morisco, F; Ottanelli, B; Vitaglione, P, 2009)	0.35
" Based on these results, if these results would be confirmed in clinical experiments, the dosage of diltiazem should be readjusted when diltiazem is used concomitantly with resveratrol."	( Effects of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its major metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Hong, SP, 2008)	0.35
" In conclusion, repeated administration was well-tolerated but produced relatively low plasma concentrations of trans-resveratrol, despite the high doses and short dosing interval used."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of trans-resveratrol in a rising multiple-dose study in healthy volunteers. Almeida, L; Costa, R; Falcão, A; Fernandes-Lopes, C; Loureiro, AI; Nunes, T; Rocha, JF; Soares, E; Soares-da-Silva, P; Vaz-da-Silva, M; Wright, L, 2009)	0.35
" Based on these results, nicardipine dosage should be adjusted when given with supplements containing resveratrol."	( Effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous nicardipine in rats: possible role of P-glycoprotein inhibition by resveratrol. Choi, BC; Choi, JS; Kang, KW, 2009)	0.35
" The reason for the lack of protective effect via the latter dosing route was assumed to be due to the minor accumulation of hepatic lipids 5 d after TCDD treatment."	( Attenuation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity by resveratrol: a comparative study with different routes of administration. Akamine, A; Hashiguchi, I; Ike, A; Ishida, T; Ishii, Y; Koga, T; Kuramoto, C; Takeda, T; Taketoh, J; Yahata, M; Yamada, H, 2009)	0.35
" Repeated dosing of l-NNA with CA-4-P produced enhanced growth delay over either treatment alone in P22, CaNT, and spontaneous T138 mouse mammary tumors, which represented a true therapeutic enhancement."	( Nitric oxide synthase inhibition enhances the tumor vascular-damaging effects of combretastatin a-4 3-o-phosphate at clinically relevant doses. Hill, SA; Lewis, G; Prise, VE; Tozer, GM; Wilson, I; Xie, S, 2009)	0.35
" This reliable HPLC method was subsequently applied to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of M-PIC in Sprague-Dawley rats using 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin as a dosing vehicle."	( A simple and sensitive HPLC-UV method for the quantification of piceatannol analog trans-3,5,3',4'-tetramethoxystilbene in rat plasma and its application for a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Spatafora, C; Tringali, C; Wu, C, 2010)	0.36
" On the other hand, at the same dosage 2 decreased progesterone levels."	( Biological effects on granulosa cells of hydroxylated and methylated resveratrol analogues. Baioni, L; Basini, G; Bussolati, S; Grasselli, F; Spatafora, C; Tringali, C, 2010)	0.36
"1 dosage reversed mutant PrP neurotoxicity, whereas sir-2."	( Neuron dysfunction is induced by prion protein with an insertional mutation via a Fyn kinase and reversed by sirtuin activation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Beaudry, P; Bizat, N; Cochois, V; Haïk, S; Laplanche, JL; Néri, C; Peyrin, JM, 2010)	0.36
" This HPLC method was successfully applied to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of Z-TMS in Sprague-Dawley rats using hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CyD) as a dosing vehicle."	( Determination of Z-3,5,4'-trimethoxystilbene in rat plasma by a simple HPLC method: application in a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Choo, QY; Go, ML; Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Zhang, W, 2010)	0.36
" and were dosed orally."	( Antidiabetic activity of resveratrol, a known SIRT1 activator in a genetic model for type-2 diabetes. Arumugam, S; Davis, JA; Misra, CS; Ray, A; Roy, S; Shah, V; Sharma, S; Shirumalla, RK, 2011)	0.37
" We investigated whether consuming resveratrol, a polyphenol found in red wine, can enhance FMD acutely and whether there is a dose-response relationship for this effect."	( Acute resveratrol supplementation improves flow-mediated dilatation in overweight/obese individuals with mildly elevated blood pressure. Berry, NM; Buckley, JD; Coates, AM; Howe, PR; Kunz, I; Wong, RH, 2011)	0.37
" The genetic demonstration that increasing gene dosage of sirtuin orthologs in eukaryotes, including yeast and multicellular Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, leads to prolonged lifespan induced considerable interest toward the discovery of sirtuin-activating molecules, on the ground that the phenomenon of sirtuin-induced lifespan prolongation-which is consequential to improved metabolic control-can be exploited therapeutically to counteract insulin resistance and diabetes."	( Therapeutic potential of activators and inhibitors of sirtuins. Balcerczyk, A; Pirola, L, )	0.13
" The pharmacokinetics of OTE was assessed in rats using 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as a dosing vehicle."	( Quantification of oxyresveratrol analog trans-2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene in rat plasma by a rapid HPLC method: application in a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Choo, QY; Ho, PC; Lin, HS, 2010)	0.36
" From this active fraction, seven compounds have been isolated and four compounds (pinosylvin, galangin, quercetin and methyl gallate) have been examined for their dose-response effect on the viability of A549 cells and on TNF-α inhibitory activity."	( Bioactivity guided isolation of anticancer constituents from leaves of Alnus sieboldiana (Betulaceae). Asakawa, Y; Kuzuhara, T; Ludwiczuk, A; Saha, A, 2011)	0.37
" Despite consistent occurrence of hormetic dose responses of resveratrol in a wide range of biomedical models, epidemiologic and clinical trials are needed to assess the nature of its dose-response in humans."	( Resveratrol commonly displays hormesis: occurrence and biomedical significance. Calabrese, EJ; Calabrese, V; Mattson, MP, 2010)	0.36
" Hormesis can only be confirmed if evidence for a J- or U-shaped dose-response relationship is found in in vivo doses that are relevant to human intakes."	( Commentary on 'resveratrol commonly displays hormesis: occurrence and biomedical significance'. Lindsay, DG, 2010)	0.36
" It can help optimize study design protocols by investigators, create a dose-response framework for better addressing dose-related biological complexities and assist in the development of public health and medical guidance with respect to considerations for what is an optimal dose not just for an agent such as resveratrol, but also for the plethora of agents that also act via hormetic mechanisms."	( Dose response biology: the case of resveratrol. Calabrese, EJ; Calabrese, V; Mattson, MP, 2010)	0.36
" The present study was designed to compare the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of resveratrol and pterostilbene following equimolar oral dosing in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, and metabolic profile of resveratrol and its dimethylether analog, pterostilbene, in rats. Huang, Z; Kapetanovic, IM; McCormick, DL; Muzzio, M; Thompson, TN, 2011)	0.37
" Two additional groups were dosed once intravenously with 10 and 11."	( Pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, and metabolic profile of resveratrol and its dimethylether analog, pterostilbene, in rats. Huang, Z; Kapetanovic, IM; McCormick, DL; Muzzio, M; Thompson, TN, 2011)	0.37
" Tumor response to repeated CA4P dosing (50 mg/kg/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks) was examined through growth measurement, and ultimate tumor cell survival was studied by ex vivo clonogenic assay."	( Vascular effects dominate solid tumor response to treatment with combretastatin A-4-phosphate. Akerman, S; Fisher, M; Hill, SA; Kanthou, C; Lunt, SJ; Reyes-Aldasoro, CC; Tozer, GM; Wright, VJ, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of MR-4 were subsequently assessed in rats using 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as a dosing vehicle."	( Quantification of trans-3,4,5,4'-Tetramethoxystilbene in rat plasma by HPLC: application to pharmacokinetic study. Go, ML; Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Spatafora, C; Tringali, C; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.37
" 300 mg/kg bw/day) potentially reflect more rapid bioavailability, but different dosage regimes complicate comparisons."	( Safety of resveratrol with examples for high purity, trans-resveratrol, resVida(®). Bausch, J; Beck, M; Edwards, JA; Riegger, C, 2011)	0.37
" Among this panel, (E)-4-(2,6-difluorostyryl)-N,N-dimethylaniline (4r) inhibits Wnt signaling at nanomolar levels and inhibits the growth of human CRC cell xenografts in athymic nude mice at a dosage of 20 mg/kg."	( Fluorinated N,N-dialkylaminostilbenes for Wnt pathway inhibition and colon cancer repression. Chen, X; Evers, BM; Kril, LM; Liu, C; Rychahou, P; Shi, J; Sviripa, V; Watt, DS; Yu, T; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.66
" Thirty New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups: group A (normal control group), group B (model control group), group C (resveratrol intervention high-dosage group), group D (resveratrol intervention middle dosage group), and group E (resveratrol intervention low-dosage group)."	( Effect of resveratrol on cartilage protection and apoptosis inhibition in experimental osteoarthritis of rabbit. Chen, JW; Gao, JS; Li, F; Tian, J; Wang, J, 2012)	0.38
" To evaluate its suitability as a drug candidate, a pharmacokinetic study was carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats with the emphasis to identify the impact of aqueous solubility, dose escalation, food, and repeated dosing on its oral bioavailability."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetic evaluation of resveratrol trimethyl ether in sprague-dawley rats: the impacts of aqueous solubility, dose escalation, food and repeated dosing on oral bioavailability. Ho, PC; Lin, HS, 2011)	0.37
"Hormesis is a dose-response phenomenon, usually present in plants and animals, characterized by a low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition, often resulting in typical U-shaped or J-shaped curves."	( Hormesis, resveratrol and plant-derived polyphenols: some comments. Chirumbolo, S, 2011)	0.37
"15 μg · cm(-2)) and could become a favorable new dosage form for DHPS."	( The preparation of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene nanoemulsion and in vitro release. Gao, J; Han, Y; Zhang, R; Zhang, Y; Zheng, H, 2011)	0.37
" But even beyond these problems lies a deeper one; resveratrol, and almost every natural compound, is likely to have many clinically relevant targets with different dose-response profiles, tissue distributions, and modifiers."	( Challenges of translating basic research into therapeutics: resveratrol as an example. Baur, JA; Smoliga, JM; Vang, O, 2012)	0.38
" Dose-response analyses were performed for various AhR ligands, including TCDD, 3-methylcholanthrene, indirubin, resveratrol, omeprazole, and SP600125."	( Novel stably transfected gene reporter human hepatoma cell line for assessment of aryl hydrocarbon receptor transcriptional activity: construction and characterization. Dvorak, Z; Novotna, A; Pavek, P, 2011)	0.37
" Within the concentration range of 5-50 µmol/L, resveratrol effectively improved the survival rate of the astrocytes and decreased LDH leakage with a dose-response relationship."	( [Protective effects of resveratrol on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory toxicity in primary cortical astrocyte cultures]. Chen, Q; Guo, J; Li, J; Liu, B; Wang, B; Yu, SY; Zhou, H, 2011)	0.37
" However, the toxicity is caused by over dosage or by the herb itself remains unclear."	( Toxicity of raw and processed roots of Polygonum multiflorum. Chen, X; Fang, D; Huang, Q; Li, G; Wu, X; Zhang, G, 2012)	0.38
" The present study investigated the underlying mechanism and dose-response effects of resveratrol (RV) on obesity, hepatic steatosis and dyslipidaemia in mice fed a HFD."	( Differential effects of low-dose resveratrol on adiposity and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese mice. Cho, SJ; Choi, MS; Jung, UJ, 2012)	0.38
"The present pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism studies of rhaponticin will provide helpful information for development of suitable dosage forms and clinical references on rational administration."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of rhaponticin in rat plasma by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS and UHPLC-DAD-MSn. Bai, X; Cheng, XL; Lin, RC; Su, Q; Tan, XJ; Zhao, YY, 2012)	0.38
" Pretreatment of high dosage of resveratrol also significantly inhibited retinal I/R injury-induced capillary degeneration; however, neither of the dosages prevented the injury-induced neurodegeneration."	( Endoplasmic reticulum stress in retinal vascular degeneration: protective role of resveratrol. Huang, K; Li, C; Wang, L; Zheng, L, 2012)	0.38
" The amounts of sulfate conjugates tended to increase when resveratrol dosage was enhanced, while the glucuronide ones increased only between 6 and 30 mg/kg/d."	( Distribution of resveratrol metabolites in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in rats fed different doses of this polyphenol. Andres-Lacueva, C; Boto-Ordóñez, M; Macarulla, MT; Portillo, MP; Rodríguez, VM; Rotches-Ribalta, M; Urpi-Sarda, M, 2012)	0.38
" A high dose of resveratrol activated AMPK in a SIRT1-independent manner, demonstrating that resveratrol dosage is a critical factor."	( SIRT1 is required for AMPK activation and the beneficial effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial function. Agarwal, B; Baur, JA; Coppari, R; Davis, JG; de Cabo, R; Duarte, FV; Gomes, AP; Hafner, A; Hubbard, BP; Ling, AJ; Martin-Montalvo, A; Moaddel, R; North, BJ; Palmeira, CM; Price, NL; Ramadori, G; Rolo, AP; Sinclair, DA; Teodoro, JS; Varamini, B; Varela, AT; Ye, L, 2012)	0.38
" At all concentrations, resveratrol promotes osteogenic differentiation in a dosage dependent manner, which is offset by its inhibitory effect on cell self-renewal at high concentrations."	( Resveratrol exerts dosage and duration dependent effect on human mesenchymal stem cell development. Alencastro, F; Atashpanjeh, N; Bach, T; Gomez, J; Marquez, M; Peltz, L; Quang, T; Zhao, Y, 2012)	0.38
"CA4P in combination with bevacizumab appears safe and well tolerated in this dosing schedule."	( Phase I trial of combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) in combination with bevacizumab in patients with advanced cancer. Carden, C; Collins, DJ; Fisher, N; Harris, A; Judson, I; Koh, DM; Leach, MO; Lu, SP; Nathan, P; Ng, M; Padhani, AR; Rustin, GJ; Smythe, J; Stirling, JJ; Taylor, NJ; Zweifel, M, 2012)	0.38
" A non-cytotoxic dosage of resveratrol causes a reduction in the generation of reactive oxygen species, and suppresses phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced invasion and migration in both A549 and HeLa cells."	( Suppressing effect of resveratrol on the migration and invasion of human metastatic lung and cervical cancer cells. Kim, YS; Sull, JW; Sung, HJ, 2012)	0.38
"Potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice were dosed by gavage with eight stilbenes."	( Antihyperuricemic and nephroprotective effects of resveratrol and its analogues in hyperuricemic mice. Hong, Y; Kong, LD; Li, Z; Liu, L; Liu, YL; Shi, YW; Wang, CP; Wang, X, 2012)	0.61
" SIRT3 was significantly enhanced in a dose-dependent manner at resveratrol doses of up to 10 μM in both cells, with reduction and more enhanced at a dosage of 100 μM in undifferentiated and differentiated cells, respectively."	( Resveratrol affects undifferentiated and differentiated PC12 cells differently, particularly with respect to possible differences in mitochondrial and autophagic functions. Gotow, T; Hayakawa, N; Koike, M; Matsuura, N; Shibata, M; Shiozaki, M; Uchiyama, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Rat pups were treated with daily injections of trans-resveratrol under three dosage regimens (1-15 mg/kg and 20-50mg/kg)."	( Lack of resveratrol neuroprotection in developing rats treated with kainic acid. Friedman, LK; Friedman, S; Goldstein, B; Rafiuddin, A; Roblejo, P, 2013)	0.39
"The doses of resveratrol and the experimental conditions used by different research groups have varied considerably, and the dosage influences both the effectiveness and toxicity of resveratrol."	( Resveratrol protects against age-associated infertility in mice. Keefe, DL; Liu, L; Liu, M; Ye, X; Yin, Y; Zeng, M; Zhao, Q, 2013)	0.39
" And TARES follows linear plasma pharmacokinetics across the investigated dosage range in rats (77."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion study of resveratrol and its prodrug 3,5,4'-tri-O-acetylresveratrol in rats. Cheng, S; Liang, L; Liu, X; Wang, Q; Zhang, M; Zhang, S, 2013)	0.39
" These pharmacokinetic, bioavailability and metabolism studies of RH will provide helpful information for the development of suitable dosage forms and clinical references on rational administration."	( A simple and rapid spectrofluorimetric method for determining the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rhaponticin in rat plasma, feces and urine using a cerium probe. Sun, Y; Yang, X; Zhao, Y, )	0.13
" This study aimed to investigate the impacts of aqueous solubility, fasting, dose escalation, and dosing route on its bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Pharmacokinetics of pterostilbene in Sprague-Dawley rats: the impacts of aqueous solubility, fasting, dose escalation, and dosing route on bioavailability. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Yeo, SC, 2013)	0.39
" However, when dosed in a solution formulated with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) (15 mg/kg), PTS possessed good bioavailability (F = 59."	( Pharmacokinetics of pterostilbene in Sprague-Dawley rats: the impacts of aqueous solubility, fasting, dose escalation, and dosing route on bioavailability. Ho, PC; Lin, HS; Yeo, SC, 2013)	0.39
" The drug metabolism rate in worms was both dosage and time dependent."	( Drug absorption efficiency in Caenorhbditis elegans delivered by different methods. Ding, AJ; Li, GP; Luo, HR; Wu, GS; Zheng, SQ, 2013)	0.39
"A dose-response relationship was observed between resveratrol and RGC survival."	( The neuroprotective effect of resveratrol on retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve transection. Kim, SH; Kim, YJ; Park, JH; Park, KH, 2013)	0.39
" A dose-response difference was observed in the effects of Res on bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular microarchitecture."	( Long-term resveratrol treatment prevents ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in rats without hyperplastic effects on the uterus. Li, J; Li, N; Li, X; Li, Z; Liu, J; Liu, T; Xiao, H; Zhao, H, 2014)	0.4
" Dose-response curves for FAO were constructed and the highest non-effective dose (typically 1-10 nM) was used with either leucine (0."	( Synergistic effects of polyphenols and methylxanthines with Leucine on AMPK/Sirtuin-mediated metabolism in muscle cells and adipocytes. Bruckbauer, A; Zemel, MB, 2014)	0.4
" These results suggest a resveratrol-ribose matrix lozenge can achieve greater Cmax and enter the bloodstream faster than previously reported dosage forms for gastrointestinal absorption."	( Development of a lozenge for oral transmucosal delivery of trans-resveratrol in humans: proof of concept. Blanchard, OL; Friesenhahn, G; Javors, MA; Smoliga, JM, 2014)	0.4
" The data also highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate dosage regimen of RSV to maximize its potential therapeutic effectiveness for future application in DMD patients."	( Resveratrol induces expression of the slow, oxidative phenotype in mdx mouse muscle together with enhanced activity of the SIRT1-PGC-1α axis. Burt, M; Jasmin, BJ; Ljubicic, V; Lunde, JA, 2014)	0.4
" The TCDD group mice were dosed with TCDD 28 microg/kg body weight on gestation day 10 (GD 10) animals in folic acid group were respectively dosed with folic acid 15, 10, 5 mg/kg and TCDD 28 microg/kg; resveratrol treated mice were divided into 3 groups: resveratrol 50 mg/kg were orally administered for 6 consecutive days, from gestational day GD 8 to GD13 in resveratrol (GD8-13 ) group; resveratrol 50 mg/kg were orally administered for 6 consecutive days, from gestational day GD 8 to GD13, followed hy an oral administered with TCDD on GD10 in resveratrol (GD8-13) + TCDD group; resveratrol 50mg/kg and TCDD 28 microg/kg were used by gavage administration at GD10 in resveratrol (GD10) + TCDD group."	( [The antagonistic effect of folic acid and resveratrol on cleft palate in mice induced by TCDD]. Fu, YX; Gan, LQ; He, XM; Liu, CP; Liu, Y; Qiu, L; Tian, XF; Wei, GH; Xiao, J; Yuan, XG, 2013)	0.39
" To achieve an equivalent effect, a 10-fold dosage of genistein was required, thus highlighting the dose advantage of resveratrol, as poor bioavailability is a common concern for its clinical application."	( Arsenic trioxide and resveratrol show synergistic anti-leukemia activity and neutralized cardiotoxicity. Chen, M; Fan, Y; Fang, K; Meng, J; Tu, Y; Wan, L; Yu, L; Zhu, W, 2014)	0.4
" But the dosing schedules are essential to achieve a balance between vascular collapse and intratumoral uptake of chemotherapeutic agents."	( Antimetastasis and antitumor efficacy promoted by sequential release of vascular disrupting and chemotherapeutic agents from electrospun fibers. Chen, M; Li, X; Luo, X; Wei, J; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Our results suggested that the addition of CS/PLA-PIC NPs increases the survival, heart rate and hatching in time dependent manner at the dosage of 20μg/ml."	( Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio): potential activity of piceatannol encapsulated chitosan/poly (lactic acid) nanoparticles. Baskar, SK; Dhanapal, J; Ravindrran, MB, 2015)	0.42
" The data showed a strong dose-response relationship between Pte exposure and the characteristics of HeLa apoptosis in terms of changes in apoptotic morphology, DNA fragmentation, and activated caspases in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway."	( Involvement of the Nrf2 pathway in the regulation of pterostilbene-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells via ER stress. Chen, HY; Liu, BH; Wang, XQ; Zhang, B, 2014)	0.4
" Although a number of positive findings have emerged from human clinical trials, there remain many conflicting results, which may partially be attributed to the dosing protocols used."	( Enhancing the delivery of resveratrol in humans: if low bioavailability is the problem, what is the solution? Blanchard, O; Smoliga, JM, 2014)	0.4
" These results indicated that one needs to pay more attention to the dosage and biphasic effects when RES was applied as antitumor drugs or health products."	( Concentration-dependent biphasic effects of resveratrol on human natural killer cells in vitro. Huang, QS; Huyan, T; Li, J; Li, Q; Shi, JL; Ye, LJ, 2014)	0.4
" Our findings verified the effects of specific dosed resveratrol on postmenopausal osteoporosis through osteoblast differentiation via SIRT1-NF-κB signaling pathway."	( Protective effects of resveratrol on postmenopausal osteoporosis: regulation of SIRT1-NF-κB signaling pathway. Cao, P; Feng, J; Lei, W; Liu, S; Ma, S; Qi, W; Wang, Z; Zhang, W; Zhao, J, 2014)	0.4
" Conventional dosage forms such as dry powder capsules and injections have met with limited success, demonstrating challenges faced in developing an effective formulation."	( Resveratrol nanoformulations: challenges and opportunities. Jambhrunkar, S; Popat, A; Qu, Z; Soo, E; Summerlin, N; Thakur, S, 2015)	0.42
" The blood samples were collected after CBZ dosing at predetermined time intervals and analyzed by LC-MS/MS."	( Effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in healthy human volunteers. Bedada, SK; Nearati, P, 2015)	0.42
" Adenomyosis was induced in 28 female ICR mice neonatally dosed with tamoxifen, while another 12 (group C) were dosed with solvent only, serving as a blank control."	( Resveratrol Reduces Myometrial Infiltration, Uterine Hyperactivity, and Stress Levels and Alleviates Generalized Hyperalgesia in Mice With Induced Adenomyosis. Chen, Y; Guo, SW; Liu, X; Zhang, H; Zhu, B, 2015)	0.42
" Male Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated and dosed either intravenously with gnetol (10 mg/kg) or orally (100 mg/kg)."	( Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Content Analysis of Gnetol in Foodstuffs. Akinwumi, BC; Anderson, HD; Davies, NM; Martinez, SE; Remsberg, CM; Sayre, CL; Takemoto, JK, 2015)	0.42
" Co-administration of piceid orally was able to attenuate rotenone-induced motor defects in a dose dependent manner, with 80 mg/kg dosage showing even better effect than L-levodopa (L-dopa)."	( Anti-oxidant polydatin (piceid) protects against substantia nigral motor degeneration in multiple rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Cai, H; Chen, Y; Gong, S; Liao, FF; Liao, Z; Wang, B; Wang, C; Wang, GH; Xu, JP; Zhang, DQ; Zhang, MZ, 2015)	0.42
"Overall, our chronic daily anti-oxidant dosing scheme resulted in improvements in neuronal viability surrounding implanted microelectrodes, which could result in improved device performance."	( Implications of chronic daily anti-oxidant administration on the inflammatory response to intracortical microelectrodes. Capadona, JR; Meador, WD; Potter-Baker, KA; Stewart, WG; Tomaszewski, WH; Wong, CT; Ziats, NP, 2015)	0.42
" However, concurrent dosing of these natural products with ADR is limited due to their low solubility, and low oral bioavailability."	( Combinatorial resveratrol and quercetin polymeric micelles mitigate doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Alani, AWG; Carlson, LJ; Cote, B; Rao, DA, 2015)	0.42
" Dose-response profile of resveratrol remains indeterminate and additional studies may be necessary to determine effective dosing in diabetes."	( Comparison of the anti-diabetic effects of resveratrol, gliclazide and losartan in streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes. Bilgin, HM; Deniz Obay, B; Elbey, B; Şermet, A; Taşdemir, E; Yazgan, ÜC, 2015)	0.42
" The dose-response relationship for concentrations generated and the metabolite profile of [(14)C]-resveratrol in colorectal tissue of cancer patients helped us to define clinically achievable levels."	( Cancer chemoprevention: Evidence of a nonlinear dose response for the protective effects of resveratrol in humans and mice. Andreadi, C; Britton, RG; Brown, K; Cai, H; Gescher, AJ; Goldring, C; Greaves, P; Hemingway, D; Horner-Glister, E; Howells, L; James, M; Jawad, D; Karmokar, A; Kholghi, A; Kitteringham, N; Malfatti, M; Miller, A; Ognibene, T; Rufini, A; Scott, E; Steward, WP; Viskaduraki, M; Walsh, J; West, K, 2015)	0.42
" During oral dosing (10 mg/kg) where both DFS and DMDFS were absorbed rapidly, the oral bioavailability of DFS was approximately 2-fold greater than that of DMDFS (DFS: F = 42."	( Analysis of trans-2,6-difluoro-4'-(N,N-dimethylamino)stilbene (DFS) in biological samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: metabolite identification and pharmacokinetics. Huang, M; Kril, L; Lin, HS; Liu, C; Sviripa, VM; Watt, DS; Yeo, SC, 2015)	0.42
" As regards antigenotoxicity testing, RESV and PTER showed a typical, U-shaped hormetic dose-response relationship characterized by a biphasic trend with small quantities having opposite effects to large ones."	( In Vitro Safety/Protection Assessment of Resveratrol and Pterostilbene in a Human Hepatoma Cell Line (HepG2). Blasi, F; Cossignani, L; Dominici, L; Lombardi, G; Marcotullio, MC; Moretti, M; Vannini, S; Villarini, M, 2015)	0.42
" An in vitro dose-response analysis was performed to determine the optimal dose of a variety of extracts (baobab fruit extract, green tea extract, grape seed extract, and resveratrol) for reducing rapidly digestible starch in white bread."	( White bread enriched with polyphenol extracts shows no effect on glycemic response or satiety, yet may increase postprandial insulin economy in healthy participants. Coe, S; Ryan, L, 2016)	0.43
" The blood samples were collected after DIC dosing and analyzed by HPLC."	( Effect of Resveratrol Treatment on the Pharmacokinetics of Diclofenac in Healthy Human Volunteers. Bedada, SK; Neerati, P; Yellu, NR, 2016)	0.43
" The blood samples were collected after CHZ dosing at predetermined time intervals and analyzed by HPLC."	( Resveratrol Pretreatment Affects CYP2E1 Activity of Chlorzoxazone in Healthy Human Volunteers. Bedada, SK; Neerati, P, 2016)	0.43
" In cultured 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, high dosage (10 to 100 μM) resveratrol treatment produced cytotoxicity in both preadipocytes and mature adipocytes."	( Resveratrol exerts anti-obesity effects in high-fat diet obese mice and displays differential dosage effects on cytotoxicity, differentiation, and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells. Chang, CC; Day, YJ; Hung, LM; Lin, KY; Peng, KY, 2016)	0.43
"To investigate the time-dose-response relationship of benvitimod cream after topical administration in patients with mild and moderate psoriasis vulgaris for dosage regimen exploring."	( Use of a dose-response model to guide future clinical trial of benvitimod cream to treat mild and moderate psoriasis. Cai, L; Chen, GH; Chen, X; Fang, Y; Feng, WY; Jiang, DL; Jing, S; Liu, Y; Wang, Q; Xie, ZW; Xu, L; Zang, YN; Zhang, CY; Zhang, JZ; Zhao, LB, 2016)	0.43
"The established dose-response model could well describe the relationship between PASI change rate and doses of benvitimod cream in patients with mild and moderate psoriasis vulgaris."	( Use of a dose-response model to guide future clinical trial of benvitimod cream to treat mild and moderate psoriasis. Cai, L; Chen, GH; Chen, X; Fang, Y; Feng, WY; Jiang, DL; Jing, S; Liu, Y; Wang, Q; Xie, ZW; Xu, L; Zang, YN; Zhang, CY; Zhang, JZ; Zhao, LB, 2016)	0.43
" After oral dosing (50mg/kg), the bioavailability of pinostilbene was limited but highly erratic (F=1."	( Determination of pinostilbene in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. Chen, W; Chuang, XF; Lin, HS; Yeo, SC, 2016)	0.43
" Concentrations required for effective simvastatin- or resveratrol-induced inhibition of mitochondrial respiration were found much higher than concentrations achieved under standard dosing of these drugs."	( Effect of Simvastatin, Coenzyme Q10, Resveratrol, Acetylcysteine and Acetylcarnitine on Mitochondrial Respiration. Fišar, Z; Hroudová, J; Kopřivová, A; Macečková, D; Singh, N, 2016)	0.43
" Importantly, Palovarotene seemed to exert moderate inhibitory effects on wound healing, raising potential safety concerns related to dosing and timing."	( Targeted stimulation of retinoic acid receptor-γ mitigates the formation of heterotopic ossification in an established blast-related traumatic injury model. Agarwal, S; Bishop, DK; Davis, TA; Forsberg, JA; Honnold, CL; Iwamoto, M; Levi, B; Loder, S; Pacifici, M; Pavey, GJ; Potter, BK; Qureshi, AT; Tomasino, AM, 2016)	0.43
"Decoction is one of the most commonly used dosage forms of traditional Chinese medicine."	( [Influence of metal ions on stability of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside contained in Polygoni Multiflori Radix]. Bai, ZF; Du, XX; Feng, WW; Li, CY; Li, RY; Li, XF; Meng, YK; Song, HB; Wang, JB; Xia, HL; Xiao, XH; Zhang, DK, 2016)	0.43
" The results indicate that diet supplemented with resveratrol at a dosage of 40 µg/g BW/day improves phagocyte killing ability and lymphocyte proliferation in broodstock and accelerates offspring hatch."	( Dietary resveratrol improves immunity but reduces reproduction of broodstock medaka Oryzias latipes (Temminck & Schlegel). Kowalska, A; Kowalski, RK; Siwicki, AK, 2017)	0.46
" The simultaneous dosage of drugs and natural agents isolated from fruits and vegetables used in breast cancer treatment could be more effective and less toxic."	( Fluorometric Investigation on the Binding of Letrozole and Resveratrol with Serum Albumin. Chudzik, M; Maciążek-Jurczyk, M; Maliszewska, M; Pożycka, J; Sułkowska, A; Szkudlarek, A, 2016)	0.43
" Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage of supplementation for these patients."	( Resveratrol Supplementation and Oxidative/Anti-Oxidative Status in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study. Asl, PR; Daryani, NE; Hekmatdoost, A; Samsamikor, M, 2016)	0.43
" The effects of antioxidants thus reveal an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship between ROS levels and lifespan."	( Antioxidants reveal an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship between reactive oxygen species levels and the rate of aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bernard, K; Breton, L; Cacho-Valadez, B; Desjardins, D; Hekimi, S; Khaki, A; Liu, JL; Wang, Y; Yee, C, 2017)	0.46
" Although couple of research projects have emerged from human clinical trials, however results are conflicting, that may partially belong to defined dosing protocols."	( Research Problems Associated with Resveratrol (trans-3, 5, 4'- trihydroxystilbene; RSV) and Various Strategies to Overcome those Problems (Review). Garg, R; Sardana, S, 2017)	0.46
" Based on the results of the dose-response trial, the concentration of 50 μM was selected for further assessments, such as membrane integrity, total antioxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels."	( Resveratrol prevents capacitation-like changes and improves in vitro fertilizing capability of buffalo frozen-thawed sperm. Cammarano, A; De Canditiis, C; De Luise, L; Gasparrini, B; Longobardi, V; Neglia, G; Puzio, MV; Salzano, A; Zullo, G, 2017)	0.46
" A dendrimer-resveratrol complex was prepared, optimized and tested for solubility enhancement, stability in solution and cream dosage forms."	( Development of a Topical Resveratrol Formulation for Commercial Applications Using Dendrimer Nanotechnology. Chauhan, AS; Newenhouse, E; O'Brien, B; Pentek, T, 2017)	0.46
" 90 day toxicity was conducted in sixty Sprague Dawley rats of each sex (120 rats), grouped into six dosage groups of 0 (control), 0 (control recovery), 20 (low dose), 80 (mid dose), 200 (high dose) and 200 (high dose recovery) mg/kg bwt/day (body weight/day) respectively."	( Evaluation of 90 day repeated dose oral toxicity and reproductive/developmental toxicity of 3'-hydroxypterostilbene in experimental animals. Bani, S; Majeed, M; Natarajan, S; Pandey, A; S, N, 2017)	0.46
" All compounds activated AhR, but their efficacies, potencies and dose-response profiles differed substantially."	( Hydroxystilbenes and methoxystilbenes activate human aryl hydrocarbon receptor and induce CYP1A genes in human hepatoma cells and human hepatocytes. Bachleda, P; Dvořák, Z; Pastorková, B; Vrzalová, A, 2017)	0.91
" The results showed that only compounds 5b and 5c met the criteria for subsequent testing to determine growth inhibition values (GI50) in dose-response studies."	( Synthesis and Evaluation of 2-Naphthaleno trans-Stilbenes and Cyanostilbenes as Anticancer Agents. Crooks, PA; Eoff, RL; Guzman, ML; Ketkar, A; Madadi, NR; Penthala, NR; Trujullo-Alonso, V, 2018)	0.74
"(ZDF) rats and their lean controls (LN) were dosed with a Standardized Grape Polyphenol (SGP) Mixture consisting of grape seed extract, Concord grape juice and resveratrol (RES) by oral gavage for 10 days."	( Influence of diabetes on plasma pharmacokinetics and brain bioavailability of grape polyphenols and their phase II metabolites in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Chen, TY; Cooper, B; Ferruzzi, MG; Ho, L; Janle, EM; Pasinetti, GM; Simon, JE; Talcott, ST; Todd, G; Wang, J; Wu, QL, 2017)	0.46
" However, frequent dosing and negative patient compliance have been encountered over CA4P by injection administration due to its quite short-term action and acute side effects."	( Water-Soluble Combretastatin A4 Phosphate Orally Delivered via Composite Nanoparticles With Improved Inhibition Effect Toward S180 Tumors. Qiu, L; Shen, Y; Wu, L, 2017)	0.46
" Dose-response analyses did not reveal a clear lipolytic effect in both species."	( Pterostilbene Inhibits Lipogenic Activity similar to Resveratrol or Caffeine but Differently Modulates Lipolysis in Adipocytes. Belles, C; Briot, A; Carpéné, C; Fernández-Quintela, A; Gomez-Zorita, S; Portillo, MP, 2017)	0.46
" We investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) response of polyphenols in obese/overweight versus lean individuals before and after repeated dosing of grape polyphenols."	( The effect of obesity and repeated exposure on pharmacokinetic response to grape polyphenols in humans. Baer, DJ; Chen, TY; Ferruzzi, MG; Gebauer, SK; Ho, L; Novotny, JA; Pasinetti, GM; Terekhov, AI, 2017)	0.46
"A pilot study was conducted in which PK challenges were administered before and after 10 days of repeated dosing with polyphenols."	( The effect of obesity and repeated exposure on pharmacokinetic response to grape polyphenols in humans. Baer, DJ; Chen, TY; Ferruzzi, MG; Gebauer, SK; Ho, L; Novotny, JA; Pasinetti, GM; Terekhov, AI, 2017)	0.46
" The experimental results showed that compared with Tax, Res medication alone, joint group significantly enhanced inhibition of Hep-2 cells activity, decreased the dosage of Tax, increased the expression of Bax and PARP, TRIB3, reduced the expression of the Bcl-2 and XIAP, and promoted the activity of caspase-3 and caspase-8."	( [Apoptosis mechanism of taxol combined with resveratrol on human laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells]. Lu, CX; Sun, JH; Wu, CL, 2016)	0.43
" Results from phase 1 clinical studies supported once-daily oral dosing with ABT-072 in HCV infected patients."	( Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Aryl Uracil Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase: Discovery of ABT-072, a trans-Stilbene Analog with Good Oral Bioavailability. Beno, DWA; Beyer, JM; Colletti, L; Donner, PL; Dumas, EO; Hernandez, LE; Kati, WM; Koev, G; Krueger, AC; Lim, HB; Liu, D; Liu, Y; Longenecker, KL; Maring, CJ; Molla, A; Mondal, R; Motter, CE; Panchal, NS; Pratt, JK; Randolph, JT; Rockway, TW; Stewart, KD; Tufano, MD; Wagner, R, 2018)	0.48
" These nutrients, shown to be safe at the dosage generally used in human trials, are able to modulate molecules involved in colon cancer cell growth and survival."	( Omega-3 PUFA Loaded in Resveratrol-Based Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Physicochemical Properties and Antineoplastic Activities in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells In Vitro. Calviello, G; Cassano, R; Corsetto, PA; Rizzo, AM; Serini, S; Trombino, S, 2018)	0.48
" LPS with a dosage of 10 µg/ml repressed cell viability, induced apoptosis, and increased the release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α."	( Resveratrol Protects Murine Chondrogenic ATDC5 Cells Against LPS-Induced Inflammatory Injury Through Up-Regulating MiR-146b. Feng, S; Ji, Y; Jin, H; Lan, H; Ma, T; Zhang, H; Zhu, H, 2018)	0.48
"The purpose of this study was to develop self-microemulsifying (SME-) tablets to improve resveratrol solubility whilst delivering resveratrol in a preferred tablet dosage form."	( Self-microemulsifying tablets prepared by direct compression for improved resveratrol delivery. Bolko Seljak, K; Gašperlin, M; Ilić, IG; Zvonar Pobirk, A, 2018)	0.48
" The dissolution assay conducted, as specified in the European Pharmacopoeia for delayed-release dosage forms, revealed that our microparticles were gastro-resistant, because the resveratrol percentage released from microparticles in acid medium was less than 10%."	( Preparation and Characterization of Resveratrol Loaded Pectin/Alginate Blend Gastro-Resistant Microparticles. Gartziandia, O; Hernández, RM; Igartua, M; Lasa, A; Miranda, J; Pedraz, JL; Portillo, MP, 2018)	0.48
" Although palovarotene inhibited chondrogenic differentiation in vitro and reduced HO in juvenile FOP mice, daily dosing resulted in aggressive synovial joint overgrowth and long bone growth plate ablation."	( Palovarotene reduces heterotopic ossification in juvenile FOP mice but exhibits pronounced skeletal toxicity. Devarakonda, PM; Goldhamer, DJ; Lees-Shepard, JB; Nicholas, SE; Schneider, MJ; Stoessel, SJ; Yamamoto, M, 2018)	0.48
" The observed pharmacokinetic behavior showed the presence of Ramizol in plasma at 24 hours post-dosing combined with increasing AUC(0-24) values during the course of this study in groups administered 1500 mg/kg/day, which suggests that at least some dosing groups will show accumulation of compound during repeated dose studies."	( A 14-day repeat dose oral gavage range-finding study of a first-in-class CDI investigational antibiotic, in rats. Boulos, RA; Chen, J; Kimzey, A; Koetzner, L; Lansita, J; Mendes, O; Sibley, K, 2019)	0.51
" Compared with the sham group, the mNSS score and brain water content of rats in the model group increased significantly after dosing (P < 0."	( Effect of Polydatin on Neurological Function and the Nrf2 Pathway during Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Feng, X; Li, H; Lv, Y; Qin, J; Yang, J; Zhao, X, 2020)	0.56
" NRPT dosing was increased in each Step: Step 1250/50 mg, Step 2500/100 mg, Step 3750/150 mg and Step 41,000/200 mg."	( Nicotinamide riboside with pterostilbene (NRPT) increases NAD Dellinger, R; Guarente, LP; Parikh, SM; Rhee, EP; Simic, P; Vela Parada, XF, 2020)	0.56
" TSG treatments of either 25 mg/kg (TSG-25) or 100 mg/kg (TSG-100) dosage restored epithelial barrier structure and exhibited obviously intact colon histology with reduced signs of inflammatory cells infiltration, preserved epithelia barrier, restored crypt structure, and increased numbers of goblet cells."	( 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a major bioactive component from Polygoni multiflori Radix (Heshouwu) suppresses DSS induced acute colitis in BALb/c mice by modulating gut microbiota. He, X; Liu, J; Liu, M; Long, G; Xia, XH, 2021)	0.62
" A standard solution of 2-methoxyethanol was dosed at 10 μL."	( Potential neuroprotective of trans-resveratrol a promising agent tempeh and soybean seed coats-derived against beta-amyloid neurotoxicity on primary culture of nerve cells induced by 2-methoxyethanol. Ibrahim, N; Irnidayanti, Y; Santoso, A; Sutiono, DR; Wisnuwardhani, PH, 2021)	0.62
" Three subsequent dosage of PTS, ARB and PUR administered (i."	( Fatty acid synthase inhibition ameliorates diabetes induced liver injury in rodent experimental model. Bedi, O; Krishan, P; Parsad, D; Srivastava, N, 2021)	0.62
" Pterostilbene was shown to partially prevent high-fat high-fructose feeding induced liver steatosis in rats, demonstrating a dose-response pattern."	( Pterostilbene modifies triglyceride metabolism in hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat high-fructose feeding: a comparison with its analog resveratrol. Biasutto, L; Bujanda, L; Fernández-Quintela, A; Gómez-Zorita, S; Lasa, A; Macarulla, MT; Milton-Laskibar, I; Miranda, J; Portillo, MP; Segues, N, 2021)	0.62
" This novel preparation can enable new combinations of plant extracts and biomaterials to adiministered through NPs or other dosage forms in order to regulate and treat diseases."	( Nanoparticles prepared from pterostilbene reduce blood glucose and improve diabetes complications. Bian, L; Ma, Q; Shi, A; Wu, J; Yan, X; Zhang, P; Zhao, X, 2021)	0.62
" Preliminary biochemical assays revealed a significant inhibitory activity of the ACE2:Spike recognition with a dose-response effect only in the case of PD."	( Interference of Polydatin/Resveratrol in the ACE2:Spike Recognition during COVID-19 Infection. A Focus on Their Potential Mechanism of Action through Computational and Biochemical Assays. Coppola, F; Fuggetta, MP; Montesarchio, D; Musumeci, D; Perrella, F; Petrone, A; Platella, C; Ravagnan, G; Rega, N; Stringaro, A, 2021)	0.62

Class	Description
stilbene
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Luciferase	Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)	Potency	7.9044	0.0072	15.7588	89.3584	AID1224835
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	10.1035	0.0060	38.0041	19,952.5996	AID1159521; AID1159523
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	43.5572	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID743042; AID743054
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.8609	0.0010	22.6508	76.6163	AID1224838; AID1224839; AID1224893
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.0792	0.0030	41.6115	22,387.1992	AID1159552; AID1159553; AID1159555
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.7258	0.0015	30.6073	15,848.9004	AID1224841; AID1224842; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	22.5114	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID1259244; AID1259248; AID743079; AID743080; AID743091
aryl hydrocarbon receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	68.4825	0.0007	23.0674	1,258.9301	AID743085; AID743122
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	34.0963	0.0017	23.8393	78.1014	AID743083
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	21.2017	0.0376	17.0823	61.1927	AID1259364; AID1259388
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	49.4447	0.0006	27.2152	1,122.0200	AID743202; AID743219
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	13.5740	0.0015	57.7890	15,848.9004	AID1259244
Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	13.5740	0.0015	51.7393	15,848.9004	AID1259244
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Tyrosinase	Mus musculus (house mouse)	IC50 (µMol)	500.0000	0.0300	2.2104	5.2300	AID1801525
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID132501	Inhibitory activity against nitric oxide production in LPS-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-21, Volume: 10, Issue:4	Effects of stilbene constituents from rhubarb on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages.
AID134177	Compound (at 100 uM) was tested for inhibition against nitric oxide production in LPS-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-21, Volume: 10, Issue:4	Effects of stilbene constituents from rhubarb on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages.
AID335129	Antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes 10100 at 60 ug/disk by disk diffusion assay	1993	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 56, Issue:9	An antifungal bibenzyl from the New Zealand liverwort, Plagiochila stephensoniana. Bioactivity-directed isolation, synthesis, and analysis.
AID1065354	Antiinvasive activity against human MCF7/6 cells assessed as decrease in occupying outer fibroblast-like and myoblast cell layers at 1 umol/L after 8 days by hematoxylin and eosin staining assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17	Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of some novel, highly potent anti-invasive (E)- and (Z)-stilbenes.
AID1054305	Antioxidant activity in rat differentiated PC12 cells assessed as inhibition of H2O2-induced cell death after 15 hrs by MTS assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 23, Issue:23	The functional group on (E)-4,4'-disubstituted stilbenes influences toxicity and antioxidative activity in differentiated PC-12 cells.
AID1070113	Allosteric modulation of rat GABAA alpha1beta2gamma2S receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes assessed as potentiation of GABA-induced chloride ion current at holding potential -70 mV at 100 uM by two-microelectrode voltage clamp assay relative to GA	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4	Identification of dihydrostilbenes in Pholidota chinensis as a new scaffold for GABAA receptor modulators.
AID335115	Antifungal activity against Cladosporium resinae 10100 at 60 ug/disk by disk diffusion assay	1993	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 56, Issue:9	An antifungal bibenzyl from the New Zealand liverwort, Plagiochila stephensoniana. Bioactivity-directed isolation, synthesis, and analysis.
AID1054304	Cytotoxicity against rat differentiated PC12 cells assessed as cell viability at <= 10 ug/ml after 15 hrs by MTS assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 23, Issue:23	The functional group on (E)-4,4'-disubstituted stilbenes influences toxicity and antioxidative activity in differentiated PC-12 cells.
AID1198248	Antiinvasive activity against human MCF7/6 cells precultured with 9 day old chick embryo heart tissue fragment assessed as lowest concentration by chick heart invasion assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5	Further studies on anti-invasive chemotypes: An excursion from chalcones to curcuminoids.
AID1065355	Antiinvasive activity against human MCF7/6 cells assessed as precultured chick heart tissue fragment attachment without occupying heart tissue and outermost fibroblastic cell layers at 1 umol/L after 8 days by hematoxylin and eosin staining assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17	Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of some novel, highly potent anti-invasive (E)- and (Z)-stilbenes.
AID335125	Antifungal activity against Candida albicans 10261 at 300 ug/disk by disk diffusion assay	1993	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 56, Issue:9	An antifungal bibenzyl from the New Zealand liverwort, Plagiochila stephensoniana. Bioactivity-directed isolation, synthesis, and analysis.
AID1065352	Antiinvasive activity against human MCF7/6 cells assessed as decrease in occupying outer fibroblast-like and myoblast cell layers at 0.1 umol/L after 8 days by hematoxylin and eosin staining assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17	Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of some novel, highly potent anti-invasive (E)- and (Z)-stilbenes.
AID568508	Cytotoxicity against mouse Hepa-1c1c7 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3	Methoxylation of resveratrol: effects on induction of NAD(P)H quinone-oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) activity and growth inhibitory properties.
AID335119	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis at 60 ug/disk by disk diffusion assay	1993	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 56, Issue:9	An antifungal bibenzyl from the New Zealand liverwort, Plagiochila stephensoniana. Bioactivity-directed isolation, synthesis, and analysis.
AID1065348	Antiinvasive activity against human MCF7/6 cells assessed as minimum log concentration required to show activity after 8 days by hematoxylin and eosin staining-based chick heart invasion assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17	Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of some novel, highly potent anti-invasive (E)- and (Z)-stilbenes.
AID335114	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli at 60 ug/disk by disk diffusion assay	1993	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 56, Issue:9	An antifungal bibenzyl from the New Zealand liverwort, Plagiochila stephensoniana. Bioactivity-directed isolation, synthesis, and analysis.
AID1065357	Antiinvasive activity against human MCF7/6 cells assessed as occupying less than half of original amount of chick precultured heart tissue fragment at 10 umol/L after 8 days by hematoxylin and eosin staining assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17	Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of some novel, highly potent anti-invasive (E)- and (Z)-stilbenes.
AID1054303	Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity over 30 mins by spectrophotometry	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 23, Issue:23	The functional group on (E)-4,4'-disubstituted stilbenes influences toxicity and antioxidative activity in differentiated PC-12 cells.
AID568507	Induction of NQO1 activity in mouse Hepa1c1c7 cells assessed as concentration required to twofold increase of NQO1 activity at IC50 concentration relative to control	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3	Methoxylation of resveratrol: effects on induction of NAD(P)H quinone-oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) activity and growth inhibitory properties.
AID335124	Antifungal activity against Candida albicans 10261 at 60 ug/disk by disk diffusion assay	1993	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 56, Issue:9	An antifungal bibenzyl from the New Zealand liverwort, Plagiochila stephensoniana. Bioactivity-directed isolation, synthesis, and analysis.
AID335113	Antifungal activity against Cladosporium resinae 10100 at 300 ug/disk by disk diffusion assay	1993	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 56, Issue:9	An antifungal bibenzyl from the New Zealand liverwort, Plagiochila stephensoniana. Bioactivity-directed isolation, synthesis, and analysis.
AID335130	Antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes 10100 at 300 ug/disk by disk diffusion assay	1993	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 56, Issue:9	An antifungal bibenzyl from the New Zealand liverwort, Plagiochila stephensoniana. Bioactivity-directed isolation, synthesis, and analysis.
AID335120	Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis at 300 ug/disk by disk diffusion assay	1993	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 56, Issue:9	An antifungal bibenzyl from the New Zealand liverwort, Plagiochila stephensoniana. Bioactivity-directed isolation, synthesis, and analysis.
AID1801525	Tyrosinase Activity from Article 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.01.001: \\Synthesis and tyrosinase inhibition activity of trans-stilbene derivatives.\\	2016	Bioorganic chemistry, Feb, Volume: 64	Synthesis and tyrosinase inhibition activity of trans-stilbene derivatives.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1322 (9.78)	18.7374
1990's	489 (3.62)	18.2507
2000's	3223 (23.85)	29.6817
2010's	7453 (55.14)	24.3611
2020's	1029 (7.61)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	245 (1.76%)	5.53%
Reviews	1,197 (8.59%)	6.00%
Case Studies	31 (0.22%)	4.05%
Observational	6 (0.04%)	0.25%
Other	12,456 (89.39%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	5.79	8	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
monoisopropanolamine monoisopropanolamine: possible industrial pollutant; structure. 1-aminopropan-2-ol : Any amino alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.41	1	0	amino alcohol; secondary alcohol	Escherichia coli metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	3.23	6	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	2.37	2	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	7.97	4	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
dihydro-3-coumaric acid dihydro-3-coumaric acid: intermediate in biosynthesis of dihydrophenanthrenes from phenylalanine. 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid carrying a 3-hydroxyphenyl substituent at C-3.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.97	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	3.14	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.49	2	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.04	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.02	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.52	2	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	3.56	8	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.05	1	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	3.27	6	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	4.07	14	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	2.41	2	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	4.65	8	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	2	1	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.7	3	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.7	3	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	3.29	6	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	7.86	3	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.06	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	2.31	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	3.19	6	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	4.41	6	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	3.61	2	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	3.92	12	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	3.33	6	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.68	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	3.06	4	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	3.48	7	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	5.12	13	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	2.44	2	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
choline [no description available]	2.68	3	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.93	4	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	8	165	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.39	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	6.08	14	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	4.85	10	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
3-cresol 3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. m-cresol : A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	1.98	1	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	3.84	3	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	6.19	40	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	3.66	8	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	2.11	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.07	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	3.91	12	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	4.39	4	1	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.48	2	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.98	4	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2	1	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
creatine [no description available]	3.83	3	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	4.43	6	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	6.62	38	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate: isomeric with isopentenyl pyrophosphate. prenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol.	2.13	1	0	prenol phosphate	epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.8	11	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	3.9	12	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	2.25	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	7.09	9	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	1.95	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	14.04	18	5	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.91	4	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	3.12	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	6.38	54	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.13	1	0
histamine [no description available]	9.22	18	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	4.43	22	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	3.29	6	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	3.17	5	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	3.9	3	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	8.84	3	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentanal [no description available]	2.31	1	0	hydroxyaldehyde; pentose; polyol
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	7.77	19	1	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.04	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	7.19	19	1	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	6.47	54	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	3.83	3	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	4	4	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	13.06	41	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	2.42	2	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
naphthalene [no description available]	4.89	11	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	3.27	6	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	12.91	75	4	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	4.17	4	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	6.03	26	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.02	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.71	3	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.57	41	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
n,n-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	1.98	1	0	dimethylaniline; tertiary amine
hydroxide ion [no description available]	3.12	5	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.	2.08	1	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid; oxo dicarboxylic acid	geroprotector; metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.08	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	3.49	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	2.15	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; phenols	human metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.13	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.1	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	4.2	15	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	8.48	8	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	3.28	6	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylpyruvic acid phenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenylpyruvate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of either keto- or enol-phenylpyruvic acid.. keto-phenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway.	2.02	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	chromogenic compound; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	3.55	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	1.95	1	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.46	2	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.	2.05	1	0	phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound	algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.07	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.37	2	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.48	2	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.39	2	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.6	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
putrescine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.76	3	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.55	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	3.97	14	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	3.63	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	3.85	11	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	3.76	10	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	2.03	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	2.37	2	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2.01	1	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	2	1	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	4.71	5	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	7.28	12	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.5	2	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.97	4	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.03	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	2.45	2	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	5.53	13	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.47	2	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.98	4	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	3.63	9	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	3.48	2	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	3.04	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	5.55	21	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	4.27	18	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	3.22	5	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.04	1	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.03	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	2.05	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.08	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	3.29	6	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2	1	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.05	1	0	isoquinolinol	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.71	3	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	4.69	26	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	3.6	8	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid 14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.96	4	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	1.95	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.72	3	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.76	3	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	1.98	1	0
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.11	1	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.13	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.93	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	6.46	35	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.74	3	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
ro 5-4864 4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor	1.97	1	0
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;	2.05	1	0	benzoisoquinoline; dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	3.29	6	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	2.47	2	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	2.08	1	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	2.7	3	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5-dimethylamiloride 5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity	2.03	1	0
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	2.01	1	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	2.02	1	0	oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	2	1	0
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.15	1	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	4.45	8	0	monoazo compound
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	5.4	18	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	4.1	16	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetochlor acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
alachlor alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	2.02	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	2.13	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	3.21	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	3.13	1	0	aromatic amine
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	4.1	3	1	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	3.21	6	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
ampyrone Ampyrone: A metabolite of AMINOPYRINE with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a reagent for biochemical reactions producing peroxides or phenols. Ampyrone stimulates LIVER MICROSOMES and is also used to measure extracellular water.	1.97	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazolone	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
theophylline [no description available]	3.11	5	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.67	3	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	3.03	1	0	barbiturates
anastrozole [no description available]	2.17	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
9-anthroic acid 9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.	2.68	3	0	anthroic acid
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.05	1	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.45	2	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	4.14	4	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.11	1	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	8	21	1	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atrazine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	1.96	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	5.51	11	0	azobenzenes
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.97	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
benphothiamine benfotiamine : A thioester that is a synthetic analogue of thiamine obtained by acylative cleavage of the thiazole ring and O-phospohorylation.	2.05	1	0	aminopyrimidine; formamides; organic phosphate; thioester	antioxidant; immunological adjuvant; nutraceutical; protective agent; provitamin B1
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	4.84	32	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma	2.42	2	0	benzenes; isothiocyanate	antibacterial drug
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	2.4	2	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	6.74	15	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	3.61	9	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.03	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.42	2	0
bumetanide [no description available]	3.77	11	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	2.17	1	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
bupranolol Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether
busulfan [no description available]	2.47	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
caffeine [no description available]	7.74	12	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.43	7	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	4.48	5	1	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxide carbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.	2.42	2	0	dibenzoazepine; epoxide; ureas	allergen; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2.54	2	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	3.18	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.9	4	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	4.44	6	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	4.4	1	1	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.01	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.21	1	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	2.34	2	0	benzodiazepine
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.18	15	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	1.95	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	1.94	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	3.83	2	1	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
ciclopirox [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	1.97	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.11	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	2.03	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.49	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.17	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	3.47	8	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	2.68	3	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	3.62	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.11	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
cyclofenil Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	1.94	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate: structure	2.07	1	0	diester; methyl ester
damnacanthal damnacanthal: structure given in first source; isolated from the stem bark and roots of Morinda lucida; a selective inhibitor of p56(lck) tyrosine kinase activity	2.05	1	0	aldehyde; monohydroxyanthraquinone
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.77	3	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	2.11	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	2.15	1	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.77	3	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
dequalinium Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.	2.06	1	0	quinolinium ion	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.34	2	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.58	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.02	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	2.13	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	4.23	5	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	1.95	1	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	3.08	5	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	1.93	1	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0	benzoic acids
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	3.09	5	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	1.99	1	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	2.45	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	4.77	5	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dimethadione Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.	1.95	1	0	oxazolidinone
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.33	2	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	4.12	4	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.75	3	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	2.88	4	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	5.64	13	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.	2.05	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.5	2	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	3.87	3	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
embelin embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.	3.66	2	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	12.29	52	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	2.03	1	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
endothall endothall: minor descriptor (72-82); online & Index Medicus search DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS (72-82)	2.05	1	0
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	4.41	21	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.9	4	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.85	3	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	3.55	2	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethoxyresorufin ethoxyresorufin: structure	2.94	4	0	phenoxazine
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.11	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	3.43	7	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.82	3	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	3.15	5	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	2	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.38	2	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.51	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.11	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	5.82	28	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.99	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2	1	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.49	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furafylline [no description available]	2.03	1	0	oxopurine
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	4.1	16	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.76	10	0
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	3.17	5	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	2.01	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	3.29	6	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	5.34	21	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
go 6976 [no description available]	2.43	2	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	4.04	2	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.78	3	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	1.96	1	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.47	2	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
bis(2-guanidinoethyl)disulfide bis(2-guanidinoethyl)disulfide: bifunctional cation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	2.38	2	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
heptachlor Heptachlor: A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989). heptachlor : A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.	2.65	3	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	agrochemical; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
hexestrol [no description available]	4.77	33	0	stilbenoid
hexylresorcinol [no description available]	2.46	2	0	resorcinols
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.97	4	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.76	3	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	1.96	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.94	4	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hypericin [no description available]	2.48	2	0
mk 473 MK 473: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.37	7	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.79	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	2.1	1	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.44	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
idebenone [no description available]	2.06	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	3.27	6	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	5.95	10	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	8.62	27	2	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
indoprofen Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.	2.13	1	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles; monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.37	2	0
iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
ipriflavone ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; isoflavones	bone density conservation agent
iproniazid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	2.94	4	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.76	3	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	3.98	4	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.02	4	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.94	12	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
juglone juglone: structure. juglone : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.	2.81	3	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	geroprotector; herbicide; reactive oxygen species generator
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.25	1	0
nsc 664704 kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).	2.13	1	0	indolobenzazepine; lactam; organobromine compound	cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.21	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.95	4	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	2.15	1	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.02	1	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic acid [no description available]	4	13	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
lavendustin a lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	aromatic amine
letrozole [no description available]	2.78	3	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lomustine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.79	3	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	4.71	27	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	3.25	1	0	anthracenes
edaravone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	2	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.06	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	2.36	2	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.46	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	2	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
memantine [no description available]	3.86	3	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.96	4	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	2.99	4	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	10.83	45	1	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	1.95	1	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	6.96	1	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.01	1	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methoxyamine methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	organooxygen compound
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.35	2	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	2	1	0	organochlorine insecticide
nocodazole [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	3.06	5	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	2.35	2	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	2.75	3	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2.44	2	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
entinostat [no description available]	3	1	0	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.94	13	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	3.6	9	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
nafoxidine Nafoxidine: An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.	6.38	13	1	benzenes; naphthalenes; ring assembly
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.39	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.57	2	0
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	1.93	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.15	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	3.26	6	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	4.58	8	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.73	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nisoxetine nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
nitidine nitidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym NSC 146397 refers to chloride; structure	2.1	1	0	phenanthridines
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.9	4	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	2.04	1	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.05	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	4.19	17	0	nitrobenzoic acid
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.77	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	3.96	13	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.1	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	2.02	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
osalmide osalmide: structure	2.25	1	0	organic molecular entity
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	2.83	3	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	4.66	8	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	2.94	4	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	2.53	2	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	1.95	1	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.36	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	3.14	5	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	2.46	2	0	phenylalanine derivative
p-fluorophenylalanine p-Fluorophenylalanine: 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.. 4-fluorophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.	2.03	1	0	fluoroamino acid; monofluorobenzenes; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	8.77	12	5	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
pamidronate [no description available]	3.21	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
pd 169316 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor	2.02	1	0	imidazoles
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	4.62	25	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	3.8	12	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.36	2	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	4.96	39	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.	2.05	1	0	phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	1.97	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	1.95	1	0	aromatic amine
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	2	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.07	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	4.34	20	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.98	4	0	aromatic ketone
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.5	2	0	pyridines
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	3.18	5	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	3.21	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	4.01	14	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	1.94	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.78	3	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	3.3	6	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	3.21	5	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	3.05	5	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.35	7	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	3.1	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	2.13	1	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	3.92	12	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.08	1	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	4.35	6	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	2.96	4	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.81	3	0
pseudohypericin pseudohypericin: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.98	4	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	4.14	3	1	benzothiazoles
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.43	2	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
rofecoxib [no description available]	4.5	7	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	3.17	5	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	1.96	1	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	3.41	1	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.1	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.	2.04	1	0	benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
sb 220025 SB 220025: inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; structure in first source. SB220025 : Am member of the class of imidazoles carrying piperidin-4-yl, 4-fluophenyl and 2-aminopyrimidin-4-yl substituents at posiitons 1, 4 and 5 respectively.	2.02	1	0	aminopyrimidine; imidazoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.75	3	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sennoside a&b [no description available]	2.9	4	0
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.46	2	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.44	2	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.99	4	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.44	2	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
fenofibrate [no description available]	2.76	3	0	benzochromenone; delta-lactone; naphtho-alpha-pyrone	platelet aggregation inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.58	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	5.2	8	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.62	3	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.11	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.06	1	0
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.67	3	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	8.3	18	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	4.86	6	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
temozolomide [no description available]	4.88	10	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.82	3	0	diarylmethane
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	3.82	11	0	quaternary ammonium ion
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	4.87	6	0	phthalimides; piperidones
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	3.17	1	0	thiazolidenedione
thymeleatoxin thymeleatoxin: causes translocation & down-regulation of multiple protein kinase C isozymes	2.07	1	0
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.43	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
trifluoperazine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluralin Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.	2.59	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	3.13	1	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2.76	3	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tyramine [no description available]	2.53	2	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urethane [no description available]	3.96	4	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
usnic acid [no description available]	2.31	1	0	benzofurans
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	2.1	1	0
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.1	1	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
xanthurenic acid xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.	2.01	1	0	dihydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	animal metabolite; iron chelator; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2h-tetrazolium hydroxide 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino)carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.06	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.21	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	3.83	11	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	4.31	18	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.69	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	5.06	14	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.76	3	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.38	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	1.97	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.39	2	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	4.86	13	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.38	2	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	4.39	3	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	3.47	7	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.51	8	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.	1.94	1	0
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	3.03	1	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.91	4	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.35	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	2.92	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	2	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.92	4	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	5.61	25	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androsterone [no description available]	2.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	4.21	5	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	2.01	1	0
n-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene: structure	1.99	1	0
hydroxyacetylaminofluorene Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.	2.66	3	0	2-acetamidofluorenes
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	5.89	19	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	1.94	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	3.69	9	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	3.48	8	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	3.85	11	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	5.45	19	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.05	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	4.65	6	1	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	6.83	26	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.52	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
benz(a)anthracene benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	2.03	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	3.18	5	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.41	2	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	3.26	6	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	7.07	9	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	5.18	18	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.51	2	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.38	7	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
dimazine dimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,1-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine substituted by two methyl groups at position 1.	2.17	1	0	hydrazines	carcinogenic agent; fuel; teratogenic agent
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.34	2	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	4.46	21	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	7.15	12	1	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.96	1	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.15	1	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	1.93	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	6.06	38	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.75	3	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.65	3	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	2.86	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	3.21	1	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	5.31	17	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
triphenylethylene [no description available]	7.06	64	0	stilbenoid
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.05	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.11	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.89	3	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	4.05	5	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	5.46	14	1	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.48	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.96	12	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	5.18	11	1	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	3.08	5	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tributyrin tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.	2.08	1	0	butyrate ester; triglyceride	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug; protective agent
p-aminoazobenzene p-Aminoazobenzene: Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.. 4-(phenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.	1.97	1	0
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	5.14	6	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	5.73	25	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	9.74	62	3	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
phlorhizin [no description available]	3.23	6	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	4.09	4	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.72	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.89	2	1	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	8.13	12	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aniline [no description available]	2.67	3	0	anilines; primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	3.15	5	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	3.22	6	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.76	3	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	10.41	11	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	3.6	8	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	4.14	15	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	2.68	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	9.18	67	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	1.93	1	0
cytidine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.02	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.72	10	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.52	2	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.8	11	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	2.21	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.91	4	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethamoxytriphetol Ethamoxytriphetol: A non-steroidal estrogen antagonist.	2.65	3	0	stilbenoid
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.74	3	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	4.42	7	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	3.73	3	0	oxo steroid
benziodarone benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone
mannitol [no description available]	2.47	2	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	6.89	11	2	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	1.95	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.03	1	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	4.56	8	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.46	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	4.51	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	4.26	5	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.47	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	3.44	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	1.95	1	0	organic molecular entity
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	5.75	10	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	4.1	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nifenalol nifenalol: adrenergic beta-blocker with good antiarrhythmic properties; also tends to lower blood pressure & provide protection against angina; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ETHANOLAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	8.63	28	3	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.01	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	3.87	12	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	3.39	7	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	2.08	1	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	1.97	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.98	4	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	7.89	4	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	2.34	2	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.65	9	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.17	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2.1	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
boron trifluoride [no description available]	2.45	2	0	boron fluoride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
2-bromopropane 2-bromopropane: used as a substitute for freon	2.06	1	0
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	2.37	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	4.18	16	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	2.03	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon
fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.	3.34	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	1.95	1	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.05	1	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
isobutyraldehyde isobutyraldehyde : A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde; propanals	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	3.16	5	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	9.71	6	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	5.08	13	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	2.69	3	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	3.42	7	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	3.84	2	1	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
cyclizine Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.	1.95	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic
skatole [no description available]	2.05	1	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	3.14	5	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.	2.13	1	0
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	4.06	13	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
9,10-phenanthrenequinone 9,10-phenanthrenequinone: structure	2.03	1	0	phenanthrenes
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher	2.05	1	0
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	4.04	2	1	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	3.05	4	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
fluorene [no description available]	2.15	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	2.52	2	0	carbazole
phthalide 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one : A gamma-lactone that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran in which the hydrogens at position 1 are replaced by an oxo group.. isobenzofuranone : A 2-benzofuran containing one or more oxo groups.	2.07	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	3.37	6	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
picric acid picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.97	4	0	C-nitro compound	antiseptic drug; explosive; fixative
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.1	1	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
1-naphthylphenylamine N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine: RN given refers to 1-naphthylamine cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	naphthalenes
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	3.55	8	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.02	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	3.49	2	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
pyronine Pyronine: Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.. pyronin Y : An organic chloride salt having 6-(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-iminium as the cation. Used with methyl green to selectively demonstrate RNA (red) in contrast to DNA (green) with the Unna-Pappenheim method.	1.95	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	histological dye
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	8.9	13	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
4-biphenylamine 4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.	3.06	1	0	aminobiphenyl	carcinogenic agent
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	5.79	11	0	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	3.48	2	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	2.39	2	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
1-phenylpropanol 1-phenylpropanol: structure in first source	3.03	4	0	organic molecular entity
benzanilide [no description available]	2.46	2	0
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.04	1	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
benzothiophene [no description available]	4.11	4	0	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	3.68	2	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
styrene oxide styrene oxide: structure. styrene oxide : An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.	3.25	6	0	epoxide	human xenobiotic metabolite
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for bromine & chlorine moieties	1.96	1	0	organochlorine compound
2-methyltetrahydrofuran 2-methyltetrahydrofuran: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	5.03	7	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	2.04	1	0	phosphonic ester
cumene cumene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.	1.98	1	0	alkylbenzene
alpha-resorcylic acid alpha-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid; resorcinols	metabolite
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	4.39	3	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl gallate methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.	2.06	1	0	gallate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.	2.05	1	0	trinitrobenzene	explosive
1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-nitrotoluene 4-nitrotoluene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6470. mononitrotoluene : A nitrotoluene bearing a single nitro substituent at any position. A "closed class".. 4-nitrotoluene : A mononitrotoluene that consists of toluene bearing a nitro substituent at the 4-position.	1.98	1	0	mononitrotoluene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	3.46	8	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
4-vinylpyridine 4-vinylpyridine: reagent for blocking cysteine function in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.43	2	0
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2.8	3	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	2.45	2	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	1.94	1	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
dicyclohexylamine dicyclohexylamine: potent inhibitor of spermidine synthase; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
phenyl ether diphenyl ether : An aromatic ether in which the oxygen is attached to two phenyl substituents. It has been found in muscat grapes and vanilla.	1.93	1	0	aromatic ether	plant metabolite
1,2-dihydrostilbene 1,2-dihydrostilbene: intermdiate in biosynthesis of dihydrophenanthrenes from phenylalanine. 1,2-dihydrostilbene : A diphenylethane that is the 1,2-dihydro derivative of stilbene.	3.81	11	0	diphenylethane
phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.	1.96	1	0	isothiocyanate	allergen; reagent
phenetole phenetole : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen is bonded to an ethyl and a phenyl group.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	2.05	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	2.1	1	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	4.6	7	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
propionitrile propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.	2.03	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
acrylonitrile [no description available]	3.64	9	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.06	1	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	2.48	2	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
isethionic acid Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.36	2	0	alkanesulfonic acid	human metabolite
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	2.04	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	3.07	5	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.41	1	0
methylcyclohexane methylcyclohexane: structure in first source. methylcyclohexane : A cycloalkane that is cyclohexane substituted by a single methyl group.	2.05	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	aprotic solvent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.01	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
methyl cellosolve methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.31	1	0	glycol ether	protic solvent; solvent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	6.58	25	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	3.01	4	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.36	2	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	7.12	29	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
2,5-hexanedione 2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone	2.44	2	0	diketone; methyl ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
succinamide [no description available]	2.01	1	0
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2.78	3	0	fatty acid ester
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.88	4	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.02	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2.44	2	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
1,5-pentanediol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	primary alcohol
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.48	2	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
propylene propylene: structure	2.1	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
dichlone dichlone: structure	2.21	1	0
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.75	3	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	3.02	4	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
benzoin [no description available]	3.46	8	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	3.85	3	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
dibenzoylmethane dibenzoylmethane : A beta-diketone that is acetylacetone (acac) in which both methyl groups have been replaced by phenyl groups. It is a minor constituent of the root extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and exhibits antimutagenic and anticancer effects.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cresidine cresidine: structure	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzenes
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	3.04	4	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
cyclonite cyclonite: explosive & convulsant; structure. 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane : An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.	2.03	1	0	1,3,5-triazinanes; N-nitro compound	explosive
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	3.78	10	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
iodoantipyrine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
1,4-naphthoquinone naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.	2.02	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	1.96	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	1.96	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.47	2	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
benzil benzil: structure. benzil : An alpha-diketone that is ethane-1,2-dione substituted by phenyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.	2.76	3	0	alpha-diketone; aromatic ketone
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	7.06	38	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	4.85	5	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	2.42	2	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
tripropionin tripropionin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by propionic acid.	2.15	1	0	propanoate ester; triglyceride	flavouring agent
dodecyl sulfate dodecyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE	1.97	1	0	alkyl sulfate
monuron monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.	2.13	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
4-tert-octylphenol 4-tert-octylphenol: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	alkylbenzene
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	2.02	1	0	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	4.71	8	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopropyl palmitate isopropyl palmitate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of palmitic acid with propan-2-ol. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.17	1	0	fatty acid ester; isopropyl ester	human metabolite
pregnenolone [no description available]	1.93	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.37	2	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.79	3	0	organic molecular entity
1,3-dimethoxybenzene 1,3-dimethoxybenzene: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.89	4	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
dydrogesterone [no description available]	2.34	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	progestin
fluocortolone Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.	1.96	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	17	226	4	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
coronene coronene: structure. coronene : A ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene that consists of six peri-fused benzene rings.	2.03	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
dibenzo(a,l)pyrene dibenzo(a,l)pyrene: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	human metabolite; mutagen
benzo(e)pyrene benzo(e)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzo[e]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. It is listed as a Group 3 carcinogen by the IARC.	2.05	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
benzo(c)phenanthrene benzo[c]phenanthrene : An ortho-fused polycyclic arene resulting from the symmetrical fusion of the C1-C2 bonds of two naphthalene units.	2.34	2	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; ortho-fused polycyclic arene
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	3.36	6	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
dibenzacridine dibenzacridine: RN given refers to dibenz(a,j)acridine	1.97	1	0
benzo(h)quinoline [no description available]	2.01	1	0
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	5.7	14	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	4.66	9	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	6.81	6	1	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	4.44	6	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	5.11	8	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
azulene [no description available]	1.93	1	0	azulenes; mancude carbobicyclic parent; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.02	1	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	5.29	47	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	5.55	12	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	4.81	10	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	10.57	76	2	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	2.21	1	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyridazine pyridazine: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	diazine; pyridazines
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	2.04	1	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	9.36	22	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	organic cation
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	3.49	8	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.34	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
stibine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	antimony hydride; mononuclear parent hydride
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.45	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	3.48	7	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
opipramol Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.	1.93	1	0	dibenzoazepine
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	3.58	8	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
perfluorodecanoic acid perfluorodecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.	1.98	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
3-acetylpyridine 3-acetylpyridine: inhibits tremors	2.48	2	0	aromatic ketone
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	3.25	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	5.7	14	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	2.42	2	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
cuprizone [no description available]	2.47	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.94	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.83	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
1,2-dihydronaphthalene 1,2-dihydronaphthalene : A dihydronaphthalene hydrogenated at C-1 and C-2.	2.03	1	0	dihydronaphthalene
deoxybenzoin deoxybenzoin: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.1	1	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.63	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	1.95	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2.1	1	0	ketene
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	1.95	1	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.11	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	3.16	5	0
rhein [no description available]	3.45	7	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
indirubin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.13	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	3.25	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	3.14	5	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	3.43	7	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.. 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.	2.42	2	0	acyl sulfate; adenosine bisphosphate; purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	2.03	1	0	phthalazines
reticulin Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.	2.07	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	plant metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.36	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
flavanone flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.	8.21	5	0	flavanones
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	3.55	8	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	3.59	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
benzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	3.17	1	0
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	indoles
coumaran 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is the 2,3-dihydroderivative of benzofuran.	2.15	1	0	1-benzofurans	metabolite
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.03	1	0	butenolide
biphenylacetylene biphenylacetylene : An arylacetylene that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.76	3	0	arylacetylene; benzenes	fluorochrome
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	4.02	13	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
phloretic acid phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.	2.6	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
1,3-cyclohexanedione 1,3-cyclohexanedione: structure. cyclohexane-1,3-dione : A cyclohexanedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 1 and 3.	3.27	1	0	beta-diketone; cyclohexanedione
orcinol orcinol: used as reagent for pentoses, lignin, beet sugar, saccharoses, arabinose & diastase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. orcinol : A 5-alkylresorcinol in which the alkyl group is specified as methyl.	2.04	1	0	5-alkylresorcinol; dihydroxytoluene	Aspergillus metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	4.79	4	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.46	2	0	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.53	2	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
arachidic acid icosanoic acid : A C20 striaght-chain saturated fatty acid which forms a minor constituent of peanut (L. arachis) and corn oils. Used as an organic thin film in the production of liquid crystals for a wide variety of technical applications.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.4	2	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	4.85	5	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
methadyl acetate Methadyl Acetate: A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action.	1.95	1	0	diarylmethane
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.13	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	6.82	13	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	5.9	8	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	4.82	7	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	3.36	6	0
physcione physcione: structure. physcion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.	4.19	16	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.46	2	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.39	2	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.07	5	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.83	3	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.	1.96	1	0
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	2.13	1	0	cellobiose	epitope
1,1-diphenylethylene 1,1-diphenylethylene: structure	2.93	4	0
syringic acid syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.	2.57	2	0	benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
acetylsalicylsalicylic acid acetylsalicylsalicylic acid: potential immunogenic impurity in aspirin; structure	3.21	1	0	carbonyl compound
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	2.68	3	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.	2.53	2	0	dinitrophenol acaricide; hydroxytoluene; nitrotoluene	dinitrophenol insecticide; fungicide; herbicide
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.53	2	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	2.45	2	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
maleimide [no description available]	2.78	3	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	9.4	175	2	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	3.53	8	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.68	3	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.42	2	0	phenoxazine
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.95	4	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
paeonol paeonol: structure	3.88	3	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.63	3	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
4,4'-bipyridyl 4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.	2.06	1	0	bipyridine
neostibosan [no description available]	3.72	11	0
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	3.21	6	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
tristearin tristearoylglycerol : A triglyceride that is glycerol in which all three hydroxy groups have been formally esterified with stearic acid.	2.15	1	0	triacylglycerol 54:0	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
glycidol glycidol: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	epoxide; primary alcohol
silver acetate silver acetate: RN refers to acetic acid, silver (1+) salt	1.92	1	0
diepoxybutane diepoxybutane: difunctional alkylating agent; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2.13	1	0	epoxide	mutagen
chlorotrianisene Chlorotrianisene: A powerful synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen.	3.95	14	0	chloroalkene	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor modulator; xenoestrogen
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2.1	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.37	2	0	bis(azo) compound
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	8.39	63	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	4.51	7	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
iodobenzene iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.01	1	0
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	4.89	6	0	organic sulfide
ethane sulfonate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid
megestrol acetate [no description available]	2.15	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
(s)-binol (1,1'-binaphthalene)-2,2'-diol: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	naphthols
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.08	1	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	3.28	6	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	9.68	52	2	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
4-cyanobenzoic acid [no description available]	2.45	2	0
4,4'-bisphenol f 4,4'-bisphenol F: RN given refers to parent cpd. bisphenol F : A bisphenol that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.21	1	0	bisphenol; diarylmethane	environmental food contaminant; xenoestrogen
1,3-dicyanobenzene 1,3-dicyanobenzene: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	nitrile
ethyl palmitate ethyl hexadecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.08	1	0	hexadecanoate ester; long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	plant metabolite
hexamethylene glycol hexane-1,6-diol : A diol that is hexane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6.	2.03	1	0	diol; primary alcohol
tetraphenylmethane [no description available]	3.51	1	0
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	3.1	5	0
2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid: hypocalcemic action; structure. pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid : A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.03	1	0	pyrrolecarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
n-phenylpyrrole N-phenylpyrrole: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
4-methoxystyrene 4-methoxystyrene: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	3.54	2	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	4.43	1	1	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chromonar Chromonar: A coronary vasodilator agent.	2.05	1	0	coumarins
docosanol Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.	2.02	1	0	docosanol; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	antiviral drug; plant metabolite
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	3.31	6	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide [no description available]	2.08	1	0
pyridine n-oxide pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.	2.08	1	0	pyridine N-oxides	drug metabolite
2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde : A member of the class of naphthaldehydes that is naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. Active core of sirtinol (CHEBI:73158).	2.03	1	0	naphthaldehydes; naphthols
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.48	2	0
4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
o,p'-ddt o,p'-DDT: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
ethyl gallate ethyl gallate: used with osmium in procedure for mapping neuronal pathways. ethyl gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with ethanol.	2.46	2	0	gallate ester	plant metabolite
n-hydroxy-4-acetylaminostilbene N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminostilbene: structure	2.88	4	0
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	3.82	2	1	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
cyclopentenone 2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.	2.48	2	0	alicyclic ketone; enone	Hsp70 inducer
2-aminobenzimidazole 2-aminobenzimidazole: metabolite of benomyl; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-aminobenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.	2.04	1	0	benzimidazoles	marine xenobiotic metabolite
nitrosobenzylmethylamine nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure	2.01	1	0
diphenyl sulfoxide diphenyl sulfoxide: electron acceptor for liver aldehyde oxidase	2.11	1	0	sulfoxide
deoxycytidine [no description available]	5.33	16	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol 2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.	2.1	1	0	dichlorobenzene; quinone imine
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	2.08	1	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.02	1	0
2-phenylpyridine 2-phenylpyridine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	3.69	10	0	phenylacetaldehydes
nicotinamide mononucleotide Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.	2.15	1	0	nicotinamide mononucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	4.31	5	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.31	1	0
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cadmium molecular entity
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	2.44	2	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.13	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.06	1	0	zinc molecular entity
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	6.82	18	1
sorbitan monostearate sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH	2.52	2	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	3.4	6	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	3.91	3	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	12.59	74	4	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	4.91	11	0
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	3.22	6	0	aliphatic nitrile
isonicotinamide isonicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of isonicotinic acid.	4.24	5	0	pyridinecarboxamide
n-methylcarbazole N-methylcarbazole: RN given refers to cpd with methyl group in position 9	1.98	1	0
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
2,5-dihydrofuran 2,5-dihydrofuran: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
nitrofen nitrofen: structure	2.17	1	0	organic molecular entity	EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	2.37	2	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	4.02	13	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
pristane pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.	2.1	1	0	long-chain alkane; norterpene	biomarker; immunological adjuvant
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.94	4	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	3.06	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	1.98	1	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	4.38	21	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	3.57	2	0	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	2.17	1	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	2.45	2	0	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	2.11	1	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.96	4	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
nile blue Nile Blue: RN given refers to chloride; structure. nile blue A : An organic chloride salt having 5-amino-9-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazin-7-ium as the couterion. fluorescent dye which is also a potent photosensitiser for photodynamic therapy.	2.05	1	0
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	4.96	11	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
toluidine red [no description available]	3.13	1	0
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.05	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cme-carbodiimide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
2-nitrosofluorene [no description available]	1.99	1	0
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	2.17	1	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
acadesine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
amphenone b amphenone B: was MH 1975-92 (see under BUTANONES 1975-90); use BUTANONES to search AMPHENONE B 1975-92	1.93	1	0	diarylmethane
trichloroepoxypropane Trichloroepoxypropane: A potent epoxide hydrase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitor. It enhances the tumor-initiating ability of certain carcinogens.	2.67	3	0
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	2.58	2	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.52	8	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
benzolamide Benzolamide: Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.	2.38	2	0
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	3.91	3	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.41	1	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	2.45	2	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	1.95	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
streptomycin [no description available]	1.93	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.73	3	0	carbon oxoanion
2-acetamidophenanthrene [no description available]	2.68	3	0
cladribine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	5.54	5	1
n-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl: structure. N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl : A hydroxamic acid that is biphenyl-4-amine bearing N-hydroxy and N-acetyl substituents.	1.97	1	0	hydroxamic acid
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	3.21	1	0	aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	3.31	6	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
trioctylmethylammonium trioctylmethylammonium: used in high performance liquid chromatography for the separation of tRNA; RN given refers to chloride. methyltrioctylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion with three octyl groups and one methyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.06	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane: a protease inhibitor. 1,2-epoxy-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a (4-nitrophenoxy)methyl group.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; epoxide
octylmethoxycinnamate octylmethoxycinnamate: a sunscreen used for prevention of DNA photodamage	2.51	2	0	cinnamate ester
1-nitropyrene [no description available]	1.96	1	0	nitroarene	carcinogenic agent
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	3.17	5	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	3.42	7	0	dioxolane
acetoxyacetylaminofluorene Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene: An alkylating agent that forms DNA ADDUCTS at the C-8 position in GUANINE, resulting in single strand breaks. It has demonstrated carcinogenic action.. N-acetoxy-2-acetamidofluorene : A 2-acetamidofluorene compound in which the parent 2-acetamidofluorene is substituted on nitrogen by an acetoxy group.	1.96	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
octocrylene [no description available]	2.11	1	0	diarylmethane
methyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfonate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3	4	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	2.1	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
nimorazole Nimorazole: An antitrichomonal agent which is effective either topically or orally and whose urinary metabolites are also trichomonicidal.	2.11	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
tert-nitrosobutane [no description available]	2.01	1	0
hepes [no description available]	2.43	2	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.96	4	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	1.95	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.	2.15	1	0	d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	3.28	6	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	3.71	10	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.1	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	4.96	35	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	3.22	5	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	2.52	2	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2.97	4	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.63	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.1	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	3.64	9	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	6.22	12	1	titanium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	7.53	2	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	4.76	9	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.31	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	3.84	4	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	2.07	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.25	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	3.32	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	6.33	26	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.41	2	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	3.61	2	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.07	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	2.43	2	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.25	1	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.79	3	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.08	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	4.51	6	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.05	1	0	sodium phosphate
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	3.52	8	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	5.49	11	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	3.3	6	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	2.15	1	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.41	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	3.22	6	0	diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	2.41	2	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	2.05	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	3.88	3	0	inorganic sodium salt
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	iron coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.36	2	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	3.02	4	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.01	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	1.96	1	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.78	11	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	4.51	7	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	4.31	6	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.06	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2.21	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
calcium pyrophosphate Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).	2.31	1	0	calcium phosphate
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.05	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	3.24	6	0
phosphoryl chloride phosphoryl chloride: structure	2.05	1	0	phosphorus coordination entity
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	5.07	13	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant	2.05	1	0	chlorine dioxide
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.74	3	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	3.14	5	0	cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.15	1	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.4	2	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
camphoroquinone camphoroquinone: a natural monoterpene, non-aromatic quinone; structure given in first source. bornane-2,3-dione : A bornane monoterpenoid that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 7 and 7 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 3.	2.05	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	5.15	5	0
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	3.21	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.36	2	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	pyrenes
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	5.64	6	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
beryllium sulfate beryllium sulfate: used as a diagnostic aid for allergic reactions in patients with fungal infection; RN given refers to (Be sulfate[1:1]). beryllium sulfate : A metal sulfate in which the metal is beryllium (in the +2 oxidation state) and the ratio of beryllium to sulfate is 1:1.	2.04	1	0	metal sulfate	allergen
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester 4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.06	1	0
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.51	2	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	4.07	4	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
7-methyljuglone 7-methyljuglone: antineoplastic from roots of Euclea natalensis and Drosera aliciae; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
trimethylolpropane triacrylate trimethylolpropane triacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; causes contact dermatitis	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
ferric nitrilotriacetate ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)	2.42	2	0	iron chelate	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	8.06	68	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.	2.04	1	0	phosphonic acids	plant growth regulator
potassium metabisulfite potassium metabisulfite: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2O5S2; request from searcher; structure	2.08	1	0
gold tetrachloride, acid gold tetrachloride, acid: used in root canal therapy; RN given refers to (SP-4-1)	2.1	1	0
fluorides [no description available]	3.94	13	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
benzoctamine benzoctamine: minor descriptor (72); major descriptor (73-86); on line search ANTHRACENES (72-86); INDEX MEDICUS search ANTHRACENES (72); BENZOCTAMINE (73-86)	2.15	1	0	anthracenes
18-crown-6 18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.1	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	phase-transfer catalyst
stilbene oxide stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	11.27	145	0	epoxide
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.08	1	0	tin oxide
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	2.13	1	0	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
keracyanin cyanidin 3-rutinoside: an anthocyanin compound. cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside chloride : A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside as the cationic counterpart.	2.78	3	0	anthocyanin chlorides
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	2.48	2	0	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
iodine [no description available]	3.88	12	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
osmium tetroxide Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.	2.01	1	0	osmium coordination entity	fixative; histological dye; oxidising agent; poison
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2.7	3	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	3.51	8	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	3.34	1	1	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
triethyl phosphite triethyl phosphite: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	6.72	71	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	10.4	19	1	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
myrcene myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.06	1	0	monoterpene	anabolic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	1.96	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
chloroprene Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.	2.41	1	0	chloroolefin
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.92	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	2	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.13	1	0	phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; food additive; geroprotector
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.51	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	3.24	6	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.41	2	0
alkenes [no description available]	6.89	51	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	2.08	1	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	7.6	42	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	2.75	3	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	2.02	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	3.85	11	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.4	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	3.53	8	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	3.85	2	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
4-acetylaminofluorene 4-acetylaminofluorene : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 9H-fluoren-4-yl group.	1.97	1	0	acetamides; fluorenes	mitogen
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	3.12	5	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
ioxitalamic acid ioxitalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; Telebrix 38 contains both sodium ioxitalamate & meglumine ioxitalamate; structure. iooxitalamic acid : An organoiodine compound that is 2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3 and a (2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl group at position 5. It is used as a contrast medium.	2.13	1	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2	1	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.	2.08	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
procymidone procymidone : An azabicycloalkane that is 1,5-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A fungicide widely used in horticulture as a seed dressing, pre-harvest spray or post-harvest dip for the control of various diseases.	2.03	1	0
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	11.27	44	3	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	4.07	14	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.4	2	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
1,2,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 1,2,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
n,n'-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-n,n'-diacetic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	4.54	5	1	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	2.13	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.92	4	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-epoxide benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-epoxide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecifiedisomeric designation	3.06	5	0	carbopolycyclic compound
2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2.11	1	0
bezafibrate [no description available]	4.12	4	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.76	3	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.87	11	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	6.47	41	1	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	3.04	4	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	3.07	5	0
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	2	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	4.35	19	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	2.03	1	0	epoxide	intercalator
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	2.04	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.29	6	0
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	2.05	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
2-methoxy-5-(2',3',4'-trimethoxyphenyl)tropone 2-methoxy-5-(2',3',4'-trimethoxyphenyl)tropone: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
n-cyano-n'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-n''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine N-cyano-N'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-N''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine: potassium channel opener	2.1	1	0	pyridines
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	2.03	1	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.77	3	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	2	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
oltipraz oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.	2.43	2	0	1,2-dithiole; pyrazines	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; protective agent; schistosomicide drug
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	5.83	22	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
pimonidazole pimonidazole: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
avobenzone [no description available]	2.51	2	0	dihydrochalcones
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.02	4	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
rimcazole rimcazole: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	carbazoles
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	5.2	14	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.13	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
imazapyr, (+-)-isomer imazapyr: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. imazapyr : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazapyr. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase, it is used (generally as the isopropylamine salt, known as imazapyr-isopropylammonium) as a herbicide, particularly for the control of perennial grasses, broad-leaved weeds, woody plants, brambles, etc., on non-crop land. It is not approved for use within the European Union.. 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl group, which in turn is substituted at positions 4, 4, and 5 by isopropyl, ethyl, and oxo groups, respectively.	3.19	1	0	imidazolines; imidazolone; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; pyridines
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	3.69	2	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	6.05	15	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.46	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
flavone acetic acid flavone acetic acid: structure given in first source	2.71	3	0
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	2.07	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	3.27	6	0
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	4.41	3	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
aromasil [no description available]	2.54	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	2.03	1	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	2.72	3	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	4.04	13	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.99	4	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.13	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	3.84	3	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	2.17	1	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.	2.03	1	0	organoiodine compound
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	2.1	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	3.19	1	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	4.86	13	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
4-pentenoic acid 4-pentenoic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. pent-4-enoic acid : A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.	2.1	1	0	pentenoic acid
pyranine pyranine: structure	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	3.62	9	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	2.49	2	0
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; imidazoquinoxaline	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; Maillard reaction product; mutagen
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.42	2	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.1	1	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
4-vinylphenol 4-vinylphenol: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified. 4-hydroxystyrene : A member of the class of phenols that is styrene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	2.25	1	0	phenols	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	3.04	4	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
carbogen carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2	2.46	2	0
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	3.19	5	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylbut-1-ene 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylbut-1-ene: structure given in first source	3.1	5	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	17.58	745	8	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
dihydrochalcone dihydrochalcone : A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is acetophenone in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a benzyl group.	7.07	1	0	dihydrochalcones	plant metabolite
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
ursolic acid [no description available]	4.97	11	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
propamidine propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	2.33	2	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	1.96	1	0
cyclam cyclam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	4.65	26	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	3.15	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	4.14	3	1	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	2.21	1	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.17	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
allicin [no description available]	3.59	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	2.15	1	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	15.53	120	3	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.02	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.13	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	2.79	3	0	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.49	2	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2.43	2	0
phosphoramidic acid phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds	2.31	1	0	phosphoric acid derivative
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	5.64	13	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
depsidone depsidone: a dibenzo dioxepin with a lactone formed by one of the oxygens and a carbonyl between the two benzyl rings; some derivatives are found in GARCINIA plants. depsidone : The simplest member of the class of depsidones comprising of a heterotricyclic system that is 11H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxepine substituted by an oxo group at position 11.	2.05	1	0	depsidones; organic heterotricyclic compound
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	3.61	2	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
bathocuproine bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.35	2	0	iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt	2.43	2	0
rhodamine 110 rhodamine 110: RN given refers to chloride	3.35	2	0
neocuproine neocuproine: Spectrophotometric determination of copper and ultramicro blood sugar determinations; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. neocuproine : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.	2.46	2	0	phenanthrolines	chelator; copper chelator
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.02	1	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid: also known as NeuAc2en, but this is also synonym for another compound. 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid : N-Acetylneuraminic acid reduced across the 2,3-bond with loss of the hydroxy group at C-2; it is a minor component of body fluids although abundant in sialuria.	2.17	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.42	2	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	6.32	13	1	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenylsulfone 4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenylsulfone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.11	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative
tetraiodothyroacetic acid tetraiodothyroacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is thyroacetic acid carrying four iodo substituents at positions 3, 3', 5 and 5'.	2.43	2	0	2-halophenol; aromatic ether; iodophenol; monocarboxylic acid	apoptosis inducer; human metabolite; thyroid hormone
goralatide goralatide: from fetal calf bone marrow; exerts a high inhibitory activity on the proliferation of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells. goralatide : A tetrapeptide that is Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in which the N-terminal amino group carries an acetyl group. It is selective inhibitor of primitive haematopoietic cell proliferation and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties.	2.06	1	0	oligopeptide; tetrapeptide	anti-inflammatory agent; pro-angiogenic agent
repaglinide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	piperidines
bergenin bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure	2.08	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
trenbolone acetate Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.	2.13	1	0	steroid ester
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.41	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	3.37	6	0
phenoxazine phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.	2	1	0	phenoxazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	3.52	8	0	phenanthroline
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole [no description available]	2.49	2	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	4.73	30	0	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	2.07	1	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
2-iodosobenzoic acid ortho-iodosylbenzoic acid : A benzoic acid compound having an iodosyl substituent at the ortho-position.	1.96	1	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
bianthrone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
pinocembrin pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.	2.44	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; dihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
tangeretin tangeretin: structure given in first source; from citrus plants; inhibits invasion of MO4 mouse cells into embryonic chick heart in vitro. tangeretin : A pentamethoxyflavone flavone with methoxy groups at positions 4', 5, 6 , 7 and 8.. pentamethoxyflavone : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a five methoxy groups.	3.13	1	0	pentamethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
isocoumarins Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.	8.16	5	0	isocoumarins
phenylacetylglycine phenylacetylglycine : A N-acylglycine that is glycine substituted on nitrogen with a phenylacetyl group.	2.17	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thioindigo [no description available]	2.04	1	0
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	benzodioxoles
1-octacosanol 1-octacosanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. octacosan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is octacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.01	1	0	fatty alcohol 28:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol	plant metabolite
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	5.21	10	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	2.08	1	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	3.21	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	4.96	4	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
1-triacontanol 1-triacontanol: constituent of Apocynum venetum leaf & Cirsium segetum. triacontan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is triacontane in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.15	1	0	fatty alcohol 30:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol
beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isovaleric acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Used as indicator of biotin deficiency.	2.1	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
n'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide N'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide: structure. N-methyl-6-pyridone-3-carboxamide : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted with a carboxamide group at C-5 and a methyl group at N-1.	2.17	1	0	methylpyridines; pyridinecarboxamide; pyridone	metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-diaminonaphthalene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
3-chloroperbenzoic acid 3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent	2.05	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; peroxy acid
morpholinopropane sulfonic acid 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.2 at 20 degreeC.	2.13	1	0	MOPS; morpholines; organosulfonic acid
2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde carrying hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.	1.97	1	0	fatty amide	geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	2.49	2	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.39	2	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.41	6	0	tocol
anthiolimine anthiolimine: structure	1.92	1	0
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	2.52	2	0
hesperetin [no description available]	5.64	6	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2	1	0
honokiol [no description available]	2.55	2	0	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	3.23	1	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.08	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	4.34	3	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
alantolactone alantolactone: allergenic sesquiterpene lactone; crystalline mixture of alantolactones from group of sesquiterpenes; structure. alantolactone : A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-octahydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-2-one bearing two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 8a as well as a methylidene substituent at position 3.	2	1	0	naphthofuran; olefinic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	3.21	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
beta-amyrin beta-amyrin: alpha-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from oleanane that differs from alpha-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 20 position; RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer. beta-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.	2.08	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; plant metabolite
dehydrocostus lactone dehydrocostus lactone : An organic heterotricyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-bis(methylene)decahydoazulen-5-yl group and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to afford the corresponding gamma-lactone.	2	1	0	gamma-lactone; guaiane sesquiterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; metabolite; trypanocidal drug
pinobanksin pinobanksin: a flavonoid from propolis; RN refers to (2R-trans)-isomer. pinobanksin : A trihydroxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 3, 5 and 7.	2.04	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trihydroxyflavanone	antimutagen; antioxidant; metabolite
dauricine dauricine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dauricine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).	3.25	1	0	aromatic ether; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines; phenols; tertiary amino compound	plant metabolite
tetracyanoquinodimethane tetracyanoquinodimethane: structure. tetracyanoquinodimethane : A quinodimethane that is p-quinodimethane in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by cyano groups.	2.07	1	0	alicyclic compound; nitrile; quinodimethane
2,2'-dipicolylamine 2,2'-dipicolylamine: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
2-vinylfuran 2-vinylfuran: has antimicrobial activity	2.07	1	0
2-naphthylisothiocyanate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
4-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzamides
2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane: methoxychlor metabolite	2.03	1	0	bisphenol
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	2.45	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
ethyl protocatechuate ethyl protocatechuate: structure. ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol. It is the anti-oxidative component of peanut seed testa.	2.1	1	0	catechols; ethyl ester	antibacterial agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
n-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3'-sulfonate N-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3'-sulfonate: reagent for rapid modification of carboxyl groups in proteins; structure	1.97	1	0
rivastigmine [no description available]	3.25	1	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	3.48	7	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone: structure in first source	2	1	0	imidazoles
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	3.65	9	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
4-phenylbutylamine 4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	3.16	1	0	benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound
hypobromous acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	bromine oxoacid
d-aspartic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aspartic acid; D-alpha-amino acid	mouse metabolite
acetaminophen sulfate ester acetaminophen sulfate ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. paracetamol sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is paracetamol in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfooxy group.	2.01	1	0	acetamides; aryl sulfate	drug metabolite
acetaminophen glucuronide acetaminophen glucuronide: acetaminophen metabolite in rats. acetaminophen O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).	2.01	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid	drug metabolite
adriamycinol doxorubicinol : A member of the class of tetracenequinones that is the major metabolite of the anthracycline doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent effective against a broad range of malignant neoplasms. It is thought to exhibit cardiotoxic properties.	2.49	2	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; aromatic ether; deoxy hexoside; p-quinones; phenols; polyol; tetracenequinones	cardiotoxic agent; drug metabolite
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.73	3	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.43	2	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	2.17	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
4-isothiocyanatobenzenesulfonate 4-isothiocyanatobenzenesulfonate: inhibitors of acid extrusion; amino-reactive agent; inhibits anion fluxes in erythrocytes; RN given refers to sulfonic acid	1.97	1	0
3',5-dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid 3',5-dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	3.12	5	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
loganin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; cyclopentapyran; enoate ester; iridoid monoterpenoid; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	4.01	14	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	3.91	12	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
hecogenin hecogenin: steroidal sapogenin which has been isolated from plants particularly from numerous Agave species; used in prep of steroidal hormones; structure; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,25R)-isomer	2.02	1	0	triterpenoid
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	6.6	5	1	hydroxyisoflavans
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	2.1	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
2-tyrosine 2-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. o-tyrosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of D- and L-o-tyrosine.. 2-hydroxyphenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 2 on the benzene ring.	6.76	3	3	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phenols; phenylalanine derivative
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.15	1	0
inermin inermin: phytoalexin produced in plants after injection with fungi; RN given refers to (cis-(+-))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (-)-maackiain : The (-)-enantiomer of maackiain.	1.96	1	0	maackiain
2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile): free radical initiator in liposome systems	2.02	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	4.03	13	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	2	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound	protein kinase agonist
deacetyldiltiazem deacetyldiltiazem: metabolite of diltiazem; RN given refers to (cis-(+-))-isomer	2.04	1	0	benzothiazepine
pyrimethanil pyrimethanil: structure in first source. pyrimethanil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6. A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.	2.17	1	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
coronatine coronatine: consists of a coronafacic acid joined by an amide bond to coronamic acid by coronafacate ligase; phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4(1R,2R),6beta,7alpha))-isomer;	2.11	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
fenpiclonil fenpiclonil : A member of the class of pyrroles carrying cyano and 2,3-dichlorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. A fungicide used mainly to control seed-borne pathogens in cereal crops.	2	1	0	dichlorobenzene; nitrile; pyrroles	antifungal agrochemical
delta-tocopherol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food antioxidant; plant metabolite
sarsasapogenin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	sapogenin
iodosobenzene iodosobenzene: oxygen donor	2.01	1	0
chalcone epoxide chalcone epoxide: activator of epoxide hydrolase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid: inhibits iron-containing nitrile hydratases	2	1	0
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	2.48	2	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
cryptopleurine cryptopleurine: plant bark alkaloid shown to inhibit protein synthesis; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure. cryptopleurine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is (14aR)-11,12,13,14,14a,15-hexahydro-9H-dibenzo[f,h]pyrido[1,2-b]isoquinoline substituted at positions 2, 3 and 6 by methoxy groups.	2.03	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; alkaloid; aromatic ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
sennidin a dihydroxydianthrone: aglycone of senna glycosides	2.1	1	0
norcantharidin norcantharidin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpds without isomeric designation	2.13	1	0	furofuran
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.47	2	0
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2.08	1	0
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.11	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	4.59	9	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
allylbenzene 2',3'-epoxide allylbenzene 2',3'-epoxide: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
hydrobenzoin hydrobenzoin: structure in first source	1.93	1	0	ethanediol
2-hydroxy-1,2-bis(methoxyphenyl)ethanone 2-hydroxy-1,2-bis(methoxyphenyl)ethanone: structure given in first source	1.92	1	0
6,7-dichloroquinoline-5,8-dione 6,7-dichloro-5,8-quinolinedione: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
canthin-6-one canthin-6-one: from Zanthoxylum usambarense; structure in first source. canthin-6-one : An indole alkaloid that is 6H-indolo[3,2,1-de][1,5]naphthyridine substituted by an oxo group at position 6.	2.21	1	0	enone; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimycobacterial drug; metabolite
1,3,4-oxadiazole 1,3,4-oxadiazole: structure in first source	2.81	3	0
1,4-phenanthrenequinone 1,4-phenanthrenequinone: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
tetrathiafulvalene tetrathiafulvalene: used in carbon paste amperometric enzyme electrode for the determination of glucose in flowing systems. tetrathiafulvalene : A member of the class of fulvalenes that is ethene substituted by 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.07	1	0	fulvalenes; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
diosgenin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
anthraglycoside b anthraglycoside B: from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc; structure in first source	2.72	3	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
nimbolide nimbolide: isolated from Nigerian medicinal plant Azadirachta indica; RN given refers to 4alpha,5alpha,6alpha,7alpha,15beta,17alpha-isomer; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
syringaresinol [no description available]	2.54	2	0	aromatic ether; furofuran; lignan; polyether; polyphenol	plant metabolite
combretastatin combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN	12.07	92	1
coumarin 6 coumarin 6: structure in first source	2.55	2	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
thiophene a thiophene A: RN not in Chemline 4/87; RN from Chem Abstracts Index Guide 1986; structure given in first source	2	1	0
obovatol obovatol: antineoplastic agent from Magnolis obovata; structure given in first source	3.16	1	0
alpha-aminopimelic acid alpha-aminopimelic acid: antagonizes glutamate-induced inhibitions of Helix neurones. 2-aminopimelic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is heptanedioic acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group. It is a component of the cell wall peptidoglycan of bacteria.	2	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	bacterial metabolite
dicentrine dicentrine: structure given in first source; RN refers to (S)-isomer	3.13	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl group at C-1 and C-2 is stearoyl.	2.52	2	0	phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion; phosphatidylethanolamine	human metabolite
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).	2.74	3	0	nitrile; phenols	estrogen receptor agonist
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	3.18	5	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.66	3	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	6.62	25	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.44	2	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	3.15	5	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	3.67	9	0	oligopeptide
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	2.05	1	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	3.21	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
u 74006f tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox	3.1	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	3.01	4	0
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	2.52	2	0
ly 117018 LY 117018: from Eli Lilly; less estrogenic & more estrogen-antagonistic than tamoxifen & trioxifene in rats & mice; LY 139478 is the HCl salt of LY 117018; LY 139478 is an estrogen agonist; structure in first source; a raloxifene analog. LY 117018 : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is raloxifene in which the piperidin-1-yl group has been replaced by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group.	1.97	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-alkylpyrrolidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: directly acting genotoxic metabolite of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine. N-hydroxy-PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, hydoxyamino, and phenyl groups, respectively. The active metabolite of the dietary carcinogen PhIP.	2.01	1	0	hydroxylamine; imidazopyridine	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; neurotoxin; rat metabolite
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.73	3	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	3.11	5	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.79	3	0
beauvericin beauvericin: 18-membered cyclodepsipeptides. beauvericin : A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.	2.53	2	0
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.11	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	1.95	1	0
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	2	1	0
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone: metabolite of butylated hydroxytoluene; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.13	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	9.75	38	1	proanthocyanidin
dihydrokainate [no description available]	2	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	2.1	1	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	2.99	4	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.06	1	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
deguelin deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; plant metabolite
1,9-dideoxyforskolin [no description available]	2.39	2	0	acetate ester; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound	plant metabolite
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.05	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
parinaric acid parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15.	1.99	1	0	octadecatetraenoic acid
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
triptolide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX	2.04	1	0
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	3.85	4	0
parthenolide [no description available]	2.97	4	0	germacranolide
benzamil [no description available]	2.11	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	3.1	1	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.76	3	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.27	6	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	5.95	12	0
prolinamide prolinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-prolinamide : The carboxamide derivative of L-proline.	2.07	1	0	amino acid amide; L-proline derivative; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
anecortave acetate anecortave acetate: derived from cortisone (11 OH replaced by 9-11 double bond)	2.44	2	0	organic molecular entity
precirol precirol: octadecanoic acid esters; 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester mixed with 3-hydroxy-2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)propyl octadienoate & 2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)-1,3-propanediol; auxiliary in tableting; alpha glycerol palmitostearate	2.13	1	0
1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol RV 538: noninactivating inhibitor of ceramide-UDPG glucosyltransferase; RN given for unspecified HCl; structure given in first source	2.47	2	0
2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone 2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone: lignan isolated from urine of humans & other mammals; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in second source	2.07	1	0	lignan
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	2.1	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
16-hydroxyestrone 16-hydroxyestrone: has implications in estrogen physiology & pathophysiology; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3670	2.07	1	0
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	2.04	1	0
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	3.9	3	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
3,4-dimethoxydalbergione 3,4-dimethoxydalbergione: substance from Brazilian rosewood substitute which causes dermatitis; RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2	1	0	ubiquinones
gastrodin gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;	3.57	2	0	glycoside
ponasterone a ponasterone A: RN given refers to (2 beta,3 beta,5 beta,22R)-isomer	2	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 6-oxo steroid; phytoecdysteroid
dihydro-dids [no description available]	5.77	29	0
1'-acetoxychavicol acetate 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate: antifungal component of Alpinia galanga; structure given in first source. 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate : An acetate ester that is chavicol acetate substituted by an acetoxy group at position 1'.	3.53	2	0	acetate ester; phenylpropanoid	antineoplastic agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
clofarabine [no description available]	3.19	5	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
hydrangenol hydrangenol: allergen; an isocoumarin. hydrangenol : A member of the class of dihydroisocoumarins that is 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8 and a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from the roots of Scorzonera judaica and exhibits anti-allergic activity.	2.41	2	0	dihydroisocoumarins; phenols	anti-allergic agent; plant metabolite
matairesinol matairesinol: lignan that is a central precursor in plants in the biosynthesis of numerous lignans (coordinate with specific); RN refers to (3R-trans)-isomer. (-)-matairesinol : A lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).	2.47	2	0	gamma-lactone; lignan; polyphenol	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-asthmatic agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
astilbin astilbin: dihydroflavonol from Kohki tea processed from Engelhardtia chrysolepis (huang-qui); astilbin is the (2R-trans)-isomer; neoisoastilbin is the (2S-cis)-isomer and is Sweetening Agents; isoastilbin is the (2R-cis)-isomer; structure in first source;. astilbin : A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.73	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; alpha-L-rhamnoside; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; tetrahydroxyflavanone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
cucurbitacins [no description available]	3.21	1	0	11-oxo steroid
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.1	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
parecoxib parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.	3.21	1	0	isoxazoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.48	2	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-n,n',n'',n'''-tetraacetate gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetate: RN refers to Na salt	2.1	1	0
sulforhodamine 101 [no description available]	2.21	1	0	organic heteroheptacyclic compound	fluorochrome
muristerone a muristerone A: a phytoecdysteroid	2	1	0
1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide methiodide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
saccharolactone saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	2.04	1	0	aldarolactone; delta-lactone
celastrol [no description available]	3.63	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
procyanidin b2 procyanidin B2 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine.	3.18	5	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite
aloe emodin anthrone aloe emodin anthrone: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	anthracenes
aromadedrin aromadedrin: inhibits protein kinase C; the dihydro makes it a flavone rather than a flavonol. (+)-dihydrokaempferol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone having hydroxy groupa at the 3-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions.	2.06	1	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroflavonols; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetrahydroxyflavanone	metabolite
phenoxy radical phenoxy radical : An organic radical generated from phenol.	2.98	4	0	organic radical
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	3.01	4	0	carbene; methanediyl
cyclopropene cyclopropene: structure. cyclopropene : A cycloalkene that consists of cyclopropane having a double bond in the ring. The parent of the class of cyclopropenes.	2.08	1	0	cycloalkene; cyclopropenes
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	4.49	22	0	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.71	3	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	4.76	9	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	3.7	9	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
rhod-2 rhod-2: calcium indicator	2.11	1	0
2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol 2,3-bis(3'-hydroxybenzyl)butane-1,4-diol: lignan isolated from urine of humans & other mammals	2.13	1	0	lignan
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	2.08	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	2.1	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
citrate phosphate dextrose citrate phosphate dextrose: anticoagulant used in blood preservation	2.17	1	0
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	4.39	4	1	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate: structure given in first source	2.89	4	0
interleukin-1beta (163-171) interleukin-1beta (163-171): nonapeptide which has in vivo immunostimulating activity	2.21	1	0
vadimezan vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.	8.64	21	0	monocarboxylic acid; xanthones	antineoplastic agent
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	2.07	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
proanthocyanidin a2 procyanidin A2: structure in first source. proanthocyanidin A2 : A proanthocyanidin obtained by the condensation of (-)-epicatechin units.	2.25	1	0	hydroxyflavan; proanthocyanidin	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-HIV agent; antioxidant; metabolite
glabridin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans	antiplasmodial drug
tetrahydrocurcumin tetrahydrocurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.	2.76	3	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; polyphenol	metabolite
glucogallin glucogallin: RN given refers to (D-glucose)-isomer	2.03	1	0
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.02	1	0
azatoxin azatoxin: structure given in first source; a topoisomerase II inhibitor	2.17	1	0
beta-ethylstyrene oxide beta-ethylstyrene oxide: reagent for measurement of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase; RN given refers to cis isomer	1.96	1	0
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethene 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethene: inhibits tubulin polymerization; RN & structure given in first source	4.82	30	0
pre 084 2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	morpholines
lavendustin c6 lavendustin C6: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	5.37	17	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
n-(5-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl)sulfonyl)-n'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea N-(5-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuryl)sulfonyl)-N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea: a second generation diarylsulfonylurea; structure given in first source	2	1	0
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	2.08	1	0
delphinidin delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.	2.51	2	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; plant metabolite
cyanidin cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.	4.97	6	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
azepinomycin azepinomycin: from Streptomyces sp. MF718-03; structure given in first source; RN given from Chem Abst Index Guide 1982-6	1.98	1	0
3-azido-2,7-naphthalene disulfonate 3-azido-2,7-naphthalene disulfonate: used as a photochemical surface label; structure	1.98	1	0
seryl-lysyl-leucine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	oligopeptide
verticine verticine: structure	2.15	1	0	alkaloid
osw 1 OSW 1: RN given for the (3beta,16beta)-isomer	2.06	1	0
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (505-511) cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (505-511): synthetic peptide deduced from the sequence corresponding to positions 505 to 511 of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator	2.01	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
alpha-conotoxin imi [no description available]	2.02	1	0
4-hydroxyclomiphene 4-hydroxyclomiphene: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
carbapenems [no description available]	2.21	1	0
marsupsin marsupsin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium; RN given for (-)-isomer. marsupsin : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one, substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a 4-hydroxybenzyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 4. Isolated from the heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium, it exhibits antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities.	1.99	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; polyphenol	antilipemic drug; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	2.47	2	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	D-xylose
combretastatin b-1 combretastatin B-1: structure in first source	4.1	4	0
hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	3.01	4	0	quinomethane
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	3.34	6	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
sperm motility inhibitor 2 [no description available]	2.1	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	3.69	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
amphethinile amphethinile: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
phyllodulcin, (r)-isomer phyllodulcin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.91	10	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
perifosine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ammonium betaine; phospholipid	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
tariquidar [no description available]	3.18	1	0	benzamides
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2.04	1	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.17	1	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
vatalanib [no description available]	2.42	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxybibenzyl 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxybibenzyl: from Cassia garrettiana; structure given in first source	2.7	3	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
centchroman Centchroman: A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties.	2.45	2	0
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2.08	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
moracin c [no description available]	3.92	11	0	benzofurans
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.05	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	4.68	27	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
bis(4-piperidinophenol)diimidonaphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid dibenzosulfoethylate ritetronium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.51	2	0
uvinul t 150 Uvinul T 150: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; no further information available 5/89	2.11	1	0
rhodioloside [no description available]	2.07	1	0	glycoside
malvidin malvidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; coloring agent from flowers of Malvaviscus conzatti. malvidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is delphinidin carrying methyl substituents at positions 3' and 5'.	4.46	6	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	biological pigment; metabolite
resiquimod S 28463: structure given in first source	2.31	1	0	imidazoquinoline
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	9.21	16	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
fidarestat fidarestat: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	3.25	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.69	3	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.73	3	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.87	4	0	carbodiimide
matteucinol matteucinol: isolated from leaves of Rhododendron simsii; structure given in first source. matteucinol : A dihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone with hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, methyl groups at positions 6 and 8 and a methoxy group at position 4'.	2.04	1	0	4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; monomethoxyflavanone	plant metabolite; radical scavenger
3,5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxystilbene [no description available]	5.58	10	0
bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate: chemiluminescence reagent	2.03	1	0
liensinine liensinine: RN given for (R-(R,R))-isomer	3.25	1	0	isoquinolines
isoflavanone isoflavanone: structure given in first source; RN from CA Index Guide. isoflavanone : Isoflavone in which the double bond between positions 2 and 3 has been reduced to a single bond.	8.58	2	0	isoflavanones
lunularic acid lunularic acid: structure given in first source	3.28	6	0	stilbenoid
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	4.04	13	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
methylselenic acid methylseleninic acid : An organoselenium compound that is seleninic acid in which the hydrogen attached to selenium is replaced by a methyl group.	2.04	1	0	one-carbon compound; organoselenium compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite
schizandrer a schizandrer A: from Fructus Schizandrae chinensis (Schisandraceae); structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
protohypericin protohypericin: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	1.97	1	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
diadenosine triphosphate [no description available]	2.1	1	0	diadenosyl triphosphate	mouse metabolite
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	1.94	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
anacardic acid anacardic acid: isolated from Anacardium occidentale; monophenol monooxygenase inhibitor. anacardic acid : A hydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by a pentadecyl group at position 6. It is a major component of cashew nut shell liquid and exhibits an extensive range of bioactivities.	3.89	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybenzoic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
peiminine peiminine: isolated from Fritillaria verticillata; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer	2.15	1	0	alkaloid
boswellic acid boswellic acid: ursane type; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; active principle of salai guggal; see also record for salai guggal	5	2	0	triterpenoid
elenolic acid elenolic acid: extract of olive plant; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha,4beta))-isomer; structure	2.01	1	0
irisflorentin irisflorentin: bioactive substance isolated from Rhizoma Belamcandae; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones
n-acetyl-n-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine: metabolite of melatonin; structure in first source	2	1	0	aromatic ketone
n,n'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(ii) N,N'-bis(salicylideneamino)ethane-manganese(II): structure given in first source	3.13	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.97	4	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	5.12	42	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.37	2	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	9.1	14	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	4.5	22	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	3.85	3	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	3.87	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
ly 353381 LY 353381: structure in first source	3.51	2	0
limonin [no description available]	3.21	1	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel monoxide [no description available]	2.21	1	0
lunularin lunularin: first source misnames compound; structure in first source	4.86	7	1	stilbenoid
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	3.59	2	0	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
moracin m moracin M: has been isolated from Morus alba L.; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	benzofurans
dihydroresveratrol dihydroresveratrol: structure in first source. dihydroresveratrol : A stilbenol that is 1,1'-ethane-1,2-diyldibenzene with hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 4'.	7.68	24	2	stilbenol	plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	4.82	7	1	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
loureirin b loureirin B: component of dragon's blood resin	2.51	2	0
24-norursodeoxycholic acid 24-norursodeoxycholic acid: structure given in first source	3.23	1	0
hexestrol diphosphate [no description available]	1.93	1	0
4-azobenzenetrimethylammonium p-azophenyltrimethylammonium : An azobenzene derivative carrying two para-trimethylammonium substituents.	2.21	1	0
1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl)carbodiimide 1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl)carbodiimide: inhibits phosphate transport in human erythrocytes	1.96	1	0
cucurbit(6)uril cucurbit(6)uril: a macrocyclic cavitand comprising six GLYCOLURIL units; can be used for creating ROTAXANES. cucurbituril : A macrocycle consisting of repeating 2,5-dioxodihydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-1,3,4,6-tetrayl (glycoluril) units linked by methylene groups. The number of glycoluril units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in cucurbit[n]uril name.	2.31	1	0
n-(3-pyridylmethyl)adriamycin [no description available]	2.13	1	0
n-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea: induces dysplasia and premalignant lesions	2.25	1	0
4-n-butylresorcinol 4-n-butylresorcinol: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	resorcinols
famoxadone famoxadone: strobilurin analogue; structure in first source. famoxadone : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-famoxadone. It prevents spore germination and mycelial growth of sensitive fungi, and is used in agriculture for the control of various fungal diseases. Only the (S)- enantiomer is active.. 5-methyl-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-3-(phenylamino)-1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenylamino group and the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by methyl and 4-phenoxyphenyl groups.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; carbohydrazide; oxazolidinone
sorafenib [no description available]	3.08	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
batabulin batabulin: disrupts microtubule polymerization by binding certain beta-tubulin isotypes; effective against some multidrug-resistant tumors; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
lasofoxifene Lasofoxifene: structure in first source. lasofoxifene : A member of the class of tetralins that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 6 are replaced by 4-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl and phenyl groups, respectively (the 5R,6S-stereoisomer). It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator indicated for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.	3.11	1	0	aromatic ether; N-alkylpyrrolidine; naphthols; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; estrogen receptor agonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	2.15	1	0	isoquinolines
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	3.82	3	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.46	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	3.33	7	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androstane-3,17-dione, (5alpha)-isomer androstane-3,17-dione: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. androstane-3,17-dione : An androstanoid that is androstane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17.. 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3,17-dione.	1.99	1	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; androstane-3,17-dione	mouse metabolite
cholesterol alpha-oxide cholesterol alpha-oxide: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha,6alpha)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0	3beta-hydroxy steroid; epoxy steroid; oxysterol
gossypol acetic acid [no description available]	3.15	1	0
ferrocene dicarboxylic acid ferrocene dicarboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	4.27	17	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
lanosterol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	11.64	213	2
lupeol [no description available]	4.96	4	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
4,4'-bis(2-di(2-hydroxyethyl)amino-4-(3-sulphophenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine-6-ylamino)stilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid 2,5-bis(5-tert-butylbenzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene: a fluorescent brightener, as well as a photoinitiator of polymerization; structure in first source	1.97	1	0
wortmannin [no description available]	4.4	20	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	3.25	1	0
o-iodoxybenzoic acid o-iodoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 1-hydroxy-1,3-dioxobenziodoxole : A benziodoxole compound having hydroxy and oxo substituents at the 1-position and an oxo substituent at the 3-position. It is a mild and efficient hypervalent iodine synthetic reagent used to carry out several selective oxidation reactions.	2.05	1	0	benziodoxole	EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; oxidising agent
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	2.81	3	0
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	2	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib [no description available]	8.43	12	1	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.04	1	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
mrs 1191 MRS 1191: a selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	cinnamate ester
aglafoline aglafoline: a platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source; isolated from Aglaia elliptifolia. aglafolin : A heterotricyclic compound based on a 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan framework substituted by hydroxy groups at positions C-1 and C-8b, a methoxycarbonyl group at C-2, a phenyl group at C-3, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at C-3a and methoxy groups at C-6 and C-8. A platelet aggregation inhibitor found in Aglaia elliptifolia and Aglaia odorata.	3.41	1	0	methyl ester; organic heterotricyclic compound	metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nortrachelogenin nortrachelogenin: pharmacologically active lignan from Wikstroemia indica; RN & N1 from 9th CI; RN refers to (3S-cis)-isomer; structure in first source	2.47	2	0	lignan
5f-203 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
bardoxolone methyl methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source	3.19	1	0	cyclohexenones
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.73	3	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	5.08	7	0
carboplatin [no description available]	7.59	9	4
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.03	1	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
schisanhenol schisanhenol: a dibenzyl cyclooctane from kernels of Schisandra rubriflora; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
chalcomoracin chalcomoracin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	benzofurans
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2.05	1	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	5	12	0
sorbose sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.	2.08	1	0	L-sorbose; sorbopyranose
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.17	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	1.96	1	0	D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.21	1	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	2.68	3	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	2.05	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	2.51	2	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	3.94	2	1	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.77	3	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	5.6	22	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	6.98	14	2
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	4.63	6	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	2.86	3	0
pantetheine Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.	2.07	1	0	pantetheines; thiol	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-dehydrocholesterol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid; Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	2.73	3	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	4.1	16	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
salicin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; aryl beta-D-glucoside; benzyl alcohols	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	3.4	6	0	taxifolin	metabolite
xylobiose xylobiose: RN given refers to D-xylose. xylobiose : A glycosylxylose that is D-xylopyranose having a beta-D-xylopyranosyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic bond.	2.13	1	0	glycosylxylose	bacterial metabolite
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.05	1	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	2	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
nicotinamide-beta-riboside N-ribosylnicotinamide : A pyridine nucleoside consisting of nicotinamide with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.	6.59	5	2	N-glycosylnicotinamide; pyridine nucleoside	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-o-methyl-myo-inositol 1D-5-O-methyl-myo-inositol : A member of the class of methyl myo-inositols that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 (the 1R,2S,3r,4R,5S,6r-stereoisomer).	2.08	1	0	cyclohexanols
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.26	6	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.02	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	2.71	3	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
eriodictyol eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.48	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone
pelargonidin pelargonidin: influences flower phenotype. pelargonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'.	2.53	2	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	plant metabolite
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	4.25	4	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.96	4	0	cellotriose
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	1.94	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2.57	2	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	2.13	1	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	3.12	1	0
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.13	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
terconazole terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.	2.62	3	0	1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	1.95	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
indican [no description available]	2.1	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2.48	2	0
peonidin peonidin: a COX-2 inhibitor with protein kinase inhibitory and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; RN given for chloride salt. peonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium bearing four hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 4', 5 and 7 as well as a methoxy substituent at position 3'.	2.31	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
notoginsenoside r1 notoginsenoside R1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.15	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
phorbol phorbol: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9b beta))-isomer; synonym isophorbol refers to (4a alpha)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7143. phorbol : A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.	2.08	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
stevioside stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.	2.08	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; diterpene glycoside; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sweetening agent
lubimin lubimin: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(S*),6beta,8beta,10beta))-isomer. lubimin : A vetispirane sesquiterpenoid that consists of (2R,5S,6S,8S,10R)-8-hydroxy-10-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)spiro[4.5]decane bearing a formyl substituent at position 6.	1.96	1	0	vetispirane sesquiterpenoid	antifungal agent; phytoalexin
genipin [no description available]	2.47	2	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	2.75	3	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	3.87	11	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
vicenin ii vicenin: isolated from the leaves of the Indian plant Ocimum sanctum were tested for their radioprotective effect in mice. isovitexin 8-C-beta-glucoside : A C-glycosyl compound that is isovitexin in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	2.02	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite
lusianthridin lusianthridin: from rhizome of Arundina graminifolia	2.15	1	0	dihydrophenanthrene
chrysophanol 8-o-glucoside chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside: has anti-hepatitis B virus activity; also has antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities; isolated from Rheum palmatum. chrysophanol 8-O-beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside in which the aglycone species is chrysophanol, the glycosidic linkage being to the hydroxy group at C-8.	2	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monohydroxyanthraquinone
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	6.41	6	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.54	2	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	10.74	51	0
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	2.36	2	0
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	5.05	16	0	tripeptide
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.49	2	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
epiafzelechin epiafzelechin: antioxidant; 3'-deoxy form of epicatechin; structure in first source. (-)-epiafzelechin : A catechin derivative having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.31	1	0	catechin	plant metabolite
malvidin-3-glucoside malvidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : An anthocyanin cation consisting of malvidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.	2.95	4	0	anthocyanin cation; aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside	metabolite
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	1.93	1	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
tibolone tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.	2.71	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	bone density conservation agent; hormone agonist
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	7.42	41	1	cyclodextrin
7-ketolithocholic acid 7-ketolithocholic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer. 7-oxolithocholic acid : A bile acid that is lithocholic acid carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 7.	2.1	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	4.2	3	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	3.89	11	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	5.57	8	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.99	4	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	6.31	27	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
aurovertin b [no description available]	2.04	1	0
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	5.54	22	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	3.28	6	0	cyclodextrin
prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.	1.99	1	0	olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	29.4	7,420	165	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	7.22	12	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.05	4	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	2.01	1	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
farnesyl pyrophosphate farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.	2.47	2	0	farnesyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	6.17	23	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	3.78	10	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
geranyl pyrophosphate geranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E)-isomer. geranyl diphosphate : The diphosphate of the polyprenol compound geraniol.	2.17	1	0	polyprenyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.98	4	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	4.31	5	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.53	8	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
lycopene [no description available]	10.53	23	1	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.46	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.47	2	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	2.58	2	0	enal
obeticholic acid obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.	2.11	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	farnesoid X receptor agonist; hepatoprotective agent
stigmatellin stigmatellin: isolated from myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca; structure in first source. stigmatellin A : A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.	4.35	6	0	aromatic ether; chromones; olefinic compound; phenols	bacterial metabolite; quinol oxidation site inhibitor
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	3.2	5	0
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.81	3	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	2.02	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.97	4	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	9.82	74	1	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	3.14	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
roflumilast [no description available]	4.33	2	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.96	4	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
gs 4071 GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.	2.17	1	0	acetate ester; amino acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	4.08	15	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	3.2	5	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	1.97	1	0	oligopeptide
decitabine [no description available]	3.32	6	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
pantethine pantethine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. pantethine : An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.	2.07	1	0	organic disulfide	coenzyme; nutraceutical
steviol steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.41	1	0	bridged compound; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid; tertiary allylic alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.97	4	0
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.43	2	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
laminaran laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan	2.03	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.6	9	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.92	4	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	2.43	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	2.05	1	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.48	2	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	5.08	7	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.08	1	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
schizandrin schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name	2.1	1	0
l 743,872 [no description available]	2.58	2	0
cinnamtannin b-1 cinnamtannin B-1: COX2 Inhibitor from bay wood and bark of Cinnamomum cassia; structure in second source. cinnamtannin B-1 : A proanthocyanidin found in Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum.	2.11	1	0	proanthocyanidin	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.11	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
8-prenylnaringenin 8-prenylnaringenin: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. sophoraflavanone B : A trihydroxyflavanone that is (S)-naringenin having a prenyl group at position 8.	2.04	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; trihydroxyflavanone	plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cmx 001 [no description available]	3.21	1	0
pallidol pallidol: isolated from Ciccus pallida; structure in first source. pallidol : A tetracyclic stilbenoid that is a homodimer obtained by cyclodimerisation of resveratrol.	3.47	7	0	carbopolycyclic compound; polyphenol; stilbenoid	antifungal agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
kobophenol a kobophenol A: structure in first source	3.67	9	0
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	3.21	1	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.93	4	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.72	3	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.79	3	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
vinyl sulfonamide vinyl sulfonamide: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
trichloromethylperoxy radical [no description available]	2	1	0
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.49	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
diphenylbutadiene diphenylbutadiene: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
4-phenylcoumarin 4-phenylcoumarin: structure given in first source. 4-phenylcoumarin : The simplest member of the class of neoflavones that is coumarin substituted by a phenyl group at position 4.	2.03	1	0	neoflavones
rhapontin rhapontin: constituent of rhubarb rhizome	6.29	46	0	rhaponticin	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.48	2	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	3.8	10	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
geraniol [no description available]	2.17	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	8	84	0
benzylideneacetone benzylideneacetone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1153. trans-benzylideneacetone : The trans-isomer of benzylideneacetone. It acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) of insects like diamond back moth.. benzylideneacetone : An enone in which a phenyl ring is attached to the beta-carbon atom of but-3-en-2-one. Although both cis- and trans-isomers are possible for the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone, only the trans-isomer is observed.	2.4	2	0	benzylideneacetone	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	11.61	27	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	2.25	1	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.93	35	0	isomethyleugenol
isosafrole isosafrole: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	benzodioxoles
piplartine piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	cinnamamides; dicarboximide
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	9.67	13	3	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.75	3	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-hydroxychalcone 2'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2'.	2.05	1	0	chalcones; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
coumestan coumestan: structure in first source. coumestan : A member of the class of coumestans that is 6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene substituted by an oxo group at position 6.	3.57	2	0	coumestans; delta-lactone	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.42	2	0
curvularin curvularin: from Penicillium Baradicum Baghdadi; structure	3.08	1	0
xanthohumol xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.	5.08	7	0	aromatic ether; chalcones; polyphenol	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
4-dimethylaminostilbene 4-dimethylaminostilbene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4.25	19	0
dibenzylidene acetone dibenzylidene acetone: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
alpha-cyanocinnamate alpha-cyanocinnamate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.01	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
schweinfurthin a schweinfurthin A: a geranyl stilbene from plant Macaranga schweinfurthii; structure in first source	3.15	5	0
schweinfurthin b schweinfurthin B: a geranyl stilbene from plant Macaranga schweinfurthii; structure in first source	3.65	9	0
vedelianin vedelianin: Cytotoxic; from Macaranga tanarius; structure in first source. vedelianin : A stilbenoid derivative isolated from Macaranga alnifolia and Macaranga alnifolia and has been shown to exhibit cytotoxic activity.	2.9	3	0	cyclic ether; organic heterotricyclic compound; resorcinols; stilbenoid	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.35	2	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
n-acetylneuraminoyllactose [no description available]	2.06	1	0
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	3.06	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	4.96	11	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2.37	2	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	11.23	38	4	diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	2.1	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.74	3	0	benzamides
amygdalin [no description available]	3.51	1	0
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.52	2	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine [no description available]	3.17	5	0	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.41	2	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	3.51	1	0
r 59949 R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor	2.07	1	0	diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	10.09	85	0
dienestrol Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	5.05	14	0
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2.05	1	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	14.77	462	2	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
3',4'-dimethoxyflavone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	6.69	26	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
4-methoxycinnamic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	cinnamic acids
ethyl ferulate ethyl ferulate: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
4-acetylaminostilbene 4-acetylaminostilbene: RN given refers to non-specified isomer	6.18	26	0
n-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide: Cardioprotective Agent; a small-molecule activator of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 that reduces ischemic damage to the heart	2.1	1	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin: a substrate for CYP3A4	2	1	0
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.06	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	1.96	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	16.62	242	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
3-chloro-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-(4-morpholinyl)-1h-pyrrole-2,5-dione 3-chloro-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-(4-morpholinyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: an inhibitor of RAD51 that disrupts homologous recombination in human cells; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
ucf 101 UCF 101: an Omi/HtrA2 inhibitor with cardioprotective activity; structure in first source	2.45	2	0
nootkatone nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).	2.17	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; enone; sesquiterpenoid	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
4-aminostilbene 4-aminostilbene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	8.67	10	0
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	8.64	24	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	10.07	107	2
terbinafine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
aurapten aurapten: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. auraptene : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties.	3.53	2	0	coumarins; monoterpenoid	antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; dopaminergic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; gamma-secretase modulator; gastrointestinal drug; hepatoprotective agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; PPARalpha agonist; vulnerary
3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone: a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.44	2	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	4.17	15	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	2.79	3	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.01	4	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	3.85	3	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	8.03	36	1	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
potassium oxonate potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice	2.83	3	0	organic molecular entity
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.13	1	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.54	2	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	2.21	1	0
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	2.1	1	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.31	1	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	12.1	133	7	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.06	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nadp [no description available]	4.44	22	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	5.56	65	0
nap taurine NAP taurine: photochemical labelling reagent for erythrocyte membrane; structure	3.06	5	0
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester [no description available]	2.05	1	0
t 0070907 T 0070907: a PPARgamma antagonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole 2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole: an amyloid imaging agent; structure in first source	7.87	12	2
sirtinol [no description available]	6.57	23	0	aldimine; benzamides; naphthols	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
oreoselone oreoselone: Coumarins from the aerial part of Halocnemum strobilaceum; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
monastrol monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.	2.05	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; phenols; racemate; thioureas	antileishmanial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	7.67	3	0	macrolide
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	2.15	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	3.67	10	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
dimethylstilbestrol dimethylstilbestrol: stilbene derivative with anti-estrogenic & anti-fertility activities; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search STILBENES (75-85); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.2	6	0	stilbenoid
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	5.35	7	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.07	14	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	3.44	7	0
5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole: inhibits oxidant-induced reduction of cytochrome b	2.4	2	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	4.74	5	0	alkali metal atom
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.15	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3	4	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	2.54	2	0	nitrogen oxide
nitromifene Nitromifene: A non-steroidal estrogen antagonist (as the 1:1 citrate) most commonly used as a research tool in animal studies.	3.06	5	0
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	2.51	2	0
broparoestrol broparoestrol: non-steroid compound with estrogenic activity; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym LN 2299 refers to (cis)-isomer; LN 1643 refers to (trans)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1451	3.22	6	0
adrafinil [no description available]	2.15	1	0	diarylmethane
droloxifene [no description available]	2.01	1	0	stilbenoid
monooctanoin monooctanoin: dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones; RN in Chemline for octanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, MF unknown: 11140-04-8; RN for octanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1-monooctanoin): 502-54-5; RN in 9th CI Form Index for (+-)-1-monooctanoin: 19670-49-6. rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-octanoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-octanoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monooctanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has octanoyl as the acyl group.	2.1	1	0	1-monoglyceride; octanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
tamoxifen n-oxide tamoxifen N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the amino group of tamoxifen.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; tertiary amine oxide	anti-estrogen; metabolite
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	3.51	1	1	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene idoxifene: structure given in first source	4.2	5	0	stilbenoid
quinine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.47	2	0
methyl radical [no description available]	2.15	1	0	organic radical
tat 59 TAT 59: structure given in first source	2	1	0	aryl phosphate
ro 19-8022 Ro 19-8022: structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
e 7010 E 7010: inhibits tubulin polymerization; structure given in first source	4.05	4	0	sulfonamide
ci 628m [no description available]	3.47	8	0
glutathione glycylethyl ester [no description available]	2.06	1	0
3,3'-dihydroxy-alpha,beta-diethylstilbene 3,3'-dihydroxy-alpha,beta-diethylstilbene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
desdimethyltamoxifen N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	stilbenoid
cystine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	2.53	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
oxalylglycine oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.	2.06	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
pelargonidin-3-glucoside pelargonidin-3-glucoside: structure given in first source; RN given for chloride salt; RN for parent cpd not available 1/93. pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside chloride : A member of the class of anthocyanin chlorides that has pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside as the cationic counterpart.	2.11	1	0	anthocyanin chlorides
sr 144528 SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).	2.13	1	0	bridged compound; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles; secondary carboxamide	CB2 receptor antagonist; EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	3.19	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.76	3	0
sanorg 34006 idraparinux: a synthetic analogue of the pentasaccharide sequence in heparins	2.01	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.92	4	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.84	3	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
gigantol gigantol: structure in first source	3.15	5	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	5.9	7	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	2.02	1	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
cambinol cambinol: inhibitor of human silent information regulator 2 enzymes; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	4.31	18	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	3.26	6	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	2.01	1	0
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.94	4	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	2.05	1	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
flavan-3-ol flavan-3-ol: structure in first source	5.34	16	0	hydroxyflavonoid
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.53	2	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.76	11	0
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	7.31	1	0	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	3.55	9	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.84	11	0
d 609 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
5-methoxycarbonylamino-n-acetyltryptamine 5-methoxycarbonylamino-N-acetyltryptamine: an mt1/MT2 receptor agonist	2.05	1	0	acetamides
iododiflunisal iododiflunisal: an amyloid inhibitor; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	5.08	12	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	1.99	1	0
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	2.05	1	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	3.43	7	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.77	3	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	4.91	32	0	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
tetrathiomolybdate tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure	2.1	1	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2.44	2	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
ganhuangenin ganhuangenin: flavonoid from Scutellaria rehderiana; lipid peroxide antagonist	2.08	1	0
resveratrol-4'-o-glucuronide resveratrol-4'-O-glucuronide: structure in first source	7.94	24	2	glycoside; stilbenoid
isoliensinine isoliensinine: isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine lotus plumule; structure in first source	3.25	1	0	isoquinolines
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	4.7	8	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	15.54	259	3	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	3.53	8	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	8.06	67	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	3.91	12	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.73	3	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
leukotriene a4 Leukotriene A4: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta(1E,3E,5Z,8Z)))-3-(1,3,5,8-Tetradecatetraenyl)oxiranebutanoic acid. An unstable allylic epoxide, formed from the immediate precursor 5-HPETE via the stereospecific removal of a proton at C-10 and dehydration. Its biological actions are determined primarily by its metabolites, i.e., LEUKOTRIENE B4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Alternatively, leukotriene A4 is converted into LEUKOTRIENE C4 by glutathione-S-transferase or into 5,6-di-HETE by the epoxide-hydrolase. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene A4 : A leukotriene that is the (5S,6S)-epoxy derivative of (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid.	2.37	2	0	epoxy fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid; oxylipin; polyunsaturated fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
sterigmatocystin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	sterigmatocystins	metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	2.01	1	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	6.53	24	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	3.67	9	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.68	9	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
maleamic acid maleamic acid: structure. maleamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide of maleamic acid.	2.11	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid monoamide	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	3.55	8	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
pinosylvin pinosylvin: phytoalexin found in pine and eucalyptus	6.75	71	0	pinosylvin
quercitrin [no description available]	3.57	2	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	4.85	6	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	6.07	9	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.41	2	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	3.62	9	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	3.85	4	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	3.16	5	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
coniferaldehyde coniferaldehyde: from aqueous extract of Senra incana. coniferyl aldehyde : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	3.51	1	0	cinnamaldehydes; guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.99	4	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	2.39	2	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
furylfuramide Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.	1.99	1	0	acrylamides; C-nitro compound; nitrofuran antibiotic; primary carboxamide
15-ketoprostaglandin e 15-ketoprostaglandin E: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd(11alpha,13E)-isomer	1.99	1	0	prostaglandins E
alprostadil [no description available]	2.4	2	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	2.66	3	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	2.11	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.52	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	7.27	9	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	7.27	32	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	5.91	18	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
prostaglandin g2 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	prostaglandins G	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2.71	3	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	2.05	1	0	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	3.23	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	3.66	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
genistein [no description available]	11.4	117	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.67	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.46	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	2.25	1	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	3.59	8	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
butein [no description available]	2.43	2	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; radiosensitizing agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	4.4	3	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
fucoxanthin fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.	4.14	2	0
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	4.11	4	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
cucurbitacin b [no description available]	3.13	1	0	cucurbitacin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	2.72	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	2.94	4	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	2.1	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.17	1	0	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	2.01	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
garcinol garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi	4.55	5	0
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	5.16	8	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
amentoflavone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalein [no description available]	4.57	7	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	4.75	9	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
fisetin [no description available]	4.63	8	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	2.73	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.52	2	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	2.46	2	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	5.33	3	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	2.13	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
kuwanon g kuwanon G: a non-peptide bombesin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (1S-(1alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer; structure given in first source. kuwanone G : A tetrahydroxyflavone isolated from the root barks of Morus alba and has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.	2.79	3	0	resorcinols; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.78	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
morusin morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.	2.85	3	0	extended flavonoid; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
myricetin [no description available]	5.09	13	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.15	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	3.88	3	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	6.13	16	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
astringin astringin: structure in first source. trans-astringin : A stilbenoid that is piceatannol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	4.23	16	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; polyphenol; stilbenoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
isorhapontin isorhapontin: from spruce (Picea); structure in first source	8.16	5	0	glycoside; stilbenoid
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol	8.75	127	1	stilbenoid
pterostilbene [no description available]	17.39	466	7	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
epsilon-viniferin epsilon-viniferin: stilbene dimer; isolated from the Oriental medicinal plant Vitis coignetiae; structure given in first source. (-)-trans-epsilon-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (-)-trans-stereoisomer of epsilon-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.	8.76	77	1	1-benzofurans; polyphenol; stilbenoid	metabolite
5-o-caffeoylshikimic acid 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid: from bracken fern, Pteridium aquilinum; structure given in first source. 5-[(E)-caffeoyl]shikimic acid : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (E)-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of shikimic acid.	2.08	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; catechols; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	4.56	7	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	3.61	2	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
shogaol shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source	2.5	2	0	enone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	3.15	5	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
tectorigenin tectorigenin: tectoridin is glycosylated form. tectorigenin : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' respectively.	2	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones; methoxyisoflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	3.57	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	7.06	19	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	7.79	11	2	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
curacin a curacin A: RN refers to curacin A (the Z,E,E-isomer), the major lipid component of a strain of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula; structure given in first source	3.51	2	0	thiazoles
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.07	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	2	1	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
4',7-dihydroxyflavone 4',7-dihydroxyflavone: inducer of nod gene. 4',7-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.	2.43	2	0	dihydroxyflavone	metabolite
geranylgeranylacetone geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).	3.12	1	0
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	8.14	191	0	stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	7.32	138	0	4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	3.3	6	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
4-hydroxyestradiol 4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.	2.07	1	0	4-hydroxy steroid	metabolite
4,4'-dihydroxystilbene [no description available]	4.2	16	0	stilbene-4,4'-diol
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.05	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.05	1	0
fondaparinux Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.	2.01	1	0	amino sugar; oligosaccharide sulfate; pentasaccharide derivative	anticoagulant
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.	1.99	1	0	ketone; prostaglandins Falpha	metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	3.49	8	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	2.05	1	0	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.07	14	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	2.79	3	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	3.47	7	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
amsonic acid amsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.33	6	0
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.25	1	0	hydrochloride
beta-nitrostyrene beta-nitrostyrene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0
3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure	1.99	1	0	pyridoindole
4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0	cinnamaldehydes
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	2.64	3	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	3.18	1	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethisterone Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.	1.95	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	drug metabolite; progestin
hydroxystilbamidine hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	4.33	21	0
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	3.21	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.46	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	9.54	50	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	3.19	1	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
4,4'-diaminostilbene [no description available]	3.27	6	0
4-hydroxystilbene 4-hydroxystilbene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. stilben-4-ol : A phenol having the structure of stilbene with a hydroxy function at C-4 of one of the phenyl rings; the stereochemistry across the alkene bond is not specified.	8.73	10	0	stilben-4-ol
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.66	2	0	cyclodextrin
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	3.13	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
gw 5638 3-(4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenyl)acrylic acid: exhibits estrogen agonist activity in bone and estrogen antagonist activity in uterus; structure in first source	5.7	15	0
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	3.41	7	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
3-methoxy-2-(2-styrylphenyl)propenic acid methyl ester 3-methoxy-2-(2-styrylphenyl)propenic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source; fluorescence inhibitor	5.17	15	0
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid 4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).	1.98	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor agonist; teratogenic agent
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	2.69	3	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.46	2	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	3.29	6	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.	2.51	2	0	carboxylic ester; difluorobenzene; dipeptide; tert-butyl ester	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	3.25	6	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	2.07	1	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
su 6656 SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.	2.05	1	0
12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid: metabolite of arachidonic acid in blood platelet suspension; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.38	2	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; trienoic fatty acid	metabolite
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.11	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	2.02	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
desoxyrhaponticin [no description available]	3.29	6	0	glycoside; stilbenoid
3,5-dimethoxy-trans-stilbene 3,5-dimethoxystilbene: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	stilbenoid
glycitein glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.	2.43	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavone; methoxyisoflavone	fungal metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
quadrangularin a quadrangularin A: structure in first source. quadrangularin A : An indane-derived stilbenoid that is a homodimer obtained by cyclodimerisation of resveratrol.	2.52	2	0	indanes; polyphenol; stilbenoid	antioxidant; plant metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	2.79	3	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isorhapontigenin isorhapontigenin: isolated from the seeds of Aiphanes aculeata Willd. (Arecaceae); structure in first source	6.42	49	0	stilbenoid
kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside: isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plants of Diodia teres through repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography; structure in first source. kaempferol-3-rutinoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Solanum campaniforme.	2.17	1	0	disaccharide derivative; kaempferol O-glucoside; rutinoside; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
icariin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	3.55	2	0	butenolide	metabolite
loureirin a loureirin A: a biologically active component of longxuejie, prepared from Dracaena cochinchinensis; structure in first source	2.51	2	0
marchantin c marchantin C: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic from liverwort Marchantia paleacea; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
rhapontigenin rhapontigenin: structure in first source	11.33	27	0	stilbenoid
(E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: Tyrosinase inhibitor from Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source. (E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside : A stilbenoid that is trans-stilbene which has been substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 5, and 4', and in which the hydroxy group at positon 2 has then been converted to the corresponding the beta-D-glucoside.	4.65	7	0	beta-D-glucoside; resorcinols; stilbenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
thunberginol a thunberginol A: isolated from Hydrangeae dulcis folium; structure given in first source	2	1	0
3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene-4'-o-glucoside trans-resveratrol-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.94	4	0
ag-490 [no description available]	3.56	8	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.43	2	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
su 11248 [no description available]	3.05	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	19.12	545	21
stilbamidine stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	5.19	51	0
hemiasterlin hemiasterlin: structure in first source	2.77	3	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	3.7	9	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
sulindac sulfide sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2.05	1	0
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
6,7-dihydroxyflavone 6,7-dihydroxyflavone: intensifies effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.44	2	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate: structure given in first source. 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester : A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid.	1.98	1	0	cinnamate ester; hydroquinones; methyl ester	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
indanocine indanocine: a microtubule-binding indanone with antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	2.04	1	0	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
psi-tectorigenin psi-tectorigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Streptomyces	1.98	1	0
2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene 2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene: potent inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 1B1; an antihypertensive agent; structure in first source	4.46	21	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	3.16	5	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	4.64	9	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.34	2	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.68	3	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin: possess strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activities; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2.35	2	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	4.66	6	1	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	7.15	1	0	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	7.57	23	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.08	1	0	boron group element atom
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.05	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
dextrorphan Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.	2.05	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	1.95	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.13	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	3.28	6	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
glyceryl behenate 1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.	2.58	2	0	1-monoglyceride; fatty acid ester	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
ethyl oleate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite
costunolide [no description available]	2	1	0
plastoquinone [no description available]	3.15	1	0	plastoquinone
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.13	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
urolithin b urolithin B: has antiproliferative activity; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	coumarins
menisdaurin menisdaurin: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
4,3',5'-tri-o-methylpiceatannol [no description available]	2	1	0
3,3',4,5'-tetramethoxy-trans-stilbene (E)-3,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene: from the leaves of Eugenia rigida; structure in first source	2.74	3	0
3,4',5-trimethoxystilbene 3,4',5-trimethoxystilbene: structure in first source	6.12	37	0
dmu-212 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
miyabenol c miyabenol C: isolated from Vitis thunbergii; structure in first source	3.35	6	0	benzofurans
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethene [no description available]	2.49	2	0
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	2.51	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
scirpusin a scirpusin A: from the rhizome of Scirpus fluviatilis and Xinjiang wine grape; structure in first soource	3.01	4	0
nsc 600032 combretastatin A-1: from Combretum caffrum; structure given in first source	7.02	23	1
scirpusin b scirpusin B: structure in first source	4.29	5	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	3.44	7	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.92	4	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxyribose [no description available]	2.44	2	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	3.59	2	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	2.38	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
4-mercuribenzoate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	mercuribenzoate
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	4.86	33	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	2.07	1	0	thyronine
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.96	4	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	3.11	5	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.7	3	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
hexanitrostilbene hexanitrostilbene: structure in first source	2.99	4	0
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	3.94	12	0
bakuchiol bakuchiol: chief component of Psoralea corylifolia Linn; structure	2.48	2	0
demethoxycurcumin demethoxycurcumin: corresponds to curcumin with one methoxy group replaced by hydrogen; isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa. demethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior.	3.58	2	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
n-linolenoyl-l-glutamine N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine: an elicitor of plant volatiles, by membrane-associated enzyme(s) in Manduca sexta	2.07	1	0
zerumbone zerumbone: RN given for (E,E,E)-isomer; structure in first source. zerumbone : A sesquiterpenoid and cyclic ketone that is (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene which is substituted by an oxo group at the carbon atom attached to two double bonds. It is obtained by steam distillation from a type of edible ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith, grown particularly in southeast Asia.	3.53	2	0	cyclic ketone; sesquiterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor; plant metabolite
7-epiclusianone 7-epiclusianone: from Rheedia gardneriana; structure in first source. 7-epiclusianone : An enone that is a tetraprenyl benzophenone derivative isolated from Rheedia gardneriana and Garcinia brasiliensis. It exhibits anti-allergic, antibacterial, trypanocidal and vasodilating activities.	3.41	1	0
pinostilbene pinostilbene: structure in first source. 3-methoxy-4',5-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol in which one of the meta-hydroxy groups is converted to the corresponding methyl ether.	4.63	23	0	stilbenol
thunberginol b thunberginol B: isolated from Hydrangeae dulcis folium; structure given in first source	2	1	0
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.	2.01	1	0	amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor
artonin e artonin E: structure given in first source; isolated from the bark of Artocarpus communis Forst.	2.11	1	0
monodehydroascorbate semidehydroascorbic acid: structure	2.1	1	0	organic radical	mouse metabolite
morphine-3-glucuronide morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	1.96	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
sinigrin sinigrin: glucosinate in mustard seeds etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd. sinigrin : An alkenylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 4-[(sulfooxy)imino]but-1-en-4-yl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	3.25	1	0	alkenylglucosinolic acid
3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine 3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine: potent inhibitor of endogenous respiration of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; RN given refers to iodide; RN for parent cpd not in Chemline 10/24/83; structure	1.96	1	0
3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one: metabolite of ellagic acid	2.49	2	0	coumarins	geroprotector
6-mercapto-7-methylguanosine 6-mercapto-7-methylguanosine: structure given in first source	2.41	1	0
gedunin gedunin: isolated from neem (Azadirachta indica); structure in first source. gedunin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid natural product found particularly in Azadirachta indica and Cedrela odorata.	2.01	1	0	limonoid
bafilomycin a [no description available]	2.11	1	0
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	3.34	6	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
n-caproylsphingosine N-(hexanoyl)sphing-4-enine : An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.	1.99	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine 3,3'-dihexyl-2,2'-oxacarbocyanine: a fluorescent probe	2.11	1	0
benzoylamido-4'-aminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate [no description available]	4.23	18	0
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.56	8	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
4,4'-dibenzamido-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-dibenzamido-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: anion transport inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.86	11	0
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	3.01	4	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
syntide-2 syntide-2: amino acid sequence given in first source	2	1	0
quercetin-3'-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside quercetin 3'-O-glucoside: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
tinopal Tinopal: fluorescent whitening agents or optical brightners; used in detergents; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.38	2	0
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	2.15	1	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
4-hydroxylonchocarpin 4-hydroxylonchocarpin: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	2	1	0
5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,4-pentadienal [no description available]	1.99	1	0
st 638 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.04	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
c.i. fluorescent brightening agent 28 4,4'-bis({4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino)stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid : An organosulfonic acid comprising stilbene having 4-anilino-6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl}amino groups at the 4 and 4'-positions and sulfo groups at the 2- and 2'-positions.	2.67	3	0
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	7.42	154	0
3,5-dihydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene 4'-methoxyresveratrol: has anti-inflammatory effects in cell culture model	4.07	14	0
coomassie brilliant blue [no description available]	2.51	2	0
saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.93	4	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
quercetin-3-o-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside: from Rhododendron ovatum Planch; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	8.56	14	2	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.55	2	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
polonium Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).	1.94	1	0	chalcogen; metal atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	3.25	6	0
n-desmethyltamoxifen N-desmethyltamoxifen: main metabolite of tamoxifen; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.41	2	0	stilbenoid
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	3.51	8	0	amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol [no description available]	3.03	5	0
zoniporide zoniporide: inhibits sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1)	2.03	1	0
mg 624 triethyl-(beta-4-stilbenoxyethyl)ammonium: inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptors; structure in first source	4.7	9	0
tinopal cbs-x 4,4'-bis(2-sulfostyryl)biphenyl: a stilbene-type fluorescent whitening agent; structure in first source	3.28	6	0
clinprost TTC 909: used to reduce ischaemic brain injury from post-ischaemic treatment	2.02	1	0
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	3.35	6	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
involucrin involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor	3.35	1	0
myxothiazol myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.	1.99	1	0
mucidin mucidin: produced by basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida; strobilurin A produced by wood rot fungus Strobilurus tenacellus;. mucidin : An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E,3Z,5E)-2-(methoxymethylene)-3-methyl-6-phenylhexa-3,5-dienoic acid.	1.97	1	0	enoate ester; enol ether	antifungal agent; fungal metabolite
manumycin manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source. manumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.	2.95	1	0	enamide; epoxide; organic heterobicyclic compound; polyketide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol	antiatherosclerotic agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; marine metabolite
plastochromanol 8 plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol	2.99	4	0
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-o-glucopyranoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-glucopyranoside: isolated from dried root tubers of Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source	9.86	124	0
oudemansin oudemansin: strong antifungal properties & inhibits respiration in fungi, cells of ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma & rat liver mitochondria; structure; biological activity depends on methoxyacrylate moiety	2.38	2	0	styrenes
pironetin pironetin: a microbial secondary metabolite having the activity of shortening plant height from Streptomyces sp.; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	aliphatic alcohol
thunberginol f thunberginol F: isolated from Hydrangeae dulcis folium; structure given in first source. thunberginol F : An isobenzofuranone that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7 and a 3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene group at position 3. It has been isolated from the roots of Scorzonera judaica.	2	1	0	catechols; gamma-lactone; isobenzofuranone	metabolite; plant metabolite
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor	4.49	2	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
4-coumaroyl-coenzyme a 4-coumaroyl-coenzyme A: structure given in first source. trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA : A 4-coumaroyl-CoA in which the double bond of the coumaroyl group has trans-geochemistry.. 4-coumaroyl-CoA : The S-(4-coumaroyl) derivative of coenzyme A.	2.73	3	0	4-coumaroyl-CoA
caftaric acid [no description available]	2.25	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
amorphastilbol amorphastilbol: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist from Amorpha species	2.07	1	0
everolimus [no description available]	2.15	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
mulberroside a mulberroside A: structure in first source	4.68	26	0	glycoside; stilbenoid
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	2.04	1	0
4-benzamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
combretastatin a3 combretastatin A3: RN given for (Z)-isomer; structure in first source	3.51	2	0
4-acetamido-4'-maleimidylstilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-acetamido-4'-maleimidylstilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid: used to label cysteine sulfhydryl groups	4.37	20	0
concanamycin f concanamycin F: from Streptomyces sp. A1509; inhibitor of lysosomal acidification; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
ganglioside, gd2 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
axitinib [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.47	2	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	3.24	5	0
quercetin-3-o-galactoside-7-o-glucoside quercetin-3-O-galactoside-7-O-glucoside: isolated from the seeds of Cuscuta chinensis	2.06	1	0
engeletin engeletin: dihydroflavonol glycoside from the leaves of Stelechocarpus cauliflorus; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	4.04	4	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.43	2	0
aurone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aurones; cyclic ketone
beta-escin [no description available]	3.8	3	0
glucoraphanin glucoraphanin: precursor of sulforaphane. glucoraphanin : A thia-glucosinolic acid that is glucoerucin in which the sulfur atom of the methyl thioether group has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide.	3.25	1	0	sulfoxide; thia-alkylglucosinolic acid
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.95	4	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
gw 610 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
beta-tocopherol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food component; plant metabolite
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	3.73	10	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	2.39	2	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.7	10	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
fk 866 N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source	2.51	2	0	benzamides; N-acylpiperidine
ru 58668 RU 58668: a steroidal antiestrogen; induces a long-term regression of human mammary MCF-7 tumors implanted in nude mice; structure given in first source. RU 58668 : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in the the hydrogen at the 11beta position has been replaced by a p-({5-[(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfonyl]pentyl}oxy)phenyl group. RU 58668 is a pure anti-estrogen that downregulates estrogen receptor expression (IC50 = 0.04 nM).	2.03	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; organofluorine compound; sulfone	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist
soblidotin soblidotin: a dolastatin 10 derivative; RN refers to (2S-(1(1R(R),2S),2R(1S,2S)))-isomer; structure given in first source. soblidotin : A tetrapeptide derivative of dolastatin 10. It is an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization which exhibits potent antitumor activity.	4.89	4	0	tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-destabilising agent
ac 7700 AC 7700: a vascular disrupting agent; structure in first source	5.61	7	0
oxi 4503 Oxi 4503: diphosphate prodrug of cambretastatin A1	11.14	34	4
hti-286 HTI-286: a synthetic analog of the tripeptide hemiasterlin; structure in first source	2.43	2	0
corosolic acid [no description available]	3.16	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
panobinostat Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.	2.79	3	0	cinnamamides; hydroxamic acid; methylindole; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.25	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
bornyl acetate [no description available]	2	1	0	acetate ester; monoterpenoid
pinostrobin pinostrobin: structure in first source. pinostrobin : A monohydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 and a methoxy group at position 7 respectively.	2.21	1	0	ether; flavonoids
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	3.45	7	0	ammonium ion derivative
bml 210 N1-(2-aminophenyl)-N8-phenyloctanediamide: InChIKey: RFLHBLWLFUFFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N	2.13	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	2.06	1	0	penicillanic acids
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.1	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	2.77	3	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	3.12	5	0
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	2.1	1	0
ave-8063 AVE-8063: has both antivascular and antineoplastic activities; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
gw 7604 GW 7604: structure in first source	3.79	3	0
gw 501516 GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source. GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.	3.21	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	carcinogenic agent; PPARbeta/delta agonist
ginsenoside f1 ginsenoside F1: from ginseng. ginsenoside F1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	3.51	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 6alpha-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	apoptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite
dolastatin 10 dolastatin 10: from mollusk Dolabella auricularia; contains four amino acids, dolavaline, dolaisoleucine, dolaproine, valine and the primary amine dolaphenine; deo-dolastatin 10 is a new dolastatin 10 chiral derivative with MW of 784. dolastatin 10 : A tetrapeptide that is isolated from the sea hare Dolabella auricularia. It is a potent anticancer agent which inhibits tubulin polymerization.	2.41	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; tetrapeptide	animal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; marine metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
bms345541 4(2'-aminoethyl)amino-1,8-dimethylimidazo(1,2-a)quinoxaline: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
cajanine cajanine: isolated from Cajanus cajan L.; structure in first source	2.48	2	0	stilbenoid
euk-134 EUK-134: antioxidant; structure in first source	3.13	1	0
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	2.15	1	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
efatutazone efatutazone: a high-affinity PPARgamma agonist with antineoplastic activity	3.25	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.99	4	0	oligopeptide
reparixin reparixin: inhibits CXCR1 to prevent polymorphonuclear cell recruitment	2.31	1	0	monoterpenoid
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	2.03	1	0
gambogic acid gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer	2.05	1	0	pyranoxanthones	metabolite
gnetin h gnetin H: has anti-allergic activity; isolated from Paeonia anomala; structure in first source	3.44	6	0
cangrelor cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.	2.25	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; aryl sulfide; nucleoside triphosphate analogue; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	5.69	75	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
em 800 EM 800: EM-800 is the prodrug of EM-652; EM-800 and EM-776 are (S)- and (R)-isomers, respectively; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
hmn-214 (E)-4-(2-(2-(N-acetyl-N-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)amino)stilbazole)) 1-oxide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	3.41	1	1
lamellarin d lamellarin D: a benzo-isoquinoline-coumarin	2.05	1	0
gw 4064 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	stilbenoid
zd 6126 [no description available]	7.27	9	0
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	3.73	2	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
sucrose monolaurate sucrose monolaurate: RN given refers to monolaurate	2.1	1	0
gentamicin sulfate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
piperacillin 5-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)-2-chloropyridine: affects neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
dolastatin 15 dolastatin 15: from Dolabella auricularia; seven subunit depsipeptide	2.42	2	0
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	4.29	2	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	4.37	3	0	diterpenoid
cc 1065 CC 1065: from Streptomyces zelensis; structure in second sourc	2.43	2	0
zeolites [no description available]	2.48	2	0
npi 2358 NPI 2358: antineoplastic; structure in first source. plinabulin : A member of the class of 2,5-diketopiperazines that is piperazine-2,5-dione substituted by benzylidene and (5-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylidene groups at positions 3 and 6, respectively. It is a vascular disrupting agent and a microtubule destabalising agent which was in clinical trials (now discontinued) for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.	3.54	2	0	2,5-diketopiperazines; benzenes; imidazoles; olefinic compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-destabilising agent
3-iodothyronamine 3-iodothyronamine: a thyroid hormone derivative that may be involved in a fast response signaling pathway; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether
u 18666a 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.	3.21	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; nicotinic antagonist; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
chir 99021 Chir 99021: structure in first source. CHIR 99021 : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively.	2.13	1	0	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; cyanopyridine; diamine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
ubiquinol ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.	2.91	4	0	polyprenylhydroquinone; ubiquinol	biomarker; metabolite
blestriarene c blestriarene C: structure in first source	2.72	3	0
acetohexamide 4N1K peptide: CD47 agonist peptide, derived from the CBD, synergizes with soluble collagen in aggregating platelet-rich plasma	2	1	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.05	1	0
vaticanol b Vaticanol B: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
fidaxomicin Fidaxomicin: A narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION.. fidaxomicin : An 18-membered macrolide that is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. A narrow spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related infections.	2.17	1	0
3'-hydroxypterostilbene 3'-hydroxypterostilbene: an apoptosis-inducing agent; structure in first source	4.82	9	0
methionine sulfoxide methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.	2.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine S-oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite
abyssinone ii abyssinone II: chemopreventive agent from Broussonetia papypera; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
riccardin c riccardin C: isolated from liverworts; functions as a liver X receptor (LXR)alpha agonist and an LXRbeta antagonist; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	2.71	3	0
4-hydroxy-n-desmethyltamoxifen 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen: metabolite of tamoxifen in human bile	2.17	1	0	stilbenoid
delta-viniferin delta-viniferin: resveratrol dehydrodimer, an isomer of epsilon-viniferin; isolated from grapevine leaves; structure in first source. (2S,3S)-trans-delta-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (2S,3S)-trans-stereoisomer of delta-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.	4.6	23	0	1-benzofurans; polyphenol; stilbenoid
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	4.55	1	1	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	2.44	2	0
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	2.76	3	0
licoflavone c licoflavone C: Antimutagenic Agent; a naturally occurring prenyl-flavone extracted from Genista ephedroides; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
n,n-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-fluorophenylthio)benzylamine N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-fluorophenylthio)benzylamine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	aryl sulfide
trans-sodium crocetinate trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma	2.11	1	0
palovarotene Palovarotene: a retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist; structure in first source	10.21	22	3	stilbenoid
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	3.88	11	0
3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid [no description available]	2.31	1	0
7-aminoactinomycin d 7-aminoactinomycin D: staining reagent used in flow cytometry	2.05	1	0
3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene 3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene: isolated from Streptomyces mediolani; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
pawhuskin a pawhuskin A: geranyl stilbene from Dalea purpurea; structure in first source	3.16	5	0
aiphanol aiphanol: isolated from the seeds of Aiphanes aculeata Willd. (Arecaceae); structure in first source. aiphanol : A lignan that is (2R)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethanol which is substituted by a 2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl group at position 6 and a 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group at position 3. It is a stilbenolignan isolated from the seeds of Aiphanes aculeata and exhibits potent inhibitory efficacy against cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2).	2.73	3	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxine; lignan; stilbenoid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor
erianthridin erianthridin: isolated from an extract of the orchid Maxillaria densa; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
4-hna 4-hydroxynonenoic acid: metabolite of 4-hydroxynonenal; structure in first source. 4-hydroxynon-2-enoic acid : A medium-chain fatty acid that is non-2-enoic acid substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group.. (2E)-4-hydroxynon-2-enoic acid : A 4-hydroxynon-2-enoic acid in which the double bond has (E)-configuration.	2.15	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enoic acid
3,7-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene 3,7-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene: from the orchid Scaphyglottis livida; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cis-3,4',5-trimethoxy-3'-aminostilbene cis-3,4',5-trimethoxy-3'-aminostilbene: structure in first source	3.45	7	0
batatasin-iii [no description available]	2.1	1	0	stilbenoid
pestalotiopsin a pestalotiopsin A: structure in first source	3.41	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	4.21	16	0
4,5-diaminofluorescein 4,5-diaminofluorescein: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.03	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	3.48	1	1	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.11	1	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)phenol 4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)phenol: a selective estrogen receptor modulator	2.11	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
erastin erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; quinazolines; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer; voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
arachidin-1 arachidin-1: structure in first source	9.13	14	0
abt-737 [no description available]	2.52	2	0	aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
procyanidin b1 procyanidin B1 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin units joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' respectively in a beta-configuration.. Procyanidin B1 can be found in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark or cortex), in Uncaria guianensis (cat's claw, in the root), and in Vitis vinifera (common grape vine, in the leaf) or in peach.	2.45	2	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; metabolite
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	3.68	10	0	nystatins
peloruside a peloruside A: Antibiotics, Antineoplastic from the sponge Mycale; structure in first source. peloruside A : A macrolide that is a novel secondary metabolite isolated from a New Zealand marine sponge, Mycale hentscheli.	2.08	1	0
er-086526 eribulin: a halichondrin B derivative that suppresses microtubule growth and acts as an antimitotic agent; structure in first source. eribulin : A fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of marine sponge natural products. Inhibits growth phase of microtubules via tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism, which leads to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage	3.23	1	0	cyclic ketal; cyclic ketone; macrocycle; polycyclic ether; polyether; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
arachidin-3 arachidin-3: an NSAID and antioxidant isolated from Arachis hypogaea; structure in first source	3.59	8	0
mitoquinone mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity	4.78	5	0
pauciflorol f pauciflorol F: from the stem bark of Vatica pauciflora; structure in first source	3.59	8	0
nutlin-3a nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	stilbenoid
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.97	4	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2.59	2	0
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	2.03	1	0
2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene oleocanthal: newly pressed extra-virgin olive oil contains oleocanthal, acting as a natural anti-inflammatory compound that has a potency and profile strikingly similar to that of ibuprofen; structure in first source. oleocanthal : A carboxylic ester that is the 2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of (3S)-4-formyl-3-(2-oxoethyl)hex-4-enoic acid. Oleocanthal is found in olive oil but it is not clear whether the natural product is a mixture of E/Z isomers or a single isomer as the two isomers readily interconvert in solution; most pharmacological studies will have been performed using a mixture.	3.27	1	0
ginsenoside rd ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.31	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; immunosuppressive agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	4.12	4	0
combretastatin a-2 combretastatin A-2: isolated from Combretum caffrum; RN from first source; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
imidazolone imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
2-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose: fluorescent probe for glucose uptake activity in E coli; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
moxestrol moxestrol: RN given refers to (11beta,17alpha)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	4.23	18	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	3.79	3	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.11	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.79	3	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.47	2	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.65	3	0
podophyllin Podophyllin: Caustic extract from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi. It contains PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and its congeners and is very irritating to mucous membranes and skin. Podophyllin is a violent purgative that may cause CNS damage and teratogenesis. It is used as a paint for warts, skin neoplasms, and senile keratoses.	1.93	1	0
n4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4h-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-n2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
hmn-176 (E)-4-((2-N-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)amino)stilbazole)1-oxide: structure in first source	3.41	1	1
resorcinarene resorcinarene: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	4.89	4	0
alloin barbaloin: RN given refers to (R)-isomer; source for isobarbaloin is Biol Pharm Bull 1998 Nov; 21(11):1226-7	2.03	1	0
titanocene titanocene: C10-H10-Ti. titanocene : A bis(eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)metal(II) having Ti(II) as the metal(II) species. The parent of the class of titanonocenes.	2.03	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.74	3	0
distyrylbenzene distyrylbenzene: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.63	3	0
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	2.4	2	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.01	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	4.49	2	0
riccardin d riccardin D: antifungal agent isolated from Dumortiera hirsute; structure in first source	4.58	23	0
fungiqual fungiqual: structure given in first source	2.91	4	0
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	2	1	0
de-o-methyllasiodiplodin de-O-methyllasiodiplodin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
jaw [no description available]	2.15	1	0	indolecarboxamide
6-o-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin 6-O-maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin: structure given in first source; forms inclusion complexes with p-nitrophenol	2.11	1	0
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	4.86	7	1
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	11.38	59	1	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	5.66	73	0
schweinfurthin g schweinfurthin G: structure in first source. schweinfurthin G : A stilbenoid that is the 3-deoxy derivative of vedelianin. Isolated from Macaranga alnifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	3.24	5	0	cyclic ether; organic heterotricyclic compound; resorcinols; stilbenoid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
agrimoniin agrimoniin: tannin of Agrimonia pilosa; structure given in first source. agrimoniin : A dimeric hydrolysable tannin in which 2 moles of potentillin monomer are linked via a dehydrogalloyl group; an antitumor tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., which induces interleukin-1.	2.03	1	0	tannin
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.02	1	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	3.32	6	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	3.33	6	0	polypeptide
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.48	2	0
vitisin a [no description available]	4.01	13	0	benzofurans
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.41	2	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	3.18	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	6.24	6	2	peptide hormone
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	3.88	3	0
s6c sarafotoxin sarafotoxins s6: several isotoxins from Atractaspis engaddensis; has strong cardiotoxic activity; all contain 21 amino acid residues; see also endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor	2.17	1	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	3.3	6	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2.67	3	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	8.52	25	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	3.76	10	0
complestatin complestatin: compound extracted from Streptomyces lavendulae mycelia; on acid hydrolysis yields D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine & D-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycine & acidic chromophore; inhibits gp120-CD4 binding. isocomplestatin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide which is a atropisomer of complestatin. It is isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces and has anti-HIV-1 activity.. chloropeptin II : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of N-acylated trytophan, 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycine, 4-hydroxyphenylglycine, 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycyl, tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylglycine residues joined in sequence and in which the side-chain of the central 4-hydroxyphenylglycine residue is attached to the side-chain of the tryptophan via a C3-C6 bond and to the side-chain of the tyrosine via an ether bond from C5. It is isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces and has anti-HIV-1 activity.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ether; heterodetic cyclic peptide; indoles; organic heterobicyclic compound; organochlorine compound; peptide antibiotic; polyphenol	anti-HIV-1 agent; antimicrobial agent; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor; metabolite
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	7.9	7	2
th9507 tesamorelin: a peptide; a stabilized analogue of the growth hormone releasing factor; aimed at reducing excess abdominal fat or VAT in lipodystrophy and HIV patients. tesamorelin : A polypeptide that is a synthetic analogue of human GRF (Growth Releasing Factor) comprised of the 44 amino-acid sequence of human GRF with a hex-3-enoyl moiety attached to the tyrosine residue at the N-terminal part of the molecule. It is used to stimulate human GRF receptors.	2.06	1	0
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	5.9	2	1
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	2.1	1	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	3.61	9	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	5.39	18	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	4.27	17	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
hs 1793 4-(6-hydroxy-2-naphthyl)-1,3-benzenediol: structure in first source	3.68	9	0
azd 1480 [no description available]	2.17	1	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.94	4	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	3.17	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
schweinfurthin f schweinfurthin F: structure in first source. schweinfurthin F : A stilbenoid isolated from Macaranga alnifolia and has been shown to exhibit cytotoxic activity.	3.45	7	0	cyclic ether; organic heterotricyclic compound; resorcinols; stilbenoid	metabolite
fedratinib fedratinib: a selective small-molecule inhibitor of JAK2	2.17	1	0	sulfonamide
dihydroptychantol a dihydroptychantol A: an antineoplastic agent isolated from liverworts; structure in first source	2.98	4	0
dihydroceramide dihydroceramide: lacks the 4-5 trans double bond of the sphingosine moiety of ceramides; structure in first source. N-acylsphinganine : A ceramide consisting of sphinganine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a fatty acyl group.. dihydroceramide : An N-acylsphingoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any dihydrosphingoid base.	2.05	1	0
plagiochin e plagiochin E: reverses multidrug resistance; structure in first source	3.3	6	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	3.12	5	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	3.98	12	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	10.56	29	2
amorfrutin a amorfrutin A: an antidiabetic agent that inhibits NF-kappaB activation; structure in first source	3.52	7	0	stilbenoid
1,2-azaborine 1,2-azaborine: structure in first source	7.1	1	0
alpha-amanitin Alpha-Amanitin: A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.. alpha-amanitin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.	2.17	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	3.65	9	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.38	2	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.48	2	0
gnetin c gnetin C: has free radical scavenging activity; isolated from Gnetum gnemon; structure in first source	6.56	13	1
quercetin 3'-sulfate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	6.22	39	0
pha 408 PHA 408: an IKK-2 antagonist; structure in first source	3.25	1	0
balanophonin balanophonin: from fruit wall of Cirsium vulgare; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
crolibulin crolibulin: a vascular disrupting agent with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	neoflavonoid
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	2.1	1	0	organosulfonic acid
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.24	6	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
tert-butoxide, potassium [no description available]	2.58	2	0
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.48	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	2	1	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
sodium iodate sodium iodate: RN given refers to iodic acid, Na salt	2.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	2.08	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
merocyanine dye merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure	2	1	0
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for Na salt	2.02	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.06	1	0
srt1460 SRT1460: small molecule activator of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; structure in first source	2.75	3	0
srt1720 [no description available]	7.16	28	0
srt2183 SRT2183: small molecule activator of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; structure in first source	2.97	4	0
isorhamnetin-3-o-neohesperidoside isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside: flavonoid from pollen typhae(Puhuang)	2.13	1	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	10.06	37	0
amorfrutin b amorfrutin B: structure in first source	2.83	3	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	3.86	3	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
goniomitine goniomitine: from root bark of Gonioma malagasy; structure in first source	3.41	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
hopeahainol a hopeahainol A: an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Hopea hainanensis; structure in first source	3.89	3	0
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.42	2	0
florbetapir f 18 florbetapir: a PET agent for Abeta plaques; structure in first source. florbetapir F-18 : An aromatic ether consisting of a pyridine ring substituted at position 2 by a 2-{2-[2-((18)F)fluoroethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy group and at position 5 and a 2-(4-methylaminophenyl)vinyl group. A positron emission tomography imaging ligand for the detection of amyloid aggregation associated with Alzheimer disease.	6.09	7	0	(18)F radiopharmaceutical; aromatic ether; organofluorine compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	radioactive imaging agent
candidin [no description available]	1.93	1	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	2.03	1	0
sch772984 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	biaryl; indazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpyrrolidine; N-arylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
dienestrol diacetate dienestrol diacetate: a derivative of the synthetic non-steroid phenolic compound, DIENESTROL, which exhibits estrogenic activities	3.03	5	0
mk 2206 MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent	2.54	2	0	organic heterotricyclic compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
pervanadate pervanadate: from a mixture of orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide	2	1	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	3.23	1	0	BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	8.88	33	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.44	2	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
cabozantinib cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.	3.19	1	0	aromatic ether; dicarboxylic acid diamide; organofluorine compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
srt2104 SRT2104: a sirtuin 1 activator; structure in first source	3.63	2	0
incb-018424 [no description available]	4.72	4	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	2.47	2	0	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate taurolithocholic acid sulfate(2-) : A steroid sulfate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of both sulfo groups of taurolithocholic acid sulfate; major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	steroid sulfate oxoanion	human metabolite
to-pro-3 TO-PRO-3: a cyanine nucleic acid dye; a membrane-impermeant modification of the dye thiazole orange; excited by a 647-nm laser beam and fluoresces in the far red of the spectrum. To-Pro-3 : An unsymmetrical C3 cyanine dye having benzothiazolium-2-yl and quinolinium-4-yl substituents.	2.04	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
dalesconol a dalesconol A: from a culture of Daldinia eschsholzii IFB-TL01 residing inside the gut of the mantis species Tenodora aridifolia; structure in first source	3.41	1	0
dalesconol b dalesconol B: from a culture of Daldinia eschsholzii IFB-TL01 residing inside the gut of the mantis species Tenodora aridifolia; structure in first source	3.41	1	0
8-iso-prostaglandin a2 8-isoprostaglandin A2: a cyclopentenone isoprostane	2.05	1	0	prostanoid
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid 11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.	1.96	1	0	11,12-EET	human xenobiotic metabolite
plx4032 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
cytochromes c1 Cytochromes c1: The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)	2.42	2	0
glycolipids [no description available]	3.33	6	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	11.71	37	3
resolvin d1 resolvin D1: an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator; structure in first source. resolvin D1 : A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).	2.11	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; triol	anti-inflammatory agent
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	3.14	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	6.43	51	0
uvi 3003 UVI 3003: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
mulberrofuran g mulberrofuran G: from Mulberry tree; Diels-Alder type adduct; structure given in first source	2.85	3	0
malibatol a malibatol A: an oligostilbene from leaves of Hopea malibato; structure in first source	3.55	8	0
an2728 crisaborole: NSAID, Dermatologic Agent; structure in first source. crisaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 5-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxaborole in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyanophenyl group. A phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that is used for treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adults.	4.91	3	0	aromatic ether; benzoxaborole; nitrile	antipsoriatic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
gx 15-070 obatoclax: a pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor potentially useful in treating mantle cell lymphoma	4.1	2	0
tylosin [no description available]	3.14	1	0
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.13	1	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor	2.11	1	0	benzoxazole
2,3',5',6-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene 2,3',5',6-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene: a naturally occurring compound particularly found in the genus Gnetum, had a strong inhibitory effect on murine tyrosinase activity; structure in first source	5.02	11	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	5.81	3	1
abemaciclib [no description available]	2.31	1	0
diptoindonesin g diptoindonesin G: from Hopea mengarawan; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
vaticanol c vaticanol C: structure in first source	3.29	6	0
delgocitinib delgocitinib: a Janus kinase inhibitor. delgocitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by a (3S,4R)-1-(cyanoacetyl)-3-methyl-1,6-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-6-yl group at position 4. It is a pan-Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor and is approved for treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Japan.	3.31	1	0	azaspiro compound; N-acylazetidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory drug; antipsoriatic; antiseborrheic; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.81	3	0
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.45	2	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	3.81	3	0
retigeric acid b retigeric acid B: from a lichen, Lobaria kurokawae Yoshim; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	4.14	3	1	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.91	4	0
3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexahydroxystilbene [no description available]	3.56	8	0
gsk2656157 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	biaryl; indoles; methylpyridines; organofluorine compound; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; PERK inhibitor
dihydronicotinamide [no description available]	2.1	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	11.34	71	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.15	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.78	3	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	1.93	1	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	2.49	2	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	6.47	54	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
robustic acid robustic acid: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	isoflavonoid; organic hydroxy compound
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.41	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	9.81	76	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	fatty acid ester
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	7.52	2	0
antimycin [no description available]	2.71	3	0
lfm a13 LFM A13: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
clorobiocin clorobiocin: chlorine-containing antibiotic related to novobiocin	2.15	1	0
almagate pegaptanib: a 28-base ribonucleic acid aptamer covalently linked to two branched 20-kD polyethylene glycol moieties to block the activity of extracellular VEGF, specifically the 165-amino-acid isoform (VEGF165); for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration	4.04	1	0
omega-agatoxin iva omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.	2.03	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	4.45	21	0
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.07	1	0
gluma Gluma: bonding agent; aqueous solution of hydroxyethylmethacrylate & glutaral	2.11	1	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.71	3	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	5.08	39	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	13.65	87	5
antimony potassium tartrate Antimony Potassium Tartrate: A schistosomicide possibly useful against other parasites. It has irritant emetic properties and may cause lethal cardiac toxicity among other adverse effects.	1.92	1	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.7	3	0	ketal
phosphatidylethanol phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.	2	1	0
sr9009 [no description available]	3.21	1	0
2-ethylphenyl 4-(3-ethylureido)benzenesulfonate 2-ethylphenyl 4-(3-ethylureido)benzenesulfonate: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	2	1	0
chebulic acid chebulic acid: from the ripe fruits of Terminalia chebula	2.25	1	0
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	2.21	1	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
o-acetyl-adp-ribose O-Acetyl-ADP-Ribose: An acetyl ester of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE formed during NAD-dependent deacetylation of proteins by SIRTUINS. The acetate group resides on the ribose ring where nicotinamide was cleaved from NAD during the reaction. Several isomers of O-acetyl-ADP-ribose have been isolated from the reaction.. 2''-O-acetyl-ADP-D-ribose : A nucleotide-sugar having ADP as the nucleotide fragment and 2-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranos-5-yl as the sugar component.	3.15	1	0	nucleotide-sugar
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	7.18	43	0
bf 227 2-(2-(2-dimethylaminothiazol-5-yl)ethenyl)-6-(2-(fluoro)ethoxy)benzoxazole: a putative amyloid PET imaging probe; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
contraceptives, postcoital Contraceptives, Postcoital: Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.	3.21	6	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.69	9	0
n-acetoxy-4-acetylaminostilbene N-acetoxy-4-acetylaminostilbene: carcinogenic electrophile; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in 2nd source	8.06	5	0
cafestol palmitate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxystilbene-2-carboxylic acid 3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxystilbene-2-carboxylic acid: isolated from pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan; structure in first source	4.84	29	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	3.62	9	0
calcium fructoborate calcium fructoborate: a boron-based nutritional supplement with antioxidant activity	3.47	1	1
azd9496 AZD9496: an estrogen receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.35	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	3.56	8	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	3.12	5	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	3.19	1	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.77	3	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.67	3	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	2.07	1	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.48	2	0
alpha-viniferin alpha-viniferin: from Caragana chamlagu root; structure given in first source	4	13	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ginkgolide c ginkgolide C: ginkolide; inactive to PAF receptor; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
moracin p moracin P: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	1.99	1	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	3.65	2	0
steganacin steganacin: bisbenzocyclooctadiene lactone extract from Steganotaenia araliacea; structure	3.5	2	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.17	1	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.05	1	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	1.95	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.92	4	0
margatoxin [no description available]	2.43	2	0
selamectin selamectin: a broad-spectrum endectocide; structure in first source	3.11	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	4.3	18	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	4.95	6	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.01	1	0
2-methylisoborneol 2-methylisoborneol: structure. 2-methylisoborneol : An bornane monoterpenoid comprising isoborneol carrying a 2-methyl substituent (the 1R,2R,4R-diastereomer).	2.04	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	2.05	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	3.91	2	1
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.13	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2	1	0
peimisine peimisine: isolated from Fritillaria ussuriensis	2.15	1	0
ritterazine b ritterazine B: ritterazine analog extracted from Ritterella tokioka, has been shown to be chemically similar to cephalostatin 1; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	4.18	3	1
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	3.53	8	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.61	9	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	3.67	9	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.13	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.96	4	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	2.25	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.74	3	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
stf 083010 STF 083010: inhibits Ire1 endonuclease; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	4.51	23	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	6.57	25	2	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.11	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate mannose Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.. GDP-D-mannose : A GDP-mannose in which the mannose fragment has D-configuration.. GDP-alpha-D-mannose : The alpha-anomer of GDP-D-mannose.	1.96	1	0	GDP-D-mannose	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.34	6	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	3.96	13	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	3.35	7	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
guanosine tetraphosphate Guanosine Tetraphosphate: Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.. guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) : A guanosine bisphosphate having diphosphate groups at both the 3' and 5'-positions.	1.98	1	0	guanosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	3.12	5	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	4.08	4	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	6.72	22	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	3.71	9	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	1.98	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.17	1	0
neopterin [no description available]	4.17	3	1
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	3.01	4	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	4.88	10	0	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	2.41	2	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
rsva405 RSVA405: an AMPK activator; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	6.71	28	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	2	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one 5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one: impact-insensitive explosive; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
noc 18 NOC 18: releases nitric oxide; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
cyadox cyadox: structure	2.15	1	0
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	2.44	2	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
lometrexol lometrexol: RN & structure given in first source;	3.1	1	0
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	3.04	4	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
vardenafil dihydrochloride Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.	2.06	1	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.72	3	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.7	3	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	6.32	19	2	guanosines	biomarker
bemotrizinol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	methoxybenzenes
aflatoxin b1-formamidopyrimidine aflatoxin B1-formamidopyrimidine: persistent aflatoxin-deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) adduct	1.97	1	0
p-hydroxybenzylideneimidazolinone p-hydroxybenzylideneimidazolinone: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
cephalostatin i cephalostatin I: two steroid units are annulated to a 1,4-pyrazine ring; RN given for (3'R-(3'alpha(R),4'alpha,4'abeta,6'balpha,8'abeta,11'aalpha,11'bbeta,13'alpha,13'aalpha,13'bbeta,14'beta,15'alpha(3R,5''S),16'abeta,17'balpha,19'abeta,22'aalpha,22'bbeta,24'aR'*))-isomer; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.81	3	0
eye [no description available]	3.11	5	0
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	3.34	1	1
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.94	4	0
chlorotoxin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	3.82	3	0
antimony sodium gluconate Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.	2.37	2	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.01	1	0
2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	2	1	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.9	4	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.89	4	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	9.96	31	4
hopeaphenol hopeaphenol: resveratrol tetramer in wines from North Africa	4.41	19	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	4.21	5	0
aluminum magnesium silicate aluminum magnesium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified composition	2.53	2	0
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	2.06	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	6.97	57	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	20.73	465	18
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	9.16	69	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	20.73	465	18
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	4.52	21	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	5.86	11	2
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	15.4	772	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	5.86	11	2
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	4.72	6	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	4.72	6	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	12.32	67	7
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	12.32	67	7
Breast Cancer [description not available]	14.9	363	8
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	14.9	363	8
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	5.09	5	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	5.02	36	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	12.77	52	6
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	18.55	230	14
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	18.55	230	14
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	6.71	51	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	6.71	51	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	10.75	124	2
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	10.75	124	2
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	4.78	6	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	5.33	20	0
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1 [description not available]	3.37	5	0
AL Amyloidosis [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.	2.63	2	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	7.17	17	2
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	4.78	6	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	5.33	20	0
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.	3.37	5	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	5.59	16	1
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	5.59	16	1
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	9.67	60	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	12.94	57	1
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	12.04	39	6
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	6.79	21	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	6.79	21	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	9.67	60	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	12.94	57	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	11.74	87	2
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	11.74	87	2
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	5.8	21	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	12.6	168	3
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	5.8	21	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	12.6	168	3
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.	2.57	2	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	10.13	85	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	14.07	36	13
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	14.07	36	13
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	5.69	13	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	8.1	50	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	11.05	158	3
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	4.6	23	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	8.1	50	1
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	11.05	158	3
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	7.78	61	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.6	23	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	3.32	6	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	3.32	6	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	5.56	24	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	12.11	21	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	7.11	21	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	17.83	255	4
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	7.59	68	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	7.59	68	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	2.52	2	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	4.46	4	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	4.46	4	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	14.99	152	5
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	8.02	8	4
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	8.23	5	5
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	8.02	8	4
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	8.23	5	5
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	10.3	190	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	4.74	10	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	3.32	6	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	5.99	23	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	5.99	23	0
Hepatic Infarct [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	8.57	133	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	8.57	133	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	4.05	12	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	4.05	12	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	7.22	59	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	7.79	59	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	18.46	403	6
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	7.22	59	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	7.79	59	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	18.46	403	6
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	7.15	45	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	7.15	45	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	5.29	11	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	13.88	58	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	25.23	218	29
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	5.29	11	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	4.2	15	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	4.2	15	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	12.86	83	2
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	17.86	83	2
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	12.71	76	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	12.71	76	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	5.79	30	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	5.79	30	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	6.45	22	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	6.45	22	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	5.59	14	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	5.59	14	0
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available]	2.98	3	0
Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.98	3	0
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [description not available]	5.42	8	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	5.77	12	0
Myositis Ossificans A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.	5.42	8	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	6.07	27	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	6.07	27	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	2.41	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.72	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	3.77	3	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	3.77	3	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	4.93	33	0
Sepsis Associated Delirium [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	4.93	33	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	3.53	7	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	3.53	7	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	12.5	21	15
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	18.25	159	10
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.	3.46	8	0
Endometrial Hyperplasia Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.	3.46	8	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	5.52	5	1
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	6.58	6	2
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	8.13	22	2
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	6.82	8	3
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	6.58	6	2
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	8.13	22	2
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	5.52	5	1
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	6.49	14	1
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	5.81	12	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	5.81	12	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	6.49	14	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	6.69	22	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	6.69	22	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	8.94	141	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	8.94	141	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	8.61	61	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	8.61	61	1
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	12.45	49	6
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	4.17	3	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	12.45	49	6
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	12.19	22	6
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	12.19	22	6
Weight Reduction [description not available]	6.95	14	2
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	3.32	6	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	6.95	14	2
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	7.83	11	4
Dermatoses [description not available]	5.34	9	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	5.34	9	0
Ache [description not available]	9.02	21	2
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	9.02	21	2
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	6.83	35	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	6.83	35	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	6.96	24	1
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	6.96	24	1
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	6.95	8	1
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	5.07	9	0
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	9.17	27	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	5.07	9	0
Aura [description not available]	5.44	8	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	5.02	15	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	5.44	8	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	5.02	15	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	4.05	4	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	2.41	1	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	7.96	14	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	7.96	14	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	4.07	13	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	4.07	13	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	7.47	33	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	7.47	33	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	8.98	30	2
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	8.98	30	2
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	5.13	7	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	5.22	3	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	9.79	70	5
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	5.22	3	1
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	9.79	70	5
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	8.91	65	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	4.74	6	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.74	6	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	7.65	19	1
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	6.28	4	1
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	6.28	4	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	17.23	110	25
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	17.97	164	25
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	17.23	110	25
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	17.97	164	25
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	5.63	27	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	5.63	27	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	4.2	5	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	4.2	5	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	13.74	48	7
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	13.74	48	7
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	4.28	6	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	4.28	6	0
Polyomavirus Infections Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).	2.52	2	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	8.23	67	0
Merkel Cell Cancer [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	8.23	67	0
Carcinoma, Merkel Cell A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)	2.58	2	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	13.68	68	6
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	13.68	68	6
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	2.41	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	10.68	18	3
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	10.68	18	3
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	7.78	27	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	7.78	27	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	9.83	27	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	9.83	27	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	7.14	14	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	10.38	99	3
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	15.38	99	3
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	3.49	5	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	3.49	5	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	2.81	3	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	2.55	2	0
Melanoma, Amelanotic An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.6	1	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	4	4	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	7.54	17	1
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	7.54	17	1
Anosmia Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of smell. Loss of smell may be caused by many factors such as a cold, allergy, OLFACTORY NERVE DISEASES, viral RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (e.g., COVID-19), aging and various neurological disorders (e.g., ALZHEIMER DISEASE).	2.76	2	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	4.75	10	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	4.75	10	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	5.82	14	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	5.82	14	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	4.16	16	0
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	3.04	4	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	12.44	191	3
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	2.6	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	11.44	49	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	11.44	49	1
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	3.96	4	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	3.96	4	0
Grippe [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	3.02	4	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	4.61	5	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	4.61	5	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	6.89	13	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	6.89	13	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	2.38	2	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	2.38	2	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	9.29	26	2
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	9.29	26	2
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	10.68	112	3
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	6.58	77	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	10.29	46	2
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	10.29	46	2
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	3.44	2	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	3.44	2	0
Metastase [description not available]	12.82	69	7
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	12.82	69	7
Anoxemia [description not available]	6.96	46	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.77	3	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	6.76	8	1
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	5.35	12	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	6.96	46	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	6.76	8	1
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	5.35	12	0
Acne [description not available]	4.61	6	1
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	4.61	6	1
Dry Eye [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	2.63	2	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	10.77	41	5
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	7.66	23	1
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	7.66	23	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	4.45	21	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	4.45	21	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.23	5	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	2.21	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	8.83	61	2
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	8.83	61	2
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	3.79	10	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	5.99	39	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	5.99	39	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	4.3	18	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	4.3	18	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	8.04	11	1
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	8.04	11	1
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	8.33	16	2
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	5.85	35	0
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral [description not available]	3.59	8	0
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)	3.59	8	0
Chemo-Fog [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	3.85	11	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	3.85	11	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.81	88	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	7.81	88	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	3.94	13	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	3.94	13	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	5.15	16	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	5.15	16	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	5.09	15	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	5.88	21	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	5.89	22	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	5.88	21	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	4.37	19	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	13.21	170	3
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	5.09	15	0
Bleeding [description not available]	5.3	12	1
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	3.98	2	1
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	5.46	5	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	5.3	12	1
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	3.98	2	1
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	5.46	5	1
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	2.25	1	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	3.31	6	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	4.34	7	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	4.34	7	0
Lassitude [description not available]	5.22	6	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	5.22	6	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	6.46	39	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	6.46	39	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	7.22	11	1
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	7.22	11	1
African Swine Fever A sometimes fatal ASFIVIRUS infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. It is transmitted between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies or soft ticks (genus Ornithodoros).	2.25	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	11.05	40	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	11.05	40	0
Atheroma [description not available]	6.62	7	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	9.55	31	2
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	8.21	22	1
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	14.55	31	2
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	8.21	22	1
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	3.97	4	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.97	4	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	4.46	4	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	6.96	42	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	8.92	74	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	8.92	74	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	6.37	13	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	6.37	13	0
Rida [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	4.47	4	1
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	4.47	4	1
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.25	1	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	4.05	4	0
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	4.05	4	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.84	11	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	5.51	9	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	5.51	9	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	3.73	9	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.56	8	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	3.56	8	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	5.93	36	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	10.93	36	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	4.54	8	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	4.54	8	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.83	11	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	4.83	11	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	2.66	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.9	3	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	8.88	55	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	8.88	55	1
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	7.24	12	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	7.24	12	1
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	6.72	34	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	3.36	6	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	3.98	4	0
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	3.23	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	6.95	30	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	10.03	19	5
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	10.03	19	5
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	3.31	6	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	6.76	25	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	6.76	25	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	4.21	3	1
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	3.91	2	1
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	3.91	2	1
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	4.21	3	1
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	4.24	3	1
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	4.24	3	1
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	5.3	18	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	5.92	22	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	2.49	2	0
Sycosis [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	2.72	2	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.31	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	6.72	38	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	5.95	16	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	7.7	33	1
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	7.7	33	1
Arrhythmia [description not available]	4.06	14	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	4.06	14	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	2.31	1	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	3.78	3	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	7.14	37	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	7.14	37	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	3.03	4	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	3.8	10	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	3.8	10	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	6.12	10	1
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	3.85	12	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.91	4	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	3.91	4	0
Allodynia [description not available]	4.61	24	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	4.06	14	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	2.15	1	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	2.79	3	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	7.37	17	1
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	7.37	17	1
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	4.79	11	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	4.79	11	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	3.23	5	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	2.55	2	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	2.15	1	0
Benign Mastocytoma [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	5.95	9	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	4.06	3	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	5.95	9	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	4.06	3	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	4.58	5	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	5.23	19	0
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	3.46	7	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.53	2	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.53	2	0
Anasarca [description not available]	7.01	27	1
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	7.01	27	1
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	5.71	30	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	3.65	9	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	4.08	5	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	4.08	5	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	7.73	13	1
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	3.35	6	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	7.73	13	1
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	3.36	6	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	2.15	1	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	5.3	4	1
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	4.24	17	0
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	5.3	4	1
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	4.24	17	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	3.67	3	0
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	5.1	3	1
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	4.56	8	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	4.56	8	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	4.9	13	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	4.9	13	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.54	2	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	4.37	7	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.15	1	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.57	2	0
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	3.54	7	0
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	3.54	7	0
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	2.15	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	3.07	5	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	6.32	25	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	6.32	25	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	2.93	4	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	8.83	12	5
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	9.58	9	7
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	2.54	2	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	4.71	10	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	4.71	10	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	4.43	7	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.54	2	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	5.07	9	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	3.71	9	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.17	1	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	2.83	3	0
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	7.14	10	1
Dysphagia [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	10.1	21	2
Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.	3.06	1	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	3.29	2	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	3.06	1	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	3.06	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	10.1	21	2
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	3.06	1	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	7.14	10	1
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	2.15	1	0
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	2.15	1	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	3.23	5	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	2.17	1	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	2.52	2	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	6.34	26	0
Acidemia Propionic [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Propionic Acidemia Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in PROPIONYL-COA CARBOXYLASE genes that result in dysfunction of branch chain amino acids and of the metabolism of certain fatty acids. Neonatal clinical onset is characterized by severe metabolic acidemia accompanied by hyperammonemia, HYPERGLYCEMIA, lethargy, vomiting, HYPOTONIA; and HEPATOMEGALY. Survivors of the neonatal onset propionic acidemia often show developmental retardation, and intolerance to dietary proteins. Late-onset form of the disease shows mild mental and/or developmental retardation, sometimes without metabolic acidemia.	2.52	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	3.16	5	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	9.13	49	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	2.15	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	4.8	7	0
MODS [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.73	3	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	4.25	6	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	5.1	3	1
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	5.75	2	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	5.1	3	1
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	5.75	2	1
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.98	4	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.15	1	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	3.37	6	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	3.37	6	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	3.06	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Infection [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	3.56	3	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	3.06	1	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	3.39	2	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	3.39	2	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	3.09	5	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Dental Occlusion, Traumatic An occlusion resulting in overstrain and injury to teeth, periodontal tissue, or other oral structures.	2.17	1	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	2.57	2	0
Extranodal NK-T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	3.05	4	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	3.05	4	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	2.54	2	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.47	2	0
War-Related Injuries WOUNDS and INJURIES and PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA sustained during WAR.	2.17	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.47	2	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	5.3	4	1
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	5.3	4	1
Tetraploid [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	3.19	5	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	2.49	2	0
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	2.15	1	0
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	2.15	1	0
Co-infection [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	2.15	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	2.53	2	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	3.83	11	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	3.83	11	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	4.78	30	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	2.17	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	2.37	2	0
Bessel-Hagen Disease [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.53	8	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.53	8	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	3.3	6	0
Hakim Syndrome [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)	2.58	2	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	3.85	11	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	3.85	11	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	5.26	18	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	5.26	18	0
Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.	2.58	2	0
Chloasma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	4.08	3	1
Neurocutaneous Disorders [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	2.17	1	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	4.08	3	1
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	7.18	12	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	7.18	12	1
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	3.19	5	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	3.04	4	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	4.7	4	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	4.7	4	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	3.48	2	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.17	1	0
Angiitis, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	6.96	24	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	2.17	1	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	3.44	2	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	3.44	2	0
Impotence [description not available]	4.66	10	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	4.66	10	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	2.17	1	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	3.4	2	0
Surgical Incision [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	5.47	24	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	10.47	24	0
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.	2.5	2	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	2.17	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	2.5	2	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.49	2	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	6.66	11	1
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	6.66	11	1
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.17	1	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.41	2	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	2.77	3	0
Autism [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	3.74	3	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	3.56	1	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	3.6	8	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	3.02	4	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	2.49	2	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	2.17	1	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	3.46	2	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	2.17	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	4.11	15	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	9.71	37	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	9.71	37	1
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.57	2	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	4.58	9	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	4.58	9	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2.17	1	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	5.03	14	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	5.23	19	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.	2.93	4	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	2.83	3	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	6.2	21	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	6.2	21	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	3.31	2	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	4.74	3	2
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	4.74	3	2
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	3.15	5	0
Aphasia, Primary Progressive A progressive form of dementia characterized by the global loss of language abilities and initial preservation of other cognitive functions. Fluent and nonfluent subtypes have been described. Eventually a pattern of global cognitive dysfunction, similar to ALZHEIMER DISEASE, emerges. Pathologically, there are no Alzheimer or PICK DISEASE like changes, however, spongiform changes of cortical layers II and III are present in the TEMPORAL LOBE and FRONTAL LOBE. (From Brain 1998 Jan;121(Pt 1):115-26)	2.17	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	3.76	11	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.47	2	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	3.76	11	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	2.17	1	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.8	3	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	2.37	2	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	4.15	3	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	4.15	3	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	4.7	6	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	4.7	6	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	2.17	1	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	4.23	6	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	4.23	6	0
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	2.68	3	0
Chondrosteoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	4.15	15	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	2.21	1	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	2.17	1	0
Prodromal Characteristics [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	2.66	3	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	3.72	10	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	3.09	1	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	2.77	3	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	2.21	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.99	13	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	3.58	8	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	3.12	1	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	3.12	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	3.24	6	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.57	2	0
Neoplasms, Vascular [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	2.49	2	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	4.39	4	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	4.84	2	1
Angiitis [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	3.16	5	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	5.2	7	0
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	5.02	14	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.65	9	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	3.65	9	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.88	12	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	2.08	1	0
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	3.19	5	0
Polyploid [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	2.69	3	0
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	2.86	4	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	3.29	6	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	3.02	4	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.08	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	4.95	8	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	4.95	8	1
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	4.78	11	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.75	3	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	7.95	12	3
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	7.95	12	3
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	3.87	2	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	6.61	7	1
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	3.47	1	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	6.61	7	1
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	3.16	5	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.08	1	0
Complex IV Deficiency [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	2.51	2	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	3.6	8	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.6	8	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	4.55	10	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	3.15	5	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	4.4	2	2
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	5.99	9	1
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.47	2	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	2.52	2	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.52	2	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	2.52	2	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	4.97	8	1
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	4.97	8	1
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.48	2	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Gigantism The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.	2.49	2	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.49	2	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	2.71	3	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	2.78	3	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	3.7	3	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	3.7	3	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	2.74	3	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.08	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	2.08	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	6.25	5	1
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	6.25	5	1
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	3.47	1	1
Indigestion [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	3.47	1	1
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	2.08	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	2.96	4	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.47	2	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	3	4	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	3	4	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	4.29	4	1
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.08	1	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	2.08	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	2.36	2	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.72	3	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	2.08	1	0
Dyspareunia Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.	3.86	2	1
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	4.78	2	1
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection [description not available]	2.44	2	0
HTLV-I Infections Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.	2.44	2	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	3.19	5	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	2.52	2	0
Leanness [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.71	9	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	4.81	2	1
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	4.81	2	1
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	3.13	5	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	3.87	4	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.43	20	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	6.03	5	2
Lymphangiomyomatosis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).	2.51	2	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	2.51	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	2.49	2	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	2.1	1	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	4.19	6	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.1	1	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	4.58	5	1
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	4.58	5	1
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	3.9	4	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	3.9	4	0
Teratogenesis The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.	2.1	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	3.6	9	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	2.1	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	3.47	7	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	3.47	7	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	3.71	10	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	3.71	10	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	4.08	14	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	4.08	14	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	5.34	12	1
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	2.96	4	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	3.01	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	5.66	17	1
C gattii Infection [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	3.03	5	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Blastomycosis, North American [description not available]	4.76	33	0
Blastomycosis A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.	4.76	33	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.37	7	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	8.22	6	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	4.84	7	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	2.1	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.51	2	0
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	2.5	2	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	4.63	4	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	4.63	4	0
Atrial Remodeling Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.	2.52	2	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	4.47	3	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	4.47	3	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	2.1	1	0
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	2.52	2	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.81	3	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	4.11	5	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	4.11	5	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.49	2	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.76	3	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	3.41	7	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	2.5	2	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Erythremia [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Itching [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	2.48	2	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	2.1	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	2.11	1	0
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	2.99	4	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.77	3	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	2.1	1	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	5.89	4	2
Hay Fever [description not available]	4.4	1	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	4.4	1	1
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	5.89	4	2
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	5.56	11	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	5.56	11	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	2.46	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	5.08	16	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.47	2	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	6.01	9	1
Cancer of Head [description not available]	6.96	16	1
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	6.01	9	1
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	6.96	16	1
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.1	1	0
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	2.1	1	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	2.1	1	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2.97	4	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	6.9	10	3
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	4.71	3	2
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	4.71	3	2
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	3.63	3	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.46	2	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	2.46	2	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.1	1	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.74	3	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	2.11	1	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.52	2	0
Diastolic Heart Failure [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Heart Failure, Diastolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.	2.11	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	3.16	5	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	2.52	2	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	2.51	2	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	2.52	2	0
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	2.52	2	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	8.55	49	2
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	8.55	49	2
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	2.11	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.96	4	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	2.79	3	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	2.11	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.11	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	3.94	4	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	3.94	4	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	3.5	1	1
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2.81	3	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	2.11	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	3.73	3	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	3.73	3	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	4.35	2	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	4.35	2	0
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	2.52	2	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	2.11	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	3.3	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	2.11	1	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	4.84	7	0
Adenomyosis The extension of endometrial tissue (ENDOMETRIUM) into the MYOMETRIUM. It usually occurs in women in their reproductive years and may result in a diffusely enlarged uterus with ectopic and benign endometrial glands and stroma.	2.11	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	3.42	7	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	2.51	2	0
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Adrenoleukodystrophy An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).	2.11	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	4.14	6	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	3.5	1	1
Protein Folding Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Achondroplasia, Severe, With Developmental Delay And Acanthosis Nigricans [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Achondroplasia An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)	2.11	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	2.11	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	2.11	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	3.19	5	0
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.49	2	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	2.75	3	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	2.11	1	0
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.11	1	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	2.48	2	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	2.13	1	0
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.48	2	0
Balkan Endemic Nephropathy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	2.52	2	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	4.37	4	1
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	4.37	4	1
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	3.03	1	0
Allergy, Milk [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Milk Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.	2.11	1	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.11	1	0
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.39	2	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	3.19	6	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	2.77	3	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.68	3	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	2.11	1	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	2.11	1	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	2.5	2	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	10.21	26	4
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	7	3	2
Polyarthritis [description not available]	4.97	5	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	9.97	5	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	4.5	5	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	2.53	2	0
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.	2.11	1	0
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	2.11	1	0
Tooth Mobility Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)	3.4	2	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.44	2	0
Absence Status [description not available]	3.92	4	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	3.92	4	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	3.63	3	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	3.46	2	0
CACH Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	2.11	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	2.13	1	0
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	3.04	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	4.99	3	1
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	4.99	3	1
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	2.13	1	0
Lower Extremity Weakness, Spastic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	2.13	1	0
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	2.13	1	0
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	2.13	1	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.13	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma 2 [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. Alveolar refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	2.13	1	0
Chemically-Induced Disorders Disorders caused by the intentional or unintentional ingestion or exposure to chemical substances such as PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; NOXAE; and PESTICIDES.	2.13	1	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.13	1	0
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	2.13	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Infections, Taenia [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	3.07	5	0
Taeniasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.	3.79	2	1
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	4.64	11	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	4.64	11	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.13	1	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	2.13	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.45	2	0
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Machado-Joseph Disease A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)	2.13	1	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	2.53	2	0
ADPKD [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	2.53	2	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	2.53	2	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Cancer of the Fallopian Tube [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Fallopian Tube Neoplasms Benign or malignant neoplasms of the FALLOPIAN TUBES. They are uncommon. If they develop, they may be located in the wall or within the lumen as a growth attached to the wall by a stalk.	4.43	1	1
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	2.48	2	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	2.48	2	0
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	2.13	1	0
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	2.13	1	0
Multiple Chronic Conditions Two or more concurrent chronic physical, mental, or behavioral health problems in an individual.	2.13	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.77	3	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	3.84	11	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	3.84	11	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.13	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	3.14	5	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	9.37	25	2
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	9.37	25	2
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	2.13	1	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.13	1	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	2.13	1	0
Epididymitis Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	2.13	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	2.53	2	0
Aortitis Syndrome [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Takayasu Arteritis A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.	3.53	1	1
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	2.13	1	0
Azoospermia A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).	2.13	1	0
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.51	2	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	2.13	1	0
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.45	2	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	2.15	1	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	3.06	1	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	4.45	1	1
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	4.45	1	1
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	2.15	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	3.87	2	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	3.55	3	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	3.87	2	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.49	2	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	4.45	1	1
Colicky Pain [description not available]	8.08	5	5
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	8.08	5	5
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	4.45	1	1
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.51	2	0
Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.	2.15	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	2.44	2	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	2.68	3	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	2.04	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	4.92	14	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.44	2	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	4.52	9	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	4.01	14	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	2.05	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	5.04	3	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	5.04	3	1
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	2.04	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	3.62	3	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	2.84	4	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	2.84	4	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	1.92	1	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	1.92	1	0
Ventricular Flutter A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia characterized by an extremely rapid, hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (150-300 beats/min) with a large oscillating sine-wave appearance. If untreated, ventricular flutter typically progresses to VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION.	2.04	1	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	3.15	5	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.44	2	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.66	3	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	2.96	1	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	2.45	2	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	4.64	10	0
Suffocation [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	2.05	1	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	2.93	4	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	2.05	1	0
Rhabdoid Tumor A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)	2.05	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.96	4	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	3.05	5	0
Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	7.87	29	1
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	7.87	29	1
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	4.31	7	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	4.31	7	0
Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Niemann-Pick Diseases A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.	2.05	1	0
Night Blindness Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.64	3	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	2.45	2	0
Human Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Adenovirus Infections, Human Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.	2.05	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	2.47	2	0
Aneurysm, Bacterial [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	3.31	7	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	3.82	2	1
Amaurosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	2.05	1	0
Chloroma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Sarcoma, Myeloid An extramedullary tumor of immature MYELOID CELLS or MYELOBLASTS. Granulocytic sarcoma usually occurs with or follows the onset of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	2.05	1	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	2.47	2	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.06	1	0
Alcoholic Pancreatitis [description not available]	3.83	2	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	2.44	2	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	4.34	7	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	4.34	7	0
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	2.05	1	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	2.05	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	2.97	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	2.96	4	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	3.85	2	1
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	3.44	1	1
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.05	1	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	2.4	2	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.05	1	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.06	1	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Coats Disease [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.45	2	0
Retinal Telangiectasis A group of rare, idiopathic, congenital retinal vascular anomalies affecting the retinal capillaries. It is characterized by dilation and tortuosity of retinal vessels and formation of multiple aneurysms, with different degrees of leakage and exudates emanating from the blood vessels.	2.06	1	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	2.06	1	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.06	1	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	2.06	1	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.47	2	0
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	2.06	1	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	2.47	2	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	2.06	1	0
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.	2.06	1	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)	2.06	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.9	4	0
DDPAC [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	2.06	1	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2.06	1	0
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.35	2	0
Ciliophora Infections Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.	2.07	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.44	2	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	2.06	1	0
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.07	1	0
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	2.06	1	0
Bone Marrow Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.	2.06	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	3.46	1	1
Refeeding Syndrome A condition of metabolic imbalance that is caused by complications of initially feeding a severely malnourished patient too aggressively. Usually occurring within the first 5 days of refeeding, this syndrome is characterized by WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS; and DIARRHEA.	2.07	1	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	2.08	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.07	1	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	2.07	1	0
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	2.07	1	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	2.99	1	0
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.	2.07	1	0
Axonotmesis [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Trauma, Nervous System Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.	2.99	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	2.07	1	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.07	1	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	3.1	5	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.07	1	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	2.07	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	2.07	1	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	2.07	1	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	2.07	1	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.07	1	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	2.07	1	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	2.07	1	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	2.07	1	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	2.07	1	0
Histiocytic Sarcoma Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid.	2.1	1	0
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	2.07	1	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2.46	2	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.08	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	2.08	1	0
Skin Diseases, Viral Skin diseases caused by viruses.	2.07	1	0
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	3.47	1	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	4.39	1	1
Emesis [description not available]	6.1	4	3
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	4.39	1	1
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	6.1	4	3
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	2.89	4	0
Drowning Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.	2.08	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.07	1	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	2.44	2	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	2.08	1	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	2.08	1	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	2.08	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2.08	1	0
Ganglioside Storage Diseases [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Gangliosidoses A group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders marked by the accumulation of GANGLIOSIDES. They are caused by impaired enzymes or defective cofactors required for normal ganglioside degradation in the LYSOSOMES. Gangliosidoses are classified by the specific ganglioside accumulated in the defective degradation pathway.	2.08	1	0
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	2.08	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	2.08	1	0
Generalized Vulvodynia [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Aggressive Natural Killer Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic A spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood LYMPHOCYTE populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. Subtypes develop from either CD3-negative NATURAL KILLER CELLS or CD3-positive T-CELLS. The clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease.	2.08	1	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	2.08	1	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	4.62	6	0
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.7	3	0
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.	2.01	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	2.01	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.7	3	0
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	2.01	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.71	3	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.41	2	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	3.63	3	0
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.	1.93	1	0
Leukorrhea A clear or white discharge from the VAGINA, consisting mainly of MUCUS.	3.43	8	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Psychoses [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	1.93	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	1.93	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	1.93	1	0
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Sporotrichosis The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.	2.33	2	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	1.93	1	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	1.93	1	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Abortion, Threatened UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.	2.62	3	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.85	4	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	3.64	10	0
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	2.33	2	0
Coccidioides immitis Infection [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Coccidioidomycosis Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.	3.03	5	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	1.93	1	0
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Histoplasmosis Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.	2.36	2	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	2.33	2	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	1.93	1	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	7.16	36	1
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	7.16	36	1
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	2.84	4	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	1.93	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	6.93	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.19	6	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	1.93	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	7.64	3	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	2.64	3	0
Vaginal Discharge A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.	2.34	2	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	1.93	1	0
Vulvovaginitis Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.	2.62	3	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	2.34	2	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	1.93	1	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	1.93	1	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	3.44	8	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	3.44	8	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	1.93	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Neoplastic Processes The pathological mechanisms and forms taken by tissue during degeneration into a neoplasm and its subsequent activity.	1.93	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.97	5	0
Oligomenorrhea Abnormally infrequent menstruation.	1.93	1	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	1.93	1	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	2.85	4	0
Chiari-Frommel Syndrome A POSTPARTUM condition consists of persistent lactation (GALACTORRHEA) and AMENORRHEA in patients not BREAST FEEDING.	2.34	2	0
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	3.77	4	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	2.85	1	0
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	3.77	4	0
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	2.85	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.63	3	0
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	1.93	1	0
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	1.93	1	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	1.94	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	1.94	1	0
Craniofacial Pain Syndromes [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Chorioadenoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hyperplasia of Thymus Gland [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	1.94	1	0
Antisocial Behavior Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others	1.94	1	0
Paraphilias [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	2.86	4	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	2.34	2	0
Hypertrichosis Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.	1.94	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	1.94	1	0
Abortion, Missed The retention in the UTERUS of a dead FETUS two months or more after its DEATH.	1.94	1	0
Adrenogenital Syndrome Abnormal SEX DIFFERENTIATION or congenital DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT caused by abnormal levels of steroid hormones expressed by the GONADS or the ADRENAL GLANDS, such as in CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA and ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS. Due to abnormal steroid biosynthesis, clinical features include VIRILISM in females; FEMINIZATION in males; or precocious sexual development in children.	1.94	1	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Kerion Celsi An inflammatory manifestation of tinea capitis with a pronounced swelling that develops into suppurative central and indurated peripheral area called kerion.	1.93	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	1.93	1	0
Tinea Capitis Ringworm of the scalp and associated hair mainly caused by species of MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON, which may occasionally involve the eyebrows and eyelashes.	1.93	1	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	1.93	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.93	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	1.93	1	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	2.36	2	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Neoplasms, Plasma Cell Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS.	2.33	2	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	2.62	3	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	2.42	2	0
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	1.92	1	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	1.92	1	0
Actinomyces Infections [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Adenosis of Breast [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Fibrocystic Breast Disease A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.	2.43	2	0
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	2.02	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	2.02	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.94	4	0
Endothelioma, Vascular [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Hemangioendothelioma A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	2.41	2	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.8	4	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	3.33	2	0
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	2.02	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	7.91	4	0
Acute Porphyria [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.	2.02	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	2.02	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	3.59	3	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	2.02	1	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	2.02	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2.42	2	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.42	2	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	2.71	3	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	2.03	1	0
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	2.43	2	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	2.03	1	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Mucorales Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.03	1	0
Mucormycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.	2.03	1	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	2.94	1	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	2.03	1	0
Aphakia Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.	2.03	1	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	2.03	1	0
Birth Injuries Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.	2.03	1	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	2.03	1	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	2.04	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Infections, Serratia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.04	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Basilar Artery Insufficiency [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.04	1	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	2.04	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	2.03	1	0
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	2.04	1	0
Oculopharyngeal Dystrophy [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal An autosomal dominant hereditary disease that presents in late in life and is characterized by DYSPHAGIA and progressive ptosis of the eyelids. Mutations in the gene for POLY(A)-BINDING PROTEIN II have been associated with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.	2.04	1	0
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	2.04	1	0
Scotoma A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.	1.94	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	1.94	1	0
48,XXYY Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Klinefelter Syndrome A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).	1.94	1	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	1.94	1	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	2.66	3	0
Cholangioma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Adenoma, Bile Duct A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.	1.96	1	0
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	4.36	8	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	4.36	8	0
Black Fever [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	1.96	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	1.96	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	4.37	8	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	2.87	1	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	2.87	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	1.95	1	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	2.36	2	0
Cystadenoma A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.98	1	0
Adenoma, Chromophobe A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.	1.98	1	0
Elliptocytosis, Hereditary An intrinsic defect of erythrocytes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The erythrocytes assume an oval or elliptical shape.	1.98	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Infections, Microspora [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Amyloid Neuropathies Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)	2	1	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	2.92	1	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	2	1	0
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	2	1	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	2	1	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	2	1	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	2	1	0
Concussive Convulsion [description not available]	2	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	2.01	1	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	1.95	1	0
Adenofibroma A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	1.95	1	0
Hives [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	1.95	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	4.99	5	2
Cancer of the Vagina [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Vaginal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.	2.36	2	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	1.95	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	1.95	1	0
Kaposi Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.	1.95	1	0
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	2.38	2	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	1.97	1	0
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.	1.96	1	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	1.94	1	0
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.	1.94	1	0
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	1.95	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	1.95	1	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	2.86	1	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	2.86	1	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	2.86	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	2.35	2	0
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	2.64	3	0
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Afibrinogenemia A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.	1.95	1	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	1.95	1	0
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	2.86	1	0
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	1.94	1	0
Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.	1.94	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Keratoacanthoma A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.	1.94	1	0
Neoplasms, Sebaceous Gland [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	1.94	1	0
Infarct [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ectopic Pregnancy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pregnancy, Ectopic A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (	1.94	1	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	1.94	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	1.94	1	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	1.94	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	1.94	1	0

stilbenes

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