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apaflurane

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Apaflurane is a volatile inhaled anesthetic with a chemical structure similar to isoflurane. It has a rapid onset and offset of action, making it suitable for short procedures. Apaflurane is characterized by its low blood-gas partition coefficient, which contributes to its rapid induction and recovery. It has a smooth induction and minimal cardiovascular effects, making it suitable for patients with cardiac conditions. Apaflurane has a high vapor pressure, which facilitates rapid equilibration between the inspired gas and the blood. Apaflurane is less pungent than isoflurane and sevoflurane, potentially leading to smoother inductions. It is also known to have anticonvulsant properties. Apaflurane is currently undergoing clinical trials to assess its efficacy and safety for various surgical procedures. Research focuses on its potential benefits over other inhalational agents, including faster emergence and a more favorable hemodynamic profile. It is also investigated for its use in specific patient populations, such as children and individuals with cardiovascular disease.'

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID67940
CHEMBL ID2104472
SCHEMBL ID19860
MeSH IDM0247820

Synonyms (48)

Synonym
hfc-227ea
unii-r40p36gdk6
r40p36gdk6 ,
ec 207-079-2
hsdb 7830
hfa-227
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
propane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-
inchi=1/c3hf7/c4-1(2(5,6)7)3(8,9)10/h1
431-89-0
einecs 207-079-2
apaflurane [inn:ban]
fm 200
2h-heptafluoropropane
2-hydroheptafluoropropane
apaflurane
2-hydroperfluoropropane
ccris 7786
khladon 227
hfa 227
solkane 227
hfc 227
apaflurane (inn/ban)
D10216
A826208
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptakis(fluoranyl)propane
AKOS006229361
CHEMBL2104472
hfc 227ea
hydrofluorocarbon 227ea
hfa 227ea
r-227
hfc-227
apaflurane [mart.]
apaflurane [ii]
apaflurane [inn]
hydrofluorocarbon 227ea [inci]
SCHEMBL19860
cf3chfcf3
1,1,1,2,3,3,3 heptafluoropropane
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (fc 227ea)
DTXSID4042048
2h-perfluoropropane
mfcd00043834
Q2683759
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-propane
hc-227ea
2-propanyl, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This study shows that acute inhalation of HFA-134a in a CFC-free system is as safe as a CFC propellant system."( Acute safety of the CFC-free propellant HFA-134a from a pressurized metered dose inhaler.
Cooper, KM; Donnell, D; Ekholm, BP; Harrison, LI; Klinger, NM; McEwen, J; Porietis, I; Ward, S, 1995
)
0.29
" Fifty six adverse events were related to the study propellants; 34 of these occurred in the MDI C group and 22 in the MDI A group."( Twenty-eight-day double-blind safety study of an HFA-134a inhalation aerosol system in healthy subjects.
Cooper, KM; Donnell, D; Ekholm, BP; Harrison, LI; Simmons, JL; Wyld, PJ, 1996
)
0.29
"Proportions of patients who were: admitted to hospital for respiratory diseases, reported adverse side effects, or withdrew because of adverse affects."( Postmarketing surveillance study of a non-chlorofluorocarbon inhaler according to the safety assessment of marketed medicines guidelines.
Ayres, JG; Frost, CD; Holmes, WF; Ward, SM; Williams, DR, 1998
)
0.3
"08) or the proportions who reported adverse events (1."( Postmarketing surveillance study of a non-chlorofluorocarbon inhaler according to the safety assessment of marketed medicines guidelines.
Ayres, JG; Frost, CD; Holmes, WF; Ward, SM; Williams, DR, 1998
)
0.3
"The hydrofluoroalkane inhaler was as safe as the chlorofluorocarbon inhaler when judged by hospital admissions and adverse affects."( Postmarketing surveillance study of a non-chlorofluorocarbon inhaler according to the safety assessment of marketed medicines guidelines.
Ayres, JG; Frost, CD; Holmes, WF; Ward, SM; Williams, DR, 1998
)
0.3
" Adverse events were recorded at clinic visits."( Safety of long-term treatment with HFA albuterol.
Colice, GL; Ekholm, BP; Klinger, NM; Ramsdell, JW, 1999
)
0.3
" Total reported adverse events were similar for the two treatments."( Safety of long-term treatment with HFA albuterol.
Colice, GL; Ekholm, BP; Klinger, NM; Ramsdell, JW, 1999
)
0.3
" In asthmatic patients withholding bronchodilators, the new HFA-134a BDP propellant system proved as safe and was as well tolerated as the current CFC-11/12 BDP system."( Acute safety of beclomethasone dipropionate in a new CFC-free propellant system in asthmatic patients.
Ayres, JG; Simmons, JL; Stampone, P, 1999
)
0.3
" Our findings indicate that TAA-HFA is a safe and effective replacement for the currently marketed CFC-containing product."( Placebo-controlled, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of triamcinolone acetonide inhalation aerosol with the non-CFC propellant HFA-134a in patients with asthma. Azmacort HFA Clinical Study Group.
Banerji, D; Chervinsky, P; Jacobson, K; Kane, RE; Noonan, M; Uryniak, T, 1999
)
0.3
" Seven patients discontinued because of adverse events and two because of ineffective asthma control."( Long-term safety of a non-chlorofluorocarbon-containing triamcinolone acetonide inhalation aerosol in patients with asthma. Azmacort HFA Study Group.
Banerji, D; Kane, RE; Nelson, HS; Petillo, J, 2000
)
0.31
" The acute toxic endpoint of concern for these agents is cardiac sensitization."( Setting safe acute exposure limits for halon replacement chemicals using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
Brock, WJ; Cisneros, M; Jepson, GW; Rubenstein, R; Vinegar, A, 2000
)
0.31
" There were no clinically relevant differences in adverse events or serum cortisol levels between the two groups."( Clinical efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate 250 microg twice daily administered via a HFA 134a pressurized metered dose inhaler to patients with mild to moderate asthma. French study group.
Bons, J; Bugnas, B; Evano-Celli, I; Legendre, M; Prud'Homme, A; Stuart, AM; Tonnel, AB, 2000
)
0.31
" In conclusion, the new HFA 134a fluticasone propionate pMDI is as effective and safe as the established CFC fluticasone propionate pMDI when used at a dosage of 1 mg day(-1)."( Clinical efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate 1 mg per day administered via a HFA 134a pressurized metered dose inhaler to patients with moderate to severe asthma. International study group.
Lundback, B; Perruchoud, AP; Sykes, AP; Yigla, M, 2000
)
0.31
" The incidence and type of most adverse events were similar in the two treatment groups."( Clinical efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate 1 mg twice daily administered via a HFA 134a pressurized metered dose inhaler to patients with severe asthma. U.K. study group.
Ayres, JG; Millar, AB; Sykes, AP, 2000
)
0.31
" There were no notable adverse events, there was no evidence of effects on the central nervous system, and there were no symptoms of upper respiratory tract irritation."( Human safety and pharmacokinetics of the CFC alternative propellants HFC 134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) and HFC 227 (1,1,1,2,3,3, 3-heptafluoropropane) following whole-body exposure.
Alexander, DJ; Borkhataria, D; Duistermaat, E; Emmen, HH; Hoogendijk, EM; Klöpping-Ketelaars, WA; Muijser, H; Ravensberg, JC; Rusch, GM; Schmit, B, 2000
)
0.31
" The overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar in both groups (29."( Fenoterol hydrobromide delivered via HFA-MDI or CFC-MDI in patients with asthma: a safety and efficacy comparison.
Böhning, W; Freund, E; Goldberg, J; Schmidt, P, 2000
)
0.31
" No statistically significant differences in serum osteocalcin levels or adverse events were seen during the study or in AM plasma cortisol levels at month 12."( Long-term safety and efficacy of a chlorofluorocarbon-free beclomethasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol.
Cohen, RM; Demedts, M; Fireman, P; Mol, SJ; Prenner, BM; Vincken, W, 2001
)
0.31
" There were no significant differences in adverse events, laboratory findings, or ECG findings among the treatment groups."( Ipratropium bromide hydrofluoroalkane inhalation aerosol is safe and effective in patients with COPD.
Fagan, NM; Ghafouri, M; Kotch, A; Kurland, CL; Rice, K; Taylor, J; Witek, TJ, 2001
)
0.31
" Adverse events were collected for the total study period."( Equivalent efficacy and safety of a new HFA-134a formulation of BDP compared with the conventional CFC in adult asthmatics.
Addlestone, R; Anderson, PB; Cantini, L; Jones, J; Langley, SJ; Mooney, P; Rossetti, A, 2002
)
0.31
" HFA-BDP was well tolerated, with no significant differences in the incidence or nature of adverse events between HFA-BDP and placebo groups."( Efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol in childhood asthma: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Lanier, R; Nayak, A; Stampone, P; Weinstein, S; Welch, M, 2002
)
0.31
"HFA-BDP, 80 to 160 micro g/d, is effective and safe in childhood asthma."( Efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate extrafine aerosol in childhood asthma: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Lanier, R; Nayak, A; Stampone, P; Weinstein, S; Welch, M, 2002
)
0.31
" The main outcome measures were: indication for use of Ventolin MDI, assessment of disease severity, event rates during each period of observation; deaths, pregnancies, reported adverse drug reactions and reasons for discontinuation of MDI."( Prospective observational cohort safety study to monitor the introduction of a non-CFC formulation of salbutamol with HFA134a in England.
Craig-McFeely, PM; Maier, WC; Shakir, SA; Soriano, JB; Wilton, LV, 2003
)
0.32
" No serious adverse events, abnormal pregnancy outcomes or deaths have been related to Ventolin MDI or Ventolin Evohaler."( Prospective observational cohort safety study to monitor the introduction of a non-CFC formulation of salbutamol with HFA134a in England.
Craig-McFeely, PM; Maier, WC; Shakir, SA; Soriano, JB; Wilton, LV, 2003
)
0.32
" Adverse events and vital signs were recorded throughout the total study period."( Equivalent asthma control and systemic safety of inhaled budesonide delivered via HFA-134a or CFC propellant in a broad range of doses.
de Molina, M; Grzelewska-Rzymowska, I; Malolepszy, J; Siergiejko, Z; Sladek, K; Zarkovice, J, 2003
)
0.32
" Adverse events and vital signs were also recorded."( Efficacy and safety of inhaled budesonide delivered once or twice daily via HFA-134a in mild to moderate persistent asthma in adult patients. Comparison with budesonide CFC.
Bogdan, MA; Calistruc, P; Kuna, P; Vastagh, E, 2003
)
0.32
"HFA-BDP 800 microg/day has a systemic adverse event profile comparable to that of CFC-BDP 1500 microg/day, and further control of asthma symptoms may be achieved after a switch from CFC-BDP 1500 microg/day to HFA-BDP 800 microg/day."( Safety and efficacy of HFA-134a beclomethasone dipropionate extra-fine aerosol over six months.
Boulet, LP; Cartier, A; Ernst, P; Larivée, P; Laviolette, M, 2004
)
0.32
" QVAR appears to be well tolerated in children with no clinically relevant adverse effects on adrenal function, bone metabolism or growth at recommended doses."( The efficacy and safety of QVAR (hydrofluoroalkane-beclometasone diproprionate extrafine aerosol) in asthma (Part 2): Clinical experience in children.
Donnell, D; van Schayck, CP, 2004
)
0.32
" Patients recorded any adverse events (AEs) on daily diary cards."( Safety and clinical relief over 1 year with triamcinolone acetonide hydrofluoroalkane-134a nasal aerosol in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis.
Banerji, D; Faruqi, R; Garcia, J; Georges, G; Weber, R,
)
0.13
" The percentage of patients who experienced at least 1 adverse event was similar in the 2 groups."( Efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate hydrofluoroalkane inhalation aerosol in pre-school-age children with asthma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Ceruti, E; Crim, C; Kleha, JF; Maspero, JF; Mehta, R; Qaqundah, PY; Scott, CA; Sugerman, RW; Wu, W, 2006
)
0.33
" There was no difference in adverse events between the groups."( Efficacy and safety of inhaled ciclesonide compared with chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate in adults with moderate to severe persistent asthma.
Adachi, M; Inoue, H; Ishihara, K; Kato, R; Kudo, K; Masuda, K; Miyamoto, T; Morita, Y; Sakai, T; Takahashi, K, 2007
)
0.34
" Ciclesonide at doses of 400 microg/day and 800 microg/day was safe and well tolerated."( Efficacy and safety of inhaled ciclesonide compared with chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone dipropionate in adults with moderate to severe persistent asthma.
Adachi, M; Inoue, H; Ishihara, K; Kato, R; Kudo, K; Masuda, K; Miyamoto, T; Morita, Y; Sakai, T; Takahashi, K, 2007
)
0.34
" Assessments included adverse events, signs of adrenergic stimulation, electrocardiograms, and blood glucose and potassium levels."( Repeat dosing of albuterol via metered-dose inhaler in infants with acute obstructive airway disease: a randomized controlled safety trial.
Davis, AM; Ellsworth, A; Goodman, B; Kaashmiri, M; Lincourt, WR; Shepard, J; Trivedi, R, 2010
)
0.36
"Overall, adverse events occurred in 4 (9%) and 3 (7%) subjects in the 180-microg and 360-microg groups, respectively."( Repeat dosing of albuterol via metered-dose inhaler in infants with acute obstructive airway disease: a randomized controlled safety trial.
Davis, AM; Ellsworth, A; Goodman, B; Kaashmiri, M; Lincourt, WR; Shepard, J; Trivedi, R, 2010
)
0.36
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were monitored throughout the study."( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol, 80 or 160 μg once daily, for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Desai, SY; Hinkle, J; Huang, H; Jacobs, R; Mohar, D; Ratner, P, 2010
)
0.36
" The overall incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was low and comparable between the CIC-HFA and placebo groups."( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol, 80 or 160 μg once daily, for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Desai, SY; Hinkle, J; Huang, H; Jacobs, R; Mohar, D; Ratner, P, 2010
)
0.36

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The HFA-BDP MDI was studied in three pharmacokinetic trials in asthmatic patients."( Effect of changing the fine particle mass of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on intrapulmonary deposition and pharmacokinetics.
Harrison, LI; Seale, JP, 1998
)
0.3
" A non-linear correlation between 24-h urinary free cortisol and the pharmacokinetic parameters was observed, reflecting smaller changes in 24-h urinary free cortisol than in pharmacokinetics as the dose was increased."( Adrenal effects and pharmacokinetics of CFC-free beclomethasone dipropionate: a 14-day dose-response study.
Colice, GL; Dockhorn, R; Donnell, D; Harrison, LI; Soria, I, 1999
)
0.3
"To compare the pharmacokinetic profile of Beclazone (beclomethasone dipropionate) in its chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-based and CFC-free formulations."( Pharmacokinetics of chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler formulations of beclomethasone dipropionate.
Jackson, CM; Lipworth, BJ, 1999
)
0.3
"The tmax was significantly (P<0."( Pharmacokinetics of chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler formulations of beclomethasone dipropionate.
Jackson, CM; Lipworth, BJ, 1999
)
0.3
" Serial plasma samples were collected after the first and last dose of test medication for pharmacokinetic analysis."( A study comparing the clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of triamcinolone acetonide HFA-134a metered-dose inhaler and budesonide dry-powder inhaler following inhalation administration.
Argenti, D; Heald, D; Shah, B, 2000
)
0.31
" Linkage was made using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."( Setting safe acute exposure limits for halon replacement chemicals using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
Brock, WJ; Cisneros, M; Jepson, GW; Rubenstein, R; Vinegar, A, 2000
)
0.31
" The objectives of this study were to assess the deposition in the lungs and oropharynx of triamcinolone acetonide (TAA; Azmacort, Aventis Pharma, Collegeville, PA) delivered by pMDI formulated with HFA-134a, together with the pharmacokinetic profile of TAA, and to determine the extent to which the Azmacort spacer improves targeting of TAA to the lungs."( Deposition and pharmacokinetics of an HFA formulation of triamcinolone acetonide delivered by pressurized metered dose inhaler.
Gillen, MS; Hirst, PH; Newman, SP; Pitcairn, GR; Richards, JC; Rohatagi, S, 2001
)
0.31
" In a study of 12 healthy men, pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after single doses of 1000 microg CFC flunisolide delivered without a spacer, 340 microg HFA flunisolide delivered through a spacer, and 516 microg HFA flunisolide delivered without a spacer."( Single-dose study to compare the pharmacokinetics of HFA flunisolide and CFC flunisolide.
Abramowitz, W; Nolting, A; Sista, S, 2002
)
0.31
" The values of these pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly higher in the flunisolide CFC group than in the 340 microg bid flunisolide HFA group on days 1 and 14."( Flunisolide HFA vs flunisolide CFC: pharmacokinetic comparison in healthy volunteers.
Abramowitz, W; Nolting, A; Sista, S, 2001
)
0.31
" Single dose pharmacokinetic studies in both healthy volunteers and asthmatic patients compared systemic exposure (B17MP levels) for BDP-CFC with BDP Modulite and extrafine BDP-HFA (QVAR)."( Modulite technology: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic implications.
Acerbi, D; Poli, G; Woodcock, A, 2002
)
0.31
"This was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study comparing the systemic pharmacodynamic effects (heart rate and serum potassium) and pharmacokinetics of salmeterol delivered by the non-CFC hydrofluoralkane (HFA) propellant 134a and the CFC propellant (propellant 11/12) metered dose inhalers (MDI) in healthy subjects."( Comparison of the systemic pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of salmeterol delivered by CFC propellant and non-CFC propellant metered dose inhalers in healthy subjects.
Daley-Yates, P; De Silva, M; Handel, M; Kempsford, R; Mehta, R, 2005
)
0.33
" Scintigraphic and pharmacokinetic studies indicate a higher lung deposition for both the Qvar and the Beclazone formulations, compared with reference beclometasone dipropionate formulation."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of inhaled beclometasone dipropionate delivered via hydrofluoroalkane-containing devices.
Derom, E; Pauwels, RA, 2005
)
0.33
" Pharmacodynamic equivalence was assessed using AUC (FEV1)/h and peak FEV1 as indices, and the data was analyzed by analysis of variance."( Pharmacodynamic equivalence study of CFC-free and CFC-containing procaterol hydrochloride metered-dose inhalers.
Akamatsu, K; Kawai, M; Miyamoto, T; Nakamura, Y; Nakashima, M; Takaori, S, 2005
)
0.33
"Plasma concentrations of beclomethasone 17-monopropionate (17-BMP),a major metabolite of BDP, following an inhaled dose of HFA-BDP (200 microg as four inhalations from 50 microg/actuation) in five Japanese children with bronchial asthma were quantified and analyzed by a non-compartmental analysis to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters."( Pharmacokinetics of beclomethasone dipropionate in an hydrofluoroalkane-134a propellant system in Japanese children with bronchial asthma.
Aoki, M; Fukao, T; Hosoi, K; Kondo, N; Matsui, E; Mikawa, H; Teramoto, T; Terauchi, Y; Tomita, Y, 2006
)
0.33
"Single-dose pharmacokinetic and multiple high-dose Phase I studies in healthy volunteers and randomized, controlled 12-week Phase III clinical trials in children, adolescents and adults with mild-to-moderate asthma have been performed to compare the efficacy and safety of HFA-based budesonide inhaler therapy with the traditional CFC-based pMDI."( Budesonide administered using chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane pressurized metered-dose inhalers: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical equivalence.
Carlholm, M; Lohr, I; Polanowski, T; Singh, D; Tutuncu, A, 2007
)
0.34
"The pharmacokinetic study in 40 persons showed comparable characteristics of CFC and HFApMDIs, with good dose-proportionality, at doses of 400, 800 and 1,600 microg."( Budesonide administered using chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane pressurized metered-dose inhalers: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical equivalence.
Carlholm, M; Lohr, I; Polanowski, T; Singh, D; Tutuncu, A, 2007
)
0.34
" The primary pharmacokinetic parameters were AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) of desisobutyryl ciclesonide."( Pharmacokinetics of ciclesonide and desisobutyryl ciclesonide after administration via aqueous nasal spray or hydrofluoroalkane nasal aerosol compared with orally inhaled ciclesonide: an open-label, single-dose, three-period crossover study in healthy vol
Herzog, R; Laurent, A; Nave, R; Wingertzahn, MA, 2009
)
0.35

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The observed lower bioavailability of CFC-BDP compared with HFA-BDP could be explained if most of each inhaled dose from the CFC-BDP MDI was swallowed and absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, while most of each inhaled dose from the HFA-BDP MDI was absorbed from the lungs."( Effect of changing the fine particle mass of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on intrapulmonary deposition and pharmacokinetics.
Harrison, LI; Seale, JP, 1998
)
0.3
"The lung bioavailability (as adrenal suppression) of fluticasone propionate was about twofold greater with chlorofluorocarbons than hydrofluoroalkane as propellant."( Differences in lung bioavailability between different propellants for fluticasone propionate.
Lipworth, BJ; Orr, LC; Sims, EJ; Wilson, AM, 1999
)
0.3
" The principles of establishing bioequivalence on the basis of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics may not be applicable to inhaled medications with predominantly topical and minimal systemic effects."( Concepts of establishing clinical bioequivalence of chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane beta-agonists.
Parameswaran, K, 1999
)
0.3
" The data suggest that the total and regional lung deposition of hydrofluoroalkane-based pressurized aerosol formulations is highly product-specific and that changes in bioavailability can be brought about by varying both the constituents of the formulation and the design of the actuator."( Deposition of fenoterol from pressurized metered dose inhalers containing hydrofluoroalkanes.
Harrison, A; Nagel, J; Newman, S; Pitcairn, G; Steed, K, 1999
)
0.3
"54 microg/L for CFC MDI and HFA MDI, respectively); bioavailability values of inhaled FP from the 2 MDIs were also similar (geometric mean values: 26."( Systemic exposure to fluticasone propionate administered via metered-dose inhaler containing chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluoroalkane propellant.
Bye, A; Daley-Yates, PT; Falcoz, C; Mackie, AE; McDowall, JE; Ventresca, P, 2000
)
0.31
"The bioavailability values of FP after inhalation via a CFC MDI and an HFA MDI are similar."( Systemic exposure to fluticasone propionate administered via metered-dose inhaler containing chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluoroalkane propellant.
Bye, A; Daley-Yates, PT; Falcoz, C; Mackie, AE; McDowall, JE; Ventresca, P, 2000
)
0.31
"Blood samples for plasma salbutamol concentrations were taken at 5 min, 10 min, and 20 min after inhalation, to measure lung bioavailability as a surrogate for relative lung dose."( Comparative in vivo lung delivery of hydrofluoroalkane-salbutamol formulation via metered-dose inhaler alone, with plastic spacer, or with cardboard tube.
Fowler, SJ; Griffiths, EA; Lipworth, BJ; Wilson, AM, 2001
)
0.31
"For inhaled formulations, the balance between desired local effects and undesired systemic activity can be expressed by L/T, where L represents bioavailability of drug from the lungs and T represents total systemic bioavailability."( Local versus total systemic bioavailability of beclomethasone dipropionate CFC and HFA metered dose inhaler formulations.
Harrison, LI, 2002
)
0.31
"To determine whether an antistatic valved holding chamber/mask improves lung bioavailability of hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) fluticasone in young children."( Lung bioavailability of hydrofluoroalkane fluticasone in young children when delivered by an antistatic chamber/mask.
Chesrown, S; Hendeles, L; Hochhaus, G; Khan, Y; Shuster, JJ; Spencer, T; Tang, Y, 2006
)
0.33
" Using a previously developed urinary pharmacokinetic method, we have measured the relative lung and systemic bioavailability of beclometasone dipropionate (BDP) after inhalation from 2 hydrofluroalkane-beclometasone dipropionate (HFA-BDP) formulations when used with a spacer."( Bioavailability of Beclometasone From Two HFA-BDP Formulations With a Spacer.
AbuRuz, S; Chrystyn, H; Said, AS, 2019
)
0.51

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"This study compares the safety and efficacy of HFA 134a salbutamol sulfate (Airomir in the 3M CFC-free system [3M Pharmaceuticals]) and CFC 11/12 salbutamol (Ventolin [Allen & Hanburys]) in a cumulative dose-response (1, 1, 2, 4, 8 inhalations at 30-min intervals) study in asthmatic patients."( Cumulative dose-response study of non-CFC propellant HFA 134a salbutamol sulfate metered-dose inhaler in patients with asthma.
Cline, AC; Ekholm, BP; Kleerup, EC; Tashkin, DP, 1996
)
0.29
" Both HFA 134a salbutamol sulfate and CFC 11/12 salbutamol displayed a significant dose-response for FEV1, FEF25-75%, FVC, serum potassium, heart rate, and systolic BP."( Cumulative dose-response study of non-CFC propellant HFA 134a salbutamol sulfate metered-dose inhaler in patients with asthma.
Cline, AC; Ekholm, BP; Kleerup, EC; Tashkin, DP, 1996
)
0.29
" The DDV was determined using a dosage sampling tube."( Influence of metering chamber volume and water level on the emitted dose of a suspension-based pMDI containing propellant 134a.
Koleng, JJ; Liu, J; Williams, RO, 1997
)
0.3
"At weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12, spirometry was performed predose and serially over 6 h after dosing with study drug."( Proventil HFA provides bronchodilation comparable to ventolin over 12 weeks of regular use in asthmatics.
Bleecker, ER; Colice, GL; Ekholm, BP; Klinger, NM; Ramsdell, J; Slade, HB; Tinkelman, DG, 1998
)
0.3
" Vital signs were recorded over 6 h after dosing with study drug at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12."( Proventil HFA and ventolin have similar safety profiles during regular use.
Bleecker, ER; Colice, GL; Ekholm, BP; Klinger, NM; Ramsdell, J; Slade, HB; Tinkelman, DG, 1998
)
0.3
" Changes in heart rate and BP were small after dosing with study drug and tended to be similar for the active treatments and HFA-134a placebo groups."( Proventil HFA and ventolin have similar safety profiles during regular use.
Bleecker, ER; Colice, GL; Ekholm, BP; Klinger, NM; Ramsdell, J; Slade, HB; Tinkelman, DG, 1998
)
0.3
" A dosage of 16 puffs per day of propellant HFA-134a was well tolerated by asthmatics."( Proventil HFA and ventolin have similar safety profiles during regular use.
Bleecker, ER; Colice, GL; Ekholm, BP; Klinger, NM; Ramsdell, J; Slade, HB; Tinkelman, DG, 1998
)
0.3
" Safety was assessed by measuring changes in pulse rate, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram (ECG) intervals after dosing with study drug, monitoring adverse events, and performing prestudy and poststudy laboratory testing and physical examinations."( Switching patients with asthma from chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) albuterol to hydrofluoroalkane-134a (HFA) albuterol.
Bronsky, E; Colice, GL; Ekholm, BP; Klinger, NM, 1999
)
0.3
" This double-blind study examined adrenal effects and pharmacokinetics after 14 days of dosing with HFA-beclomethasone dipropionate."( Adrenal effects and pharmacokinetics of CFC-free beclomethasone dipropionate: a 14-day dose-response study.
Colice, GL; Dockhorn, R; Donnell, D; Harrison, LI; Soria, I, 1999
)
0.3
" Twelve subjects would suffice for a cumulative dose-response study for bronchodilator bioequivalence."( Concepts of establishing clinical bioequivalence of chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane beta-agonists.
Parameswaran, K, 1999
)
0.3
" Further well designed trials are required in asthmatic patients to properly define their respective dose-response relationships for antiasthmatic and systemic adverse effects."( Pharmacokinetics of chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler formulations of beclomethasone dipropionate.
Jackson, CM; Lipworth, BJ, 1999
)
0.3
" A new propellant, hydrofluoroalkane (HFA), incorporates a re-engineered delivery system associated with dosing reproducibility throughout the life of the canister."( Use of hydrofluoroalkane propellant delivery system for inhaled albuterol in patients receiving asthma medications.
Boccuzzi, SJ; Roehm, JB; Wogen, J, 2000
)
0.31
" This improvement in dosing characteristics has the potential to translate into enhanced economic outcomes."( Use of hydrofluoroalkane propellant delivery system for inhaled albuterol in patients receiving asthma medications.
Boccuzzi, SJ; Roehm, JB; Wogen, J, 2000
)
0.31
" Chronic dosing did result in a statistically significant 20% reduction in basal 24-hour serum cortisol AUC(0-24) for both compounds."( A study comparing the clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of triamcinolone acetonide HFA-134a metered-dose inhaler and budesonide dry-powder inhaler following inhalation administration.
Argenti, D; Heald, D; Shah, B, 2000
)
0.31
" Each of the products provided an emitted dose which was within +/- 25% of the mean value indicating accurate and consistent dosing (93, 112 and 221 microg per metered dose for the salbutamol 100 microg and fluticasone propionate 125 and 250 microg HFA 134a pMDIs, respectively)."( Pharmaceutical transition to non-CFC pressurized metered dose inhalers.
Cripps, A; Riebe, M; Schulze, M; Woodhouse, R, 2000
)
0.31
" In conclusion, the new HFA 134a fluticasone propionate pMDI is as effective and safe as the established CFC fluticasone propionate pMDI when used at a dosage of 1 mg day(-1)."( Clinical efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate 1 mg per day administered via a HFA 134a pressurized metered dose inhaler to patients with moderate to severe asthma. International study group.
Lundback, B; Perruchoud, AP; Sykes, AP; Yigla, M, 2000
)
0.31
" However, unlike fluticasone, HFA-BDP does not show a propensity for blood or tissue accumulation when administered with a 12-h dosing interval."( The comparative safety/efficacy ratio of HFA-BDP.
Lipworth, BJ, 2000
)
0.31
" Increased lung deposition of QVAR permits a reduction in dosage relative to CFC-BDP."( Efficacy and safety overview of a new inhaled corticosteroid, QVAR (hydrofluoroalkane-beclomethasone extrafine inhalation aerosol), in asthma.
Busse, WW; Donnell, D; Martin, RJ; Szefler, SJ; Vanden Burgt, JA, 2000
)
0.31
" In addition, the spacer devices investigated will allow a higher dose of drug to reach the deep lung, which may permit the use of lower dosage regimens with increased therapeutic efficacy."( Investigation of some commercially available spacer devices for the delivery of glucocorticoid steroids from a pMDI.
Barron, MK; Patel, AM; Rogers, TL; Williams, RO, 2001
)
0.31
"Clinical studies comparing the potency of inhaled corticosteroids require steep dose-response slopes (b) and minimal response variability (s), as statistical power is inversely related to the s/b ratio."( Asthma stability after oral prednisone: a clinical model for comparing inhaled steroid potency.
Ahrens, RC; Donnell, D; Han, SH; Lux, CR; Teresi, ME; Vanden Burgt, JA, 2001
)
0.31
" Dosing was continued for 13."( Flunisolide HFA vs flunisolide CFC: pharmacokinetic comparison in healthy volunteers.
Abramowitz, W; Nolting, A; Sista, S, 2001
)
0.31
"This study was designed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of single doses of albuterol/HFA 134a with albuterol/CFC and to demonstrate a dose-response among the different doses of both formulations."( A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of single doses of HFA 134a albuterol and CFC albuterol in mild-to-moderate asthmatic patients.
Batty, EP; Langley, SJ; Masterson, CM; Sykes, AP; Woodcock, A, 2002
)
0.31
" Triplicate measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) were made immediately before dosing and 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours postdose."( A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of single doses of HFA 134a albuterol and CFC albuterol in mild-to-moderate asthmatic patients.
Batty, EP; Langley, SJ; Masterson, CM; Sykes, AP; Woodcock, A, 2002
)
0.31
" A dose-response study confirmed that less than half the dose of HFA-BDP is needed to give the same efficacy as CFC-BDP."( Local versus total systemic bioavailability of beclomethasone dipropionate CFC and HFA metered dose inhaler formulations.
Harrison, LI, 2002
)
0.31
" This randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, crossover study investigated the efficacy, dose-response and safety of HFA-albuterol delivered via a breath-actuated Autohaler inhalation device in comparison with the same medication delivered using a conventional P&B device."( Efficacy response of inhaled HFA-albuterol delivered via the breath-actuated Autohaler inhalation device is comparable to dose in patients with asthma.
Cohen, RM; Gross, G; Guy, H, 2003
)
0.32
" A blood sample for morning serum dosing (8."( Efficacy and safety of inhaled budesonide delivered once or twice daily via HFA-134a in mild to moderate persistent asthma in adult patients. Comparison with budesonide CFC.
Bogdan, MA; Calistruc, P; Kuna, P; Vastagh, E, 2003
)
0.32
" Long-term comparisons with CFC-BDP have confirmed the durability of the 2:1 daily dosing ratio of CFC-BDP:QVAR in adults."( The efficacy and safety of QVAR (hydrofluoroalkane-beclometasone diproprionate extrafine aerosol) in asthma (part 1): an update of clinical experience in adults.
Donnell, D; Van Schayck, CP, 2004
)
0.32
" (R)-albuterol plasma levels ranged from 10% to 18% higher after racemic albuterol HFA MDI dosing versus after levalbuterol HFA MDI."( A cumulative dose study of levalbuterol and racemic albuterol administered by hydrofluoroalkane-134a metered-dose inhaler in asthmatic subjects.
Baumgartner, RA; Corren, J; Goodwin, E; Hanrahan, JP; McVicar, WK; Nair, P; Pleskow, WW; Tripp, K, 2008
)
0.35
"In this study single-day cumulative dosing of asthmatic subjects with levalbuterol HFA MDI or racemic albuterol HFA MDI resulted in similar improvements in FEV(1) and tolerability."( A cumulative dose study of levalbuterol and racemic albuterol administered by hydrofluoroalkane-134a metered-dose inhaler in asthmatic subjects.
Baumgartner, RA; Corren, J; Goodwin, E; Hanrahan, JP; McVicar, WK; Nair, P; Pleskow, WW; Tripp, K, 2008
)
0.35
"Cumulative dosing with albuterol HFA 180 microg or 360 microg via MDI-spacer and face mask in children younger than 2 years did not result in any significant safety issues and improved MTASS by at least 48%."( Repeat dosing of albuterol via metered-dose inhaler in infants with acute obstructive airway disease: a randomized controlled safety trial.
Davis, AM; Ellsworth, A; Goodman, B; Kaashmiri, M; Lincourt, WR; Shepard, J; Trivedi, R, 2010
)
0.36
" These results have implications during dosage form design, testing, and for usage patient use."( In vitro investigation of the effect of ambient humidity on regional delivered dose with solution and suspension MDIs.
Church, T; Finlay, WH; Hoe, S; Lewis, D; Shemirani, FM; Vehring, R, 2013
)
0.39
" Treatment was twice-daily dosing with albuterol HFA MDI at 90 micrograms with dose counter for either 5 or 7 weeks."( Prospective, open-label assessment of albuterol sulfate hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler with new integrated dose counter.
Given, J; Iverson, H; Lepore, M; Taveras, H,
)
0.13
"Drug loaded hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) sprays can generate effective pharmaceutical formulations, but a deeper understanding of the manner in which these dynamic systems drive the process of in situ semi-solid dosage form assembly is required."( Topical corticosteroid delivery into human skin using hydrofluoroalkane metered dose aerosol sprays.
Benaouda, F; Brown, MB; Jones, SA; Khengar, R; Reid, ML, 2013
)
0.39
" Primary efficacy endpoints were baseline-adjusted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) at 30 min (30-min FEV1) after each cumulative dose (Study 1) and FEV1 area under the effect curve over 6 h (FEV1 AUEC0-6) after dosing (Study 2)."( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Efficacy, and Safety of Albuterol (Salbuterol) Multi-dose Dry-Powder Inhaler and ProAir(®) Hydrofluoroalkane for the Treatment of Persistent Asthma: Results of Two Randomized Double-Blind Studies.
Iverson, H; Kerwin, EM; Lepore, MS; Miller, DS; Shah, T; Taveras, H; Wayne, D, 2016
)
0.43
" The primary efficacy variable was the change in forced expiratory volume in one second from predose to 60 minutes after dosing on day 85."( Efficacy and safety of ipratropium bromide/salbutamol sulphate administered in a hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler for the treatment of COPD.
Bhargava, S; Bhattacharya, A; Gogtay, J; Purandare, S; Rebello, J; Singh, V; Talwar, D; Whig, J, 2016
)
0.43
"Spray drying biologics and small-molecule drugs can increase their thermal stability relative to liquid dosage forms and allow for widespread distribution to developing countries without cold chain infrastructure."( Amorphous pullulan trehalose microparticle platform for respiratory delivery.
Barona, D; Carrigy, NB; Finlay, WH; Liu, Y; Melhem, O; Milburn, L; Ordoubadi, M; Ruzycki, CA; Vehring, R; Wang, H, 2019
)
0.51
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (306)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's47 (15.36)18.2507
2000's193 (63.07)29.6817
2010's63 (20.59)24.3611
2020's3 (0.98)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 20.07

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index20.07 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.12 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.54 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index23.28 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (20.07)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials131 (40.81%)5.53%
Reviews20 (6.23%)6.00%
Case Studies4 (1.25%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other166 (51.71%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]