pyrethrins profile

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Chrysanthemum	genus	A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common names of daisy or marguerite are easily confused with other plants. Some species in this genus have been reclassified to TANACETUM.[MeSH]	Asteraceae	A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of daisy refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	60202781
CHEMBL ID	2096637
MeSH ID	M0018228

Synonym
pyrethrins ,
CHEMBL2096637

Research Excerpts

Overview

Pyrethrins are a mixture of terpenes, with insecticidal properties, that accumulate in the aboveground parts of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pyrethrins are a mixture of terpenes, with insecticidal properties, that accumulate in the aboveground parts of the pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). "	( TcMYB8, a R3-MYB Transcription Factor, Positively Regulates Pyrethrin Biosynthesis in Li, J; Luo, J; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Xu, Z; Zeng, T; Zheng, R; Zhou, L, 2022)	2.16
"Pyrethrins are a natural insecticide biosynthesized by the plant pyrethrum [Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Current species name: Tanacetum cinerariifolium)] of the family Asteraceae. "	( Pyrethrin biosynthesis and its regulation in Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Matsuda, K, 2012)	1.82

Actions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pyrethrins produce liver tumors in rats by a mode of action (MOA) involving induction of hepatic xenobiotic metabolising enzymes, hypertrophy, increased cell proliferation, and the development of altered hepatic foci."	( Mode-of-action analysis for induction of rat liver tumors by pyrethrins: relevance to human cancer risk. Lake, BG; Osimitz, TG, 2009)	1.32

Treatment

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Treatment with Pyrethrins and NaPB increased hepatic microsomal thyroxine UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity and serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels (TSH), but reduced serum levels of either thyroxine (T4) and/or triiodothyronine (T3)."	( A mode of action for induction of thyroid gland tumors by Pyrethrins in the rat. Butler, WH; Capen, CC; Finch, JM; Gabriel, KL; Henderson, WJ; Lake, BG; Martin, T; Osimitz, TG, 2006)	0.92

Toxicity

Pyrethroids are synthetic chemicals similar to the pyrethrins. They are more toxic to insects and mammals and persistent in the environment.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Decamethrin proved to be a highly toxic pyrethroid ester."	( Toxicity studies with decamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Baron, R; Carver, B; Chernoff, N; Dilley, J; Kavlock, R; Linder, R; Rogers, E; Simmon, V, )	0.13
" Also several of the compounds may be very toxic to certain kinds of fish and arthropods."	( Degradation, metabolism and toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids. Miyamoto, J, 1976)	0.26
" Acute toxicity: Empenthrin ((RS)-(EZ)-1-ethynyl-2-methyl-2-pentenyl (1R)-cis/trans-chrysanthemate) caused some toxic signs such as muscular fibrillation, tremor, hypersensitivity, decrease of spontaneous activity, ataxic gait, lymb paralysis, irregular respiration, excretion of oily substance, loose stool and urinary incontinence in oral acute toxicity studies at 1000 mg/kg and above in rats, and at 2000 mg/kg and above in mice."	( [Mammalian toxicity of empenthrin (Vaporthrin, S-2852F)]. Hirohashi, A; Kaneko, H; Kawaguchi, S; Kawasaki, H; Koyama, Y; Misaki, Y; Nakayama, A; Yamada, H; Yoshitake, A, 1992)	0.28
" Clinical examination and analysis of different biochemical parameters in blood and serum samples showed in spite of the minimal absorption of the insecticide, there was no immediate adverse effect."	( Preliminary evaluation on safety aspects in mosquito net impregnation with lambdacyhalothrin. Baskaran, S; Das, LK; Das, PK; Kalyanasundaram, M, 1992)	0.28
" The relative toxic potency of aldrin fenvalerate, captan and diazinon was in a ratio of 6807:241:4:1 respectively."	( Relative toxicity of aldrin, fenvalerate, captan and diazinon to the freshwater food-fish, Clarias batrachus. Tripathi, G, 1992)	0.28
" The only compound toxic to young mosquitofish at maximum field application rates was resmethrin."	( Acute toxicity of mosquitocidal compounds to young mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. Hallmon, CF; Hester, PG; Olson, MA; Shaffer, KR; Tietze, NS, 1991)	0.28
" The drug was introduced to pregnant animals perorally in 1/20 and 1/100 LD50 doses during the critical periods of neonatal development."	( [Placental histogenesis and the cardiotoxic effect in rat progeny under the influence of the synthetic pyrethroid Decis]. Badaeva, LN; Nedorenko, NI, 1991)	0.28
" The toxic effect of deltamethrin was highest at the combination of high temperature and low air humidity."	( The toxic effect of deltamethrin on linyphiid and erigonid spiders in connection with ambient temperature, humidity, and predation. Aukema, B; Everts, JW; Kammenga, J; Simons, L; Stulp, M; Willemsen, I, 1991)	0.28
" The toxicity of cis- and trans-cypermethrin to rainbow trout was investigated and the concentrations of the two isomers in brain associated with toxic signs (excitability and loss of equilibrium) were determined."	( The toxicity and metabolism of the pyrethroids cis- and trans-cypermethrin in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Edwards, R; Hutson, DH; Millburn, P, 1987)	0.27
" Covalent binding is often associated with toxic effects."	( Cytotoxicity, cytogenotoxicity and allergenicity tests on certain pyrethroids. Hoellinger, H; Lecorsier, A; Leger, C; Sonnier, M, 1987)	0.27
") were practically non-toxic based on LD50 value determinations."	( Haemotoxicity to chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) by technical and formulation grades of some phosphoric and synthetic pyrethroid esters. Jabeen, K; Mahboob, M; Mustafa, M; Qadri, SS, 1987)	0.27
" Concentrations of [14C]cis-cypermethrin in the brains of representative members of each of these classes of chordates were measured at toxic signs (an onset of hyperactivity followed by seizures and loss of balance/equilibrium) as an indicator of target organ sensitivity."	( Comparative toxicity of cis-cypermethrin in rainbow trout, frog, mouse, and quail. Edwards, R; Hutson, DH; Millburn, P, 1986)	0.27
" Since the mechanism by which these compounds exert their toxic effect in insects (and at higher doses in mammals) is by disruption of the normal function of nervous tissue, a detailed morphologic evaluation of the nervous system was performed on rats from two long-term feeding studies conducted on permethrin."	( The evaluation of a new synthetic pyrethroid pesticide (permethrin) for neurotoxicity. Dyck, PJ; Lais, AC; Oviatt, KF; Schoening, GP; Shimono, M; Sparks, MF, 1984)	0.27
" The acute oral LD50 to adult (19-wk-old) male and female birds was in excess of 4000 mg/kg."	( Toxicity of fenvalerate to bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) including brain and liver residues associated with mortality. Bradbury, SP; Coats, JR, 1982)	0.26
" The response of splenocytes to the mitogens phytohaemagglutin and concanavalin A, and to a T-dependent antigen (sheep red blood cells), was enhanced at 1/40 LD50 SCM, and at 1/20 and 1/14 LD50 these variables were suppressed."	( Investigation of immunotoxicity of supercypermethrin forte in the Wistar rat. Janota, S; Kubová, J; Nyulassy, S; Tulinská, J, 1995)	0.29
"5 times more toxic than diflubenzuron and methoprene, respectively."	( Comparative toxicity of selected larvicides and insect growth regulators to a Florida laboratory population of Aedes albopictus. Ali, A; Nayar, JK; Xue, RD, 1995)	0.29
"Chronic toxic effects of supermethrin on some biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, LDH, creatinine and total proteins) were investigated in 84 individuals of Japanese quail divided into four groups (control-K, experimental group I-P1, experimental group II-P2, experimental group III-P3) in the conditions of 140-day avian reproductive test."	( [Biochemical aspects of the toxic effects of Supermethrin in a 140-day avian reproductive test]. Dudríková, E; Kovác, G; Legáth, J; Mlynarcíková, H; Porácová, J, 1995)	0.29
" Our experiments show that CY is more toxic than PERM to adult and neonatal rats."	( Acute toxicity of two pyrethroids, permethrin, and cypermethrin in neonatal and adult rats. Cantalamessa, F, 1993)	0.29
" Direct water-borne exposure to endosulfan was the most toxic route of exposure and the presence of algae decreased toxicity of this pesticide."	( Effect of algal food concentration on toxicity of two agricultural pesticides to Daphnia carinata. Ahokas, JT; Barry, MJ; Holdway, DA; Logan, DC, 1995)	0.29
") were tested as toxic standards."	( Virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal and toxicity of diflubenzuron, fenitrothion-esfenvalerate and profenofos-cypermethrin to nontarget arthropods in Mauritania. Demba, SA; Peveling, R, 1997)	0.3
" Also IC50 values of these pesticides were compared with LD50 values obtained from the literature."	( A new sensitive cell culture test for the assessment of pesticide toxicity. Bertheussen, K; Figenschau, Y; Yousef, MI, 1997)	0.3
" DEET is a safe and effective repellent."	( Safety and efficacy of DEET and permethrin in the prevention of arthropod attack. Evans, S; Young, GD, 1998)	0.3
"The aim of the study was to assess the immunotoxic effect of dermally applied alpha-cypermethrin in rats based on phagocytic and bactericidal activity of neutrophils of peripheral blood, and the general toxic effect based on histological and ultrastructural examination of internal organs."	( Toxicity of dermally applied alpha-cypermethrin in rats. Halliop, J; Korczak, E; Latuszyńska, J; Luty, S; Obuchowska, D; Przylepa, E; Tochman, A, 1998)	0.3
"The aim of the study was the evaluation of the toxic effect of a two-component, preparation Nurelle D 550 EC (500 g of chlorpyrifos and 50 g cypermethrin per 1 l), administrated dermally."	( Studies of toxicity of dermally-absorbed nurelle D 550 EC preparations. Halliop, J; Korczak, E; Latuszyńska, J; Luty, S; Obuchowska, D; Przylepa, E; Tochman, A, 1999)	0.3
" Pyrethroids entering the systemic circulation are rapidly metabolized to much less toxic metabolites."	( Safety of pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets. Aitio, A; Nakashima, N; Zaim, M, 2000)	0.31
" Most samples taken after the releases of azamethiphos were not toxic to test organisms in 48 h exposures and none were beyond 20 min post-release."	( Dispersion and toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms of pesticides used to treat sea lice on salmon in net pen enclosures. Doe, K; Ernst, W; Jackman, P; Julien, G; Mackay, K; Page, F; Sutherland, T, 2001)	0.31
"The toxic effect of Cypermethrin 10 EC (0."	( Residual toxicity of Cypermethrin in the larvae of coconut pest Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Venkatarajappa, P, 2001)	0.31
" To evaluate the potential toxicity of prophylactic anti- parasitic treatments on strains of mice that are commonly used as experimental models and in genetic engineering in our facility, we surveyed a number of strains and ages of mice for toxic reactions during treatment regimens that combine anthelminthic and anti-acaricidal agents."	( Toxicity evaluation of prophylactic treatments for mites and pinworms in mice. Frazier, S; Oberbeck, C; Rehg, JE; Straign, CM; Toth, LA, 2000)	0.31
"Based on 48 h LD50 estimates from topical bioassays, cypermethrin was more toxic than permethrin to Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) larvae and adults; however, the two pyrethroids did not differ significantly in their relative toxicities to Spodoptera frugiperda (J."	( Toxicity of pyrethroids and effect of synergists to larval and adult Helicoverpa zea, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Knowles, CO; Usmani, KA, 2001)	0.31
" Irrespective of the dose, the pyrethroids examined stimulated erythropoiesis and synthesis of hemoglobin in male Swiss mice, while in female mice the administration of deltamethrin in the dose of 1/10 LD50 resulted in the suppression of erythropoiesis and hemoglobin synthesis."	( Oral toxicity of deltamethrin and fenvalerate in Swiss mice. Haratym-Maj, A; Latuszyńska, J; Obuchowska-Przebirowska, D; Tokarska-Rodak, M; Toś-Luty, S, 2001)	0.31
"' This paper reviews the information available on the acute neurotoxicity and mechanisms of toxic action of pyrethroid insecticides in mammals from the perspective of the 'common mechanism' statute of the FQPA."	( Mechanisms of pyrethroid neurotoxicity: implications for cumulative risk assessment. Clark, JM; Mullin, LS; Piccirillo, VJ; Sargent, D; Sheets, LP; Soderlund, DM; Stevens, JT; Weiner, ML, 2002)	0.31
"These results for the first time indicate the pulmonary toxic effects of a commonly used formulated Fen preparation by using rat model and nose only inhalation as the route of exposure."	( Pulmonary toxicity of a formulated preparation of fenvalerate in rats subchronically exposed by nose only inhalation for 90 days. Dutta, KK; Islam, F; Kumar, P; Maji, BK; Mani, U; Prasad, AK, 2001)	0.31
" The quantitative residues confirm the toxic action."	( Toxicity and residue studies of fenvalerate to some selected freshwater fishes. Susan, TA; Tilak, KS; Veeraiah, K; Yacobu, K, 2001)	0.31
"Beta-cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide and potential toxic pollutant, contaminating aquatic ecosystems was investigated in the present study for acute toxicity."	( Investigation of acute toxicity of beta-cypermethrin on guppies Poecilia reticulata. Erkoç, FU; Koçak, O; Polat, H; Viran, R, 2002)	0.31
" Tail water from the treated paddies was not toxic to crayfish."	( ICON rice seed treatment toxicity to crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in experimental rice paddies. Biever, RC; Dionne, E; Hoberg, JR; Jacobson, B; McCahon, P; Sulaiman, M, 2003)	0.32
"Deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide contaminating aquatic ecosystems as a potential toxic pollutant, was investigated in the present study for acute toxicity."	( Investigation of acute toxicity of deltamethrin on guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Koçak, O; Polat, H; Unlü Erkoç, F; Viran, R, 2003)	0.32
"This study determined the effects of acute cypermethrin toxicity in the rat and its dose-response characteristics The intraperitoneal LD50 of cypermethrin from the study was 44."	( The acute intraperitoneal toxicity of cypermethrin. Iyaniwura, TT; Okonkwo, CA, 2004)	0.32
" In addition, the Food and Drug Administration recently warned of potentially serious adverse effects associated with lindane and recommended strict controls for its use."	( Relationship of treatment-resistant head lice to the safety and efficacy of pediculicides. Burkhart, CG, 2004)	0.32
" Imidacloprid and triflumuron were very toxic to third instar larvae inhibiting adult emergence, being the rest of insecticides harmless."	( Topical toxicity of two acetonic fractions of Trichilia havanensis Jacq. and four insecticides to larvae and adults of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Castañera, P; Huerta, A; Medina, P; Smagghe, G; Viñuela, E, 2003)	0.32
" Victor boric acid dust was generally the most toxic boric acid formulation at all relative humidities, despite having the lowest percentage (40%) of boric acid; however, this was the only formulation to have sucrose and other edible ingredients."	( Effects of moisture on the toxicity of inorganic and organic insecticidal dust formulations to German cockroaches (Blattodea: Blattellidae). Appel, AG; Gehret, MJ; Tanley, MJ, 2004)	0.32
" Alfacypermethrin a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and oral LD50 was investigated after administering orally different doses in rats and was determined as 145 mg/kg."	( Repeated dose toxicity of alfa-cypermethrin in rats. Bhattacharyya, D; Das, S; Mandal, TK; Manna, S, 2004)	0.32
" Runoff from the esfenvalerate-sprayed orchard section was less toxic to waterflea than runoff from the diazinon-sprayed section."	( Toxicity of storm-water runoff after dormant spray application in a french prune orchard, Glenn County, California, USA: temporal patterns and the effect of ground covers. Deanovic, LA; Henderson, JD; Kimball, TS; Krueger, W; Oliver, MN; Wallender, WW; Werner, I; Wilson, BW; Zalom, FG, 2004)	0.32
"The acute toxic effect of the pesticide cypermethrin to Daphnia magna HB was examined."	( Toxicity of cypermethrin to Daphnia magna HB. Liu, T; Sheng, XM; Tang, HF; Wang, Y; Wu, ZB; Xiong, L, 2004)	0.32
"The acute and chronic toxic effects of bifenthrin on Daphnia magna were studied."	( Effects of bifenthrin on Daphnia magna during chronic toxicity test and the recovery test. Liu, WP; Wang, ZQ; Wen, YZ; Ye, WH, 2004)	0.32
" Avermectin was extremely harmful to O sokolowskii but slightly toxic to C plutellae, while chlorfluazuron was more toxic to C plutellae than to O sokolowskii."	( Evaluation of selective toxicity of five pesticides against Plutella xylostella (Lep: Plutellidae) and their side-effects against Cotesia plutellae (Hym: Braconidae) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hym: Eulophidae). Guo, SJ; Lin, WC; Liu, SS; Shi, ZH, 2004)	0.32
" We also found that sumithrin was the least toxic of the three pyrethroids."	( A comparison of the toxicity of synergized and technical formulations of permethrin, sumithrin, and resmethrin to trout. Paul, EA; Simonin, HA; Tomajer, TM, 2005)	0.33
" In cis-bifenthrin (cis-BF) and cis-permethrin (cis-PM), the 1R-cis isomer was 15-38 times more active than the 1S-cis enantiomer, while in trans-PM, the 1R-trans isomer was substantially more toxic than the 1S-trans enantiomer."	( Separation and aquatic toxicity of enantiomers of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Gan, JJ; Liu, W; Qin, S, 2005)	0.33
"Compared with the toxicity test on single organism, the effects of toxic pollutants on organisms at community level are more reliable."	( [Joint acute toxicity of fipronil and bata-cypermethrin to protozoa community]. Liu, GG; Wang, LX; Xu, HJ; Zheng, LQ, 2005)	0.33
" The results obtained indicate the need for additional studies on the genotoxicity of these substances and their adverse effects on human health."	( Genotoxic effects of pentachlorophenol, lindane, transfluthrin, cyfluthrin, and natural pyrethrum on human mucosal cells of the inferior and middle nasal conchae. Faulde, MK; Maier, H; Tisch, M, )	0.13
" For both formulations, no adverse affects on zooplankton were detected, instead observed changes in zooplankton abundance and community composition displayed natural seasonal cycles of abundance."	( Sea lice treatments on salmon farms have no adverse effects on zooplankton communities: a case study. Black, KD; Cromey, CJ; Gillibrand, PA; Willis, KJ, 2005)	0.33
" They are however generally regarded as safe to man, and there have been few reports of human fatalities."	( A reassessment of the neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides. Fry, JR; Ray, DE, 2006)	0.33
" With this design, interaction among toxic components across different mixture ratios and endpoints (i."	( Toxicity of binary mixtures of metals and pyrethroid insecticides to Daphnia magna Straus. Implications for multi-substance risks assessment. Baird, DJ; Barata, C; Nogueira, AJ; Riva, MC; Soares, AM, 2006)	0.33
" In California, 12 of the 15 creeks tested were toxic on at least one sampling occasion, and sediment pyrethroid concentrations were sufficient to explain the observed toxicity in most cases."	( Pyrethroid insecticides and sediment toxicity in urban creeks from California and Tennessee. Amweg, EL; Lydy, MJ; Weston, DP; You, J, 2006)	0.33
" The LD50 at day 7 for workers is 29."	( Toxicity, repellency, and transfer of chlorfenapyr against western subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Rust, MK; Saran, RK, 2006)	0.33
" Although some pyrethroids, such as cyfluthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, are highly toxic to honey bees, the toxicity of tau-fluvalinate is low enough to warrant its use to control parasitic mites inside honey bee colonies."	( Mediation of pyrethroid insecticide toxicity to honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Berenbaum, MR; Johnson, RM; Schuler, MA; Wen, Z, 2006)	0.33
" Both are toxic to shrimp in a simulated paddy irrigation reservoir even though treated return water is diluted 5 times."	( Comparison of the acute toxicity for gamma-cyhalothrin and lambda-cyhalothrin to zebra fish and shrimp. Cai, DJ; Chen, WL; Gao, XW; Poletika, N; Shan, ZJ; Wang, W, 2007)	0.34
"Deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid contaminating aquatic ecosystems as a potential toxic pollutant, was investigated in the present study for acute toxicity."	( Acute toxicity, behavioral changes, and histopathological effects of deltamethrin on tissues (gills, liver, brain, spleen, kidney, muscle, skin) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fingerlings. Benli, AC; Erkoç, F; Koçak, O; Ozkul, A; Selvi, M; Yildirim, MZ, 2006)	0.33
" Moreover, some separate experiments indicated that this extract was safe to human and environment."	( Efficiency of Thai derris extract and cypermethrin: toxicity and detoxification enzyme mechanism in the tropical armyworm, Spodoptera litura F. Milne, J; Ngernsiri, L; Rattanapan, A; Visetson, S, 2006)	0.33
" Endosulfan and cypermethrin were highly toxic towards eggs and larvae with mortality rates ranging from 80% to 100%."	( Side effects of conventional and non-conventional insecticides on eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in Argentine. Pineda, P; Schneider, MI; Smagghe, G, 2006)	0.33
" The objective of the present study was to assess the influence of two common vehicles on the bioavailability and toxicokinetics (TK) of a representative pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin (DLM), to determine whether the vehicles influence toxic potency by modifying the chemical's TK."	( Formulation-dependent toxicokinetics explains differences in the GI absorption, bioavailability and acute neurotoxicity of deltamethrin in rats. Anand, SS; Bruckner, JV; Kim, HJ; Kim, KB; Muralidhara, S, 2007)	0.34
"The toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids was found to be negatively correlated with temperature, whereas contrasting correlation was observed with the toxicity of organophosphorous compounds chlorpyriphos and quinalphos, which was most toxic at higher temperature."	( Temperature-dependent variation in toxicity of insecticides against Earias vitella (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Deshmukh, SD; Moharil, MP; Nimbalkar, SA; Rao, NG; Satpute, NS; Tikar, SN, 2007)	0.34
"The indiscriminate use of pesticides and herbicides to increase crop productivity has aroused a great concern among the environmental and health scientists due to their adverse effects in both target as well as non-target species."	( In vitro induction of cytotoxicity and DNA strand breaks in CHO cells exposed to cypermethrin, pendimethalin and dichlorvos. Bajpayee, M; Dhawan, A; Pandey, AK; Parmar, D; Patel, S, 2007)	0.34
" It is effective against certain species of insects that have become resistant to most insecticides, including those acting on the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor, and is much more toxic to insects than to mammals."	( Differential actions of insecticides on target sites: basis for selective toxicity. Ikeda, T; Nagata, K; Narahashi, T; Yeh, JZ; Zhao, X, 2007)	0.34
" The results show that deltamethrin is moderately toxic for freshwater mussel and it should be used with caution in agriculture to protect natural waters from contamination."	( Acute toxicity of deltamethrin for freshwater mussel, Unio elongatulus eucirrus bourguignat. Köprücü, K; Seker, E, 2008)	0.35
" The lambda-cyhalothrin was found to be about 50 times more toxic to the fish than cypermethrin."	( Preliminary evaluation of the acute toxicity of cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin to Channa Punctatus. Kumar, A; Pandey, RS; Sharma, B, 2007)	0.34
" IPM was also well tolerated, with minimal adverse events."	( North American efficacy and safety of a novel pediculicide rinse, isopropyl myristate 50% (Resultz). Goodman, JJ; Kaul, N; Palma, KG; Silagy, SS; Toole, J, )	0.13
"Data suggest that IPM is a safe and effective therapy for the treatment of head lice in children and adults."	( North American efficacy and safety of a novel pediculicide rinse, isopropyl myristate 50% (Resultz). Goodman, JJ; Kaul, N; Palma, KG; Silagy, SS; Toole, J, )	0.13
" Most pesticides are not highly selective, and are also toxic to nontarget species, including humans."	( Neurotoxicity of pesticides: a brief review. Costa, LG; Giordano, G; Guizzetti, M; Vitalone, A, 2008)	0.35
" The (-)-enantiomer was >162 times more toxic than its antipode to zebrafish in the acute test."	( Separation and aquatic toxicity of enantiomers of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin. Daniel Sheng, G; Liu, W; Ma, Y; Tu, Y; Wang, J; Xu, C, 2008)	0.35
" dimidiata, the effectiveness of the pyrethroids and the organophosphate differed in the LD50 comparison--the nymphs required much higher doses compared with the other triatomines and suggested a low susceptibility."	( [Toxic effect of beta-cipermethrin, deltamethrin and fenitrothion in colonies of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) and Triatoma maculata (Erichson, 1848) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)]. Angulo, VM; Reyes, M; Sandoval, CM, 2007)	0.34
"Cartap and cypermethrin, which are among the most widely used pesticides in many countries, are considered safe because of their low mammalian toxicity and their low persistence in the environment."	( Aquatic toxicity of cartap and cypermethrin to different life stages of Daphnia magna and Oryzias latipes. Choi, K; Jung, J; Kim, Y; Oh, S, 2008)	0.35
" Effect assessments conducted according to European guideline for risk assessment of pesticides reveal that assessments based on acute toxicity tests are not always conservative enough to determine environmentally safe concentrations in soil."	( Toxicity of the pesticide alpha-cypermethrin to four soil nontarget invertebrates and implications for risk assessment. Hartnik, T; Jensen, J; Sverdrup, LE, 2008)	0.35
" Deltamethrin was highly toxic to larvae in artificial sediments, with LC(50)-values (28 d) of 11 microg/kg for sediment-exposures and 16 pg/L for water-exposures."	( Deltamethrin toxicity to the midge Chironomus riparius Meigen-effects of exposure scenario and sediment quality. Akerblom, N; Arbjörk, C; Goedkoop, W; Hedlund, M, 2008)	0.35
" Utilizing published median lethal concentration (LC50) values in a toxic unit analysis, the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin was identified as the primary contributor to toxicity in nearly all sites at which toxicity was observed, with occasional additional contributions from the pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin, esfenvalerate, and cyfluthrin."	( Identifying the cause and source of sediment toxicity in an agriculture-influenced creek. Lydy, MJ; Weston, DP; Zhang, M, 2008)	0.35
" It is acutely toxic to nontarget aquatic organisms, but existing toxicity data are mostly from toxicity tests using purified laboratory water that differs greatly from the turbid, high-conductivity rivers in the cotton-growing regions of Australia."	( Effects of river water and salinity on the toxicity of deltamethrin to freshwater shrimp, cladoceran, and fish. Hose, GC; Lim, RP; Thomas, CR; Warne, MS, 2008)	0.35
" During five surveys of two on-farm VTS ponds, 88% of inlet and outlet water samples were toxic to Ceriodaphnia dubia."	( Use of toxicity identification evaluations to determine the pesticide mitigation effectiveness of on-farm vegetated treatment systems. Anderson, B; Beretti, M; Bern, A; Hunt, J; Largay, B; Phillips, B; Tjeerdema, R, 2008)	0.35
" The widespread use of lambda-cyhalothrin has resulted in residues in sediment, which have been found to be toxic to aquatic organisms including fish and amphipods."	( Environmental chemistry, ecotoxicity, and fate of lambda-cyhalothrin. Goh, K; He, LM; Troiano, J; Wang, A, 2008)	0.35
" The term bioavailable toxic unit was proposed to link sediment toxicity with chemical availability, and the toxicity in the 17 selected sediments was better explained using Tenax extraction."	( Chemical availability and sediment toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to Hyalella azteca: application to field sediment with unexpectedly low toxicity. Lydy, MJ; Pehkonen, S; Weston, DP; You, J, 2008)	0.35
" The phenomenon appears to be, in part, a consequence of a reduced ability to biotransform the toxic parent compound at cooler temperatures."	( Whole sediment toxicity identification evaluation tools for pyrethroid insecticides: III. Temperature manipulation. Harwood, AD; Lydy, MJ; Weston, DP; You, J, 2009)	0.35
" Sediment samples were collected from several sites in urban streams over the course of a year, of which, 66% had greater than one toxic unit (TU) of insecticide."	( Occurrence and potential toxicity of pyrethroids and other insecticides in bed sediments of urban streams in central Texas. Belden, JB; Hintzen, EP; Lydy, MJ, 2009)	0.35
" Several studies have indicated that SPs could lead to oxidative damage in humans or animals which was associated with their toxic effects."	( Enantioselective cytotoxicity of the insecticide bifenthrin on a human amnion epithelial (FL) cell line. Liu, H; Liu, W; Ma, Y; Zhang, C; Zhao, M, 2008)	0.35
" The goals were to examine the spatial occurrence and magnitude of sediment toxicity in California urban creeks, and to examine the role of pyrethroids in toxic urban creek sediment samples."	( Statewide investigation of the role of pyrethroid pesticides in sediment toxicity in California's urban waterways. Anderson, BS; Connor, V; Crane, DB; Holmes, RW; Hunt, JW; Mekebri, A; Phillips, BM, 2008)	0.35
"Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) methods can be used to identify toxic compounds in environmental samples using a variety of laboratory techniques."	( Temperature as a toxicity identification evaluation tool for pyrethroid insecticides: toxicokinetic confirmation. Harwood, AD; Lydy, MJ; You, J, 2009)	0.35
" In addition, toxic unit (TU) analysis was employed to evaluate the joint toxicities."	( Acute and chronic toxicity of organophosphate monocrotophos to Daphnia magna. Lin, K; Liu, W; Wang, L; Ye, W; Zhao, M; Zhou, S, 2009)	0.35
" It has been considered safe to humans."	( S100beta upregulation: a possible mechanism of deltamethrin toxicity and motor coordination deficits. Patro, IK; Patro, N; Shrivastava, M; Tripathi, S, )	0.13
"A series of calorimetric experiments were performed to investigate the toxic effects of beta-cypermethrin (BCP), bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) and prometryne (PM) on Pseudomonas putida (P."	( Acute toxic effects of three pesticides on Pseudomonas putida monitored by microcalorimeter. Bramanti, E; Chen, HL; Maskow, T; Wang, F; Yao, J; Zaray, G, 2009)	0.35
"Use of pyrethroid pesticides, which are highly toxic to aquatic organisms, has increased substantially over the past decade."	( Toxicity of a dissolved pyrethroid mixture to Hyalella azteca at environmentally relevant concentrations. Brander, SM; Deanovic, LA; Werner, I; White, JW, 2009)	0.35
" For acute effects, based on clinical signs, the median lethal dose (LD(50)) and lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) were estimated to be 5 to 10 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, respectively."	( Toxicity and immune system effects of dietary deltamethrin exposure in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Forsyth, DJ; Froese, JM; Smits, JE; Wickstrom, ML, 2009)	0.35
") fingerlings in order to investigate the adverse effects of a sublethal concentration of 10 microg/L cyfluthrin for 48h and one week using the semi-static test system."	( Sublethal cyfluthrin toxicity to carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings: biochemical, hematological, histopathological alterations. Ayhan Ozkul, I; Cağlan Karasu Benli, A; Erkoç, F; Sahin, D; Sarikaya, R; Selvi, M; Sepici-Dinçel, A, 2009)	0.35
" However, pyrethroids are highly toxic to non-target crayfish associated with rice-crayfish crop rotations."	( Comparative acute toxicity of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides to non-target crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) associated with rice-crayfish crop rotations. Barbee, GC; Stout, MJ, 2009)	0.35
"Neonicotinoid insecticides are at least 2-3 orders of magnitude less acutely toxic (96 h LC(50)) than pyrethroids to juvenile Procambarid crayfish: lambda-cyhalothrin (0."	( Comparative acute toxicity of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides to non-target crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) associated with rice-crayfish crop rotations. Barbee, GC; Stout, MJ, 2009)	0.35
" magna, significant differences were observed: the 24h EC(50) of alphaS-2S-FV was 51 times more toxic than the alphaR-2R-FV, and the 48 h LC(50) results showed that the alphaS-2S-FV was 99 times more toxic than alphaR-2R-FV."	( Enantioselectivity in aquatic toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate. Chen, L; Chu, H; Liu, W; Lu, X; Ma, Y; Xu, C, 2009)	0.35
" A pronounced toxic effect was observed at the 50-ppm concentration."	( Genotoxic effects of the insecticide cypermethrin on the root meristem cells of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.). Hayirlioglu-Ayaz, S; Inceer, H; Ozcan, M, 2009)	0.35
" In summary, our studies showed that BF was developmentally toxic to zebrafish in early life stage after short-term exposure to sublethal concentrations and had the ability to impair the individual behaviours which are of great importance in the assessment of their ecological fitness."	( Developmental toxicity of bifenthrin in embryo-larval stages of zebrafish. Huang, C; Jin, M; Wang, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, M, 2009)	0.35
"This study was planned and executed with the aims to explore corpus luteal primary cell culture as an "animal alternate testing system" in toxicity studies and in vitro toxic effects of cypermethrin (CY) 90% (pyrethroid) and methamidophos (MTP) 73% (organophosphate) on morphology and progesterone secretory activity of bovine corpus luteal cells and tissue."	( Toxic effects of cypermethrin and methamidophos on bovine corpus luteal cells and progesterone production. Gill, SA; Khan, A; Khan, MZ; Rizvi, F, 2011)	0.37
" As a result, the findings showed that although pyrethroids are considered to be of low acute toxicity, they become more toxic when combined with piperonyl butoxide or tetramethrin in certain doses."	( Repeated-dose 14-day dermal toxicity of different combinations of some synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, piperonyl butoxide, and tetramethrin in rats. Aksoy, A; Atmaca, E; Cenesiz, M; Das, YK; Gulbahar, MY; Guvenc, D; Yarim, GF; Yavuz, O, 2010)	0.36
"With the widespread use of synthetic pyrethroids (SPs), the various toxic effects of these compounds have attracted much interest with respect to the investigation of involved mechanisms."	( The role of oxidative stress in enantiomer-specific, bifenthrin-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Hu, F; Lu, X; Ma, Y; Wang, C; Zhang, Y; Zhao, M, 2011)	0.37
" It was suggested that LCT exerted a significant adverse effect on reproductive performance of male rabbits."	( Vitamin E modulates reproductive toxicity of pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin in male rabbits. Yousef, MI, 2010)	0.36
"Pesticides often cause environmental pollution and adverse effects on human health."	( Genotoxic effects of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, endosulfan and 2,4-D on human peripheral lymphocytes cultured from smokers and nonsmokers. Sandal, S; Yilmaz, B, 2011)	0.37
" Cypermethrin, a composite pyrethroid is moderately toxic to mammals."	( Biochemical investigation of cypermethrin toxicity in rabbits. Dahamna, S; Guemache, A; Harzallah, D; Sekfali, N, 2009)	0.35
" Previous residual contact bioassays already revealed the harmful side effect of several formulated products on adults."	( Side effects of plant protection products and biological interactions on the European earwig Forficula auricularia L. Beliën, T; Gobin, B; Moerkens, R; Peusens, G, 2009)	0.35
" Our results also suggested that macrophages were involved in synthetic pyrethroid-induced adverse immune effects."	( Cytotoxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin on the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Li, L; Sun, L; Wang, C; Zhang, Q; Zhao, M, 2010)	0.36
" Western valley streambed sediments were frequently toxic to the amphipod, Hyalella azteca, with most of the toxicity attributable to bifenthrin and cyhalothrin."	( Pyrethroid insecticide concentrations and toxicity in streambed sediments and loads in surface waters of the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. Domagalski, JL; Hladik, M; Weston, DP; Zhang, M, 2010)	0.36
"The current study was performed to assess the adverse effect of deltamethrin (DLM) on reproductive organs and fertility in male rats and to evaluate the protective role of vitamin E (VE) and selenium (Se) combination in alleviating the detrimental effect of DLM on male fertility."	( Protective effect of vitamin E and selenium combination on deltamethrin-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. El-Maddawy, ZKh; Oda, SS, 2012)	0.38
" It is known for its wide toxic manifestations."	( Protective effects of vitamin C against haematological and biochemical toxicity induced by deltamethrin in male Wistar rats. Abdelfattah, el F; Amel, B; Kamel, J; Mahfoud, M; Mongi, S, 2011)	0.37
" Male of domestic rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus (1 kg) received per week and per gavage 1/10 LD50 of Cypermetherin (ARRIVO 25%, active substance of Cypermetherin 250 g/l)."	( Biochemical, hematological and histological parameters induced by cypermetherin toxicity in domestic rabbits. Belgeit, A; Bouriche, H; Boussahel, S; Dahamna, S; Harzallah, D; Merghem, M, 2010)	0.36
" The animals were gavaged by 1/5, 1/20 LD50 for 2 and 4 weeks respectively, and with 1/5 LD50 for 12 weeks, then sacrificed."	( Cypermetherin toxic effects on spermatogenesis and male mouse reproductive organs. Belgeit, A; Bencheikh, F; Bouriche, H; Boussahel, S; Dahamna, S; Harzallah, D; Merghem, M, 2010)	0.36
" This research confirms that phenothrin is highly toxic to grass shrimp and suggests that both adult and larval grass shrimp are appropriate life stages for risk assessments."	( Toxicity of the mosquito control insecticide phenothrin to three life stages of the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). Chung, KW; Delorenzo, ME; Hoguet, J; Key, PB; Sapozhnikova, Y, 2011)	0.37
" In order to assess further their toxic effects to target and non-target insect species, an evaluation was made of their insecticidal profile on Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) and Drosophila melanogaster (Meig."	( Evaluation of toxicity and genotoxic effects of spinosad and deltamethrin in Drosophila melanogaster and Bactrocera oleae. Akmoutsou, P; Frantzios, G; Kounatidis, I; Mademtzoglou, D; Mavragani-Tsipidou, P; Nakou, I; Onoufriadis, A; Papadakis, G; Papadopoulos, NT; Papadopoulou, X; Vasiliadis, K, 2011)	0.37
" The depletion of GSH might indicate that reactive oxygen species could be involved in the toxic effects of FNT plus LC."	( Oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity induced by synthetic pyrethroids-organophosphate insecticides mixture in rat. El-Demerdash, FM, 2011)	0.37
" The significant increase in mRNA levels of the corresponding genes may be considered as a defence mechanism in addition to the antioxidants against oxidative stress, as well as a detoxification mechanism against adverse effects of pesticides."	( Chronic toxicity of pesticides to the mRNA expression levels of metallothioneins and cytochrome P450 1A genes in rainbow trout. Aksakal, E; Atabeyoglu, K; Ceyhun, SB; Erdogan, O; Kirim, B, 2012)	0.38
" The abundance and variety of pyrethroid uses contribute to the risk of exposure and adverse effects in the general population."	( Molecular mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticide neurotoxicity: recent advances. Soderlund, DM, 2012)	0.38
" aegypti resting sites are treated with chemicals, even at reduced treatment coverage area, mosquitoes do not simply move to safe sites (untreated areas) following contact with the treated material."	( Effects of irritant chemicals on Aedes aegypti resting behavior: is there a simple shift to untreated "safe sites"? Achee, NL; Arce, LM; Foggie, T; Grieco, JP; Manda, H; Shah, P, 2011)	0.37
" To further investigate the toxic effects of cypermethrin on fish, acridine orange (AO) staining was performed at 400 μg L⁻¹ cypermethrin and the result showed notable signs of apoptosis mainly in the nervous system."	( Developmental toxicity of cypermethrin in embryo-larval stages of zebrafish. Di, J; Gu, A; Hu, F; Ji, G; Jin, J; Li, Y; Long, Y; Lu, C; Shi, X; Song, L; Wang, S; Wang, X; Xia, Y, 2011)	0.37
" An antagonistic toxic response was observed when the benthic invertebrate Chironomus dilutus was simultaneously exposed to the two contaminants in both water and sediment exposures."	( Joint toxicity of a pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin, and a heavy metal, lead, to the benthic invertebrate Chironomus dilutus. Du, J; Lydy, MJ; Mehler, WT; You, J, 2011)	0.37
" These results illustrate the ameliorating effect of SA under stress conditions and reveal that SA is more effective in alleviating the toxic effects of insecticides at higher concentrations than that at lower concentrations."	( Exogenous application of salicylic acid to alleviate the toxic effects of insecticides in Vicia faba L. Singh, A; Singh, AK; Srivastava, AK, 2013)	0.39
"Long term inhalation of toxic pesticides used for the domestic and industrial purposes have been shown to cause moderate to severe hematotoxicity and increased incidence of several marrow degenerative diseases, specifically hypoplastic bone marrow failure condition in humans."	( Pesticide induced marrow toxicity and effects on marrow cell population and on hematopoietic stroma. Basak, P; Chaklader, M; Chatterjee, S; Chaudhuri, S; Das, P; Law, S; Pereira, JA, 2013)	0.39
" These results suggest that LTC exerts its toxic effect by increasing lipid peroxidation, altering the antioxidant enzyme activities and DNA damage."	( Caffeic acid and quercetin protect erythrocytes against the oxidative stress and the genotoxic effects of lambda-cyhalothrin in vitro. Abdallah, FB; Fakhfakh, F; Fetoui, H; Keskes, L, 2012)	0.38
"Two synthetic pyrethroid pesticides, α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin were investigated as potential toxic contaminants."	( Comparative study on the toxicity of pyrethroids, α-cypermethrin and deltamethrin to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Ding, SY; Grocke, S; Kumar, A; Shen, MF, 2012)	0.38
" The mixture of permethrin and etofenprox was significantly less toxic than permethrin."	( The joint toxicity of type I, II, and nonester pyrethroid insecticides. Peterson, RK; Schleier, JJ, 2012)	0.38
"This study evaluates the toxic effects of deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin on Xenopus laevis tadpoles after 168 h of exposure."	( Toxic effects of deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin on Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Aydin-Sinan, H; Güngördü, A; Ozmen, M, 2012)	0.38
" It can be concluded that depletion of GSH might indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be involved in the toxic effects of FNT plus LC which lead to marked perturbations in antioxidant defense system."	( Cytotoxic effect of fenitrothion and lambda-cyhalothrin mixture on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in rat kidney. El-Demerdash, FM, 2012)	0.38
"Exposure to fenvalerate was demonstrated to be toxic to the male reproductive system."	( Expression of calmodulin in germ cells is associated with fenvalerate-induced male reproductive toxicity. Dixon, D; Gao, R; Gao, X; Huan, F; Lu, L; Wang, C; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Xiao, H, 2012)	0.38
" Both treatments proved to be safe in dogs and cats with mainly minor local observations at the application site."	( Evaluation of the long-term efficacy and safety of an imidacloprid 10%/flumethrin 4.5% polymer matrix collar (Seresto®) in dogs and cats naturally infested with fleas and/or ticks in multicentre clinical field studies in Europe. Hellmann, K; Krieger, K; Kruedewagen, E; Le Sueur, C; Radeloff, I; Rass, J; Stanneck, D, 2012)	0.38
" The results demonstrate that both agriculture and urban land uses are contributing toxic concentrations of these pesticides to adjacent watersheds, and regional water quality regulators are now using this information to develop management objectives."	( Pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticide-associated toxicity in two coastal watersheds (California, USA). Anderson, BS; Hunt, JW; McNeill, K; Phillips, BM; Siegler, K; Tjeerdema, RS; Voorhees, JP, 2012)	0.38
", fungi that produce toxic aflatoxins."	( Effects of a naturally occurring and a synthetic synergist on toxicity of three insecticides and a phytochemical to navel orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Berenbaum, MR; Lawrance, A; Niu, G; Pollock, HS; Siegel, JP, 2012)	0.38
"01-1000μM) did not show neurotoxicity, 2'-OH- and 4'-OH-deltamethrin (10-1000μM) were more toxic than deltamethrin (10-1000μM)."	( Cytotoxicity induced by deltamethrin and its metabolites in SH-SY5Y cells can be differentially prevented by selected antioxidants. Anadón, A; Ares, I; Castellano, V; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR; Ramos, E; Romero, A, 2012)	0.38
" The animals were gavaged by 1/5 LD50 (LD50 = 485 mg/kg b/w) for 2 and 4 weeks respectively, and with 1/20 LD50 for 12 weeks, then the animals sacrificed at the end of the experiment."	( Evaluation of the toxicity of cypermethrin pesticide on organs weight loss and some biochemical and histological parameters. Belguet, A; Bouamra, D; Dahamna, S; Guendouz, A; Harzallah, D; Mergham, M, 2011)	0.37
" It has been shown in the literature that equilibrium SPME fiber concentrations reflect the bioavailable concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants, so these fiber concentrations should be a useful metric for assessing toxic effects from the bioavailable contaminant providing a framework to expand the use of SPME fibers beyond estimation of bioaccumulation."	( Use of solid phase microextraction to estimate toxicity: relating fiber concentrations to toxicity--part I. Ding, Y; Harwood, AD; Landrum, PF; Lydy, MJ; You, J, 2012)	0.38
" The present study extends the use of fiber concentrations to organism body residues to specifically address biotransformation and provide the link to toxic response."	( Use of solid phase microextraction to estimate toxicity: relating fiber concentrations to body residues--part II. Ding, Y; Harwood, AD; Landrum, PF; Lydy, MJ; You, J, 2012)	0.38
" Most were detected, but rarely at concentrations acutely toxic to Hyalella azteca or Chironomus dilutus."	( Identifying the cause of sediment toxicity in agricultural sediments: the role of pyrethroids and nine seldom-measured hydrophobic pesticides. Ding, Y; Lydy, MJ; Weston, DP; Zhang, M, 2013)	0.39
" Oral administration of the biopesticide, under the condition of our study, was found to be safe when compared to the deleterious effect of deltamethrin in rats."	( Deltamethrin-induced genotoxicity and testicular injury in rats: comparison with biopesticide. Ismail, MF; Mohamed, HM, 2012)	0.38
"This study describes the toxicity of deltamethrin, in relation to its LD50 value, as well as variation in respiratory metabolism of the isopod species Porcellio scaber Latr kept at 3 temperature values (10, 22 and 30ºC)."	( Effect of temperature on toxicity of deltamethrin and oxygen consumption by Porcellio scaber Latr (Isopoda). Gromysz-Kałkowska, K; Unkiewicz-Winiarczyk, A, 2012)	0.38
" Toxicity test demonstrated that Tenax was able to remove the toxic bio-available fraction of pyrethroids in sediment."	( Organic carbon content effects on bioavailability of pyrethroid insecticides and validation of solid phase extraction with Poly (2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide) Polymer by Daphnia magna toxicity tests. Barata, C; Barceló, D; Corcellas, C; Eljarrat, E; Feo, ML; Ginebreda, A, 2013)	0.39
"To investigate the separate and combined toxic effects of di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) and cypermethrin (CYP) on prepubertal male rats."	( [Single and combined toxic effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and cypermethrin on fertility and development in the the prepubertal male rats]. Cai, D; Li, X, 2012)	0.38
" Rats exposed to DEHP alone showed main toxic effect."	( [Single and combined toxic effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and cypermethrin on fertility and development in the the prepubertal male rats]. Cai, D; Li, X, 2012)	0.38
" The results of this study underline the need for more advanced mixture toxicity prediction models that consider degradation kinetics and changes in toxic effects over time."	( The toxicity of a ternary biocide mixture to two consecutive earthworm (Eisenia fetida) Generations. Hartnik, T; Jakob, L; Schnug, L, 2013)	0.39
" However, there is little known about its adverse effects, in particular those related to its genotoxicity in humans."	( Exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, increases reactive oxygen species production and induces genotoxicity in rat peripheral blood. Fakhfakh, F; Feki, A; Fetoui, H; Gdoura, R; Kamoun, H; Salah, GB, 2015)	0.42
" israelensis is a bioinsecticide used for larval mosquito control and it represents a safe alternative to chemical insecticides."	( Production of the bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis with deltamethrin increases toxicity towards mosquito larvae. Chandor-Proust, A; Després, L; Patil, CD; Patil, SV; Salunke, BK; Tetreau, G, 2013)	0.39
"This study was designed to investigate the possibility of β-cyfluthrin to induce oxidative stress and biochemical perturbations in rat liver and the role of selenium in alleviating its toxic effects."	( Selenium modulates β-cyfluthrin-induced liver oxidative toxicity in rats. El-Demerdash, FM; Jebur, AB; Nasr, HM, 2014)	0.4
" During the trial, ACYP was well tolerated by all animals as there were no observed clinically adverse reactions."	( The efficacy and safety of alphacypermethrin as a pour-on treatment for water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) infested with Haematopinus tuberculatus (Phthiraptera: Haematopinidae). Balestrieri, A; Bastianetto, E; Cimmino, R; Gokbulut, C; Neglia, G; Rufrano, D; Santoro, M; Veneziano, V, 2013)	0.39
" NAC reduced the adverse effects of α-CYP on lung tissues and improved the histological architecture of lung since it showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects on lung tissues."	( Ameliorative effect of N-acetyl cysteine on alpha-cypermethrin-induced pulmonary toxicity in male rats. Arafa, MH; Atteia, HH; Mohamed, DA, 2015)	0.42
" Therefore, it could be concluded that spirulina administration able to minimize the toxic effects of deltamethrin by its free radical-scavenging and potent antioxidant activity."	( Protective role of Spirulina platensis against acute deltamethrin-induced toxicity in rats. Abdel-Daim, MM; Abuzead, SM; Halawa, SM, 2013)	0.39
" Although this patient experienced a benign clinical course, vigilance for pyrethroid toxic effects such as seizures, severe tremors, diaphoresis, and choreoathetosis is paramount."	( Human intravenous injection of β-cyfluthrin with minimal toxic effects. Menowsky, M; Miller, MA, 2014)	0.4
"Pyrethroids, the widely used pesticides, are highly toxic to aquatic organisms."	( Joint toxicity of permethrin and cypermethrin at sublethal concentrations to the embryo-larval zebrafish. Liu, J; Liu, W; Ma, H; Yang, Y; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.4
" Among the tested chemicals, carbofuran was the most toxic to both the earthworm species."	( Comparative toxicity of carbaryl, carbofuran, cypermethrin and fenvalerate in Metaphire posthuma and Eisenia fetida -a possible mechanism. Gupta, SK; Murthy, RC; Saxena, PN, 2014)	0.4
"This study was carried out to evaluate the adverse effects of exposure to prallethrin on oxidant/antioxidant status and liver dysfunction biomarkers and the protective role of Origanum majorana essential oil (EO) in rat."	( Amelioration of prallethrin-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rat by the administration of Origanum majorana essential oil. Bouajila, J; Mossa, AT; Ramadan, A; Refaie, AA, 2013)	0.39
" Etofenprox was found to be very highly toxic to crayfish, a nontarget organism."	( The influence of etofenprox on narrow clawed crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823): Acute toxicity and sublethal effects on histology, hemolymph parameters, and total hemocyte counts. Benli, AC, 2015)	0.42
" Naled was the most toxic compound in oyster larvae, whereas resmethrin was the most toxic compound in clam larvae."	( Interactive effects of mosquito control insecticide toxicity, hypoxia, and increased carbon dioxide on larval and juvenile eastern oysters and hard clams. Burnett, LE; Chung, KW; Coen, LD; Delorenzo, ME; Garcia, RN; Key, PB, 2014)	0.4
" Toxic symptoms were observed in mice treated with 40 or 80 mg/kg β-cypermethrin."	( β-cypermethrin-induced acute neurotoxicity in the cerebral cortex of mice. An, L; Cao, D; Chen, N; Liu, L; Yang, J; Zhao, Y; Zhu, C, 2015)	0.42
" Four of 43 postapplication sediment samples were significantly more toxic than their corresponding pre-application samples, but none of the observed toxicity was attributed to the application events."	( Monitoring the aquatic toxicity of mosquito vector control spray pesticides to freshwater receiving waters. Anderson, BS; Denton, D; Isorena, P; Larsen, K; Phillips, BM; Siegler, K; TenBrook, P; Tjeerdema, RS; Voorhees, JP, 2014)	0.4
" The strongest toxic effect on unengorged and engorged Ir and Dr females was exerted by D, whereas the effect of AC was weaker."	( Comparison of the toxic effect of pyrethroids on Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus females. Bartosik, K; Buczek, A; Kuczyński, P, 2014)	0.4
" We concluded that oats oil ameliorated the toxic effects of deltamethrin in testis explored by reduced LP and improved total sperm density, motility and morphology in mice spermatozoa, suggesting its role as a potential antioxidant."	( Protective effects of oat oil on deltamethrin-induced reprotoxicity in male mice. Abdelkafi, S; Ben Halima, N; Ben Slima, A; Fetoui, H; Gdoura, R; Moalla, I; Pichon, C, 2014)	0.4
" Therefore, these results indicated that TFG oil inhibited the toxic effects of DLM on hematological and biochemical parameters as well as oxidative status by its free radical scavenging and potent antioxidant activities, and it appeared to be a promising protective agent against DLM-induced toxicity."	( Trigonella foenum-graecum protection against deltamethrin-induced toxic effects on haematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress parameters in rats. Abd Eldaim, MA; Abdel-Daim, MM; Mahmoud, MM, 2014)	0.4
" Tier II evaluation by spray of pesticides at their field recommended doses on potted mustard plants showed monocrotophos as the highly toxic insecticide with 100% mortality even with 1h of exposure followed by thiamethoxam, dichlorvos, profenofos and chlorpyriphos which are not to be recommended for use in pollinator attractive flowering plants."	( Evaluation of pesticide toxicity at their field recommended doses to honeybees, Apis cerana and A. mellifera through laboratory, semi-field and field studies. Bhatt, JC; Jain, SK; Sah, K; Stanley, J; Sushil, SN, 2015)	0.42
" It is concluded that deltamethrin, a type-II pyrethroid, is more toxic to fish than the type-I pyrethroid permethrin and is capable of rendering toxicity at a dose as low as 1% of its LC50 value."	( Sublethal toxicity of commercial formulations of deltamethrin and permethrin on selected biochemical constituents and enzyme activities in liver and muscle tissues of Anabas testudineus. Gupta, A; Sapana Devi, M, 2014)	0.4
" Therefore, it could be concluded that ceftriaxone and/or ascorbic acid administration able to minimize the toxic effects of DLM through their free radical-scavenging and potent antioxidant activity."	( Synergistic protective effects of ceftriaxone and ascorbic acid against subacute deltamethrin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Abdel-Daim, MM; El-Ghoneimy, A, 2015)	0.42
"In this study, the long-term toxic effects of pyrethroids on the earthworm Eisenia fetida were evaluated."	( Long-term toxic effects of deltamethrin and fenvalerante in soil. Kai, J; Li, L; Song, X; Song, Y; Zhang, W, 2015)	0.42
" Conventional toxic unit analysis in phase II testing identified Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn as the toxic metals, with cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, and fipronils being the toxic organics."	( Identifying the causes of sediment-associated toxicity in urban waterways in South China: incorporating bioavailabillity-based measurements into whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation. Li, H; Ma, P; Yi, X; You, J, 2015)	0.42
"8 μg/g) was more toxic than λ-cyhalothrin (LD50 = 916."	( Improving reptile ecological risk assessment: oral and dermal toxicity of pesticides to a common lizard species (Sceloporus occidentalis). Anderson, TA; Maul, JD; Salice, CJ; Talent, LG; Weir, SM; Yu, S, 2015)	0.42
" Pyrethroids were more toxic than the organophosphate chlorpyrifos in both species."	( A comparison of the sublethal and lethal toxicity of four pesticides in Hyalella azteca and Chironomus dilutus. Connon, RE; Geist, J; Hasenbein, S; Lawler, SP, 2015)	0.42
" For desired toxic effect of an insecticide, apart from other behavioural aspects, toxicity and chemical nature of the molecule are important that may cause irritability in the mosquito to the insecticide affecting the uptake."	( Chlorfenapyr: irritant effect compared to other insecticides and its intrinsic toxicity in multiple-insecticide-susceptible and -resistant Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Agrawal, OP; Elamathi, N; Raghavendra, K; Sreehari, U; Velamuri, PS; Verma, V, 2015)	0.42
"This study was aimed at determining the acute and chronic toxic effects of cypermethrin, propetamphos, and combined cypermethrin and propetamphos."	( The acute and chronic toxic effect of cypermethrin, propetamphos, and their combinations in rats. Eraslan, G; Kanbur, M; Karabacak, M; Şahin, S; Siliğ, Y; Soyer Sarica, Z, 2016)	0.43
"Bifenthrin is a pyrethroid pesticide that is highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates."	( Characteristics of suspended solids affect bifenthrin toxicity to the calanoid copepods Eurytemora affinis and Pseudodiaptomus forbesi. Lesmeister, S; Parry, E; Teh, S; Young, TM, 2015)	0.42
" This compound has demonstrated toxic and repellent effects against several arthropod species."	( Evaluation of the toxicity and repellence of an organic fatty acids mixture (C8910) against insecticide susceptible and resistant strains of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Brooke, BD; Coetzee, M; Oliver, SV; Samuel, M; Wood, OR, 2015)	0.42
"C8910 proved equally toxic to adult females of the FUMOZ-R and FANG laboratory strains, as well as to adult females of the wild-caught (ZamF) sample."	( Evaluation of the toxicity and repellence of an organic fatty acids mixture (C8910) against insecticide susceptible and resistant strains of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Brooke, BD; Coetzee, M; Oliver, SV; Samuel, M; Wood, OR, 2015)	0.42
" Exposure to these substances during early development may lead to adverse behavior effects manifested at a later phase of life."	( Developmental neurotoxic effects of two pesticides: Behavior and neuroprotein studies on endosulfan and cypermethrin. Buratovic, S; Eriksson, P; Fredriksson, A; Lee, I; Viberg, H, 2015)	0.42
" It is concluded that Seresto(®) is chemically compatible with solvents used in major spot-on formulations on the market and is dermally and systemically safe for adult dogs and cats when used concomitantly with Advocate(®) and Profender(®) spot-on formulations."	( Chemical Compatibility and Safety of Imidacloprid/Flumethrin Collar (Seresto®) Concomitantly Used with Imidacloprid/Moxidectin (Advocate®, Advantage® Multi) and Emodepside/Praziquantel (Profender®) Spot-on Formulations. Crafford, D; Deuster, K; Fourie, J; Krüdewagen, EM; Remer, C; Schunack, B; Stanneck, D; Wolken, S, 2015)	0.42
" Cadmium (Cd) has been recognized as 1 of the most toxic metals and is a common contaminant in the aquatic system."	( Cadmium potentiates toxicity of cypermethrin in zebrafish. He, B; Liu, J; Yang, Y; Ye, X, 2016)	0.43
" This suggests that the capsule size does not influence the toxic response of the entrapped λ-Cy, but the presence or absence of the capsules does."	( The influence of size on the toxicity of an encapsulated pesticide: a comparison of micron- and nano-sized capsules. Harper, B; Harper, SL; Meredith, AN, 2016)	0.43
" In result, it was determined that CYP, AMT and their combinations led to significant changes in the parameters investigated, and it was ascertained that long-term exposure to insecticides and the administration of insecticide combinations produced greater toxic effects in comparison with the administration of insecticides alone."	( The toxic effect of cypermethrin, amitraz and combinations of cypermethrin-amitraz in rats. Eraslan, G; Kanbur, M; Karabacak, M; Şahin, S; Siliğ, Y; Soyer Sarıca, Z, 2016)	0.43
" Most urban samples would be expected to be highly toxic to benthic organisms due to the residue of SPs based on a calculation of toxic units (TUs) using toxicity data of the amphipod Hyalella azteca."	( Occurrence, compositional distribution, and toxicity assessment of pyrethroid insecticides in sediments from the fluvial systems of Chaohu Lake, Eastern China. Bai, YS; Chen, TH; Peng, SC; Wang, JZ; Wu, Y; Xie, YW; Zhang, S; Zhang, XW, 2016)	0.43
" But little is known about assimilation, accumulation and toxic effects of BCYP in reptiles."	( Distribution, Metabolism and Toxic Effects of Beta-Cypermethrin in Lizards (Eremias argus) Following Oral Administration. Chen, L; Di, S; Diao, J; Li, R; Xu, P; Zhou, Z, 2016)	0.43
" There are only few studies which have specifically investigated potential adverse effects of frequent exposure to ITNs in the vulnerable group of young infants and their mothers."	( Safety of insecticide-treated mosquito nets for infants and their mothers: randomized controlled community trial in Burkina Faso. Becher, H; Beiersmann, C; Coulibaly, B; Kouyaté, B; Kynast-Wolf, G; Lu, G; Meissner, P; Müller, O; Traoré, C, 2015)	0.42
"The study provides further evidence for ITNs being sufficiently safe in children and even in newborns."	( Safety of insecticide-treated mosquito nets for infants and their mothers: randomized controlled community trial in Burkina Faso. Becher, H; Beiersmann, C; Coulibaly, B; Kouyaté, B; Kynast-Wolf, G; Lu, G; Meissner, P; Müller, O; Traoré, C, 2015)	0.42
" The results showed that FV was less toxic than ESFV, but more accumulated in earthworms."	( Comparative toxicity and bioaccumulation of fenvalerate and esfenvalerate to earthworm Eisenia fetida. Liu, J; Xiong, K; Ye, X, 2016)	0.43
" We modified the widely used Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe (QuEChERS) method to measure several current-use pyrethroids (cis/trans-permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, and cyhalothrin) and their environmental degradation products (3-PBA, cis/trans-DCCA, 4-F-3-PBA, DBCA, and MPA) in selected fresh fruits and vegetables."	( Measurement of pyrethroids and their environmental degradation products in fresh fruits and vegetables using a modification of the quick easy cheap effective rugged safe (QuEChERS) method. Graham, SE; Li, W; Morgan, MK; Starr, JM, 2016)	0.43
" The observed synergistic interactions underline the necessity to review soil quality guidelines, which are likely underestimating the adverse combined effects of these compounds."	( Joint acute toxicity of the herbicide butachlor and three insecticides to the terrestrial earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Cai, L; Cang, T; Chen, C; Liu, X; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Wu, S; Yu, R, 2016)	0.43
" The present study showed that Allium sativum diminished the adverse effects induced by this synthetic pyrethroid insecticide."	( Histopathological, oxidative damage, biochemical, and genotoxicity alterations in hepatic rats exposed to deltamethrin: modulatory effects of garlic (Allium sativum). Ben Salah, G; El Feki, A; Kamoun, H; Khabir, A; Makni Ayadi, F; Ncir, M; Saoudi, M, 2016)	0.43
"In the present study, we evaluated the individual and combined toxic effects of herbicide atrazine and three insecticides (chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid) on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida."	( Individual and combined toxic effects of herbicide atrazine and three insecticides on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. An, X; Cai, L; Chen, L; Jiang, J; Shen, W; Wang, Q; Wang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Treatment with betel leaf oil at these concentrations had no adverse effect on earthworm populations."	( Developmental response of Spodoptera litura Fab. to treatments of crude volatile oil from Piper betle L. and evaluation of toxicity to earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae Kinb. Al-Dhabi, NA; Duraipandiyan, V; Edwin, ES; Hunter, WB; Kalaivani, K; Ponsankar, A; Pradeepa, V; Sakthi-Bhagavathy, M; Selin-Rani, S; Senthil-Nathan, S; Thanigaivel, A; Vasantha-Srinivasan, P, 2016)	0.43
" Moreover, in the absence of any identified marker, the prediction of DLM elicited early toxic manifestations in non-targets remains elusive."	( Evaluation and physiological correlation of plasma proteomic fingerprints for deltamethrin-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Arora, D; Mandal, P; Sharma, PK; Shukla, Y; Siddiqui, MH; Singh, PK; Singh, SP; Singh, US; Tripathi, A, 2016)	0.43
" Accordingly, DLM exposure resulted in adverse effects on body growth (body weight & relative organ weight), serum profile, liver function and histology, inflammatory changes (enhanced TNF-ɑ, TGF-β and IL6 level), and oxidative stress."	( Evaluation and physiological correlation of plasma proteomic fingerprints for deltamethrin-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Arora, D; Mandal, P; Sharma, PK; Shukla, Y; Siddiqui, MH; Singh, PK; Singh, SP; Singh, US; Tripathi, A, 2016)	0.43
" Toxicity testing showed that the majority of untreated storm water samples were toxic to amphipods (Hyalella azteca) and midges (Chironomus dilutus), and toxicity was reduced by the bioswales."	( Bioswales reduce contaminants associated with toxicity in urban storm water. Anderson, BS; Phillips, BM; Siegler, K; Tjeerdema, R; Voorhees, JP, 2016)	0.43
" The erythrocyte micronuclei assays and the comet assay results showed that imidacloprid had genetic toxic effect on the loach erythrocytes."	( Toxic effects of imidacloprid on adult loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Chang, Z; Dong, H; Huo, W; Xia, X; Zhang, L, 2016)	0.43
" Cypermethrin was the most toxic to both eggs (EHC50 in static system = 36."	( Burrowing mayfly Ephemera orientalis (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) as a new test species for pesticide toxicity. Bae, YJ; Cho, K; Khim, JS; Kim, Y; Lee, YS; Mo, HH, 2016)	0.43
" These are less toxic to humans due to their slow absorption and rapid metabolism."	( Transient Complete Heart Block Secondary to Bed Bug Insecticide: A Case of Pyrethroid Cardiac Toxicity. Ali, SS; Alo, M; Luni, FK; Marwaha, B; Singh, H, )	0.13
" The third group was orally administered 1/100 LD50 (6."	( Lambda cyhalothrin toxicity induces alterations in lipogenic genes and inflammatory factors in rat liver. Hussein, MM; Moustafa, GG, 2016)	0.43
" Chlorfenapyr was the most toxic adulticide among all the tested insecticides."	( Toxicity of 25 synthetic insecticides to the field population of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Ahmad, D; Alam, M; Ali, Q; Binyamin, M; Shad, SA; Shah, RM; Waqas, M, 2016)	0.43
"Present study examines the possibility of β-cyfluthrin (β-CYF) induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity, histopathological alterations and the role of curcumin (CUR) in alleviating its toxic effects."	( Curcumin modulates oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by a type II fluorinated pyrethroid, beta-cyfluthrin. Awasthi, KK; John, PJ; Rajawat, NK; Soni, I; Verma, R, 2016)	0.43
"The liver plays a major role in detoxification and metabolism of toxic compound and xenobiotics like pesticides."	( Oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity associated with deltamethrin in rats: The protective effects of Amaranthus spinosus seed extract. Ben Saad, A; Hfaiedh, N; Rjeibi, I, 2016)	0.43
" They must be toxic to effectively kill target species of insects."	( Developmental neurotoxicity of succeeding generations of insecticides. Abreu-Villaça, Y; Levin, ED, 2017)	0.46
" promelas larvae to a nontoxic dose of phostebupirim and a range of toxic cyfluthrin concentrations, and vice versa."	( Mixture toxicity of phostebupirim and cyfluthrin: Species-specific responses. de Perre, C; Lydy, MJ; Murphy, TM, 2017)	0.46
" Previous studies have demonstrated that cis-BF exhibits toxic effects on development, the neurological, reproductive and endocrine system."	( Cis-bifenthrin induces immunotoxicity in adolescent male C57BL/6 mice. Fu, Z; Gao, X; He, B; Hu, Q; Jin, Y; Lou, H; Wang, X; Zhu, J, 2017)	0.46
" The present study aimed to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the secondary toxic effects of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin on silkworm Philosamia ricini Hutt of Northeast India."	( Cypermethrin Formulation (Ustad-10 EC) Induces Genotoxicity via Apoptosis, Affects Nutritional Physiology, and Modulates Immune Response in Silkworm Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Devi, D; Haloi, K; Kalita, MK, 2017)	0.46
" This toxic effect was confirmed by histological studies and the expression levels of inflammatory (cox-2) and apoptotic genes (bcl-2 and p53)."	( Olive phenolic compounds attenuate deltamethrin-induced liver and kidney toxicity through regulating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Bouallagui, Z; Fki, I; Maalej, A; Mahmoudi, A; Marrekchi, R; Sayadi, S, 2017)	0.46
" The spleen cells appear more susceptible to the adverse effects of DLM than thymus cells."	( Mechanism of deltamethrin induced thymic and splenic toxicity in mice and its protection by piperine and curcumin: in vivo study. Kumar, A; Sasmal, D; Sharma, N, 2018)	0.48
"In the present study, we evaluated the antioxidant potential of Artemisia campestris essential oil (ACEO) and the possible protective effects against deltamethrin induced hepatic toxic effects."	( Chemical components, antioxidant potential and hepatoprotective effects of Artemisia campestris essential oil against deltamethrin-induced genotoxicity and oxidative damage in rats. Allouche, N; Ben Ali, M; El Feki, A; Grati, M; Jamoussi, K; Ncir, M; Saoudi, M, 2017)	0.46
" According to the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), the final residues of beta-cypermethrin, pyriproxyfen, avermectin, diflubenzuron, and chlorothalonil were safe for human consumption after these pesticides were applied by spraying 2 times at the dosages of 900, 750, 540, 562."	( Evaluation of the safe use and dietary risk of beta-cypermethrin, pyriproxyfen, avermectin, diflubenzuron and chlorothalonil in button mushroom. Dong, F; Du, P; He, H; Liu, X; Wu, X; Xu, J; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Y, 2017)	0.46
" The evaluation of the chorion of the eggshell in this study has clarified the toxic effect of methomyl and cartap hydrochloride on eggs."	( Insecticide toxicity to the borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae): developmental and egg-laying effects. Arcanjo, LP; Costa, ÁH; Ferreira, DO; Martins, JC; Picanço, MC; Serrão, JE; Silva, RS; Soares, JRS, 2018)	0.48
"Pyrethroid insecticides are commonly used in pest control and are present at toxic concentrations in surface waters of agricultural and urban areas worldwide."	( Tracking pyrethroid toxicity in surface water samples: Exposure dynamics and toxicity identification tools for laboratory tests with Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda). Deanovic, LA; Fong, S; Hammock, BG; Stillway, M; Werner, I, 2018)	0.48
" Based on the LC50s and LC75s, dicrotophos was much less toxic than the other chemicals tested."	( Toxicity of Bifenthrin and Mixtures of Bifenthrin Plus Acephate, Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, or Dicrotophos to Adults of Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae). Duckworth, JL; Jones, MM; Robertson, J, 2018)	0.48
" rotundata were also recorded for 2 h after bees were dosed at the LD50 values to give an indication of stress response."	( Acute Toxicity of Permethrin, Deltamethrin, and Etofenprox to the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee. Flenniken, ML; O'Neill, KM; Peterson, RKD; Piccolomini, AM; Whiten, SR, 2018)	0.48
" Evaluating the toxic effects of insecticides on such predatory mites is essential for the success and development of IPM."	( Toxicity of six insecticides to predatory mite Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in- and off-field. Cheng, S; Huang, J; Jiang, H; Lin, R; Ren, X; Wang, S; Yu, C; Yuan, S; Zhang, N; Zhou, X, 2018)	0.48
" Although CYP has been shown to pose toxic effects in some immune cells, as of now the immunotoxicity of CYP on immune progenitor cells has not been well studied."	( β-Cypermethrin and its metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid induce cytotoxicity and block granulocytic cell differentiation in HL-60 cells. Fu, Z; He, B; Jin, Y; Kong, B; Wang, X; Wei, L; Xie, X, 2018)	0.48
" Concerns about the toxic effects of these new chemicals on non-target species became public soon after their appearance, which eventually led to the restrictions of use."	( Non-target toxicity of novel insecticides. Mužinić, V; Želježić, D, 2018)	0.48
" We conclude that λ-cyhalothrin residues in lettuce and cabbage from farms and markets in Parakou and Cotonou are within the MRL, and hence are relatively safe for consumption."	( The Rapid Degradation of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Makes Treated Vegetables Relatively Safe for Consumption. Adéoti, R; Afari-Sefa, V; Djouaka, R; Kusimo, MO; Lines, J; Mahuku, G; Manyong, V; Paraïso, A; Saethre, MG; Soglo, MF; Talom, A; Tamò, M; Waage, J; Zeukeng, F, 2018)	0.48
" The current study assessed DLM mediated oxidative stress, behavioral, hematological, histopathological, and biochemical toxic effects on silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)."	( Multiple biomarkers based appraisal of deltamethrin induced toxicity in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Fahad, S; Khan, SU; Li, Z; Ul Arifeen, MZ; Ullah, S, 2019)	0.51
" In the first stage, TIEs were conducted on whole sediment and pore water from 3 of the most toxic stations."	( Using spatial and temporal variability data to optimize sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) study designs. Bay, SM; Greenstein, DJ; Parks, AN, 2019)	0.51
"To find the adverse effects induced by cypermethrin, the ecotoxicological model copepods Tigriopus japonicus and Paracyclopina nana were exposed under cypermethrin, which is a widely used type-II pyrethroid insecticide in agriculture."	( Adverse effects of a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin on life parameters and antioxidant responses in the marine copepods Paracyclopina nana and Tigriopus japonicus. Jeong, CB; Kang, HM; Lee, JS; Lee, YH; Park, JC; Zhou, J, 2019)	0.51
" Chlorella vulgaris treatment significantly ameliorated the adverse effects of DM-intoxication and restored most of the parameters to levels that are comparable to those of the control group."	( Chlorella vulgaris ameliorates testicular toxicity induced by deltamethrin in male rats via modulating oxidative stress. Abdalla, H; El-Sheikh, SMA; Galal, AAA; Osama, E, 2019)	0.51
" Moreover, cotreatment with an autophagy agonist, rapamycin (RAPA), partially blocked mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the two cell types, whereas cotreatment with an autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), augmented the abovementioned toxic effects."	( Autophagy protects murine macrophages from β-cypermethrin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity via the reduction of oxidation stress. Fu, Z; He, B; Jin, Y; Kong, B; Wang, X; Wei, L; Zhu, J, 2019)	0.51
" This toxic effect was confirmed by histological study."	( Protective effects of kefir against deltamethrin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Abid-Essefi, S; Annaibi, E; Bacha, H; El Golli-Bennour, E; Mokni, M; Omezzine, A; Timoumi, R, 2019)	0.51
" The supplementation of antioxidants could help to modulate the toxic effects of pesticides, but much remains to be understood in the interactions between pesticides and antioxidants in amphibians."	( Antioxidant vitamin E protects embryos of Xenopus tropicalis against lambda-cyhalothrin induced embryotoxicity. Chen, A; Jiang, L; Niu, F; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
"The use of safe and effective insecticides against mosquito-borne stocks is still one of the most effective ways to rapidly interrupt the spread of diseases such as malaria, dengue etc."	( Synthesis, insecticidal activities and resistance in Aedes albopictus and cytotoxicity of novel dihaloacetylated heterocyclic pyrethroids. Cui, X; Hong, D; Lao, Z; O'Neill, P; Yang, Y; Zhang, B; Zhang, K; Zhao, S; Zhong, Y; Zhu, Q, 2020)	0.56
" Sediment toxicity was predicted by total and bioaccessible pyrethroid concentrations expressed as toxic units."	( Survey of bioaccessible pyrethroid insecticides and sediment toxicity in urban streams of the northeast United States. Fung, CY; Huff Hartz, KE; Lydy, MJ; Moran, PW; Nowell, LH; Nutile, SA; Sinche, FL; Van Metre, PC, 2019)	0.51
" Evaluating the toxic effects of individual pesticide may not be enough for protecting ecological environment due to interactions among substances."	( Lethal toxicity and gene expression changes in embryonic zebrafish upon exposure to individual and mixture of malathion, chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin. Li, X; Lou, B; Shen, W; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Xu, C; Yang, G; Yu, R, 2020)	0.56
" Therefore, it can be inferred that exposure to a mixture of the pesticides beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate in the greenhouse environment may have adverse effects on the reproductive health of male mice."	( Effect of a beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate pesticide mixture on reproductive toxicity in male mice in a greenhouse environment. Chi, H; Kong, C; Li, J; Shao, L; Wang, F; Xing, J; Zhai, Q; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Toxic or apoptotic effects of resmethrin in Sertoli and Leydig cells from MTFs were not observed by immunostaining and Tunnel assay."	( Evaluation of Resmethrin Toxicity to Neonatal Testes in Organ Culture. Hong, KH; Kim, JH; Lee, WY; Park, C; Park, HJ; Song, H; Zhang, M, 2020)	0.56
" These results contribute to the growing knowledge on the effects of insecticidal usage in agriculture on non-target invertebrates, and necessitate the need to explore alternate insecticides that can effectively control insect pests but safe for non-target organisms."	( Side effects of insecticidal usage in rice farming system on the non-target house fly Musca domestica in Punjab, Pakistan. Khan, HAA, 2020)	0.56
" It also exerts toxic effects such as hormone dysregulation, hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity in other vertebrates."	( Bifenthrin induces developmental immunotoxicity and vascular malformation during zebrafish embryogenesis. Lee, JY; Lim, W; Park, H; Park, S; Song, G, 2020)	0.56
" The histopathological images of Nile tilapia exposed to DLM revealed damage in gills, intestine, spleen and liver which confirmed the toxic effects."	( Ameliorative effects of Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to deltamethrin toxicity in rearing water. AbdEl-Kader, MF; Abdo, SE; Dawood, MAO; Gewaily, MS; Hamouda, AH; Moustafa, EM; SaadAllah, MS, 2020)	0.56
" The histopathological examination of Nile tilapia exposed to DLM revealed damage in gills, intestine, spleen and liver which confirmed the toxic effects."	( The influence of dietary β-glucan on immune, transcriptomic, inflammatory and histopathology disorders caused by deltamethrin toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). AbdEl-Kader, MF; Abdo, SE; Alwakeel, RA; Dawood, MAO; Gewaily, MS; Hamouda, AH; Moustafa, EM; Omar, AA; SaadAllah, MS, 2020)	0.56
" Reports of adverse events attributed to the disinsection of aircraft were also searched."	( The safety and applicability of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides for aircraft disinsection: A systematic review. Dolea, C; Fehr, J; Gay, S; Grout, A; Pang, AM; Plenge-Boenig, A; Ponce, C; Schlagenhauf, P; Velayudhan, R; Yadav, R, )	0.13
" Another paper evaluating exposure of flight attendants to permethrin found higher levels of urinary metabolites in those working in planes that had recently been sprayed but this could not be linked to adverse health outcomes."	( The safety and applicability of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides for aircraft disinsection: A systematic review. Dolea, C; Fehr, J; Gay, S; Grout, A; Pang, AM; Plenge-Boenig, A; Ponce, C; Schlagenhauf, P; Velayudhan, R; Yadav, R, )	0.13
" Although current testing for the regularization of insecticide use considers its acute toxic effects on pollinators, little is known about the effects of chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations that may persist in the environment."	( Cytotoxic effects on the midgut, hypopharyngeal, glands and brain of Apis mellifera honey bee workers exposed to chronic concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin. Arthidoro de Castro, MB; Cossolin, JFS; Martinez, LC; Serra, RS; Serrão, JE, 2020)	0.56
"Cypermethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, may cause several adverse effects including nephrotoxicity."	( Nephroprotective effects of curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles in cypermethrin induced renal toxicity in rabbits. Akhtar, B; Anwar, M; Muhammad, F; Saleemi, MK; Ur Rehman, S, 2020)	0.56
" However, pyrethroids are approximately 1000 times more toxic to fish than to mammals and birds."	( Mediation of oxidative stress toxicity induced by pyrethroid pesticides in fish. Lim, W; Song, G; Yang, C, 2020)	0.56
" It has been noticed that chlorpyrifos is the most toxic pesticide, followed by Fenvalerate/Nimbecidine (Azadirachtin, AZT)."	( Oxidative Stress-induced Toxicity and DNA Stability in Some Agri-field Based Livestock/Insect by Widely used Pesticides. Dalapati, S; Dutta, SM; Maiti, S; Manna, B, 2020)	0.56
" Pesticides may have toxic effects on higher vertebrates and may sustain in the soil after being metabolized into their different derivatives."	( Oxidative Stress-induced Toxicity and DNA Stability in Some Agri-field Based Livestock/Insect by Widely used Pesticides. Dalapati, S; Dutta, SM; Maiti, S; Manna, B, 2020)	0.56
"NGN could be used as a safe dietary supplement to protect against the toxicity and oxidative stress associated with the use of LTC."	( Naringenin Attenuates Toxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Lambda-cyhalothrin in Liver of Male Rats. Abdel-Wahab, WM; El-Saad, AMA, 2020)	0.56
"In this work, a novel quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique with hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent as both extractant and analyte protectant was developed and combined with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to analyze pyrethroid residues in tomatoes."	( A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method with hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent as extractant and analyte protectant for analyzing pyrethroid residues in tomatoes. Cao, X; Dong, D; Fang, M; Hu, Y; Lin, X; Mo, W; Wu, C; Xu, J; Ye, B; Ye, X, 2020)	0.56
"Increased application of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin has adverse effects on the cardiac system and neurobehavior on the non-target organisms, which has raised the public's attention."	( Protective Effects of Spermidine and Melatonin on Deltamethrin-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Neurotoxicity in Zebrafish. Chen, D; Feng, X; Feng, Z; Gao, Q; Liu, X; Tang, Y; Zhao, X, 2021)	0.62
" The present study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of different concentrations (0."	( Histopathologic and genotoxic effects of deltamethrin on marsh frog, Pelophylax ridibundus (Anura: Ranidae). Alnoaimi, F; Dane, H; Şişman, T, 2021)	0.62
" These results demonstrated that beta-cypermethrin might have an adverse effect on the reproduction system of zebrafish through delaying gonadal development, disturbing sex hormone secretion, and affecting HPG axis gene expression."	( Molecular mechanism of reproductive toxicity induced by beta-cypermethrin in zebrafish. Duan, C; Duan, S; He, X; Huang, Z; Jiang, J; Li, G; Liu, Y; Lu, J; Peng, X; Wang, R; Wu, Q; Yan, W; Yang, Q, 2021)	0.62
" While maintaining the insecticidal activity is important, its toxic effects on non-target organisms should be also considered."	( Synthesis, insecticidal activity, resistance, photodegradation and toxicity of pyrethroids (A review). Hong, D; Lao, Z; O'Neill, P; Yang, Y; Zhang, K; Zhao, S; Zhong, Y; Zhu, Q, 2020)	0.56
" In conclusion, Cypermethrin is found to be toxic to mammals."	( Nephrotoxicity of cypermethrin in rats. Histopathological aspects. Alalwani, AD, 2020)	0.56
" These toxic effects were confirmed by histological alterations, represented by a significant reduction in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis."	( Nano selenium protects against deltamethrin-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Al-Mokaddem, AK; Amer, MS; Azouz, RA; Ghandour, RA; Hozyen, HF; Khalil, HMA, 2020)	0.56
" CSO was clinically safe on calves' skin with mild erythema up to 20 min."	( Rhipicephalus microplus (acari: Ixodidae): Clinical safety and potential control by topical application of cottonseed oil (Gossypium sp.) on cattle. Jain, P; Pandey, RK; Satapathy, T, 2020)	0.56
" However, most studies only focus on individual toxic effects, rather combined."	( Environmentally relevant concentration of cypermethrin or/and sulfamethoxazole induce neurotoxicity of grass carp: Involvement of blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Guo, M; Liu, Y; Wang, Y; Xing, M; Yu, H; Zhao, H, 2021)	0.62
"Pyrethroids are synthetic chemicals similar to the pyrethrins, but more toxic to insects and mammals and persistent in the environment than pyrethrins."	( Screening of the bioactive compounds in Amphora coffeaeformis extract and evaluating its protective effects against deltamethrin toxicity in rats. Abdel-Wahhab, MA; El-Sayed, AEB; Hassan, ME, 2021)	0.87
"Cypermethrin (CP) is a frequently used chiral pesticide comprised of different enantiomers that can induce a variable toxic response in biota, dependent on conformational change."	( New insight into the enantioselective cytotoxicity of cypermethrin: imbalance between cell cycle and apoptosis. Ji, C; Magnuson, JT; Zhang, W; Zhao, M, 2021)	0.62
" Bifenthrin was the most toxic of the five chemical compounds tested followed by deltamethrin and then cypermethrin, which was the least toxic pyrethroid for both species."	( Ecotoxicity of pesticides and semiochemicals used for control and prevention of conifer bark beetle (Dendroctonus spp.) outbreaks. Rico-Martínez, R; Rivera-Dávila, OL; Sánchez-Martínez, G, 2021)	0.62
" Our study investigated the toxic effects of cis-BF alone or combined with GO on the lipid homeostasis in Xenopus laevis."	( The combined adverse effects of cis-bifenthrin and graphene oxide on lipid homeostasis in Xenopus laevis. Li, M; Wang, Q; Wu, Q; Zhu, J, 2021)	0.62
" Despite the various effects of BF, there is a scarcity of studies about its adverse effects on male fertility."	( The deleterious toxic effects of bifenthrin on male fertility. Bae, JW; Kwon, WS, 2021)	0.62
" We find that the toxicity of applied insecticides to aquatic invertebrates and pollinators has increased considerably-in sharp contrast to the applied amount-and that this increase has been driven by highly toxic pyrethroids and neonicotinoids, respectively."	( Applied pesticide toxicity shifts toward plants and invertebrates, even in GM crops. Bub, S; Petschick, LL; Schulz, R; Stehle, S; Wolfram, J, 2021)	0.62
"As a biologically inspired insecticide, pyrethroids (PYRs) exert evident toxic side effects on non-target organisms."	( Current insights into the microbial degradation for pyrethroids: strain safety, biochemical pathway, and genetic engineering. Hu, K; Li, J; Liu, A; Liu, S; Yao, K; Zhao, T; Zhu, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Safety was evaluated based on subjects' scalp condition and adverse event incidence."	( Efficacy and safety of a dimethicone lotion in patients with pyrethroid-resistant head lice in an epidemic area, Okinawa, Japan. Kawada, H; Miyagi, T; Okamoto, Y; Okubo, Y; Takahashi, K; Yamaguchi, S; Yasumura, R, 2021)	0.62
" The findings suggest that sub-lethal concentration of cypermethrin is toxic to fish."	( Cassia fistula ameliorates chronic toxicity of cypermethrin in Catla catla. Faggio, C; Jindal, R; Sharma, R, 2021)	0.62
" It seems that trans-FA could ameliorate toxic effect of β-cyfluthrin via reduction of peroxidative (as evident by measurement of MDA) and nitrosative (as evident by measurement of nitrate-nitrite) reactions over cold preservation of rooster semen."	( Ameliorative role of trans-ferulic acid on induced oxidative toxicity of rooster semen by β-cyfluthrin during low temperature liquid storage. Eslami, M; Ghaniei, A; Shayan-Nasr, M; Zadeh-Hashem, E, 2021)	0.62
"The toxic effects of the insecticides chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin, and the herbicide glyphosate on the growth, biovolume and ultrastructure of the green microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum were evaluated."	( Toxic effects of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and glyphosate on the non-target organism Selenastrum capricornutum (Chlorophyta). Asselborn, V; Fernández, C; Parodi, ER, 2021)	0.62
" Therefore the study aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of this new insecticide and in comparison with the traditional insecticide Deltamethrin (DM)."	( Comparative Toxicity Study of Novel Light-Activated Insecticide and Deltamethrin in Albino Rats. Abd Elfattah Noaishi, M; Abd Elfattah, NK; Allah El-Tayeb, TA, 2021)	0.62
" Recent laboratory and epidemiological evidence suggested that pyrethroids have potential adverse effects in the mammalian brain; however, the underlying mechanisms of the neurotoxic effects of pyrethroids have not been fully elucidated."	( Neurotoxicity of a pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin is associated with the imbalance in proteolytic systems caused by mitophagy activation and proteasome inhibition. Hirano, T; Hoshi, N; Ikenaka, Y; Suzuki, N; Tabuchi, Y, 2021)	0.62
" The observed damage is chronic toxicity, which may cause irreversible DNA damage and more severe toxic effects on human HepG2 cells."	( Exposure to environmental concentrations of natural pyrethrins induces hepatotoxicity: Assessment in HepG2 cell lines and zebrafish models. Cheng, J; Li, M; Li, Z; Lu, J; Tao, L; Xu, W; Yang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, Y; Zhu, L, 2022)	0.97
" The use of green chemical photosensitisers (mint extract and riboflavin) in combination with UV light irradiation represents a novel, sustainable, and safe approach to pesticide reduction in produce."	( Green photosensitisers for the degradation of selected pesticides of high risk in most susceptible food: A safer approach. Ahmad, F; Alharthi, FA; Baig, A; Bilal, M; Farid, M; Giannakoudakis, DA; Nazar, MF; Rashid, U; Sumrra, SH; Zafar, MN; Zubair, M, 2021)	0.62
"Environmental contamination from toxic metals and pesticides is an issue of great concern due to their harmful effects to human health and the ecosystems."	( Vitamin C Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Behavioral Impairments Induced by Deltamethrin and Lead Toxicity in Zebrafish. Ciobica, A; Faggio, C; Flocea, EI; Jijie, R; Lazado, CC; Nicoara, M; Paduraru, E; Simionov, IA, 2021)	0.62
" Natural pyrethrins have been used since ancient times as insect repellers, and their synthetic versions especially type 2 pyrethroids could be highly toxic to humans."	( Advances and future prospects of pyrethroids: Toxicity and microbial degradation. de Araujo Pereira, AP; Jaiswal, DK; Kuhad, RC; Mukherjee, A; Prasad, R; Sharma, M; Shukla, AC; Singh, S; Verma, JP, 2022)	1.14
" The potentially adverse effects of synthetic acaricide/miticide tau-fluvalinate (tech."	( The adverse effects of synthetic acaricide tau-fluvalinate (tech.) on winter adult honey bees. Cingeľová Maruščáková, I; Holečková, B; Koleničová, S; Majchrák, T; Mudroňová, D; Ratvaj, M; Sabo, R; Sabová, L; Sobeková, A, 2022)	0.72
") is well known, but little is known about their (a) residuality and persistence in forests after application to control an outbreak and (b) ability to bioaccumulate in insects, which could cause adverse effects on the trophic chains."	( Toxicity tests, bioaccumulation and residuality of pyrethroid insecticides commonly used to control conifer bark beetles in Mexico. Rico-Martínez, R; Rivera-Dávila, OL; Sánchez-Martínez, G, 2022)	0.72
"Fenvalerate is a broadly used type II pyrethroid with a potential toxic effect in fish."	( Environmentally relevant concentrations of fenvalerate induces immunotoxicity and reduces pathogen resistance in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). Hong, X; Yan, S; Zha, J; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72
" Strikingly, in (Tm + La)-treated rats, all the observed adverse effects of Tm on the hormonal parameters, cell morphology, and the length of each phase of estrous cycle were significantly diminished in a dose-dependent manner."	( Lobaric acid prevents the adverse effects of tetramethrin on the estrous cycle of female albino Wistar rats. Annam, SSP; Nguyen, HT; Okello, E; Polimati, H; Tatipamula, VB; Thai, QM; Vu, TY, 2022)	0.72
" No maternal or fetal adverse effects were seen at the 50 mg/kg/day dose level."	( Developmental and reproduction toxicity of piperonyl butoxide part 2 developmental safety of piperonyl butoxide in the NZW rabbit. Hauswirth, JW; Hoberman, AM, 2022)	0.72
"During 5- and 10-day laboratory trials in Colorado, USA, 2016-2017, FIP grain had no detectable acute toxic effect on 20 BTPDs that readily consumed the grain."	( Assembling a safe and effective toolbox for integrated flea control and plague mitigation: Fipronil experiments with prairie dogs. Biggins, D; Childers, E; Dobesh, P; Eads, D; Grady, AC; Grassel, S; Halsell, E; Hughes, J; Kaczor, N; Livieri, T; Lucas, D; Noble, L; Tretten, T; Vasquez, M, 2022)	0.72
" Accumulating data show orally-delivered FIP is safe and usually effective for flea control with BTPDs, though potential acute toxic effects cannot be ruled out."	( Assembling a safe and effective toolbox for integrated flea control and plague mitigation: Fipronil experiments with prairie dogs. Biggins, D; Childers, E; Dobesh, P; Eads, D; Grady, AC; Grassel, S; Halsell, E; Hughes, J; Kaczor, N; Livieri, T; Lucas, D; Noble, L; Tretten, T; Vasquez, M, 2022)	0.72
"Worldwide the use of pesticides has increased, especially in the industry and agriculture sector even though they contain highly toxic substances."	( A lentic microcosm approach to determine the toxicity of DDT and deltamethrin on diatom communities. Kock, A; Smit, NJ; Taylor, JC; Wepener, V; Wolmarans, NJ, 2022)	0.72
" Studies that determine the toxic effects of pyrethroids at doses equivalent to human exposure are rare."	( A mixture of pyrethroids induces reduced fecundity and increased testicular genotoxicity in rats. Priyanka, PP; Ravula, AR; Yenugu, S, 2022)	0.72
"Deltamethrin (DM) is one of the most toxic but widely used pyrethroid insecticides."	( Asparagus racemosus improves immune-related parameters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and mitigates deltamethrin-induced toxicity. Devika, P; Lekshmi, H; Rakesh, CG; Sneha, KG; Suresh, K; Tejaswi, HN; Vineetha, VP, 2022)	0.72
" We observe that the toxic effect of P-BI is more pronounced on transgenerational and lifespan exposure."	( Household prallethrin-based insecticide toxicity on different C. elegans life stage: A possible sign of Huntington Disease. Alves, C; Barcellos, LJG; Pompermaier, A; Tamagno, WA; Vanin, AP, 2022)	0.72
" Exposure to this class of insecticides is widespread, and while generally believed to be safe for use, there is increasing concern regarding their effects on neurodevelopment."	( A narrative review of converging evidence addressing developmental toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides. Elser, BA; Hing, B; Stevens, HE, 2022)	0.72
" Despite its widespread usage, it is known to induce a variety of adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity."	( Carvacrol protects against λ-Cyhalothrin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy. Ileriturk, M; Kandemir, FM, 2023)	0.91
"Beta-cypermethrin (β-CYP) is a universally used pyrethroid pesticide with adverse effects on human health."	( Toxicity mechanism of peri-implantation pesticide beta-cypermethrin exposure on endometrial remodeling in early pregnant mice. Chen, QD; Cui, MX; Qiao, QF; Sheng, TY; Wang, CY; Wang, LQ; Zhang, YX; Zhou, YJ, 2023)	0.91
" Microbial degradation has been established as a reliable technique for mineralizing CP into less toxic chemicals."	( Cypermethrin toxicity in the environment: analytical insight into detection methods and microbial degradation pathways. Kansal, I; Kapoor, A; Singh, R; Solanki, S, 2023)	0.91
" As a result, permethrin produced a toxic effect on Cyprinus carpio, triggering changes in blood parameters and inducing the antioxidant enzyme system."	( Toxic effects of the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin on the hematological parameters and antioxidant enzyme systems of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio L. Korkmaz, N; Örün, İ; Uğurer, O, 2023)	0.91
" This study aimed to explore the toxic effects of subacute exposure to LCT on the pancreas and the hepatic glucose metabolism in adult male albino rats."	( Lambda-cyhalothrin-induced pancreatic toxicity in adult albino rats. Rashad, WA; Sakr, S, 2023)	0.91
"Tralomethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used to control a wide range of pests in agriculture and public health, is highly toxic to aquatic organisms."	( Tralomethrin causes cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Guo, S; Li, W; Wu, Y; Xiao, P, 2023)	0.91
" However, it can flow into surface and groundwater, leading to adverse consequences such as immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, hormone dysregulation, or neurotoxicity."	( Adverse effects of bifenthrin exposure on neurobehavior and neurodevelopment in a zebrafish embryo/larvae model. Eghan, K; Kim, CH; Kim, WK; Lee, S; Yoo, D, 2023)	0.91
" These adverse outcomes were alleviated by CUR, indicating that CUR mitigated FEN-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress."	( Curcumin protects against fenvalerate-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae through inhibition of oxidative stress. Huang, M; Liu, C; Wang, J; Yang, F; Zhu, J; Zhu, R; Zou, L, 2023)	0.91
" Pyrethroids, namely, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Beta-cyfluthrin, Esfenvalerate, Fenvalerate, and Bifenthrin, have set out various types of degenerative and toxic impacts that include oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity involving thymic and splenic toxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, foetal toxicity, alterations in serum calcium and phosphate levels, cerebral and bone marrow degeneration, degeneration of the reproductive system, histological alteration, and DNA damage."	( Pyrethroids toxicity in vertebrates and invertebrates and amelioration by bioactive compounds: A review. Dutta, J; Jasrotia, S; Kumar, A; Kyzas, GZ, 2023)	0.91

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The total plasma clearance of antipyrine was significantly decreased by deltamethrin pretreatment (20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg daily for 6 days prior to antipyrine administration), while the elimination half-life at beta phase, the area under the concentration-time curve and the mean residence time of antipyrine were significantly increased."	( Effect of deltamethrin on antipyrine pharmacokinetics and metabolism in rat. Anadón, A; Bringas, P; Díaz, MJ; Fernandez, MC; Martinez-Larrañaga, MR, 1991)	0.28
" The experimental data for the time course of the concentration of tetramethrin isomers in plasma fit a pharmacokinetic two-compartmental open model."	( The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of (1R, cis)- and (1R, trans)-tetramethrin in rats. Dauterman, WC; Silver, IS, 1989)	0.28
"0 mg/kg) and pharmacodynamic interactions of insecticide were studied with centrally acting drugs viz."	( Pharmacodynamic interactions of cypermethrin and centrally acting drugs in mice. Kanwar, RS; Varshneya, C, 1995)	0.29
" These pharmacokinetic events usually were higher with trans-cypermethrin-14C than with cis-cypermethrin-14C."	( Pharmacokinetic mechanisms associated with synergism by DEF of cypermethrin toxicity in larval and adult Helicoverpa zea, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Knowles, CO; Usmani, KA, 2001)	0.31
" To better understand the dosimetry of DLT in the central nervous system, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for DLT was constructed for the adult, male Sprague-Dawley rat that employed both flow-limited (brain, gastrointestinal [GI] tract, liver, and rapidly perfused tissues) and diffusion-limited (fat, blood/plasma, and slowly perfused tissues) rate equations."	( Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for deltamethrin in the adult male Sprague-Dawley rat. Anand, SS; Bruckner, JV; Fisher, JW; Kim, HJ; Kim, KB; Mirfazaelian, A; Tornero-Velez, R, 2006)	0.33
" developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin in the rat."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of deltamethrin: development of a rat and human diffusion-limited model. Conolly, RB; DeVito, MJ; Godin, SJ; Hughes, MF; Ross, DG; Scollon, EJ; Setzer, RW; Starr, JM; Tornero-Velez, R, 2010)	0.36
" Intravenous dosing resulted in apparent terminal half-life (t1/2 ) values of 13."	( The pharmacokinetic properties of bifenthrin in the rat following multiple routes of exposure. Chandrasekaran, A; ElNaggar, S; Gammon, D; Liu, Z, 2015)	0.42
"An in vitro to in vivo (IVIVE) extrapolation based-physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach was demonstrated to understand age-related differences in kinetics and how they potentially affect age-related differences in acute neurotoxic effects of pyrethroids."	( Evaluation of Age-Related Pyrethroid Pharmacokinetic Differences in Rats: Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model Development Using In Vitro Data and In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation. Bruckner, JV; Clewell, HJ; Creek, MR; Efremenko, A; Hinderliter, PM; Lake, BG; Moreau, M; Osimitz, TG; Song, G; White, CA; Wu, H; Yoon, M, 2019)	0.51
"To address concerns around age-related sensitivity to pyrethroids, a life-stage physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, supported by in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) was developed."	( Development and Application of a Life-Stage Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model to the Assessment of Internal Dose of Pyrethroids in Humans. Clewell, HJ; Creek, MR; Efremenko, AY; Hinderliter, P; Hines, RN; Lake, BG; Mallick, P; Moreau, M; Osimitz, TG; Pendse, SN; Song, G; Yoon, M, 2020)	0.56
" To address the concern for age-related sensitivity to pyrethroid insecticides, life-stage physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling supported by in vitro to in vivo extrapolation was conducted to predict age-dependent changes in target tissue exposure to 8 pyrethroids."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Risk Assessment: Case Study With Pyrethroids. Clewell, HJ; Creek, MR; Efremenko, AY; Hinderliter, P; Hines, RN; Lake, BG; Mallick, P; Moreau, M; Osimitz, TG; Pendse, SN; Song, G; Yoon, M, 2020)	0.56
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling together with an adequate exposure scenario allows to transpose measured concentrations of chemicals or their metabolites into exposure levels, as daily intakes."	( Estimating human exposure to pyrethroids' mixtures from biomonitoring data using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Brochot, C; Crépet, A; Quindroit, P, 2021)	0.62

Compound-Compound Interactions

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"In a randomized controlled trial, 58 subjects were treated for Pediculus humanus var capitis with either pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID, Pfizer Inc, New York) or 1% permethrin (NIX, Burroughs Wellcome Co, Research Triangle Park, NC); 31 subjects received RID and 27 subjects received NIX."	( Pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID) vs 1% permethrin (NIX) in the treatment of head lice. Carson, DS; Tribble, PW; Weart, CW, 1988)	1.93
" In this study, female Wistar rats were given 1/25 LD50 of dimethoate by gavage, combined with the same LD50 fractions of propoxur and cypermethrin or with arsenic (6."	( Changes in the central nervous activity of rats treated with dimethoate in combination with other neurotoxicants in different phases of ontogenesis. Fazakas, Z; Lengyel, Z; Nagymajtényi, L, 2005)	0.33
"With a goal of minimal application of environmentally hazardous chemical insecticides, the larvicidal activity of cypermethrin was studied alone and in combination with the root extract of Solanum xanthocarpum against anopheline larvae."	( Comparative efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum extracts alone and in combination with a synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin, against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. Mohan, L; Sharma, P; Srivastava, CN, 2007)	0.34
"A sensitive and efficient solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method for the determination of seven pyrethroid insecticides including fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, tau-fluvalinate and bifenthrin in cucumber and watermelon samples using high performance liquid chromatography combined with post-column photochemically induced fluorimetry derivatization and fluorescence detection (SPME-HPLC-PIF-FD) was developed and validated."	( Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the determination of pyrethroids in cucumber and watermelon using liquid chromatography combined with post-column photochemically induced fluorimetry derivatization and fluorescence detection. Galera, MM; Mughari, AR; Vázquez, PP, 2008)	0.35
" anisopliae and its combination with deltamethrin to control a Boophilus microplus strain resistant to pyrethroid."	( Performance of Metarhizium anisopliae and Its combination with deltamethrin against a pyrethroid-resistant strain of Boophilus microplus in a stall test. Angelo, Ida C; Bahiense, TC; Bittencourt, VR; Fernandes, EK; Perinotto, WM, 2008)	0.35
" Based on optimized conditions, the UA-IL-DLLME method was applied and combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) to determine the presence of ethofenprox, tetramethrin, meperfluthrin, and alpha-cypermethrin in honey samples."	( Comparison of the performance of conventional, temperature-controlled, and ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography in analyzing pyrethroid pesticides in honey samples. Gao, H; Li, S; Peng, B; Zhang, J; Zhou, Z, 2011)	0.37
" In combination with carbendazim clastogen, properties of imazalils and cypermethrins were potentiated compared to all other treatments and control."	( Carbendazim combined with imazalil or cypermethrin potentiate DNA damage in hepatocytes of mice. Benković, V; Cupor, I; Horvat-Knezević, A; Lisicić, D; Mojsović-Cuić, A; Orsolić, N; Ðikić, D, 2012)	0.38
" Low doses of carbendazim in combination with low doses of imazalil or cypermethrin caused very pronounced hepatic necrosis, more than any of the three individually applied pesticides or combination of imazalil and cypermethrin."	( Carbendazim impends hepatic necrosis when combined with imazalil or cypermethrin. Benković, V; Dikić, D; Horvat-Knežević, A; Knežević, F; Landeka, I; Lončar, G; Mojsović-Ćuić, A; Rogić, D; Teparić, R, 2012)	0.38
" Toxicity of the acaricide tau-fluvalinate increased in combination with other acaricides and most other compounds tested (15 of 17) while amitraz toxicity was mostly unchanged (1 of 15)."	( Acaricide, fungicide and drug interactions in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Dahlgren, L; Ellis, MD; Johnson, RM; Siegfried, BD, 2013)	0.39
" Aerosol treatments with insect growth regulators alone and in combination with conventional contact insecticides may be a feasible alternative to expensive and highly toxic fumigants such as methyl bromide for control of the Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner))."	( Economic feasibility of methoprene applied as a surface treatment and as an aerosol alone and in combination with two other insecticides. Arthur, FH; Fontenot, EA; Langemeier, MR; Nechols, JR, 2013)	0.39
"Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UASE) combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) has been developed for extraction and determination of fenvalerate from tomato samples."	( Determination of fenvalerate in tomato by ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Ahmadi-Jouibari, T; Fattahi, N; Pirsaheb, M; Shamsipur, M, 2014)	0.4
" Combined with LLIN, indoor use of ATSB has the potential to serve as a strategy for managing insecticide resistance."	( Indoor application of attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) in combination with mosquito nets for control of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. Irish, SR; Kirby, MJ; Oxborough, RM; Rowland, MW; Stewart, ZP; Tungu, PK, 2013)	0.39
"Dispersive liquid microextraction (DLME) combined with dispersive µ-solid phase extraction (D-µ-SPE) has been developed as a new approach for the extraction of four pyrethroids (tetramethrin, fenpropathrin, deltamethrin and permethrin) prior to the analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection."	( Two-step microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of pyrethroids in water and vegetable samples. Mukdasai, S; Srijaranai, S; Thomas, C, 2014)	0.4
" In this work we aimed to study the effects of deltamethrin, alone or in combination with azamethiphos, on the transcription of stress and detoxification marker genes."	( Transcriptional responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to deltamethrin, alone or in combination with azamethiphos. Fredriksen, BN; Lunestad, BT; Olsvik, PA; Steine, N; Ørnsrud, R, 2014)	0.4
"Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) sample preparation and the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method combined with DLLME were developed and compared for the analysis of ten pyrethroids in various fruit juices using gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD)."	( Determination of ten pyrethroids in various fruit juices: comparison of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction sample preparation and QuEChERS method combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Jiao, B; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
"A rapid, selective and sensitive sample preparation method based on solid-phase extraction combined with the dispersive liquid-liquid microextration was developed for the determination of pyrethroid pesticides in wheat and maize samples."	( Solid-phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of pyrethroid pesticides in wheat and maize samples. Feng, X; He, Y; Jia, C; Zhao, E; Zheng, Z; Zhu, X, 2016)	0.43
"A salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed for the determination of four pyrethroid insecticides (PYRs) in high salinity and biological samples."	( Salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of pyrethroid insecticides in high salinity and biological samples. He, X; Niu, Z; Wen, Y; Yu, C; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.46
" This study suggests that DEL in combination with other insect repellents showed antagonistic effect against oxidative stress, and there was no significant toxicological effect in the combination groups."	( Oxidative stress and neuromodulatory effects of deltamethrin and its combination with insect repellents in rats. Anitha, M; Anitha, R; Ezhilarasan, D; Senthil Kumar, S; Vijayaraghavan, R, 2019)	0.51
" Given the high long-lasting insecticidal bed net (LLIN) coverage across Africa, it is crucial that the efficacy of indoor ATSB in combination with LLINs is established before it is considered for wider use in public health."	( Indoor use of attractive toxic sugar bait in combination with long-lasting insecticidal net against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae: an experimental hut trial in Mbé, central Côte d'Ivoire. Ahoua Alou, LP; Camara, S; Furnival-Adams, JEC; Koffi, AA; N'Guessan, R; Oumbouke, WA; Rowland, M, 2020)	0.56
"An experimental hut trial to evaluate the efficacy of indoor ATSB traps treated with 4% boric acid (BA ATSB) or 1% chlorfenapyr (CFP ATSB) in combination with untreated nets or LLINs (holed or intact), took place at the M'bé field station in central Côte d'Ivoire against pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae sensu lato."	( Indoor use of attractive toxic sugar bait in combination with long-lasting insecticidal net against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae: an experimental hut trial in Mbé, central Côte d'Ivoire. Ahoua Alou, LP; Camara, S; Furnival-Adams, JEC; Koffi, AA; N'Guessan, R; Oumbouke, WA; Rowland, M, 2020)	0.56
"Indoor ATSB traps in combination with LLINs enhanced the control of pyrethroid-resistant An."	( Indoor use of attractive toxic sugar bait in combination with long-lasting insecticidal net against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae: an experimental hut trial in Mbé, central Côte d'Ivoire. Ahoua Alou, LP; Camara, S; Furnival-Adams, JEC; Koffi, AA; N'Guessan, R; Oumbouke, WA; Rowland, M, 2020)	0.56
" They show that fluorescence spectroscopy combined with SVM is efficient in predicting pesticide residue content."	( Analysis of pesticide residues by a support vector machine combined with fluorescence spectroscopy. Bian, H; Feng, X; Han, Y; Ji, R; Jiang, Z; Wang, X; Xu, J, 2021)	0.62
"This study shows evidence of a reduced performance of pyrethroid-CFP nets when combined with pyrethroid-PBO ITNs compared to when applied alone and higher efficacy with net combinations that included pyrethroid-CFP nets."	( Can the performance of pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr nets be reduced when combined with pyrethroid-piperonyl butoxide (PBO) nets? Agbevo, A; Ahoga, J; Gbegbo, M; N'dombidjé, B; Ngufor, C; Nounagnon, J; Syme, T, 2023)	0.91

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The oral bioavailability of permethrin was found to be 60."	( Toxicokinetics of permethrin in the rat. Anadón, A; Bringas, P; Diaz, MJ; Martinez-Larrañaga, MR, 1991)	0.28
" Finally, physical properties that influence the environmental disposition and subsequently affect bioavailability of the compounds in water, soil, air, produce, and nontarget species are also instrumental in determining the impact of current and future synthetic pyrethroid insecticides."	( Comparative toxicology of the pyrethroid insecticides. Bradbury, SP; Coats, JR, 1989)	0.28
" Numbers of lice surviving increased with the sampling time after treatment, suggesting that the bioavailability of the deltamethrin changed as the insecticide aged in the fleece."	( Kinetic disposition of an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of deltamethrin applied to sheep in a plunge-dip and its effect on lice. Darwish, A; Dixon, R; Johnson, PW; Steel, JW, 1995)	0.29
" The oral bioavailability of deltamethrin was found to be 14."	( Toxicokinetics of deltamethrin and its 4'-HO-metabolite in the rat. Anadón, A; Diaz, MJ; Fernandez, MC; Fernandez-Cruz, ML; Martinez, MA; Martinez-Larrañaga, MR, 1996)	0.29
" No hydrolysis of permethrin was detected; the appearance rate of 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol with 3-phenoxybenzoic acid corresponded to the absorption rate of the substrate impurities."	( No effect of albumin on the dermal absorption rate of hydrocortisone 21-butyrate, permethrin or diflunisal in the isolated, single-pass perfused rabbit ear. Bast, GE; Kampffmeyer, HG, 1996)	0.29
" The results demonstrated that both bioavailability and acute toxicity decreased in the presence of aquatic humic acid 5 and 10 mg/liter."	( Effect of natural dissolved humic material on bioavailability and acute toxicity of fenpropathrin to the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Kettrup, A; Schramm, K; Wu, WZ; Xu, Y, 1999)	0.3
" Fish residues are directly related to aqueous concentrations, thus bioavailability under field runoff regimes were an order of magnitude lower than tissue residues under spray drift conditions."	( Environmental fate of synthetic pyrethroids during spray drift and field runoff treatments in aquatic microcosms. Erstfeld, KM, 1999)	0.3
" This study highlights the ecotoxicological importance and bioavailability of field-relevant levels of particle-associated hydrophobic chemicals transiently introduced into surface waters during runoff events."	( Acute and chronic effects of particle-associated fenvalerate on stream macroinvertebrates: a runoff simulation study using outdoor microcosms. Liess, M; Schulz, R, 2001)	0.31
" Bioavailability was measured via body burdens of Daphnia magna and Chironomus tentans."	( Partitioning, bioavailability, and toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in sediments. Farrelly, E; Gentle, WE; Goggin, UM; Hamer, MJ; Lane, MC; Maund, SJ; Rapley, JH, 2002)	0.31
" They bind organic pollutants and metals, thereby decreasing the bioavailability and consequently the toxicity of these substances in most instances."	( Direct and interacting toxicological effects on the waterflea (Daphnia magna) by natural organic matter, synthetic humic substances and cypermethrin. Meems, N; Steinberg, CE; Wiegand, C, 2004)	0.32
" The reduction in bioavailability of CYP in the presence of increased flow and sediment levels suggests that mayflies are more likely to be affected by spray-drift exposure (CYP) than by runoff exposure (CYP x Part x Flow)."	( Combined effects of discharge, turbidity, and pesticides on mayfly behavior: experimental evaluation of spray-drift and runoff scenarios. Bollen, A; Dabrowski, JM; Schulz, R, 2005)	0.33
" Pyrethrins are readily absorbed from the gut and respiratory tract but poorly absorbed through skin."	( Poisoning due to pyrethrins. Proudfoot, AT, 2005)	1.58
" The oral bioavailability was found to be 67."	( Toxicokinetics of lambda-cyhalothrin in rats. Anadón, A; Díaz, MJ; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR, 2006)	0.33
" The relative contribution of particles and DOM to the reduced bioavailability depended on the organic matter content and the texture of the source sediment."	( Effect of suspended solids on bioavailability of pyrethroid insecticides. Gan, J; Hunter, W; Spurlock, F; Yang, W, 2006)	0.33
" If only the freely dissolved concentration is bioavailable, these observations suggest that contact time after sediment dosing may greatly affect the bioavailability and, hence, the toxicity of pyrethroids."	( Time dependence of phase distribution of pyrethroid insecticides in sediment. Bondarenko, S; Gan, J; Kavanaugh, S; Poletika, N; Putt, A, 2006)	0.33
" The objective of the present study was to assess the influence of two common vehicles on the bioavailability and toxicokinetics (TK) of a representative pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin (DLM), to determine whether the vehicles influence toxic potency by modifying the chemical's TK."	( Formulation-dependent toxicokinetics explains differences in the GI absorption, bioavailability and acute neurotoxicity of deltamethrin in rats. Anand, SS; Bruckner, JV; Kim, HJ; Kim, KB; Muralidhara, S, 2007)	0.34
" The ability of microorganisms to degrade pesticides is not only controlled by the bioavailability of a chemical but also by their capacity to develop the ability to utilise available chemicals."	( Development of microbial degradation of cypermethrin and diazinon in organically and conventionally managed soils. Fenlon, KA; Jones, KC; Semple, KT, 2007)	0.34
" Limited data have shown that DOM preparations can significantly alter the bioavailability and toxicity effects of pyrethroids."	( Bioavailability of permethrin and cyfluthrin in surface waters with low levels of dissolved organic matter. Gan, J; Hunter, W; Spurlock, F; Yang, WC, )	0.13
" Bioavailability was just 18%."	( Toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of deltamethrin in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Anand, SS; Bruckner, JV; Kim, HJ; Kim, KB; White, CA, 2008)	0.35
"We investigated how exposure scenario and sediment characteristics affected deltamethrin bioavailability and toxicity to Chironomus riparius."	( Deltamethrin toxicity to the midge Chironomus riparius Meigen-effects of exposure scenario and sediment quality. Akerblom, N; Arbjörk, C; Goedkoop, W; Hedlund, M, 2008)	0.35
" On the other hand, lambda-cyhalothrin adsorbed to suspended solids or bottom sediments may provide a mechanism to mitigate its acute toxicity to aquatic organisms by reducing their short-term bioavailability in the water column."	( Environmental chemistry, ecotoxicity, and fate of lambda-cyhalothrin. Goh, K; He, LM; Troiano, J; Wang, A, 2008)	0.35
"Tenax extraction is a simple, inexpensive approach to estimate the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants from sediment."	( Chemical availability and sediment toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to Hyalella azteca: application to field sediment with unexpectedly low toxicity. Lydy, MJ; Pehkonen, S; Weston, DP; You, J, 2008)	0.35
" The observation that desorption of pyrethroids decreased quickly over contact time implies that the bioavailability of sediment-borne pyrethroids may diminish over time and that use of nonselective extraction methods may lead to overestimating the actual sediment toxicity from pyrethroid contamination."	( Effect of aging on desorption kinetics of sediment-associated pyrethroids. Gan, J; Spurlock, F; Wang, Z; Xu, Y, 2008)	0.35
" It has been suggested that bioavailability of sediment-sorbed pesticides is reduced, but data on toxicity of sediment-associated pesticides for pyrethroids and fipronil are limited."	( Effect of sediment-associated pyrethroids, fipronil, and metabolites on Chironomus tentans growth rate, body mass, condition index, immobilization, and survival. Brennan, AA; Harwood, AD; Lydy, MJ; Maul, JD, 2008)	0.35
", have spawned interest in understanding their bioavailability in bed sediments."	( Measuring pyrethroids in sediment pore water using matrix-solid phase microextraction. Gan, J; Hunter, W; Mayer, P; Reichenberg, F; Yang, Y, 2009)	0.35
"Degradation and bioavailability of imidacloprid, fipronil, and bifenthrin applied at label rates ([AI], wt:wt in soil) in the loamy soil of Nebraska were determined over a 6-mo duration."	( Concentration-dependent degradation of three termiticides in soil under laboratory conditions and their bioavailability to eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Kamble, ST; Saran, RK, 2008)	0.35
"Knowledge about the bioavailability and metabolism of pesticides in soil organisms facilitates interpretation of its toxicity in soil."	( Impact of biotransformation and bioavailability on the toxicity of the insecticides alpha-cypermethrin and chlorfenvinphos in earthworm. Hartnik, T; Styrishave, B, 2008)	0.35
"Chemical methods to assess bioavailability in soil and sediment often use synthetic polymers that mimic uptake of organic compounds in organisms or microbial degradation."	( Nonexhaustive beta-cyclodextrin extraction as a chemical tool to estimate bioavailability of hydrophobic pesticides for earthworms. Hartnik, T; Hermens, JL; Jensen, J, 2008)	0.35
" Many studies indicate that black carbon (BC) plays an important role in the bioavailability of hydrophobic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in soils and sediments."	( Effects of black carbon on pyrethroid availability in sediment. Gan, J; Hunter, W; Tao, S; Yang, Y, 2009)	0.35
"Determination the bioavailability of contaminants in different fertilizer management soils can be of great theoretical significance for predicting and decreasing the effect of pollutants on eco-environment."	( [Influence of Cu2+, Cd2+ and cypermethrin on microbial functional diversity in different fertilization soils]. Wang, HY; Xie, WJ; Zhou, JM, 2008)	0.35
" variegatus, however bioavailability varied among chemicals, sediments and aging time, and was greater for permethrin than bifenthrin."	( Bioavailability and biotransformation of sediment-associated pyrethroid insecticides in Lumbriculus variegatus. Brennan, A; Lydy, MJ; You, J, 2009)	0.35
" Consideration of bioavailability increasingly requires the measurement of freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) in addition to the total chemical concentration (Ctotal)."	( Simultaneous measurement of free and total concentrations of hydrophobic compounds. Bondarenko, S; Gan, J, 2009)	0.35
" In the present study, the dose dependency in absorption of deltamethrin was examined in male Long Evans rats using po exposures predicted by the Mirfazaelian model to yield different po bioavailability values."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of deltamethrin: development of a rat and human diffusion-limited model. Conolly, RB; DeVito, MJ; Godin, SJ; Hughes, MF; Ross, DG; Scollon, EJ; Setzer, RW; Starr, JM; Tornero-Velez, R, 2010)	0.36
" The presence of these dissolved ions could influence bifenthrin toxicity either through joint action as a secondary toxicant or through changing the partitioning or bioavailability of bifenthrin between the sediment matrix and overlying water or pore water."	( Determining modifications to bifenthrin toxicity and sediment binding affinity from varying potassium chloride concentrations in overlying water. Belden, JB; Lydy, MJ; Mueting, SA; Trimble, AJ, 2010)	0.36
" A faster insecticidal effect is obtained with the aerosol formulation, suggesting greater bioavailability of the toxicant."	( Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. Haynes, KF; Potter, MF; Romero, A, 2010)	0.36
" Bioassays were performed for determining the bioavailability of the insecticide and tests of chemical residues in the treated bed nets were undertaken."	( Insecticide-treated bed nets in rural Bangladesh: their potential role in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination programme. Akther, S; Chowdhury, R; Das, ML; Ghosh, D; Gurung, CK; Huda, MM; Kroeger, A; Kumar, V; Maheswary, NP; Mondal, D; Petzold, M, 2010)	0.36
" The thiacloprid adult vial bioassay is based on glass vials coated with an oil-dispersion-based formulation of thiacloprid, resulting in a much better bioavailability compared with technical material."	( Pyrethroid resistance and thiacloprid baseline susceptibility of European populations of Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) collected in winter oilseed rape. Nauen, R; Zimmer, CT, 2011)	0.37
" Desorption rates play an important role in determining the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds, such as pyrethroids, because these compounds are more likely to be sorbed to solids in the environment, and times to reach sorptive equilibrium can be long."	( Desorption of pyrethroids from suspended solids. Fojut, TL; Young, TM, 2011)	0.37
" The contact cone-bioassay investigations against malaria transmitting mosquito species revealed that the bioavailability of the insecticide on the net fiber was persistent up to 20th serial wash resulting in ≥80% mortality."	( Laboratory wash-resistance and field evaluation of deltamethrin incorporated long-lasting polyethylene netting (Netprotect(®)) against malaria transmission in Assam, north-east India. Dev, V; Khound, K; Padhan, K; Phookan, S; Tewari, GG, 2011)	0.37
" In addition, the impact of Pb(2+) on the bioavailability of cypermethrin to midges was measured using Tenax extraction."	( Joint toxicity of a pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin, and a heavy metal, lead, to the benthic invertebrate Chironomus dilutus. Du, J; Lydy, MJ; Mehler, WT; You, J, 2011)	0.37
" More knowledge on the identification of potential synergists, their true bioavailability and the concentrations and time span within which they can cause synergy needs further study, before an overall evaluation of the occurrence and severity of synergy under field conditions can take place."	( Synergy between prochloraz and esfenvalerate in Daphnia magna from acute and subchronic exposures in the laboratory and microcosms. Bjergager, MB; Cedergreen, N; Hanson, ML; Solomon, KR, 2012)	0.38
"Recent studies recognize the ability of chemical techniques such as solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers and Tenax extraction to predict bioavailability more effectively than exhaustive chemical extractions for sediment-associated organic contaminants."	( Can SPME fiber and Tenax methods predict the bioavailability of biotransformed insecticides? Harwood, AD; Landrum, PF; Lydy, MJ, 2012)	0.38
"Solid phase extraction with Poly (2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide) Polymer (Tenax) was used for determining the bioavailability of eleven pyrethroids in field collected sediments with different organic carbon content (OC)."	( Organic carbon content effects on bioavailability of pyrethroid insecticides and validation of solid phase extraction with Poly (2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide) Polymer by Daphnia magna toxicity tests. Barata, C; Barceló, D; Corcellas, C; Eljarrat, E; Feo, ML; Ginebreda, A, 2013)	0.39
" However, variations in bioavailability among sediments make accurate predictions of toxicity based on whole sediment concentrations difficult."	( Using SPME fibers and Tenax to predict the bioavailability of pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos in field sediments. Harwood, AD; Landrum, PF; Lydy, MJ; Weston, DP, 2013)	0.39
" The present study is the first ecological risk assessment for pyrethroids to quantitatively integrate the reduction in bioavailability resulting from the presence of dissolved organic matter."	( A refined aquatic ecological risk assessment for a pyrethroid insecticide used for adult mosquito management. Peterson, RK; Schleier, JJ, 2013)	0.39
"Methods for determining bioavailability of organic contaminants suffer various operational limitations."	( A stable isotope dilution method for measuring bioavailability of organic contaminants. Delgado-Moreno, L; Gan, J, 2013)	0.39
"Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a biomimetic tool ideally suited for measuring bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in sediment and soil matrices."	( Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with stable isotope calibration for measuring bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants. Bao, L; Cui, X; Gan, J, 2013)	0.39
" The bioavailability of flumethrin was found to be 60."	( Toxicokinetic of flumethrin in rabbits. Başçi, Z; Eraslan, G, 2015)	0.42
" To improve the accuracy of identifying the toxicants, 4-step sequential extraction and Tenax extraction were conducted to analyze the bioavailability of the metals and organics, respectively."	( Identifying the causes of sediment-associated toxicity in urban waterways in South China: incorporating bioavailabillity-based measurements into whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation. Li, H; Ma, P; Yi, X; You, J, 2015)	0.42
" Association of strongly hydrophobic contaminants (HOCs) with DOM leads to decreased toxicity and bioavailability, but bioavailability of DOM-sorbed HOCs is difficult to measure."	( Application of isotope dilution method for measuring bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed to dissolved organic matter (DOM). Delgado-Moreno, L; Gan, J; Wu, L, 2015)	0.42
" One technique that has shown special promise as a method for assessing the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds in sediment is the use of Tenax-extractable concentrations."	( Tenax extraction as a simple approach to improve environmental risk assessments. Harwood, AD; Landrum, PF; Lydy, MJ; Nutile, SA, 2015)	0.42
" Electrostatic netting can hold small amounts of insecticides effectively and results in enhanced bioavailability upon contact by the insect."	( Electrostatic coating enhances bioavailability of insecticides and breaks pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes. Andriessen, R; Brooke, BD; Deschietere, J; Farenhorst, M; Knols, BG; Lyimo, IN; Mnyone, LL; Osinga, AJ; Ranson, H; Snetselaar, J; Suer, RA, 2015)	0.42
" Absorption rate was slightly lower at high dose, while kinetics and distribution did not change."	( Metabolism of (Z)-(1R,3R)-Profluthrin in Rats. Abe, J; Isobe, N; Kurosawa, M; Mikata, K; Nagahori, H; Omori, R; Tomigahara, Y, 2015)	0.42
" This study evaluated the oral disposition and bioavailability of bifenthrin in the adult male Long-Evans rat."	( Tissue time course and bioavailability of the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin in the Long-Evans rat. DeVito, MJ; Edwards, BC; Hughes, MF; Ross, DG; Starr, JM, 2016)	0.43
"In this study, the bioavailability and enantioselectivity differences between bifenthrin (BF, typeⅠpyrethroid) and lambad-cyhalothrin (LCT, type Ⅱ pyrethroid) in earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were investigated."	( Bioaccumulation and enantioselectivity of type I and type II pyrethroid pesticides in earthworm. Chang, J; Li, J; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Xu, P, 2016)	0.43
" The combination of chlorfenapyr and detergent, a deadly cocktail to form micelle complex that can greatly influence bioavailability by attaching to biological membranes in vivo."	( Who is the real killer? Chlorfenapyr or detergent micelle-chlorfenapyr complex? Deng, JF; Liu, MY; Periasamy, S, 2017)	0.46
" The influence of suspended particles and dissolved organic matter on bioavailability was more pronounced for pyrethroids than for fipronils."	( Development of polyurethane-based passive samplers for ambient monitoring of urban-use insecticides in water. Gan, J; Liao, C; Richards, J; Taylor, AR, 2017)	0.46
"The aim of this study was to test the bioavailability and degradation in soil of the termiticides bifenthrin and fipronil, which are used to treat subterranean termites (Heterotermes indicola, Wasmann)."	( HPLC Analysis to Determine the Half-life and Bioavailability of the Termiticides Bifenthrin and Fipronil in Soil. Manzoor, F; Pervez, M, 2017)	0.46
" Passive sampling has been widely used to assess the bioavailability of sediment-associated hydrophobic organic contaminants and predict their body residue in benthic organisms."	( Equilibrium sampling informs tissue residue and sediment remediation for pyrethroid insecticides in mariculture: A laboratory demonstration. Chen, Y; Jin, L; Li, JY; Li, Z; Shao, L; Shi, W, 2018)	0.48
" Greater effects in the insecticide bioavailability were seen for the bar soap treatment."	( Effect of the type and number of washes in the efficacy of long lasting insecticidal nets for Aedes aegypti control in Girardot, Colombia. Alcalá, L; Brochero, H; Carrasquilla, G; Cortés, S; García, D; Quintero, J, 2017)	0.46
" Oral bioavailability was quite limited."	( Toxicokinetics of Deltamethrin: Dosage Dependency, Vehicle Effects, and Low-Dose Age-Equivalent Dosimetry in Rats. Bruckner, JV; Chen, C; Cummings, BS; Gullick, D; Mortuza, T; Muralidhara, S; White, CA, 2018)	0.48
"In this study, the microbial degradation of six pyrethroids (bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, permethrin, α-cypermethrin, fenvalerate and deltamethrin) was investigated in soil to develop a new approach to estimate bioavailability of pyrethoids by compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA)."	( A new approach to estimate bioavailability of pyrethroids in soil by compound-specific stable isotope analysis. Liu, W; Xu, Z; Yang, F, 2018)	0.48
" It exhibited excellent dispersibility, wettability and stability, especially the improved bioavailability compared to the commercial formulations."	( Optimization and characterization of lambda-cyhalothrin solid nanodispersion by self-dispersing method. Cui, B; Cui, H; Liu, G; Sun, C; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Yang, D; Zeng, Z; Zhao, X, 2019)	0.51
" Over the last two decades, bioavailability has been recognized and applied to refine the assessment of ecotoxicological effects of pyrethroids."	( Understanding the bioavailability of pyrethroids in the aquatic environment using chemical approaches. Cui, X; Delgado-Moreno, L; Gan, J; Lin, K; Lu, Z, 2019)	0.51
" The bioavailability and choice of bioassay endpoints played important roles in elucidating causality."	( Identifying bioaccessible suspect toxicants in sediment using adverse outcome pathway directed analysis. Cheng, F; Fu, Z; Li, H; Ma, H; Wu, F; You, J, 2020)	0.56
"Simultaneous exposure to multiple pollutants has received great concerns considering that the interactions between pollutants can alter the environment fate and bioavailability of pollutants with potentially deleterious effects."	( The combined adverse effects of cis-bifenthrin and graphene oxide on lipid homeostasis in Xenopus laevis. Li, M; Wang, Q; Wu, Q; Zhu, J, 2021)	0.62
"Surface bioavailability and entomological effectiveness of DWL active ingredients."	( Durable wall lining for malaria control in Liberia: results of a cluster randomized trial. Allan, R; Belleh, TG; Giesbrecht, D; Hinneh, VS; Kamal, S; Pontarollo, J; Pratt, O, 2023)	0.91
" In this study, pyrethroid bioavailability in honey were analysed using a mouse bioassay and bioaccessibility via in vitro methods with Tenax extraction."	( In vivo-in vitro correlations (IVIVC) for the assessment of pyrethroid bioavailability in honey. Cao, H; Jiang, S; Li, M; Lin, F; Liu, Y; Shi, Y; Xiang, Y; Xiao, J; Yue, X, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"To evaluate the efficacy and to determine the minimum effective dosage of four pediculicides against head louse infestation, as well as to select a safe, effective, practical, and cheap agent, 1,657 infested school children in 25 primary schools in Szu-Hu, Kou-Hu, and Ku-Keng Districts of Yunlin County were treated and 1,611 of them were examined."	( Evaluation of efficacy of four pediculicides against head louse (Pediculus capitis) infestation. Chow, CY; Chuang, CH; Chung, WC; Fan, PC; Hsu, HM; Kuo, CL; Lin, CY, 1992)	0.28
" Following oral dosing approx."	( The metabolism of cypermethrin in man: differences in urinary metabolite profiles following oral and dermal administration. Laird, WJ; Lesser, JE; Marsh, JR; Woollen, BH, 1992)	0.28
" Protection increases with insecticide concentration, but at a high dosage insecticide could have more a repellent than a killing effect."	( Insecticide impregnation can restore the efficiency of torn bed nets and reduce man-vector contact in malaria endemic areas. Bitsindou, P; Carnevale, P; Diomandé, L; Robert, V, )	0.13
" Mosquitoes treated with Scourge required more time and a higher dosage to respond in a physiological manner similar to those treated with either of the candidate adulticides."	( Comparison of the synthetic pyrethroids Esbiothrin and Bioresmethrin with Scourge and Cythion against adult mosquitoes in a laboratory wind tunnel. Boike, AH; Coughlin, JS; Floore, TG; Greer, MJ; Rathburn, CB, 1992)	0.28
"The adulticidal effect of ULV and thermal fog malathion, Scourge and naled was tested at 2x label dosage (1."	( Effects of ultra-low volume and thermal fog malathion, Scourge and naled applied against caged adult Culicoides furens and Culex quinquefasciatus in open and vegetated terrain. Jordan, S; Linley, JR, 1992)	0.28
" Residual activity of this compound lasted for 15 weeks on thatch surface at a dosage of 50 mg (ai)/m2 against all the mosquito species tested."	( Tralomethrin (OMS-3048), a new synthetic pyrethroid against vector mosquitoes. Amalraj, DD; Vasuki, V; Velayudhan, R, 1991)	0.28
" The degree of deterrency was proportional to the dosage of permethrin."	( Pyrethroid-treated bednet effects on mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex in The Gambia. Adiamah, JH; Armstrong, JR; Lindsay, SW; Miller, JE, 1991)	0.28
" stephensi Liston, using a "free choice," dose-response testing procedure on rabbits."	( Comparative sensitivity of four Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) to five repellents. Hallam, JA; Robert, LL; Roberts, LW; Seeley, DC; Wirtz, RA, 1991)	0.28
" Also, Ro5-4864 caused a rightward shift in GABA dose-response curves, increasing the IC50 value for GABA more than 6 fold."	( Dependence on gamma-aminobutyric acid of pyrethroid and 4'-chlorodiazepam modulation of the binding of t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate in piscine brain. Eshleman, AJ; Murray, TF, 1990)	0.28
" In rats, an increased incidence of thyroid tumours was noted, but, no clear dose-response relationship was shown."	( Carcinogenicity studies with deltamethrin in mice and rats. Cabral, JR; Galendo, D; Laval, M; Lyandrat, N, 1990)	0.28
" The Type I pyrethroid, cismethrin (15 mg/kg, po), produced a 17% reduction in the threshold dosage of ip-PTZ required to induce a seizure, while delaying the onset of generalized seizure activity."	( An examination of the proconvulsant actions of pyrethroid insecticides using pentylenetetrazol and amygdala kindling seizure models. Acheson, SK; Crofton, KM; Gilbert, ME; Mack, CM, 1990)	0.28
"Adrenal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is greatly elevated in rats dosed once with one of several insecticides; chlordecone, p,p'DDT or permethrin."	( Modulation of adrenal ornithine decarboxylase by chlordecone, p,p'DDT and permethrin. Bondy, SC; Hong, JS, 1987)	0.27
" Using the guinea-pig flank model which has been developed to study this cutaneous phenomenon we have constructed dose-response curves to three structurally related pyrethroids (permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin) and to a mixture of veratrum alkaloids (veratrine)."	( A quantitative assessment of pyrethroid-induced paraesthesia in the guinea-pig flank model. Brock, JA; McKillop, CM; Oliver, GJ; Rhodes, C, 1987)	0.27
" The dose-response curve for N-octylguanidine block of sodium channels was not shifted by pyrethroids."	( Interactions of pyrethroids and octylguanidine with sodium channels of squid giant axons. de Weille, JR; Narahashi, T; Vijverberg, HP, 1988)	0.27
" When stickleback fish were tested, no mortality occurred at the lowest effective dosage in each trial."	( Efficacy of cypermethrin for the control of mosquito larvae and pupae, and impact on non-target organisms, including fish. Helson, BV; Surgeoner, GA, 1986)	0.27
" No significant differences of protection were observed between the three repellent treatments, although the two controlled-release formulations (intended to be more persistent) were applied at approximately half the dosage of the standard 75% deet."	( Evaluations of permethrin-impregnated clothing and three topical repellent formulations of deet against tsetse flies in Zambia. Mwangelwa, MI; Nondo, J; Schreck, CE; Sholdt, LL; Siachinji, VJ, 1989)	0.28
"5 per cent wettable powder and applied as a residual spray at a dosage of 25 mg/m2, was carried out against both anopheline and culicine mosquitoes, in Vikas Nagar village, Loni PHC, Distt."	( Village scale trial of deltamethrin against mosquitoes. Joshi, GC; Rahman, SJ; Singh, K, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response relations however, were different among the neuro-edocrine respondents."	( Changes in plasma corticosterone and catecholamine contents induced by low doses of deltamethrin in rats. de Boer, SF; Hijzen, TH; Slangen, JL; van der Gugten, J, 1988)	0.27
" When dosing was discontinued, rates of responding failed to completely return to pre-drug control levels."	( Acute and sub-acute effects of deltamethrin and chlordimeform on schedule-controlled responding in the mouse. Glowa, JR, )	0.13
" The results were considered to be favourable for the use of deltamethrin in malaria control by means of residual house-spraying with the non-irritant dosage of 15 mg/m2, but require evaluation in larger trials."	( A field trial of microencapsulated deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, for malaria control. Crees, MJ; Govere, J; Taylor, P, 1986)	0.27
" As dosage of these compounds increased, only small effects on accuracy were observed, followed at still larger doses by an abrupt and non-selective decrease in all responding."	( Effects of pesticides and drugs on working memory in rats: continuous non-match. Heise, GA; Hudson, JD, 1985)	0.27
" On the other hand, pretreatment with phenytoin increased the responsiveness of animals dosed with chlordecone or lindane, suggesting that these agents differ in their mechanism of action from p,p'-DDT and permethrin."	( Effects of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) on neurobehavioral toxicity of organochlorine insecticides and permethrin. Hong, JS; Mactutus, CF; Tilson, HA, 1985)	0.27
" A transient functional impairment was found in animals treated with any one of the four pyrethroids tested and in all cases this was maximal at the end of the 7 day subacute dosing regimen."	( Intoxication with four synthetic pyrethroids fails to show any correlation between neuromuscular dysfunction and neurobiochemical abnormalities in rats. Dewar, AJ; Rose, GP, 1983)	0.27
" From the dose-response relation the dissociation constant for Ca block at 0 mV was estimated to be 32."	( Voltage-dependent calcium block of normal and tetramethrin-modified single sodium channels. Narahashi, T; Yamamoto, D; Yeh, JZ, 1984)	0.27
" Two herbicides, paraquat and glyphosate, were tested, and dose-response curves for each of these two herbicides were also determined."	( Environmental pollutants alter taste responses in the gerbil. Abou Donia, MB; Erickson, RP; Nagle, HT; Schiffman, SS; Suggs, MS, 1995)	0.29
" Although the approach did not always predict the exact magnitude or breadth of response found in the littoral enclosures, response levels for each of the selected treatment concentrations were adequate to describe the dose-response relationship of the littoral ecosystem for the two pesticides."	( Use of microcosm and fish toxicity data to select mesocosm treatment concentrations. Jarvinen, AW; Stay, FS, 1995)	0.29
" 14C-recoveries (expressed as percentages relative to the dosed 14C) in faeces and urine were 38-58 and 42-58% respectively in rat administrated trans-[alcohol-14C]tetramethrin, and in faeces and urine were 66-91 and 9-31% respectively in rat administered cis-[alcohol-14C]tetramethrin."	( Metabolism of tetramethrin isomers in rat: II. Identification and quantitation of metabolites. Isobe, N; Kaneko, H; Mori, M; Nakatsuka, I; Shiba, K; Tomigahara, Y; Yamada, H, 1994)	0.29
"1%, respectively, with a dose-response pattern."	( [Inhibition of glutamate uptake in rat brain synaptosome by pyrethroids]. Chen, G; Dai, S; Zhao, X, 1995)	0.29
"Male Sprague-Dawley rats dosed with N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) 24 h after two-thirds partial hepatectomy were treated with the pyrethroid insecticides fenvalerate, flucythrinate or cypermethrin in the diet for 20 weeks."	( Enhancement of altered hepatic foci in rat liver and inhibition of intercellular communication in vitro by the pyrethroid insecticides fenvalerate, flucythrinate and cypermethrin. Flodström, S; Hemming, H; Wärngård, L, 1993)	0.29
"The effect of diazinon and deltamethrine at two dosage levels on male reproductive tissues was studied."	( Influence of diazinon and deltamethrin on reproductive organs and fertility of male rats. Abd el-Aziz, MI; Abd el-Khalik, M; Sahlab, AM, 1994)	0.29
" The latter assessments were based on comparisons between laboratory-derived dose-response curves and maximum concentrations reached in standing water calculated using standard application rates."	( Susceptibility of first instar Toxorhynchites splendens to malathion, naled and resmethrin. Hallmon, CF; Hester, PG; Olson, MA; Schreiber, ET; Shaffer, KR; Tietze, NS, 1993)	0.29
" Biotransformation of orally dosed compounds did not occur in the intestine, but were absorbed and metabolized by liver (deltamethrin) and kidney (3-PBacid)."	( Comparative metabolism of deltamethrin and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid in chickens. Akhtar, MH; Mahadevan, S; Paquet, A, 1994)	0.29
" Two trap huts were built, of which one was sprayed with lambdacyhalothrin at a dosage of 25 mg ai/m2 and the other served as control."	( Studies on the effect of lambdacyhalothrin on Anopheles maculatus Theobald and its response to residual spraying at Jeram Kedah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Chan, ST; Chiang, GL; Eng, KL; Mahadevan, S; Singh, KI; Vythilingam, I, 1993)	0.29
" Following dermal dosing the ratio of trans/cis cyclopropane acids is approximately 1:1, compared to 2:1 after oral administration."	( Biological monitoring for pesticide exposure--the role of human volunteer studies. Batten, PL; Chester, G; Marsh, JR; Wilkes, MF; Woollen, BH, 1993)	0.29
" A higher dosage against An."	( Efficacy of a 1:1 and 1:5 mixture of technical permethrin and piperonyl butoxide against Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Psorophora columbiae. Groves, RL; Meisch, MV; Nunez, R, 1995)	0.29
" Sixteen rats per group were dosed with either deltametrin 0, 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg body wt."	( Immunotoxicity of the pyrethroid insecticides deltametrin and alpha-cypermetrin. Claesson, MH; Madsen, C; Röpke, C, 1996)	0.29
"After a survey of the gonotrophic cycle of 5147 female Phlebotomus chinensis collected from the caves in the mountain area 1500 m above sea level in Nanping County, Sichuan Province where this sandfly was proved to be the typical predominant wild species living mostly in the wild cave at a very high density, a large cave was sprayed with alphamethrin at a dosage of 50 mg/m2 in July, 1993."	( [Studies on the bionomics of Phlebotomus chinensis in mountain cave and its relation to control in northern Sichuan]. Gao, B; Hong, Y; Jin, C; Li, G; Su, Z; Xiong, G, 1995)	0.29
" Angora goats with mohair, Dorper sheep with hairy wool, and Merino sheep with wool were treated with 1% m/v deltamethrin pour-on with an oil base at a dosage rate of 1 ml 5 kg-1 body mass."	( Interbreed differences in the efficacy of 1% deltamethrin pour-on to protect small livestock against infestation with Ixodes rubicundus (Acari:Ixodidae). Fourie, LJ; Kok, DJ; Loomes, MD; Oberem, PT, 1996)	0.29
" First tier tests (structured observation, motor activity measurement, simple neurological examination) were applied after the first dose, during repeated dosing phase and in the restitution phase."	( Neurotoxicity profile of supermethrin, a new pyrethroid insecticide. Formanek, J; Frantik, E; Hornychova, M; Kubat, J, 1995)	0.29
"To test the hypothesis that altered neuronal activity may influence the extent and severity of the glio-vascular lesions produced by 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB), rats were either given the tremorgenic pyrethroid, Bifenthrin, or anaesthetised during various dosing schedules of DNB."	( Increasing or decreasing nervous activity modulates the severity of the glio-vascular lesions of 1,3-dinitrobenzene in the rat: effects of the tremorgenic pyrethroid, Bifenthrin, and of anaesthesia. Burr, SA; Cavanagh, JB; Holton, JL; Nolan, CC; Ray, DE, 1997)	0.3
" Phase I determined the acute oral lethal dose-response relationship of each compound with the vehicle, propylene glycol."	( Acute oral toxicity study of pyridostigmine bromide, permethrin, and DEET in the laboratory rat. Beall, P; Ferguson, JW; Johnson, MS; Leach, G; Lee, R; McCain, WC; Whaley, JE, 1997)	0.3
" Two dosage schedules; 2 rounds of indoor residual sparying a year, at 25 mg/sq."	( Field trial of cyfluthrin as an effective and safe insecticide for control of malaria vectors in triple insecticide resistant areas. Biswas, H; Rao, CK; Yadava, RL, 1996)	0.29
" Dosing solutions were also prepared with either acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or ethanol to compare vehicle effects on percutaneous absorption of permethrin and DEET."	( The influence of diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) on the percutaneous absorption of permethrin and carbaryl. Baynes, RE; Halling, KB; Riviere, JE, 1997)	0.3
" Following our previous demonstration of actions of deltamethrin on the voltage-gated chloride channel in rats and in neuroblastoma cells, we examined the dose-response relationship for deltamethrin by patch clamp analysis of voltage-gated channels in partially differentiated NIE115 cells."	( Actions of pyrethroid insecticides on voltage-gated chloride channels in neuroblastoma cells. Forshaw, PJ; Ray, DE; Sutharsan, S, 1997)	0.3
" Chemoprophylaxis was given to both the groups at weekly intervals using age adjusted dosage of Pyrixine tablet (sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine)."	( The use of personal protective measures in control of malaria in a defined community. Kyaw, MP; Lin, H; Linn, N; Lwin, M; Maung, NS; Ohn, M; Oo, T; Soe, K, 1997)	0.3
"5% wdp, was evaluated at a dosage of 25 mg/sq m in a group of villages of tribal area around Jagdalpur, District Bastar (Madhya Pradesh)."	( Extended field trial of deltamethrin WDP for control of malaria at Jagdalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Gill, KS; Katyal, R; Kumar, K; Panda, R; Rahman, SJ, 1997)	0.3
" Feeding was the most sensitive of these, but clear dose-response relationships were observed with all three endpoints."	( Effects of atmospheric pollution on a Lichenophagous lepidopteran. Reynolds, PJ; Sims, IR, 1999)	0.3
" In addition, both sumithrin and fenvalerate were able to induce cell proliferation of MCF-7 cells in a dose-response fashion."	( Estrogenic potential of certain pyrethroid compounds in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line. Garey, J; Go, V; Pogo, BG; Wolff, MS, 1999)	0.3
" The collection, impregnation (target dosage of 40 mg active ingredient [AI]/m2), and redistribution of the nets (9% nylon, 52% light cotton, 30% medium cotton, and 9% heavy cotton), carried out in mid-April, were done by local health workers, supervised by the senior research staff."	( Cyfluthrin (EW 050)-impregnated bednets in a malaria control program in Ghassreghand (Baluchistan, Iran). Edrissian, GH; Ghavami, MB; Nateghpour, M; Nazari, M; Zaim, M, 1998)	0.3
" However, dosage should be related to washing of nets; if nets are only washed once or twice a year, their dosage requirements will be different to those which are washed fortnightly."	( A new strategy for treating nets. Part 1: formulation and dosage. Buriyo, A; Karugila, A; Lines, JD; Miller, JE, 1999)	0.3
"The conventional way to treat a mosquito net with pyrethroid insecticide is to apply a standard dosage every 6-12 months, and to avoid washing the net until just before retreatment."	( A new strategy for treating nets. Part 2: users' perceptions of efficacy and washing practices and their implications for insecticide dosage. Curtis, V; Jones, CO; Lines, J; Miller, JE; Ndunguru, S, 1999)	0.3
" Mortality ratios between field-collected adults and susceptible laboratory adults exposed to the discriminating dosage (0."	( Resistance to deltamethrin in Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) from Zhejiang, China. Jinfu, W, 1999)	0.3
" Proestrous females dosed at 30 mg/kg had much higher pyridostigmine bromide serum levels than metestrous females and males."	( Pyridostigmine bromide alters locomotion and thigmotaxis of rats: gender effects. Cody, BA; Hoy, JB; Karlix, JL; Schmidt, CJ; Tebbett, IR; Toffollo, S; Van Haaren, F; Wielbo, D, 1999)	0.3
" The slope of the dose-response regression line for these lice did not differ significantly from zero (P = ."	( Differential permethrin susceptibility of head lice sampled in the United States and Borneo. Armstrong, P; Hahn, C; Kiszewski, A; Laserson, K; Pollack, RJ; Rahman, HA; Spielman, A; Telford, SR; Wolfe, N, 1999)	0.3
" In the dosage used, cypermethrin and cadmium alone caused no significant increase in the chromosomal aberrations, and lead acetate caused an increase of the numerical aberrations only."	( Simultaneous action of cypermethrin and two environmental pollutant metals, cadmium and lead, on bone marrow cell chromosomes of rats in subchronic administration. Dési, I; Lorencz, R; Nehéz, M, 2000)	0.31
" The nets were treated at a dosage of 15 mg/m2."	( Laboratory evaluation of lambda-cyhalothrin a microencapsulated formulation on mosquito nets for control of vector mosquitos. Hamidah, T; Vythilingam, I; Zainal, AR, 1999)	0.3
" A randomized controlled trial was undertaken in which 10% of the families of an Afghan refugee camp (population 3950) in north-western Pakistan had their chaddars and top-sheets treated with permethrin insecticide at a dosage of 1 g/m2 while a further 10% had their chaddars treated with placebo formulation."	( Permethrin-treated chaddars and top-sheets: appropriate technology for protection against malaria in Afghanistan and other complex emergencies. Bouma, M; Carneiro, I; Durrani, N; Hewitt, S; Mohammed, N; Rowland, M; Rozendaal, J; Schapira, A, )	0.13
" Acetylcholinesterase activity of approximately 80% of both populations was not inhibited by a standard dosage of propoxur."	( Insecticide cross-resistance spectra and underlying resistance mechanisms of Sri Lankan anopheline vectors of malaria. Karunaratne, SH, 1999)	0.3
" To test for pyrethroid resistance, mosquito adults were exposed to permethrin discriminating dosage and mortality scored 24h post-exposure: survival rates of wild-caught healthy males were 5/10 An."	( Anopheles funestus resistant to pyrethroid insecticides in South Africa. Brooke, BD; Coetzee, M; Hargreaves, K; Hunt, RH; Koekemoer, LL; Mthembu, J, 2000)	0.31
" The evidence presented here suggests that the flumethrin 1 % pour-on may be applied at 45 day intervals and should provide effective protection against the economically important ticks if it is used at the recommended dosage rate and applied correctly."	( Efficacy of flumethrin 1% pour-on against ticks on cattle under field conditions in Ethiopia. Mekonnen, S, 2000)	0.31
" cornicina were exposed to dung collected from calves dosed with topical preparations of deltamethrin, flumethrin, cyfluthrin, and alpha-cypermethrin."	( Topical treatment of calves with synthetic pyrethroids: effects on the non-target dung fly Neomyia cornicina (Diptera: Muscidae). Jespersen, JB; Sommer, C; Vagn Jensen, KM, 2001)	0.31
"The function of the neuromuscular transmission in rats dosed with phoxim (P), methomyl (M), fenvalerate (F), and mixtures of P+M and P+F was studied by using both the stimulation single fiber electromyography (SSFEMG) and repetitive nerve stimulations (RNS) to determine the single muscle fiber action potential and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) respectively."	( Repetitive nerve stimulation and stimulation single fiber electromyography studies in rats intoxicated with single or mixed insecticides. He, F; Li, T; Yang, D, 2001)	0.31
"05) increased levels of 3-nitrotyrosine starting 24 h after dosing compared with control urine samples."	( Induction of urinary excretion of 3-nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress, following administration of pyridostigmine bromide, DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and permethrin, alone and in combination in rats. Abou-Donia, MB; Abu-Qare, AW; Suliman, HB, 2001)	0.31
" Dose-response relationships were estimated for F candida walking over the various treated leaf substrates."	( Leaf surfaces and the bioavailability of pesticide residues. Chowdhury, AB; Ford, MG; Howse, PE; Jepson, PC, 2001)	0.31
"It has been observed that formulations of deltamethrin developed for disinsectization of infested places and control of parasitic arthropods of bovines and equines have frequently been used by breeders of dogs to control ticks in their animals and kennels, but without due consideration of the correct dosage or means of application."	( [Toxic effects and in vitro inefficacy of deltamethrin on larvae of Rhipicephalus sanguineus from Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil]. Fernandes , FF; Freitas , EP; Silva, IG; Silva, JR; Silva, OR, )	0.13
" Dose-response values were obtained by topical application for the pyrethroids bioresmethrin and pyrethrum, both synergised with piperonyl butoxide, and the organophosphate dimethoate."	( The status and development of insecticide resistance in Danish populations of the housefly Musca domestica L. Jespersen, JB; Kristensen, M; Spencer, AG, 2001)	0.31
" The dose-response relationships of males of susceptible and resistant strains to codlemone did not differ significantly."	( Is attract-and-kill technology potent against insecticide-resistant Lepidoptera? Beslay, D; Bouvier, JC; Poullot, D; Sauphanor, B, 2001)	0.31
" F(1) and F(2) progenies were therefore tested through dose-response and enzyme assays."	( Deltamethrin resistance in the codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): inheritance and number of genes involved. Beslay, D; Boivin, T; Boudinhon, L; Bouvier, JC; Buès, R; Sauphanor, B, 2001)	0.31
" MDA levels increased in deltamethrin dosed groups, especially for the subchronic and chronic periods."	( Effects of deltamethrin on lipid peroxidation in mice. Bilgili, A; Celik, S; Kanbur, M; Yarsan, E, 2002)	0.31
" Each formulation was tested at 50, 67, and 100% of respective maximum label dosage rates."	( Field trial efficacy of Anvil 10+10 and Biomist 31:66 against Ochlerotatus sollicitans in Delaware. Lesser, CR, 2002)	0.31
" Dose-response and activities of detoxication enzymes of the fenvalerate-resistant strain (R-fenvalerate), the imidacloprid-resistant strain (R-imidacloprid), and a susceptible strain (S) were determined."	( Resistance of aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) to fenvalerate and imidacloprid and activities of detoxification enzymes on cotton and cucumber. Jiang, XY; Liu, TX; Wang, KY; Yi, MQ; Yu, CH, 2002)	0.31
"01) in the bone marrow cells, which showed a significant dose-response correlation (r=0."	( Fenvalerate-induced chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in the bone marrow cells of mice in vivo. Giri, A; Giri, S; Prasad, SB; Sharma, GD, 2002)	0.31
" However, the presence of the mutation did not associate with resistance in the dose-response fashion seen with the sodium channel amino acid mutation."	( Molecular diagnosis of pyrethroid resistance in Mexican strains of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Guerrero, FD; Hernandez, R; Li, AY, 2002)	0.31
"), a selective protein kinase C inhibitor, significantly inhibited intrathecal fenvalerate-induced nociceptive behavior with a rightward shift of the dose-response curve for fenvalerate-induced nociceptive behavior to the level those observed in non-diabetic mice."	( Modification of the fenvalerate-induced nociceptive response in mice by diabetes. Iguchi, E; Kamei, J; Morita, K; Sasaki, M; Tanaka, S; Zushida, K, 2002)	0.31
" However, no significant dose-response correlation could be found for either of the pesticides."	( Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by cypermethrin and carbosulfan in bone marrow cells of mice in vivo. Giri, A; Giri, S; Prasad, SB; Sharma, GD, 2003)	0.32
"The present investigation was conducted to understand better possible confounding factors caused by direct dosing of neonatal mice during the pre-weaning developmental period."	( Critical analysis of potential body temperature confounders on neurochemical endpoints caused by direct dosing and maternal separation in neonatal mice: a study of bioallethrin and deltamethrin interactions with temperature on brain muscarinic receptors. Pauluhn, J; Schmuck, G, )	0.13
"Estimations of absorbed daily dosage (ADD) of chemicals following contact with treated surfaces may be required for risk assessment and risk management."	( Human exposure to indoor residential cyfluthrin residues during a structured activity program. Bernard, CE; Krieger, RI; Williams, RL, 2003)	0.32
" The results showed that cypermethrin and permethrin in the concentration of 10(-9)-10(-4) mol/L could inhibit the high affinity uptake of glutamate in the synaptosomes of cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum in a dose-response manner."	( [Effects of pyrethroids on the glutamate uptake system in synaptic vesicle of rats]. Liu, Y; Shi, N; Wu, J; Xia, R, 1999)	0.3
" The lowest dosage of pheromone effectively elicited response of males also shifted from 10 ng to 100 ng, and the highest doses for response declined to about 50,000 ng from 100,000 ng of control, which might result in a narrower band of effective doses."	( [Effects of deltamethrin on pheromone perception in male Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis)]. Du, J; Huang, Y; Zhou, H, 2003)	0.32
"6% by weight pyrethrum extract (25% pyrethrins) and 3% DDT at a dosage of 10 g per 1000 cubic feet (35 g/100 m(3)) gave satisfactory control of non-resistant mosquitos and created no passenger reaction."	( Studies on aircraft disinsection at "blocks away". KEIDING, J; SULLIVAN, WN; WRIGHT, JW, 1962)	0.52
" Mixtures are particularly promising if there is potentiation between the two insecticides as this would make it possible to lower the dosage of each, as has been demonstrated under laboratory conditions for a mixture of bifenthrin (pyrethroid) and carbosulfan (carbamate)."	( Efficacy of mosquito nets treated with insecticide mixtures or mosaics against insecticide resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Côte d'Ivoire. Akogbéto, M; Baldet, T; Carnevale, P; Chandre, F; Corbel, V; Darriet, F; Guillet, P; Hougard, JM; N'Guessan, R; Traoré-Lamizana, M, 2003)	0.32
" Following the free of charge treatment of the adult cattle at intervals of 7 weeks and at a dosage of 15 ml/100 kg body weight, there was an increase in the average packed cell volume in the herd although the decline in the incidence of trypanosomal infections was more prolonged."	( A large-scale trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 1% pour-on formulation of cyfluthrin (Cylence, Bayer) in controlling bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Zambia. Jooste, R; Lumamba, D; Mubanga, J; Munsimbwe, L; Van den Bossche, P, 2004)	0.32
"This study determined the effects of acute cypermethrin toxicity in the rat and its dose-response characteristics The intraperitoneal LD50 of cypermethrin from the study was 44."	( The acute intraperitoneal toxicity of cypermethrin. Iyaniwura, TT; Okonkwo, CA, 2004)	0.32
" The weight of active drug substances is not useful as a unit of measurement of drug use in an epidemiological context because it does not correct for dosage differences and number of repeat treatments."	( Consumption of drugs for sea lice infestations in Norwegian fish farms: methods for assessment of treatment patterns and treatment rate. Grave, K; Horsberg, TE; Litleskare, I; Lunestad, BT, 2004)	0.32
" However, females reared from larvae dosed with deltamethrin had significantly higher titers of sex pheromone than those treated with endosulfan, malathion, or carbaryl, or control individuals."	( Sex pheromones and reproductive behavior of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) moths reared from larvae treated with four insecticides. Du, J; Huang, Y; Wei, H, 2004)	0.32
" These pyrethroids had no significant effect on ChAT in the cortex and hippocampus, but striatal ChAT was increased at higher dosage (60 mg/kg) by all three compounds."	( Neuromechanical effects of pyrethroids, allethrin, cyhalothrin and deltamethrin on the cholinergic processes in rat brain. Hossain, MM; Kobayashi, H; Sato, I; Suzuki, K; Suzuki, T; Takewaki, T, 2005)	0.33
" Assays were evaluated under realistic exposure scenarios by simulating a runoff over an agricultural field dosed with deltamethrin."	( Short-term sublethal (sediment and aquatic roots of floating macrophytes) assays with a tropical chironomid based on postexposure feeding and biomarkers. Fonseca, AL; Guilhermino, L; Moreira, SM; Moreira-Santos, M; Rendón-von Osten, J; Ribeiro, R; Silva, EM; Soares, AM, 2005)	0.33
" The objective of this work was to characterize individual dose-response curves for in vivo motor function and calculate relative potencies for eleven commonly used pyrethroids."	( Relative potencies for acute effects of pyrethroids on motor function in rats. Crofton, KM; Gennings, C; Wolansky, MJ, 2006)	0.33
"Laboratory dose-response experiments with organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides, and dose-response experiments with increasing particle loads were used to determine which of these stressors were likely responsible for the toxicity and macroinvertebrate impacts previously observed in the Salinas River."	( Identifying primary stressors impacting macroinvertebrates in the Salinas River (California, USA): relative effects of pesticides and suspended particles. Anderson, BS; Connor, V; Hunt, JW; Phillips, BM; Richard, N; Tjeerdema, RS, 2006)	0.33
" Therefore, a harvest interval should be more than 5 d, and a dosage of 900 mL/hm2 was suggested for chlorfenapyr suspension concentration, which could be considered as safe to human beings and animals."	( HPLC/UV analysis of chlorfenapyr residues in cabbage and soil to study the dynamics of different formulations. Cao, Y; Chen, J; Chen, L; Liang, J; Lu, Y; Wang, Y, 2005)	0.33
" Small-scale field trials showed excellent levels of pyrethroid control when insects were pretreated with PBO and then dosed with pyrethroid during the time of maximum esterase inhibition."	( Effect of pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide on pyrethroid efficacy against insecticide-resistant Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae). Gunning, RV; Moores, GD; Young, SJ, 2006)	0.33
" Larval mortality was observed at the higher dosed groups (0."	( Synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin induced cellular damage in reproductive tissues of Drosophila melanogaster: Hsp70 as a marker of cellular damage. Bajpai, VK; Chowdhuri, DK; Mukhopadhyay, I; Saxena, DK; Siddique, HR, 2006)	0.33
" However, the mRNA level of GCSl gene in cerebral cortex of high dosage group as well as in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the low dosage group was significantly lower than that in corresponding tissue in the control group, and was decreased to 71."	( [Effects of deltamethrin on gene expression of some antioxidase, gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase and NFE2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in brain tissue]. Dai, ZH; Li, HY; Shi, N; Wu, SY; Zhong, YF, 2006)	0.33
" Deltamethrin WG was sprayed at a dosage of 25mg/m2 using a compression sprayer."	( Field bioefficacy of deltamethrin residual spraying against dengue vectors. Lee, HL; Mohd Masri, S; Mohd Noor, I; Rosman, S; Rozilawati, H, 2005)	0.33
"To study dose-response relationship effects of mixed cypermethrin and methyl parathion on reproductive hormones, thyroid hormones, and immune functions in rats."	( [Effects of mixed cypermethrin and methylparathion on endocrine hormone levels and immune functions in rats: I. Dose-response relationship]. Liu, P; Song, XX; Wen, WH; Yuan, WH, 2006)	0.33
" Next-generation third-instar larvae of each colony were topically dosed with technical cypermethrin or spinosad at 1 microL per larva, and mortality was recorded 24 h post-treatment."	( Impact of spray application methodology on the development of resistance to cypermethrin and spinosad by fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith). Al-Sarar, A; Downer, RA; Hall, FR, 2006)	0.33
" The same trends were observed with low dosage bifenthrin though in most cases, no significant difference was found with the untreated control net."	( Efficacy of bifenthrin-impregnated bednets against Anopheles funestus and pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae in North Cameroon. Chandre, F; Chouaibou, M; Darriet, F; Etang, J; Hougard, JM; Simard, F, 2006)	0.33
" The reproducibility of the method was assessed by three tests with alpha-cypermethrin against a reference strain, which produced dose-response lines that did not differ significantly (chi(2)=1."	( Assessment of susceptibility of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) to some acaricides using an adapted filter paper based bioassay. Ford, HL; Thind, BB, 2007)	0.34
" If only the freely dissolved concentration is bioavailable, these observations suggest that contact time after sediment dosing may greatly affect the bioavailability and, hence, the toxicity of pyrethroids."	( Time dependence of phase distribution of pyrethroid insecticides in sediment. Bondarenko, S; Gan, J; Kavanaugh, S; Poletika, N; Putt, A, 2006)	0.33
" The influence of dosing volume on the neurobehavioral syndrome following oral acute exposure to the Type-I pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin in corn oil was evaluated in adult male Long Evans rats."	( Influence of dosing volume on the neurotoxicity of bifenthrin. Crofton, KM; McDaniel, KL; Moser, VC; Wolansky, MJ, )	0.13
" The assessment period for the 20 mg/m2 dosage was six months, but for the 25 mg/m2 dosage, the period was 9 months."	( Comparative field evaluation of residual-sprayed deltamethrin WG and deltamethrin WP for the control of malaria in Pahang, Malaysia. David, L; Kamilan, D; Lim, LH; Rahini, H; Rohani, A; Zamree, I, 2006)	0.33
"The acute neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides varies markedly with the dosage vehicle employed."	( Formulation-dependent toxicokinetics explains differences in the GI absorption, bioavailability and acute neurotoxicity of deltamethrin in rats. Anand, SS; Bruckner, JV; Kim, HJ; Kim, KB; Muralidhara, S, 2007)	0.34
" Mortality rates in the kdr strain exposed to chlorfenapyr treated netting in tunnel tests were much higher than with permethrin treated netting over the same 100-500 mg/m(2) dosage range."	( Chlorfenapyr: a pyrrole insecticide for the control of pyrethroid or DDT resistant Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. Akogbéto, M; Boko, P; N'Guessan, R; Odjo, A; Rowland, M; Yates, A, 2007)	0.34
"A series of dose-response experiments was conducted to compare the relative sensitivities of toxicity test protocols using the amphipods Ampelisca abdita and Eohaustorius estuarius."	( Relative sensitivities of toxicity test protocols with the amphipods Eohaustorius estuarius and Ampelisca abdita. Anderson, BS; Clark, S; Hunt, JW; Lowe, S; Phillips, BM; Tjeerdema, RS; Vorhees, J, 2008)	0.35
" The dosage of the two pesticides were (0, 1/300, 1/95 and 1/30) LD50, respectively."	( [Studies on DNA damage of the neuron cell in rat offspring induced by cypermerthrin and methylparathrion during embryo exposure]. Liu, P; Wang, F; Wang, J; Wu, X, 2007)	0.34
"5 pour on) of cattle (30 ml/400-kg body weight) and sheep (10 ml/60-kg body weight) was done to find out, whether the insecticide may reach in a sufficient dosage the legs, which are known to be the main biting site of Culicoides specimens that are the vectors of the recently introduced Bluetongue virus in central Europe."	( Butox 7.5 pour on: a deltamethrin treatment of sheep and cattle: pilot study of killing effects on Culicoides species (Ceratopogonidae). D'Haese, J; Mehlhorn, H; Schmahl, G; Schumacher, B, 2008)	0.35
" This review includes dose-response data that have been recently generated demonstrating consistent findings for low-dose, acute, oral exposure to pyrethroids in small rodents."	( Neurobehavioral toxicology of pyrethroid insecticides in adult animals: a critical review. Harrill, JA; Wolansky, MJ, )	0.13
"A nationwide yearly cycle of indoor residual spraying (IRS) with a pyrethroid, alphacypermethrin, at a dosage of 50 mg/m(2) was instituted in 2004 in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe."	( Rapid control of malaria by means of indoor residual spraying of alphacypermethrin in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. Chang, WC; Ferreira, MC; Lien, JC; Rampão, HS; Tseng, LF; Wu, CH, 2008)	0.35
" However, as mortality cannot exceed 100%, a LN that regenerates a surface concentration exceeding the dosage for 100% mortality, will have its regeneration time underestimated."	( Median knock-down time as a new method for evaluating insecticide-treated textiles for mosquito control. Bonnet, J; Corbel, V; Pigeon, O; Skovmand, O, 2008)	0.35
"The Median Knock Down Time (MKDT) was determined as function of insecticide dosage on an inert surface, glass, and on polyester nettings using an acetone solution or a simple emulsion."	( Median knock-down time as a new method for evaluating insecticide-treated textiles for mosquito control. Bonnet, J; Corbel, V; Pigeon, O; Skovmand, O, 2008)	0.35
"MKDT was a linear function of log insecticide dosage on glass as on nettings."	( Median knock-down time as a new method for evaluating insecticide-treated textiles for mosquito control. Bonnet, J; Corbel, V; Pigeon, O; Skovmand, O, 2008)	0.35
"The MKDT is linearly correlated to log dosage on a given substrate and shows no saturation as mortality data do."	( Median knock-down time as a new method for evaluating insecticide-treated textiles for mosquito control. Bonnet, J; Corbel, V; Pigeon, O; Skovmand, O, 2008)	0.35
"7 microg tick(-1), respectively and the steep slopes of dose-response curves indicated that the field population of these soft tick strains were homogenous in response to cypermethrin."	( Comparative susceptibility of cypermethrin in Ornithodoros lahorensis Neuman and Argas persicus Oken (Acari: Argasidae) field populations. Abuolhassani, M; Banafshi, O; Faghihi, F; Nasirian, H; Rafinejad, J; Salarielac, S; Tavakoli, M; Telmadarraiy, Z; Vatandoost, H; Zarei, Z, 2007)	0.34
"7%) in the hut containing the lower dosed ITN."	( Control of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes with chlorfenapyr in Benin. Akogbeto, M; Boko, P; Knols, B; N'Guessan, R; Odjo, A; Rowland, M, 2009)	0.35
" anguillarum in our study may reflect a dose-response range that did not elicit an effect on those immune responses responsible for control and clearance of this particular pathogen."	( Immunotoxicological effects of a sub-chronic exposure to selected current-use pesticides in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Balfry, SK; Kennedy, CJ; Ross, PS; Shelley, LK, 2009)	0.35
" Observed dose-response curves were compared to those predicted from concentration-addition and independent-action models."	( Identification and evaluation of pyrethroid insecticide mixtures in urban sediments. Belden, JB; Lydy, MJ; Trimble, AJ; Weston, DP, 2009)	0.35
" The LOAEL in animals dosed 3 times per week for 4 wk was 400 microg/kg/d."	( Toxicity and immune system effects of dietary deltamethrin exposure in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Forsyth, DJ; Froese, JM; Smits, JE; Wickstrom, ML, 2009)	0.35
" Dose-response bioassays were conducted on area-wide collection of bollworm populations from major host plants, while biochemical techniques were used to evaluate basic mechanisms underlying resistance."	( Esterase-mediated resistance to pyrethroids in field populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Central Africa. Achaleke, J; Brévault, T; Ghogomu, RT; Martin, T; Vaissayre, M, 2009)	0.35
" A standardized dosage of 25 mg/m(2) plus high dosages of carbosulfan (50 mg/m(2), 100 mg/m(2) and 200 mg/m(2)) and chlorpyrifos-methyl (100 mg/m(2)) were used to compare the three types of insecticide."	( Behavioural and insecticidal effects of organophosphate-, carbamate- and pyrethroid-treated mosquito nets against African malaria vectors. Lyimo, I; Magesa, SM; Malima, RC; Matowo, J; Maxwell, C; Mosha, FW; Mwingira, V; Oxborough, RM; Rowland, MW; Tungu, PK, 2009)	0.35
" Further, we found no departure from the predicted dose-additive curve regardless of the mixture dosing protocol used."	( Evidence for dose-additive effects of pyrethroids on motor activity in rats. Crofton, KM; DeVito, MJ; Gennings, C; Wolansky, MJ, 2009)	0.35
" The results were tested against the concentration addition reference model using dose-response surface analyses."	( Pesticide cocktails can interact synergistically on aquatic crustaceans. Cedergreen, N; Nørgaard, KB, 2010)	0.36
"The results of the binary dose-response surface studies showed that mixtures with prochloraz increased toxicity up to 12-fold compared with what was expected using the reference model concentration addition (CA)."	( Pesticide cocktails can interact synergistically on aquatic crustaceans. Cedergreen, N; Nørgaard, KB, 2010)	0.36
" Blood was collected before dosing and after 48 hours from the treatment."	( Toxico-pathological effects in rats induced by lambda-cyhalothrin. Dahamna, S; Guemache, A; Harzallah, D; Sekfali, N, 2009)	0.35
" Blood was collected before dosing and after 24, 72, 144 hours after the treatment."	( Biochemical investigation of cypermethrin toxicity in rabbits. Dahamna, S; Guemache, A; Harzallah, D; Sekfali, N, 2009)	0.35
" We noticed not only a clear dose-response relationship but N4-nymphs proved to be more susceptible than adults; even a dilution of 1/9-th of the registered dose rate still caused a mortality of 45."	( Side effects of plant protection products and biological interactions on the European earwig Forficula auricularia L. Beliën, T; Gobin, B; Moerkens, R; Peusens, G, 2009)	0.35
"0 L ha(-1)) and double dosage (1."	( Dissipation of cypermethrin, chlorpyriphos, and profenofos in tomato fruits and soil following application of pre-mix formulations. Gajbhiye, VT; Gupta, RK; Gupta, S; Sharma, RK, 2011)	0.37
"The main objective of this study was to find the optimal dosage of deltamethrin, cyphenothrin, D-tetramethrin, and tetramethrin that would elicit repellency and irritability responses of Aedes aegypti."	( Irritability and repellency of synthetic pyrethroids on an Aedes aegypti population from Thailand. Achee, NL; Chareonviriyaphap, T; Grieco, JP; Mongkalangoon, P; Suwonkerd, W, 2009)	0.35
" In the third trial, 250mg/m(2) chlorfenapyr was compared with the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin dosed at 30mg/m(2)."	( Evaluation of indoor residual spraying with the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr against pyrethroid-susceptible Anopheles arabiensis and pyrethroid-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Boko, P; Feston, E; Irish, S; Kitau, J; Matowo, J; Metonnou, CG; Mndeme, R; Mosha, FW; N'guessan, R; Odjo, A; Oxborough, RM; Rowland, MW, 2010)	0.36
" The regression equation can be used to optimize dosage relative to tree height."	( Optimizing a basal bark spray of dinotefuran to manage armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Christmas tree plantations. Cowles, RS, 2010)	0.36
" A diagnostic dosage (DD) was established for each insecticide using the CAREC reference susceptible Ae."	( Characterisation of DDT and pyrethroid resistance in Trinidad and Tobago populations of Aedes aegypti. Brogdon, WG; Chadee, DD; Polson, KA; Rawlins, SC, 2011)	0.37
" Such induced VOCs have been shown to mediate in plant and interplant communication, yet little is known about the time- and dose-response relationships in VOC-mediated communications."	( Specific regulation of pyrethrin biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium by a blend of volatiles emitted from artificially damaged conspecific plants. Hatanaka, A; Katsuda, Y; Kikuta, Y; Matsuda, K; Nakayama, K; Ozawa, R; Takabayashi, J; Ueda, H, 2011)	0.37
" The permethrin susceptibility of larvae was determined by a dose-response bioassay."	( Enzymes-based resistant mechanism in pyrethroid resistant and susceptible Aedes aegypti strains from northern Thailand. Lumjuan, N; Prapanthadara, LA; Somboon, P; Somwang, P; Suwan, W; Walton, C; Yanola, J, 2011)	0.37
" The results of this study suggest that chlorfenapyr is acceptable for application in/on leeks under the recommended dosage regimen."	( Determination of chlorfenapyr in leek grown under greenhouse conditions with GC-μECD and confirmation by mass spectrometry. Abd El-Aty, AM; Choi, JH; Im, GJ; Park, JH; Park, JY; Rahman, MM; Shim, JH, 2012)	0.38
" aegypti were completely susceptible (100% mortality) to the recommended operational dosage of lambda-cyhalothrin."	( Frequency of pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand. Akratanakul, P; Bangs, MJ; Boonyuan, W; Chareonviriyaphap, T; Chuaycharoensuk, T; Jirakanjanakit, N; Juntarajumnong, W; Tanasinchayakul, S; Thammapalo, S, 2011)	0.37
"07 μg L(-1) bifenthrin (lowest observed effect concentration, LOEC) but mostly followed a biphasic rather than a linear dose-response with increasing concentration."	( Changes in gene transcription and whole organism responses in larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) following short-term exposure to the synthetic pyrethroid bifenthrin. Beggel, S; Connon, R; Geist, J; Werner, I, 2011)	0.37
" ha(-1)) dosage of λ-cyhalothrin at fruiting stage under two different temperature conditions."	( Effect of processing on reduction of λ-cyhalothrin residues in tomato fruits. Chauhan, R; Kumari, B; Monga, S, 2012)	0.38
" The avoidance of soils treated with cypermethrin by compost worms Eisenia andrei was studied here as a bioindicator of the influence of treatment dosage and the pesticide formulation in three different agricultural soils indicated by the Brazilian environmental authorities for ecotoxicological tests."	( Earthworm (Eisenia andrei) avoidance of soils treated with cypermethrin. de Andréa, MM; de Sousa, AP, 2011)	0.37
" A significant log dose-response relationship was found between log fiber concentration and organism mortality."	( Use of solid phase microextraction to estimate toxicity: relating fiber concentrations to toxicity--part I. Ding, Y; Harwood, AD; Landrum, PF; Lydy, MJ; You, J, 2012)	0.38
" The use of chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin mixture at the recommended dosage does not seem to pose any hazards to the consumers, and a waiting period of 1 day is suggested to reduce the risk before consumption of green chilli."	( Estimation of chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin residues in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) by gas-liquid chromatography. Battu, RS; Jyot, G; Mandal, K; Singh, B, 2013)	0.39
" Type I and type II pyrethroids differed in toxicity when applied at a high dosage (1 microg) per bed bug."	( Susceptibility of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to pyrethroid insecticides and to insecticidal dusts with or without pyrethroid insecticides. Anderson, JF; Cowles, RS, 2012)	0.38
" Available data on efficacy outdoors, dose-response relationships and effective distance of coils and emanators is inadequate for developing a target product profile (TPP), which will be required for such chemicals before optimized implementation can occur for maximum benefits in disease control."	( A systematic review of mosquito coils and passive emanators: defining recommendations for spatial repellency testing methodologies. Maia, MF; Moore, SJ; Ogoma, SB, 2012)	0.38
" The methods are illustrated using pyrethroid mixtures occurrence data collected in child care centers (CCC) and dose-response data examining acute neurobehavioral effects of pyrethroid mixtures in rats."	( An empirical approach to sufficient similarity: combining exposure data and mixtures toxicology data. Crofton, KM; Gennings, C; Marshall, S; Rice, GE; Stork, LG; Teuschler, LK; Tornero-Velez, R, 2013)	0.39
" Both termite species demonstrated a dose-response to wood treated with the two pyrethroids; less wood was consumed as retention increased."	( International field trials of pyrethroid-treated wood exposed to Coptotermes acinaciformis in Australia and Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in China and the United States. Brown, KS; Creffield, JW; Curole, JP; Evans, TA; Freytag, ED; Hague, JR; Kard, BM; Lenz, M; Scown, DK; Shupe, TF; Smith, WR; Zhong, JH, 2013)	0.39
" Therapeutics, such as antiparasitic compounds, is often administered to buffaloes based on dosage and intervals recommended for cattle because very few drugs have buffalo-specific label indications."	( The efficacy and safety of alphacypermethrin as a pour-on treatment for water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) infested with Haematopinus tuberculatus (Phthiraptera: Haematopinidae). Balestrieri, A; Bastianetto, E; Cimmino, R; Gokbulut, C; Neglia, G; Rufrano, D; Santoro, M; Veneziano, V, 2013)	0.39
" Full dose-response bioassays on third instar larvae were performed by topical application."	( Resurgence of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera in northern Greece associated with insecticide resistance. Bentila, M; Kapantaidaki, D; Mironidis, GK; Morou, E; Savopoulou-Soultani, M; Vontas, J, 2013)	0.39
" dominica strains were chosen for dose-response tests only with spinosad."	( Variation in susceptibility of field strains of three stored grain insect species to spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin on hard red winter wheat. Arthur, FH; Gill, BS; Sehgal, B; Subramanyam, B, 2013)	0.39
" Dose-response models showed EC50 for lethality, functional and behavioural endpoints down to 1/100, 1/100 and 1/1000 of the 48 h LC50 for Daphnia magna, respectively."	( Pyrethroid effects on freshwater invertebrates: a meta-analysis of pulse exposures. Cedergreen, N; Friberg, N; Kristensen, EA; Rasmussen, JJ; Wiberg-Larsen, P, 2013)	0.39
" Estimates of response parameters for each mixture component applied to each species were compared with dose-response data for each mixture in statistical tests of the hypothesis of independent joint action."	( Comparative toxicities and synergism of apple orchard pesticides to Apis mellifera (L.) and Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski). Ashcraft, SA; Biddinger, DJ; Frazier, J; Joshi, NK; Mullin, C; Rajotte, EG; Robertson, JL; Vaughn, M, 2013)	0.39
" A comprehensive analysis of these studies was conducted focusing on test material and dosing conditions, testing conditions, animal models, and other determinants such as testing room temperature."	( Critical consideration of the multiplicity of experimental and organismic determinants of pyrethroid neurotoxicity: a proof of concept. Tornero-Velez, R; Wolansky, MJ, 2013)	0.39
" Deltamethrin susceptibility was determined by dose-response bioassays."	( Analysing deltamethrin susceptibility and pyrethroid esterase activity variations in sylvatic and domestic Triatoma infestans at the embryonic stage. Carvajal, G; Picollo, MI; Santo-Orihuela, PL; Vassena, CV, 2013)	0.39
" Rats were dosed orally at one of two levels (1."	( Environmentally relevant mixing ratios in cumulative assessments: a study of the kinetics of pyrethroids and their ester cleavage metabolites in blood and brain; and the effect of a pyrethroid mixture on the motor activity of rats. Crofton, KM; Devito, MJ; Graham, SE; Hughes, MF; Ross, DG; Scollon, EJ; Starr, JM; Tornero-Velez, R; Wolansky, MJ, 2014)	0.4
" This study investigated the safety of the concurrent use of Bravecto and Scalibor Protectorband at the recommended dosage regimens."	( Safety of the concurrent treatment of dogs with Bravecto (fluralaner) and Scalibor protectorband (deltamethrin). Allan, MJ; Fisara, P; Nuernberger, MC; Roepke, RK; Walther, FM, 2014)	0.4
"Throughout the study period of 24 weeks, there were no clinical findings related to the concurrent treatment with Bravecto in dogs fitted with Scalibor Protectorband at the recommended dosage regimen."	( Safety of the concurrent treatment of dogs with Bravecto (fluralaner) and Scalibor protectorband (deltamethrin). Allan, MJ; Fisara, P; Nuernberger, MC; Roepke, RK; Walther, FM, 2014)	0.4
" This optimized method was applied to the quantitation of DLM in plasma and brain homogenate samples obtained up to 12h after oral dosing of Sprague-Dawley rats with 1mg DLM/kg body weight."	( Determination of deltamethrin in rat plasma and brain using gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Bartlett, MG; Bruckner, JV; Cummings, BS; Gullick, D; Li, P; Popovici, A; Young, HC, 2014)	0.4
" Bright field images of high dose exposures to dosing solutions were also acquired to evaluate cell morphology."	( Effects of a novel pesticide-particle conjugate on viability and reactive oxygen species generation in neuronal (PC12) cells. Pine, M; Sayes, CM; Sooresh, A, 2015)	0.42
" Interactions were analyzed by direct comparison between experimental and estimated dose-response curves assuming CA, followed by an analysis by the isobole method and the toxic unit approach."	( Additive and synergistic antiandrogenic activities of mixtures of azol fungicides and vinclozolin. Christen, V; Crettaz, P; Fent, K, 2014)	0.4
"In Singapore, dose-response bioassays of Aedes aegypti (L."	( Insecticide resistance and its underlying mechanisms in field populations of Aedes aegypti adults (Diptera: Culicidae) in Singapore. Chong, CS; Koou, SY; Lee, CY; Ng, LC; Vythilingam, I, 2014)	0.4
"Peak plasma nd brain concentrations were generally a little higher after oral dosing (by ca 14%)."	( The pharmacokinetic properties of bifenthrin in the rat following multiple routes of exposure. Chandrasekaran, A; ElNaggar, S; Gammon, D; Liu, Z, 2015)	0.42
" When spiders encountered pesticide dosed prey, predation was unaffected, implying that spiders are unable to detect residues on prey."	( The importance of pesticide exposure duration and mode on the foraging of an agricultural pest predator. Brown, C; Hanna, CJ, 2015)	0.42
" fluviatilis, the dosage 20 mg/m 2 of CS formulation of lambdacyhalothrin could be considered for further use."	( Effect of house spraying with lambdacyhalothrin 10 per cent capsule suspension (CS) formulation in comparison with 10 per cent wettable powder (WP) against malaria vector in Malkangiri district, Odisha, India. Gunasekaran, K; Jambulingam, P; Sahu, SS; Subramanian, S; Vijayakumar, T, 2014)	0.4
" Bifenthrin inhibition concentrations (IC20s) based on amphipod growth were variable, particularly in the 28 d tests, where a clear dose-response relationship was observed in only 1 of the definitive experiments."	( Relative toxicity of bifenthrin to Hyalella azteca in 10 day versus 28 day exposures. Anderson, BS; Fojut, TL; Jennings, LL; Petersen, MA; Phillips, BM; Siegler, C; Tjeerdema, RS; Vasquez, ME; Voorhees, JP, 2015)	0.42
" The goals of the present study were 3-fold: to improve oral and dermal dosing methodologies for reptiles, to generate reptile toxicity data for pesticides, and to correlate reptile and avian toxicity."	( Improving reptile ecological risk assessment: oral and dermal toxicity of pesticides to a common lizard species (Sceloporus occidentalis). Anderson, TA; Maul, JD; Salice, CJ; Talent, LG; Weir, SM; Yu, S, 2015)	0.42
"Alpha-cypermethrin WG-SB showed residual efficacy (>80% mortality) for 13-15 weeks for the 20 mg/m2 dosage and 13-16 weeks for the 30 mg/m2 dosage, whereas alpha-cypermethrin WP showed residual efficacy for 11-15 weeks for the 20 mg/m2 dosage and 11-14 weeks for the 30 mg/m2 dosage on the surfaces tested."	( Small-scale evaluation of the efficacy and residual activity of alpha-cypermethrin WG (250 g AI/kg) for indoor spraying in comparison with alpha-cypermethrin WP (50 g AI/kg) in India. Ghosh, SK; Kamaraju, R; Tiwari, S; Uragayala, S; Valecha, N, 2015)	0.42
" Therefore, dose-response assays could provide the most flexibility."	( Comparability between insecticide resistance bioassays for mosquito vectors: time to review current methodology? Jančáryová, D; Malone, D; Müller, P; Owusu, HF, 2015)	0.42
" Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) current standard operating procedures (SOP) for pet products (assuming 5% dermal absorption), although the maximum absorbed dosage of one child on one day was equivalent to the default value derived from the SOPs."	( Cyphenothrin Flea and Tick Squeeze-On for Dogs: Evaluation of Potential Health Risks Based on the Results of Observational Biological Monitoring. Carlson, D; Driver, JH; Holden, LR; Nouvel, L; Ross, JH; Selim, S; Sharp, JK, 2015)	0.42
" A dosage range of indoxacarb treated netting (100-1000 mg/m(2)) was tested against a pyrethroid susceptible strain of Anopheles gambiae."	( A new class of insecticide for malaria vector control: evaluation of mosquito nets treated singly with indoxacarb (oxadiazine) or with a pyrethroid mixture against Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Kitau, J; Malone, D; Mosha, FW; N'Guessan, R; Oxborough, RM; Rowland, MW; Tungu, PK, 2015)	0.42
" Results of dietary exposure assessment showed that the RQ values were much lower than 1, indicating that the risk of imidacloprid and chlorfenapyr applied in chieh-qua was negligible to human health under recommended dosage and good agricultural practices."	( Residue behavior and risk assessment of mixed formulation of imidacloprid and chlorfenapyr in chieh-qua under field conditions. Chen, JJ; Deng, YC; Huang, JX; Liu, CY; Lu, DH; Wang, FH, 2015)	0.42
"Insecticide dose-response bioassays were conducted on mosquitoes descended from field-collected eggs, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to genotype 90 individuals at sites implicated in pyrethroid resistance."	( Phenotypic and genotypic profile of pyrethroid resistance in populations of the mosquito Aedes aegypti from Goiânia, Central West Brazil. Chapadense, FG; Cravo, P; Fernandes, EK; Lima, JB; Martins, AJ; Rocha, WT; Santos, AH; Silva, LC, )	0.13
" The next day, the skin was dosed with 1750 nmol (312."	( In vivo dermal absorption of pyrethroid pesticides in the rat. Edwards, BC; Hughes, MF, 2016)	0.43
" The blood-fed wild caught females were exposed to the diagnostic dosage of DDT (4."	( Triple insecticide resistance in Anopheles culicifacies: A practical impediment for malaria control in Odisha State, India. Gunasekaran, K; Jambulingam, P; Sahu, SS; Vijayakumar, T, 2015)	0.42
" The objective of this work was to characterize dose-response relationship for in vivo motor function and memory in mice exposed to Fen for 28 days and to assess its influence on activity of antioxidant enzymes in mice brains."	( The 28-day exposure to fenpropathrin decreases locomotor activity and reduces activity of antioxidant enzymes in mice brains. Borzęcki, A; Nieradko-Iwanicka, B, 2016)	0.43
" After dosing for 104 days, histological assessments and reproductive-endpoints were assessed."	( Effects of environmental endocrine disruptors, including insecticides used for malaria vector control on reproductive parameters of male rats. Bornman, MS; de Jager, C; Joubert, AM; Naidoo, V; Patrick, SM; Pitts, N, 2016)	0.43
" The pyrethroid with the highest percentage in the dosing solution was trans-permethrin (31% of total mixture dose) while deltamethrin and esfenvalerate had the lowest percentage (3%)."	( Environmentally relevant pyrethroid mixtures: A study on the correlation of blood and brain concentrations of a mixture of pyrethroid insecticides to motor activity in the rat. Crofton, KM; DeVito, MJ; Hughes, MF; Ross, DG; Scollon, EJ; Starr, JM; Wolansky, MJ, 2016)	0.43
" Three different experimental setups were applied: A standard 48h acute toxicity test, an adapted 48h test using passive dosing for constant chemical exposure concentrations, and a 14-day test."	( Determining lower threshold concentrations for synergistic effects. Bjergager, MA; Cedergreen, N; Dalhoff, K; Kretschmann, A; Mayer, P; Nørgaard, KB, 2017)	0.46
" Although no significant differences were observed after two days of treatment with cypermethrin, a dose-response relationship in syrup consumption and locomotor activity was observed."	( Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis strains virulent to Varroa destructor on larvae and adults of Apis mellifera. Alquisira-Ramírez, EV; Alvear-García, A; Arenas-Sosa, I; Hernández-Velázquez, VM; Peña-Chora, G; Suarez-Rodríguez, R, 2017)	0.46
" These effects correlated with the dose-response relationship for liver tumor formation and also showed reversibility upon cessation of treatment."	( Editor's Highlight: Mode of Action Analysis for Rat Hepatocellular Tumors Produced by the Synthetic Pyrethroid Momfluorothrin: Evidence for Activation of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Mitogenicity in Rat Hepatocytes. Cohen, SM; Higuchi, H; Kawamura, S; Kushida, M; Lake, BG; Nagahori, H; Nakamura, Y; Okuda, Y; Sumida, K; Yamada, T, 2017)	0.46
" Assuming that a mixture of chemicals with individual Hill-type dose-response curves can be described by an n-dimensional logistic function, Hill's differential equation for pure agents is replaced by a PDE for mixtures whose solution provides Hill surfaces as 'null-interaction' models and relies neither on Bliss independence or Loewe additivity nor uses Chou's unified general theory."	( Theory of synergistic effects: Hill-type response surfaces as 'null-interaction' models for mixtures. Schindler, M, 2017)	0.46
" These differences increase considerably with increasing steepness of the individual dose-response curves."	( Theory of synergistic effects: Hill-type response surfaces as 'null-interaction' models for mixtures. Schindler, M, 2017)	0.46
" Kinetic studies were done with different initial deltamethrin concentrations, adsorbent dosage and temperature, and the data were assimilated with pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intra-particle diffusion kinetic equations, and it was found that the studied nano-sorbent processes followed the pseudo-second order kinetic equation."	( Study on non-linear equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic of deltamethrin removal in aqueous solution using modified magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Ghafari, B; Karbassi, A; Moniri, E; Najafpour, S; Panahi, HA, 2017)	0.46
"Following World Health Organization guidelines, dose-response curves for a range of insecticides were established for both colonized and field caught Ae."	( Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti from Brazil and the Swiss-Italian border region. Araújo, AP; Ayres, CFJ; Barbosa, RMR; Crespo, MM; de Melo-Santos, MAV; de Oliveira, CMF; de Oliveira, MF; de Oliveira, TSA; Engeler, L; Flacio, E; Müller, P; Regis, LN; Silva-Filha, MHNL; Suter, T, 2017)	0.46
" Results showed a rightward shift in the dose-response curves for blood-feeding that indicated higher concentrations of pyrethroids were necessary to deter blood-feeding behavior in the pyrethroid-resistant Puerto Rican strain of Ae."	( Pyrethroid resistance alters the blood-feeding behavior in Puerto Rican Aedes aegypti mosquitoes exposed to treated fabric. Agramonte, NM; Bernier, UR; Bloomquist, JR, 2017)	0.46
"/3rd instar larva) of the pyrethroids deltamethrin and fenvalerate in dose-response bioassays."	( High frequency of CYP337B3 gene associated with control failures of Helicoverpa armigera with pyrethroid insecticides in Brazil. Amado, D; Corrêa, AS; de Sousa, DR; Durigan, MR; Leite, NA; Omoto, C; Pereira, RM, 2017)	0.46
" The impact of IRS can be affected by the dosage of insecticide, spray coverage, vector behavior, vector susceptibility to insecticides, and the residual efficacy of the insecticide applied."	( Multi-country assessment of residual bio-efficacy of insecticides used for indoor residual spraying in malaria control on different surface types: results from program monitoring in 17 PMI/USAID-supported IRS countries. Belemvire, A; Caranci, A; Dengela, D; Fornadel, CM; George, K; Johns, B; Lucas, B; Norris, LC; Seyoum, A, 2018)	0.48
" rotundata were also recorded for 2 h after bees were dosed at the LD50 values to give an indication of stress response."	( Acute Toxicity of Permethrin, Deltamethrin, and Etofenprox to the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee. Flenniken, ML; O'Neill, KM; Peterson, RKD; Piccolomini, AM; Whiten, SR, 2018)	0.48
" Timely two rounds of indoor residual spray of synthetic pyrethroid with proper dosage and good coverage would be helpful in reducing vector population and consequently the malaria incidence."	( Entomological determinants of malaria transmission in an epidemic prone area of District Nuh (Haryana state), India. Kar, NP; Nanda, N; Prajapati, BK; Ranjan, K; Sharma, SK; Singh, SP; Valecha, N, )	0.13
" Recent studies with dose-response models suggest that levels of pyrethroid resistance in some populations may still be evolving, with some populations requiring higher doses to reach levels of control comparable to those observed 10 yr ago."	( Patterns of Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Resistance to Pyrethroid Insecticides in the Lower Mississippi Delta for 2008-2015: Linkage to Pyrethroid Use and Cotton Insect Management. Luttrell, RG; Parys, KA; Portilla, MR; Snodgrass, GL, 2018)	0.48
" We first conducted acute toxicity testing and avoidance response testing using earthworms to obtain dose-response data for two different endpoints; then the benchmark dose (BMD) methodology was applied to estimate the toxicity values for the active ingredients of these four pesticides and their mixtures."	( Quantitative ecotoxicity analysis for pesticide mixtures using benchmark dose methodology. Chen, C; Li, J; Shao, K; Wang, Y; Yang, G; Zhao, H, 2018)	0.48
" However, the low efficacy, large dosage and high-frequency use of conventional pesticide formulation seriously induced food safety and ecological environment issues."	( Optimization and characterization of lambda-cyhalothrin solid nanodispersion by self-dispersing method. Cui, B; Cui, H; Liu, G; Sun, C; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Yang, D; Zeng, Z; Zhao, X, 2019)	0.51
" Dose-response assays were carried out at increasing acaricide concentrations."	( Heat shock proteins in Varroa destructor exposed to heat stress and in-hive acaricides. Damiani, N; Eguaras, MJ; Garrido, PM; Martínez Noël, GMA; Porrini, MP; Ruffinengo, S; Salerno, G, 2018)	0.48
": Insecticide applied at optimum dosage and coverage delays the development of resistance in disease vectors."	( A laboratory simulation study on suppression of resistance genes by differential exposures to an insecticide in Agrawal, OP; Raghavendra, K; Velamuri, PS; Verma, V, )	0.13
": Variable simulated exposures resulted in precipitation of increased resistance while complete exposure resulted in lower levels of resistance, signifying the importance of optimum dosage and coverage in the indoor residual spray in delaying/avoiding the development of insecticide resistance in the disease vectors."	( A laboratory simulation study on suppression of resistance genes by differential exposures to an insecticide in Agrawal, OP; Raghavendra, K; Velamuri, PS; Verma, V, )	0.13
" After adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioral, and metabolic factors, we found a significant dose-response relationship between urinary 3-PBA as quartile and prevalent diabetes (p-trend=0."	( Environmental pyrethroid exposure and diabetes in U.S. adults. Choi, YH; Park, J; Park, SK, 2019)	0.51
" A low level of WCR field-evolved resistance to pyrethroid insecticides has been confirmed in the US western Corn Belt by laboratory dose-response bioassays."	( Western corn rootworm pyrethroid resistance confirmed by aerial application simulations of commercial insecticides. Fritz, BK; Hoffmann, WC; Kruger, GR; Meinke, LJ; Peterson, JA; Souza, D; Vieira, BC, 2019)	0.51
" Larval dose-response assays indicated susceptibility to the organophosphates tested."	( Insecticide resistance levels and mechanisms in Aedes aegypti populations in and around Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Badolo, A; Kanuka, H; McCall, PJ; Pignatelli, PM; Sanon, A; Sombié, A; Wangrawa, DW; Weetman, D; Yaméogo, F, 2019)	0.51
" The results emerged from this research are a further contribution to the knowledge of the risks of implementing higher dosage regimens of OPs-containing antiparasitic formulations."	( In vitro and in vivo effects of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin on blood cholinesterases in sheep. Lanusse, CE; Larsen, KE; Lifschitz, AL; Virkel, GL, 2019)	0.51
"Full dose-response contact bioassays revealed very high levels of resistance against several pyrethroids (α-cypermethrin, fluvalinate, and cyfluthrin) in two PRM populations from Greece, compared to a susceptible reference strain."	( Identification and geographical distribution of pyrethroid resistance mutations in the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Blake, DP; Dermauw, W; Ilias, A; Karp-Tatham, E; Katsavou, E; Kioulos, I; Strube, C; Van Leeuwen, T; Vlogiannitis, S; Vontas, J, 2020)	0.56
" At Keith, where an additional failure of the cyfluthrin + tebupirimphos soil insecticide was observed, WCR laboratory dose-response bioassays showed a consistent ∼5-fold resistance level to the active ingredients bifenthrin, tefluthrin, and cyfluthrin."	( Field efficacy of soil insecticides on pyrethroid-resistant western corn rootworms (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte). Meinke, LJ; Peterson, JA; Souza, D; Wright, RJ, 2020)	0.56
" Striacosta albicosta populations were collected in 2016 and 2017 from maize fields in Nebraska, Kansas, and Canada and screened with bifenthrin active ingredient in larval contact dose-response bioassays."	( Bifenthrin Baseline Susceptibility and Evaluation of Simulated Aerial Applications in Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bradshaw, JD; Hunt, TE; Kruger, GR; Montezano, DG; Peterson, JA; Souza, D; Vélez, AM; Vieira, BC; Zukoff, SN, 2019)	0.51
" The pyrethroid dosing vehicles (5 mL/kg body weight) were either corn oil or glycerol formal."	( Differential lymphatic versus portal vein uptake of the synthetic pyrethroids deltamethrin and cis-permethrin in rats. Chatham, LR; Clewell, HJ; Creek, MR; Higgins, LG; Lake, BG; MacLeod, AK; Moreau, M; Osimitz, TG; Tomczynski, SL; Yoon, M, 2020)	0.56
" This study aimed to evaluate osmoregulatory responses and histological changes in the gills of Oreochromis niloticus chronically exposed to a sublethal dosage (0."	( Osmoregulatory profiles and gill histological changes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to lambda-cyhalothrin. da Silveira, AW; de Barros Penteadoall, B; de Souza, AI; do Nascimento Silva, AL; Dos Santos Jaques, JA; Dos Santos, EDA; Fernandes, CE; Franco-Belussi, L; Koshi A Yonekawa, M; Povh, JA, 2020)	0.56
" coluzzii was detected across villages, with dose-response assays demonstrating extremely high resistance intensity to the pyrethroid deltamethrin (> 1,500-fold), and mortality following exposure to pyrethroid-treated bednets was low (< 30% mortality in cone bioassays)."	( Fine scale spatial investigation of multiple insecticide resistance and underlying target-site and metabolic mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae in central Côte d'Ivoire. Ahoua Alou, LP; Barreaux, AMG; Koffi, AA; N'Guessan, R; Oumbouke, WA; Pignatelli, P; Sternberg, ED; Thomas, MB; Tia, IZ; Weetman, D, 2020)	0.56
"Veterinary and medical entomologists who are involved in research on pest control often need to perform dose-response bioassays and analyze the results."	( Oral and Topical Insecticide Response Bioassays and Associated Statistical Analyses Used Commonly in Veterinary and Medical Entomology. Burgess, ER; Geden, CJ; King, BH, 2020)	0.56
" In this study, variance changes of 105 dose-response curves were analysed."	( The inter-individual variance can provide additional information for the ecotoxicologists beside the mean. Bakonyi, G; Kövér, S; Lang, Z; Szabó, B, 2021)	0.62
" The outcomes reviewed are dependent on many factors, including dosage and route of administration, species, sex, and treatment duration."	( Relationship between Prenatal or Postnatal Exposure to Pesticides and Obesity: A Systematic Review. Arias, JL; Biosca-Brull, J; Carrillo, B; Collado, P; Colomina, MT; Conejo, NM; Martín-Sánchez, F; Merchán, A; Pérez-Fernández, C; Pinos, H; Sánchez-Santed, F, 2021)	0.62
" This impairs survival after exposure to BC at it has a negative temperature coefficient, derived from a dysfunction of the central nervous system regarding thermoregulation caused by the high dosage of neurotoxicant and resulting temperature maladaptation."	( Thermoregulation of Eremias argus alters temperature-dependent toxicity of beta-cyfluthrin: Ecotoxicological effects considering ectotherm behavior traits. Deng, Y; Diao, J; Liu, R; Nie, Y; Wang, Z; Yu, S; Zhang, L; Zhou, Z; Zhu, W, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, to better characterize the effect of a dietary exposure route, juvenile Chinook salmon were fed chironomids dosed with a concentration of 9 or 900 ng/g of bifenthrin, fipronil, or their mixture for 25 days at concentrations previously measured in field-collected samples."	( Dietary Exposure to Bifenthrin and Fipronil Impacts Swimming Performance in Juvenile Chinook Salmon ( Acuña, S; Anzalone, S; Fuller, N; Huff Hartz, KE; Lydy, MJ; Magnuson, JT; Schlenk, D; Whitledge, GW, 2022)	0.72
" The slopes of the dose-response curves to most of the insecticides tested for these field populations of Ae."	( Insecticide Resistance in Alabama Populations of the Mosquito Aedes albopictus. An, M; Liu, N; Stevens, KM; Wang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Nonetheless, this issue has been little explored in Pakistan that resulted in control failures and increased dosage of insecticides."	( Resistance to grain protectants and synergism in Pakistani strains of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Haider, MS; Khan, HAA; Khan, T, 2022)	0.72
"00 mg ml-1, to determine the dose-response relationship and estimate the neem LC50."	( Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Neem Oil to the Endoparasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Alvarenga Soares, M; Cola Zanuncio, J; Martins Dos Santos, M; Meloni Silva, W; Moreira da Silva, I; Souza Pereira Costa, E; Souza Silva, C; Vieira Caldeira, Z; Von Dos Santos Veloso, R, 2022)	0.72
" Dose-response bioassays with acephate were performed on tobacco thrips field populations and a susceptible laboratory population."	( Standardized Field Trials in Cotton and Bioassays to Evaluate Resistance of Tobacco Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Insecticides in the Southern United States. Bateman, NR; Brown, SA; Catchot, AL; Catchot, B; Cook, DR; Crow, WD; Gore, J; Graham, SH; Huseth, AS; Kennedy, GG; Kerns, D; Kerns, DL; Krob, JL; Lorenz, GM; Musser, FR; Perkins, C; Reisig, DD; Stewart, SD; Taylor, SV; Thrash, BC; Towles, TB, 2022)	0.72
"We compared the CDC bottle bioassay, the WHO tube test, and the topical application bioassay in establishing the dose-response against deltamethrin (DM) using the DM-resistant Aedes aegypti strain MC1."	( Comparison of the variability in mortality data generated by CDC bottle bioassay, WHO tube test, and topical application bioassay using Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Althoff, RA; Huijben, S, 2022)	0.72
"The topical application bioassay exhibited the lowest amount of variation in the dose-response data, followed by the WHO tube test."	( Comparison of the variability in mortality data generated by CDC bottle bioassay, WHO tube test, and topical application bioassay using Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Althoff, RA; Huijben, S, 2022)	0.72
" We used a laboratory dose-response experiment and an observational field study to determine the relative toxicities of three pyrethroid (esfenvalerate, λ-cyhalothrin, and permethrin) and three organophosphate (chlorpyrifos, malathion, and terbufos) insecticides to Macrobrachium prawns."	( Pyrethroid insecticides pose greater risk than organophosphate insecticides to biocontrol agents for human schistosomiasis. De Leo, GA; Delius, BK; Haggerty, CJE; Jouanard, N; Lopez-Carr, D; Lund, AJ; Ndao, PD; Remais, JV; Riveau, G; Rohr, JR; Sokolow, SH, 2023)	0.91
"To increase current knowledge and confirm evidence to date future research needs to center on large-scale longitudinal epidemiological and biological studies, examination of dose-response relationships, the controlling of relevant confounding variables, using standardized and high sensitivity tools, and investigating the effects of environmental exposure."	( Exposure to pesticides and the risk of hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sapbamrer, R; Sirikul, W, 2023)	0.91

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	829 (9.02)	18.7374
1990's	1185 (12.89)	18.2507
2000's	2046 (22.26)	29.6817
2010's	3578 (38.93)	24.3611
2020's	1552 (16.89)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	265 (2.74%)	5.53%
Reviews	357 (3.70%)	6.00%
Case Studies	140 (1.45%)	4.05%
Observational	10 (0.10%)	0.25%
Other	8,883 (92.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.17	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.17	1	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.02	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	6.17	25	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.15	1	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.99	4	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.17	1	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	5.7	19	1	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	3.06	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.81	11	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
beta-alanine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzene [no description available]	2.75	3	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.79	3	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	aryl phosphate
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.95	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	1.93	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
carbamates [no description available]	12.97	199	1	amino-acid anion
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	4.3	4	1	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
catechol [no description available]	2.17	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	3.97	12	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	2.37	2	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
choline [no description available]	2.9	4	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	5.67	15	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.03	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	10.72	34	13	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	3.39	7	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
creatine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.6	9	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.01	4	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.72	3	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.07	1	0	chlorocyclohexane
glycine [no description available]	5.02	37	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.69	3	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
histamine [no description available]	3.83	2	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.25	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	4.7	6	1	diatomic iodine	nutrient
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	3.08	4	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
endolysin lysine-4,4,5,5-d4 : A deuterated compound that is lysne in which the methylene hydrogens at positions 4, 4, 5 and 5 have been replaced by deuterium.	2.08	1	0	alpha-amino acid; diamino acid; polar amino acid	Daphnia magna metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	5.76	20	1	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.38	2	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	3.91	11	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
n-acetylserotonin N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; N-acylserotonin; phenols	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
naphthalene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.43	2	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	3.02	4	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	3.29	6	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.46	7	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
hydroxide ion [no description available]	2.48	2	0	oxygen hydride	mouse metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	1.96	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.07	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
parathion [no description available]	3.5	8	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	4.18	4	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.69	3	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.06	1	0	pyrazole
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	1.96	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.07	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.38	2	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
spermidine [no description available]	2.58	2	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.13	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
taurine [no description available]	3.11	5	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.15	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.78	3	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	5.06	13	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.15	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.05	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.41	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	2	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.93	3	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	2.02	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	1.96	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.67	3	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.21	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.99	13	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	2.94	4	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	4.06	14	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.03	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.05	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.	2	1	0	isocoumarins; organochlorine compound	geroprotector; serine protease inhibitor
tramiprosate tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.	1.97	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.91	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.17	1	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
ro 5-4864 4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor	3.98	4	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.11	5	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	1.99	1	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
phenytoin [no description available]	4	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.39	2	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acephate acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	4.36	19	0	mixed diacylamine; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetochlor acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
alachlor alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.	2.69	3	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
albendazole [no description available]	3.89	2	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.06	1	0	aromatic amine
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2.07	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.91	4	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.05	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atrazine [no description available]	4.65	26	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azinphosmethyl Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.	4.02	14	0	benzotriazines; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
baclofen [no description available]	2.1	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.97	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bendiocarb bendiocarb: FICAM 80W contains 80% of the above chemical cpd as the active ingredient	14.71	70	2	benzodioxoles; carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
benextramine benextramine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.47	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzyl benzoate benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.	13.18	13	1	benzoate ester; benzyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite; scabicide
butylbenzyl phthalate spatozoate: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	benzyl ester
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	4.82	7	1	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
5-methoxypsoralen 5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.	2.13	1	0	5-methoxyfurocoumarin; organic heterotricyclic compound; psoralens	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone 2,5-di-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.	2.1	1	0	hydroquinones
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.1	1	0
bumetanide [no description available]	2.45	2	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
caffeine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.9	4	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	2.02	1	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.25	1	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.3	19	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	1.99	1	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.06	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.07	1	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	2.66	3	0	benzodiazepine
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.41	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.38	2	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropham Chlorpropham: A carbamate that is used as an herbicide and as a plant growth regulator.. chlorpropham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.	2.54	2	0	benzenes; carbamate ester; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide; plant growth retardant
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	13.1	338	4	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chrysanthemic acid chrysanthemic acid: occurs as esters in pyrethrum flowers; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. chrysanthemic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is cyclopropanecarboxylic acid substituted by two methyl groups at position 2 and a 2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl group at position 3.	4.58	25	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.99	1	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	1.96	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.38	2	0	clonidine; imidazoline
coumaphos Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.	6.45	40	1	organic thiophosphate; organochlorine compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antinematodal drug; avicide; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	2.1	1	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	18.84	1,536	31	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cystamine [no description available]	2	1	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.05	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapsone [no description available]	5.21	4	3	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.58	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.38	2	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	3.85	12	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	9.28	72	4	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	2.71	3	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.6	1	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	5.25	15	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	15.27	351	4	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	13.34	36	1	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.13	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	1.99	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	5.46	62	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfoton Disulfoton: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. disulfoton : An organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate.	2.36	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.17	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	3.25	1	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.1	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	6.86	82	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.37	2	0
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.35	2	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethion ethion: minor descriptor (73-82); online & Index Medicus search INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-82). ethion : An organic thiophosphate that is S,S'-methanediyl bis[dihydrogen (phosphorodithioate)] in which all the hydroxy groups have been converted to their corresponding ethyl esters respectively. Ethion is an organophosphate insecticide with inhibitory activity towards the enzyme acetylcholinesterase ( EC 3.1.1.7).	5.03	9	1	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
ethoprophos ethoprop: structure	2.02	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; antinematodal drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	4.11	3	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	6.96	13	2	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
fenvalerate fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	12.26	538	2	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; monochlorobenzenes	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	13.23	78	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	1.97	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.11	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	2.05	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	4.77	28	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	3.06	4	0
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.8	3	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.39	2	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	1.96	1	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
heptachlor Heptachlor: A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989). heptachlor : A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.	3.13	5	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	agrochemical; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	1.96	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.17	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	3.16	5	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.38	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.01	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	9.07	3	1	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	1.99	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	2.07	1	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.04	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.08	1	0
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.02	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lamotrigine [no description available]	3.25	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
letrozole [no description available]	2.11	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
qx-314 QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	local anaesthetic
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	12.93	250	5	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	1.99	1	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.1	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methamidophos methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.	4.05	14	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	4.71	28	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	3.44	7	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	3.6	9	0	organochlorine insecticide
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	4.45	22	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2.11	1	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metolachlor metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.94	4	0	aromatic amide; benzenes; ether; organochlorine compound
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	4.07	3	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	3.11	5	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.15	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.4	2	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	2.15	1	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.66	3	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
myristicin myristicin: asaricin is an isomer; structure; a methylene dioxy version of elemicin;	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	11.83	79	4	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
n-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.69	3	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.05	1	0	purine nucleoside
naled Naled: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. naled : An dialkyl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the acidic hydroxy group of dimethyl hydrogen phosphate with the alcoholic hydroxy group of 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethanol. An organophosphate insecticide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	3.95	13	0	dialkyl phosphate; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.71	3	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nilutamide [no description available]	2.73	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.4	2	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.4	2	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	1.97	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.03	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	2.15	1	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.15	1	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.08	5	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	4.44	22	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenothrin phenothrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	10.92	83	8	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	pyrethroid ester insecticide
phorate Phorate: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 : A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 2 double bonds.	2.89	4	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
phosalone phosalone: structure. phosalone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles carrying a [(diethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the nitrogen atom, an oxo group at position 2 and a chloro group at position 6. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide.	2.9	4	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; carbamate ester; organochlorine insecticide; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	2	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	3.25	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.11	5	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	2.52	2	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2.01	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2	1	0	diarylmethane
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	1.97	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
prometone prometone: structure. prometon : A methoxy-1,3,5-triazine that is 6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which the one of the hydrogens of each amino group is substituted by an isopropyl group.	1.98	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methoxy-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
prometryne Prometryne: A triazine used as a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). prometryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylsulfanediyl group at position 6.	2.05	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
propanil Propanil: A chlorinated anilide that is used as an herbicide.. propanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of propanoic acid with the amino group of 3,4-dichloroaniline. It is a herbicide used for the treatment of numerous grasses and broad-leaved weeds in rice, potatoes, and wheat.	1.95	1	0	anilide; dichlorobenzene	herbicide
propargite Omite: structure	2.7	3	0	sulfite ester; terminal acetylenic compound	sulfite ester acaricide
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.02	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propoxur Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.	6.31	58	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.67	3	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	4.84	4	2	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
qx-222 QX-222: amphipathic amine; RN given refers to ion; structure	1.97	1	0	amino acid amide
resmethrin resmethrin: synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used against a variety of insects; online & Index Medicus search PYRETHRUMS (75-76), PYRETHRINS (77-82); Scourge is tradename	7.46	67	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; furans	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
butyl phosphorotrithioate butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide	4.17	16	0	organic thiophosphate	defoliant
simazine Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.71	3	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.17	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.73	3	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.17	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	2.31	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
temefos Temefos: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. temephos : An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.	5.23	46	0	organic sulfide; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; ectoparasiticide
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	2.02	1	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	2.11	1	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	2.92	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	2.49	2	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.4	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
triclosan [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluralin Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.	3.09	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.38	2	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.	2.03	1	0	dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tyramine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urethane [no description available]	1.99	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	2.41	2	0
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	1.99	1	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	1.99	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.92	4	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	4.92	8	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	1.96	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.38	2	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	16.59	274	23	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.77	10	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.67	3	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone [no description available]	2.41	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.71	10	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	1.97	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	2.02	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	3.08	5	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	3.68	9	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.41	2	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	2.06	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.45	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.44	2	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	3.46	7	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.74	3	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	3.12	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.38	2	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.65	3	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2.13	1	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	3.46	7	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.98	4	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.26	6	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.07	1	0	steroid ester
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.41	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	2.01	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.39	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.43	2	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.98	4	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.43	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.02	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.07	1	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.98	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	1.97	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.31	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	3.85	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.06	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	1.96	1	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	11.21	82	5	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	3.11	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.38	2	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	3.91	12	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.4	7	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.45	2	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
mannitol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.39	2	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	1.97	1	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	4.24	5	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)	3.42	7	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	xenobiotic metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	3.14	5	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.11	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-chlorobenzoic acid 4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.5	2	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.01	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	1.99	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
systhane systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.	2.21	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
ethyl chloride Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.	2.33	2	0	chloroethanes	antipruritic drug; inhalation anaesthetic; local anaesthetic
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.32	6	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	3.55	8	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2.48	2	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	1.99	1	0	fluoroalcohol
pivalic acid pivalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pivalic acid : A branched, short-chain fatty acid composed of propanoic acid having two methyl substituents at the 2-position.	2.17	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	4.75	29	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
hexachlorocyclopentadiene [no description available]	1.94	1	0
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	2.66	3	0
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	2.15	1	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	3.24	6	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	1.98	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
acrylamide [no description available]	3.51	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
chloroacetamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	3.87	2	1	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	5.18	7	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
chlorfenethol chlorfenethol: structure	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane
terpin terpene : A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2].	2.13	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid
alpha-pinene [no description available]	2	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.07	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
quintozene quintozene: active ingredient of variety of fungicides. pentachloronitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which every hydrogen has been replaced by a chlorine. A fungicide used on a variety of crops, including cotton, rice and seed grains, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	2.11	1	0	aromatic fungicide; C-nitro compound; pentachlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	6.92	13	1	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
diethyl phthalate diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.93	3	0	diester; ethyl ester; phthalate ester	neurotoxin; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diisobutyl phthalate diisobutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol.	2.15	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	plasticiser; PPAR modulator; teratogenic agent
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	2.41	2	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
tetrahydrophthalimide tetrahydrophthalimide: captan metabolite in fruit crops	1.97	1	0
1-naphthaleneacetic acid 1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.	2.06	1	0	naphthylacetic acid	synthetic auxin
2,6-dichlorophenol 2,6-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2,6-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol with the chloro substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.03	1	0	dichlorophenol
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
versalide versalide: musk fragrance in soaps & cosmetics; structure	2.25	1	0
dinoseb dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	dinitrophenol
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	3.21	4	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.01	1	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
uvitex swn Uvitex SWN: optical brightner from Ciba; structure	1.98	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
methyleugenol methyleugenol: structure	2.6	1	0	phenylpropanoid
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2.15	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	4.17	4	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
butylparaben [no description available]	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.41	2	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
ethohexadiol ethohexadiol: insect repellent, moderately irritating to eyes, mucous membranes, but not to skin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.48	2	0	aliphatic alcohol
3,4-dichloroaniline 3,4-dichloroaniline : A dichloroaniline having the two chloro-substituents at the 3- and 4-positions.	2.74	3	0	dichloroaniline	epitope; xenobiotic
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.8	3	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.49	2	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.17	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-dinitrobenzene dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.	2.39	2	0	dinitrobenzene	neurotoxin
4-nitroanisole 4-nitroanisole: dye intermediate; organic synthesis; structure. 4-nitroanisole : A member of the class of 4-nitroanisoles that is anisole in which one the hydrogen meta to the methoxy group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.02	1	0	4-nitroanisoles
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	3.94	13	0	pyridinium salt
phenyl ether diphenyl ether : An aromatic ether in which the oxygen is attached to two phenyl substituents. It has been found in muscat grapes and vanilla.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether	plant metabolite
boric acid [no description available]	3.13	5	0	boric acids	astringent
citronellal citronellal: aldehyde of citronellol; found in citronella oil. citronellal : A monoterpenoid, the main component of citronella oil which gives it its distinctive lemon aroma.	2.74	3	0	aldehyde; monoterpenoid	antifungal agent; metabolite
4-toluidine 4-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.	2.15	1	0	aminotoluene
ethylene dibromide Ethylene Dibromide: An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.. 1,2-dibromoethane : A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying bromo substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is produced by marine algae.	2.1	1	0	bromoalkane; bromohydrocarbon	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; fumigant; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
acrolein [no description available]	2.21	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.08	1	0	alkylamine
tetraethyl pyrophosphate tetraethyl pyrophosphate: topical agent for glaucoma; structure	1.96	1	0	organic diphosphate
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	3.51	8	0	alkane
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.04	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
cyclohexanone [no description available]	1.96	1	0	cyclohexanones	human xenobiotic metabolite
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	4.12	14	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.98	4	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	3.1	5	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.08	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
undecan-2-one undecan-2-one: Insect Repellents; 2-undecanone is the active ingredient of arthropod repellent BioUD; an efficacious alternative to deet. undecan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone with methyl and nonyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.1	1	0	dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone	plant metabolite; rodenticide
decanaldehyde decanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of capric acid (decanoic acid).	2.02	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	antifungal agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
dodecanol Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.	2.72	3	0	dodecanol; primary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; cosmetic; insect attractant; insecticide; pheromone; plant metabolite
lethane [no description available]	2.34	2	0
eicosane icosane : A straight chain alkane composed of 20 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the leaves of Agave attenuata.	2	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite
propylene propylene: structure	2.02	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
dicofol Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.. dicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.39	7	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine acaricide; tertiary alcohol
triphenyl phosphate triphenyl phosphate: structure. triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.	3.44	7	0	aryl phosphate	flame retardant; plasticiser
tetradifon tetradifon: acaricide; ovicide on deciduous fruits, citrus, cotton and other crops; structure. tetradifon : A sulfone that is diphenylsulfone in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorine at position 4, while the other is substituted by a chlorine at positions 2, 4, and 5.	2.71	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine acaricide; sulfone; trichlorobenzene
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.17	5	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	2.95	4	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.68	3	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
dimethyl 4-phthalate dimethyl 4-phthalate: solvent; structure. dimethyl terephthalate : A diester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with methanol. It is a primary ingredient widely used in the manufacture of polyesters and industrial plastics.	1.96	1	0	diester; methyl ester; phthalate ester
dimethyl phthalate dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure	4.01	4	0	diester; methyl ester; phthalate ester
captan Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.	4	13	0	isoindoles; organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.93	4	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.08	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.06	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	1.99	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
merphos merphos: structure	2.15	1	0
potassium cyanide [no description available]	1.99	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.31	1	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
benzo(e)pyrene benzo(e)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzo[e]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. It is listed as a Group 3 carcinogen by the IARC.	2.11	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
fluoranthene fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.	2.04	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	3.03	4	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	7.17	9	3	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.89	12	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	6.75	51	1	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.08	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	2.41	2	0	organic cation
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	4.07	14	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
benzoquinonium benzoquinonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine
paraoxon [no description available]	3.11	5	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	1.97	1	0
mexacarbate mexacarbate: insecticide & acaricide; minor descriptor (75-82); online & Index Medicus search INSECTICIDES, CARBAMATE (75-82)	1.98	1	0	benzenes
6-aminonicotinamide 6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.	1.99	1	0	aminopyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary amino compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; teratogenic agent
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	1.95	1	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
3-acetylpyridine 3-acetylpyridine: inhibits tremors	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	3.1	5	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.98	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	3.1	5	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	5.85	20	1	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorfenvinphos Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.	5.12	14	0	dichlorobenzene; organic phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.31	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.95	4	0
Dillapiole 5-allyl 6,7-dimethoxy 1,3-benzodioxole: a plant based insecticide; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	benzodioxoles	metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.37	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.66	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.13	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	2.72	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
phloroglucinol dimethyl ether phloroglucinol dimethyl ether: structure	2.6	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
dixanthogen [no description available]	1.97	1	0	thiocarbonyl compound
azomethane azomethane: structure	2.15	1	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.21	1	0	thiazolidine
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	3.15	5	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	1.96	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.03	1	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	6.95	63	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	1.97	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.06	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.49	2	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.01	1	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
allethrins Allethrins: Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	7.76	70	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	pyrethroid ester insecticide
n-methylphenethylamine N-methylphenethylamine: substrate for type A & B monoamine oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
1-methylcyclopropane 1-methylcyclopropane: do not confuse with MCP cpd (1-methylcyclopropene)	2.21	1	0
2,3-dichloro-1-propanol [no description available]	2.11	1	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.85	10	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	1.99	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
phosmet Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.	3.01	4	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phthalimides	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
carbophenothion carbophenothion: structure	1.96	1	0	organic sulfide
o,p'-ddt o,p'-DDT: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation.	2.21	1	0	diarylmethane
4-nitrophenyl acetate [no description available]	2.74	3	0	C-nitro compound; phenyl acetates
naphthyl acetate naphthyl acetate: do not confuse with naphthaleneacetic acid; acetic acid ester of naphthol	2.93	4	0
terbutryne terbutryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by a tert-butylamino and an ethylamino group at positions 2 and 4 respectively.	1.98	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
benzoylarginine nitroanilide Benzoylarginine Nitroanilide: A chromogenic substrate that permits direct measurement of peptide hydrolase activity, e.g., papain and trypsin, by colorimetry. The substrate liberates p-nitroaniline as a chromogenic product.	2.04	1	0
demeton-s-methyl [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fonofos Fonofos: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	2.67	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
methylparaoxon [no description available]	2.72	3	0	C-nitro compound
methidathion methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops	2.75	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
deoxyuridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diazoxon diazoxon: a pesticide; structure. diazoxon : An organic phosphate that is diethyl hydrogen phosphate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 6-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a metabolite of the pesticide diazinon.	2.11	1	0	organic phosphate; pyrimidines	marine xenobiotic metabolite
chlormequat Chlormequat: A plant growth regulator that is commonly used on ornamental plants.. chlormequat : A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.	2.06	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	plant growth retardant
dichlofluanid dichlofluanid: structure. dichlofluanid : A member of the class of sulfamides that is sulfamide in which the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by methyl groups, while those attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a phenyl and a [dichloro(fluoro)methyl]sulfanediyl group. A fungicide introduced in 1965 and used in the cultivation of fruit and vegetables, as well as in wood preservatives, it is no longer approved for use in the European Union.	2.05	1	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylsulfamide fungicide; sulfamides	acaricide; antifungal agrochemical
dimethoxon dimethoxon: pesticide	2.71	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	2.03	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	4.51	5	1	zinc molecular entity
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	6.42	39	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.67	3	0
nereistoxin nereistoxin: toxin isolated from marine segmented worm, Lumbriconereis heterodopa; RN given refers to parent cpd. nereistoxin : Toxin isolated from marine segmented worm, Lumbriconereis heterodopa. It is also the active insecticide of the proinsecticide thiocyclam.	3.06	1	0	dithiolanes	insecticide; toxin
nitrofen nitrofen: structure	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity	EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	4.46	20	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	4.37	3	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.03	1	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
2,4-d amine 2,4-D amine: (1:1) combination of above cpds	2.17	1	0
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	2.69	3	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
methiocarb Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.	3.14	5	0	aryl sulfide; carbamate ester; methyl sulfide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; molluscicide; xenobiotic
phenylphosphonothioic acid, 2-ethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ester Phenylphosphonothioic Acid, 2-Ethyl 2-(4-Nitrophenyl) Ester: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as a acaricide.	2.66	3	0	organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bromophos bromophos: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHORUS COMPOOUNDS (72) & INSECTICIDES (72) & INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-83); structure	1.97	1	0	organic thiophosphate
molinate molinate : A member of the class of azepanes that is azepane in which the nitrogen is substituted by an (ethylsulfanyl)carbonyl group, -C(=O)SEt. A thiocarbamate herbicide not approved for use in the U.S. or European Union, it is used control grass weeds in rice paddies.	2.38	2	0	azepanes; monothiocarbamic ester	agrochemical; antispermatogenic agent; herbicide
dienochlor dienochlor: structure	1.98	1	0	organochlorine compound
fenitrooxone fenitrooxone: oxone metabolite of fenitrothion	2.04	1	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.41	2	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.39	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
4-nitro-3-cresol 4-nitro-3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitro-m-cresol : A C-nitro compound in which the nitro group is attached at C-4 of m-cresol.	2.04	1	0	4-nitrophenols
phenthoate, (+-)-isomer phenthoate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. phenthoate : An organic thiophosphate that is ethyl mandelate in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	2.4	2	0	ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
isoprocarb [no description available]	2.57	2	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.02	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	4.44	20	0	thujene	plant metabolite
1-octen-3-ol 1-octen-3-ol: main flavor component of mushrooms; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; bait for insect vectors (tsetse, sandflies, mosquitoes). oct-1-en-3-ol : An alkenyl alcohol with a structure based on a C8 unbranched chain with the hydroxy group at C-2 and unsaturation at C-1-C-2. It is a major volatile compound present in many mushrooms and fungi.	1.98	1	0	alkenyl alcohol; medium-chain fatty alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fungal metabolite; insect attractant; volatile oil component
phenoxyacetic acid phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.	3.58	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant growth retardant
3-phenoxybenzoic acid 3-phenoxybenzoic acid: metabolite associated with exposure to pyrethroid insecticides. 3-phenoxybenzoic acid : A phenoxybenzoic acid in which the phenoxy group is meta to the carboxy group. It is a metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides.	11.06	124	3	phenoxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
bpmc BPMC: structure. fenobucarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 2-sec-butylphenol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.11	1	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; insecticide
chloric acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	chlorine oxoacid
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	1.96	1	0
1-hydroxypyrene 1-hydroxypyrene: pyrene metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	pyrenes
chlorpyrifos-methyl chlorpyrifos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	4.25	17	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	2	1	0	dioxolane
terbutylazine terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.17	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.52	2	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
chlorphenamidine Chlorphenamidine: An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.	4.47	7	0
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.41	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-one : A pyridone that is pyridin-2(1H)-one substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical chlorpyrifos.. 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol : A hydroxypyridine that is pyridin-2-ol substituted by chloro groups at positions 3,5 and 6. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical chlorpyrifos.	2.78	3	0	chloropyridine; hydroxypyridine; pyridone	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
dioxacarb dioxacarb: structure	2.37	2	0	benzenes
lanthanum [no description available]	1.97	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	1.99	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.46	2	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	4.94	7	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.18	5	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	5.51	20	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2	1	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.1	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.03	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.86	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
holmium Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.	3.09	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.42	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.54	2	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.04	1	0	diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	3.37	1	1	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.01	1	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	7.25	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	2.04	1	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.08	1	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	1.97	1	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	3.5	2	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.15	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
methyl demeton methyl mercaptophos: was MH 1972-91 (see under INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (1975-90, Prov 1972-74))	1.98	1	0
hexamethyldisiloxane dimethicone: a linear silicone; an ingredient of SIMETHICONE; lotion of dimeticone in a volatile silicone base has been used to treat LICE	5.49	5	3	organosiloxane
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	3.37	6	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
radon Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.	1.98	1	0	monoatomic radon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.8	3	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.99	4	0	cadmium coordination entity
calcium chlorate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	3.71	9	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium bromide ammonium bromide : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	2.31	1	0	ammonium salt; bromide salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
terbufos [no description available]	2.01	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organosulfur compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	3.18	5	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
3-carene 3-carene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.6	1	0	monoterpene
quinalphos quinalphos: RN given refers to cpd with locant for quinoxalinyl group in position 2; structure	3.62	9	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
3-phenoxybenzylalcohol (3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol bearing a phenoxy substituent at C-3. It is a metbaolite of the insecticide permethrin.	3.42	7	0	aromatic ether; benzyl alcohols	marine xenobiotic metabolite
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	1.96	1	0
chlorphoxim chlorphoxim: structure	2.65	3	0
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl	4.22	5	0	nereistoxin analogue insecticide
thiamphenicol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	3.08	5	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
hexafluorosilicate hexafluorosilicate: structure	3.37	1	1	silicon coordination entity
fluorides [no description available]	3.81	2	1	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
benomyl [no description available]	2.41	2	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	acaricide; anthelminthic drug; antifungal agrochemical; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
iodofenphos [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organic thiophosphate
isopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilate isopropyl 4,4'-dibromobenzilate: active substance in fumigant strips for mites	2.7	3	0
verbenone verbenone: platelet aggregation inhibitor; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2 and by methyl groups at positions 4, 6 and 6, and which contains a double bond between positions 3 and 4.. (S)-(-)-verbenone : A 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one in which both chiral centres have S configuration.	2.6	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; cyclic ketone; enone
oxadiazon oxadiazon: manufactured by the Societe Rhone-poulenc, France; structure	2.48	2	0	aromatic ether
iodine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
metribuzin metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.	1.99	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
octylguanidine octylguanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
formetanate formetanate: minor descriptor (72-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (72-85); RN given refers to parent cpd	2.99	4	0	carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	11.61	48	1	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	4.28	5	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	4.01	4	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
nonanal nonanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.02	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human metabolite; plant metabolite
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.11	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
d,d-t80-prallethrin d,d-T80-prallethrin: structure given in first source	5.94	31	0
pirimicarb pirimicarb: structure. pirimicarb : An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.	5.44	14	1	aminopyrimidine; carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	3.22	5	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.02	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
pronamide pronamide: structure. propyzamide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-amine. It is used as a systemic post-emergent herbicide for the control grass and broadleaf weeds in a wide range of in a wide variety of fruit and root crops.	2.52	2	0	benzamides; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound	agrochemical; herbicide
triazophos triazophos: structure	3.96	12	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.07	1	0
alkenes [no description available]	2.66	3	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	5.2	15	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	3.46	2	0
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.13	1	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2.37	2	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.04	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
pirimiphos methyl pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.	11.35	57	12	aminopyrimidine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
7-ethoxycoumarin 7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; coumarins
flubendazole flubendazole: the p-fluoro analog of mebendazole. flubendazole : A member of the class of mebendazole in which the benzoyl group is replaced by a p-fluorobenzoyl group. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; organofluorine compound	antinematodal drug; teratogenic agent
procymidone procymidone : An azabicycloalkane that is 1,5-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A fungicide widely used in horticulture as a seed dressing, pre-harvest spray or post-harvest dip for the control of various diseases.	3.13	5	0
amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.	5.36	54	0	formamidines; tertiary amino compound	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
u 40481 U 40481: RN given refers to parent cpd. N'-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-methylformamidine : A member of the class of formamidines that is N-methylimidoformamide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom has been replaced by a 2,4-dimethylphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the insecticide amitraz.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; formamidines	marine xenobiotic metabolite
substance p [no description available]	2.06	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.51	2	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
prothiophos prothiophos: caused hypoglycemia & reduced blood urea levels in rats; structure in first source; inhibits acetylcholinesterase. prothiofos : An organic thiophosphate that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ester of O-ethyl S-propyl dithiophosphoric acid.	2.46	2	0	dichlorobenzene; organic thiophosphate; organosulfur compound	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
diflubenzuron Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.	5.6	21	0	benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes	insect sterilant
sulprofos [no description available]	1.95	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organosulfur compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
enilconazole enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.	3.01	4	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
iprodione iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.	3.1	5	0	benzenes; dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; nematicide
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	1.97	1	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.01	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	2.04	1	0
agent orange Agent Orange: A herbicide that contains equal parts of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), as well as traces of the contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.	1.98	1	0
cyphenothrin cyphenothrin: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	5.67	18	1	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
3-phenoxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	3.69	9	0
pendimethalin pendimethalin : A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.	2.98	4	0	C-nitro compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide
profenofos [no description available]	4.18	16	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	1.98	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
oxyfluorofen oxyfluorofen: structure	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether	EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
triadimefon 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ether; hemiaminal ether; ketone; monochlorobenzenes; triazoles
vinclozolin vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.	3.28	6	0	dicarboximide; dichlorobenzene; olefinic compound; oxazolidinone
isoprothiolane isoprothiolane: structure given in first source. isoprothiolane : A malonate ester that is diisopropyl malonate in which the two methylene hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by a 1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene group. An insecticide and fungicide used to control a range of diseases including Pyricularia oryzae, Helminthosporium sigmoideum and Fusarium nivale.	2.6	1	0	dithiolanes; isopropyl ester; malonate ester	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; insecticide; phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.71	3	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	3.51	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
thidiazuron [no description available]	2.02	1	0	ureas
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	21.14	1,129	74	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	1.97	1	0
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	20.14	2,010	47	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties	3.72	10	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
metalaxyl metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.	3.02	4	0	alanine derivative; aromatic amide; carboxamide; ether; methyl ester
fenarimol fenarimol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenarimol. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the treatment of blackspot, mildew and rust in tomatoes, peppers and melons, but is not approved for use within the European Union.. (2-chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidin-5-ylmethanol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-chlorophenyl group while the other is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.42	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	3.84	10	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
acifluorfen [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; C-nitro compound; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	5.93	92	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
triflumuron triflumuron: insect growth inhibitor	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
butoconazole butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.	1.97	1	0	aryl sulfide; conazole antifungal drug; dichlorobenzene; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
cyromazine cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.8	7	1	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	mouse metabolite; triazine insecticide
flutolanil flutolanil : A member of the class of benzamides, obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3-(ispropyloxy)aniline. A fungicide used to control a range of pathogens especially Rhizoctonia spp. on rice, turf and other crops.	2.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; benzamides; benzanilide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.43	2	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
metazachlor metazachlor: alpha-chloroacetamide herbicide. metazachlor : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl and a (1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.17	1	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazoles	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
triclabendazole [no description available]	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether
buprofezin buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.	2.76	3	0	thiadiazinane; ureas
fluvalinate fluvalinate: RN given refers to 2-cyano isomer (DL)-isomer	7.34	79	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
haloxyfop haloxyfop: RN given refers to parent cpd. haloxyfop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of haloxyfop-P (the more active, R enantiomer) and (S)-haloxyfop (the less active enantiomer). A post-emergence herbicide used to control annual and perennial grass weeds. Commercial use of the racemate was phased out in favour of the most active enantiomer, used as the proherbicide esters haloxyfop-P-methyl and haloxyfop-P-etotyl.. 2-(4-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-phenoxypropanoic acid in which the hydrogen at the para position of the phenyl ring has been replaced by a [3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy group.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; pyridines
fluazifop-butyl fluazifop-butyl: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. fluazifop-butyl : A racemate that is the butyl ester of fluazifop. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control grass weeds in various broad-leaved crops.. butyl 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; organofluorine compound; pyridines
flucythrinate [no description available]	5.23	12	1
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.91	4	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2.7	3	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
sulfometuron methyl sulfometuron methyl: structure given in first source. sulfometuron methyl : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of 2-{[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl}benzoic acid.	1.97	1	0	benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea; pyrimidines	EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
metsulfuron methyl metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.	2.01	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	1.97	1	0
methyl bensulfuron methyl bensulfuron: RN given refers to parent cpds. bensulfuron-methyl : The methyl ester of bensulfuron. An acetolactate synthase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide for the control of a variety of both annual and perennial weeds in crops, particularly wheat and rice. It is not licensed for use within the UK.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; methyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; pyrimidines	agrochemical; EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; herbicide
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.03	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	3.92	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.38	2	0
metaldehyde metaldehyde: polymer of acetaldehyde. metaldehyde : A member of the class of tetroxocanes that is 1,3,5,7-tetroxocane which carries four methyl groups at positions 2,4,6 and 8. It is a potent molluscicide and the active ingredient in most slug pellets used for crop protection.	2.17	1	0	tetroxocane	fuel; molluscicide
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	2.1	1	0	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.93	4	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing	2.73	3	0
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.49	2	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
heptenophos heptenophos: structure	2.03	1	0	organochlorine compound; organophosphate insecticide; trialkyl phosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	4.94	35	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.46	2	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	4.11	3	1	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
allicin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	1.99	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
fluazuron fluazuron: a benzoyl phenylurea compound; ACATAK (tradename) is a pour-on tick development inhibitor containing fluazuron as its active ingredient. fluazuron : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a 3,6-difluorobenzoyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-chloro-3-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenyl group. It is used to control ticks in cattle.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; chloropyridine; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylurea; organochlorine acaricide; organofluorine acaricide; phenylureas	acaricide; mite growth regulator
hexaconazole 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.	2.51	2	0	dichlorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	chelator
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	1.96	1	0	phenanthroline
anthranil 2,1-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,2-oxazole ring across positions 3 and 4.	2.1	1	0	2,1-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	5.34	50	0	1,2,3-triazole
formamidine formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.	2.45	2	0	carboxamidine; formamidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
isocoumarins Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.	2	1	0	isocoumarins
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	benzodioxoles
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites	2.1	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; steroid sulfate	antineoplastic agent; estrogen
toltrazuril toltrazuril: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.06	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	2.03	1	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.6	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
4-nitroperbenzoic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	1.96	1	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.05	1	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
ethofenprox ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.	7.93	69	1	aromatic ether	pyrethroid ether insecticide
azamethiphos [no description available]	4.46	20	0	organic thiophosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
buparvaquone buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source	2	1	0
fluphenacur fluphenacur: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.55	5	1	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; N-acylurea; organofluorine compound
parvaquone parvaquone: structure given in first source	2	1	0
fenoxazoline fenoxazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0	alkylbenzene
efaroxan efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	1-benzofurans
lobaric acid lobaric acid: inhibits formation of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4; also reduces muscle contraction; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	carbonyl compound
prochloraz Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.	3.69	9	0	amide fungicide; aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazoles; trichlorobenzene; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
thifensulfuron methyl thifensulfuron methyl: structure in first source. thifensulfuron-methyl : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of thifensulfuron with methanol. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control of grass and broad-leaved weeds.	2.02	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; methyl ester; N-sulfonylurea; thiophenes	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.31	1	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
4-carboxybiphenyl ether 4-carboxybiphenyl ether: structure given in first source. 4-phenoxybenzoic acid : A phenoxybenzoic acid in which the phenoxy group is para to the carboxy group.	3.21	4	0	phenoxybenzoic acid
alpha-naphthyl butyrate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
sulfluramid sulfluramid: delayed-action insecticide against the cockroach Dyctyoptera; Blattelidae germanica. sulfluramid : A sulfonamide obtained by the formal condensation of perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid with ethylamine.	2.03	1	0	sulfonamide	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
6-chloronicotinic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	2.04	1	0
tetraconazole tetraconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-tetraconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of fungal infections including powdery mildew, rusts, bunt, loose smut and scab.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl group.	2.94	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; organofluorine compound; triazoles
tetramethrin tetramethrin: structure	7.37	85	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; maleimides; phthalimide insecticide	pyrethroid ester insecticide
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	3.56	8	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile fenbuconazole: fenbuconazole is a formulant in the fungicide Enable; structure in first source. fenbuconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenbuconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, black rot and scab.. 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-chloro-4-(3-phenylpropyl)benzene substituted at position 3 of the propyl moiety by cyano and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
difenoconazole difenoconazole : A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A broad spectrum fungicide with novel broad-range activity used as a spray or seed treatment. It is moderately toxic to humans, mammals, birds and most aquatic organisms.	2.96	4	0	aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dioxolane; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-chloro-n-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3-ethyl-1-methyl-1h-pyrazole-5-carboxamide [no description available]	3.15	5	0	pyrazole acaricide; pyrazole insecticide	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
fenazaquin fenazaquin: an experimental miticide	2	1	0	quinazolines	acaricide; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
cyprodinil cyprodinil: structure in first source. cyprodinil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidine that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional cyclopropyl and methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A broad spectrum fungicide used to control a range of pathogens including Tapesia yallundae, Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Rhynchospium secalis. Whilst it is a recognised irritant no serious human health concerns have been identified. It is moderately toxic to birds as well as most aquatic organisms and earthworms, but it is not considered toxic to honeybees.	2.06	1	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; cyclopropanes; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
bensultap [no description available]	2.42	2	0	nereistoxin analogue insecticide
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.41	1	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetyl methyl tetramethyl tetralin acetyl methyl tetramethyl tetralin: musk fragrance; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0	tetralins
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	9.48	4	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	10.71	71	7
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone 17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.11	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	2.07	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans
galaxolide galaxolide: musk fragrance; structure given in first source. galaxolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydrocyclopenta[g]isochromene substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 6, 7, 8 and 8 respectively. It is a synthetic musk used as a fragrance in cosmetics.	2.25	1	0	isochromenes; organic heterotricyclic compound	fragrance
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.06	1	0
gliquidone gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	1	0	isoquinolines
pretilachlor [no description available]	2.04	1	0	anilide
pyrimethanil pyrimethanil: structure in first source. pyrimethanil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6. A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.	2.81	3	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
bitertanol bitertanol: a triazole fungicide; structure given in first source. bitertanol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-bitertanol in a 4:1 ratio with the enantiomeric pair (1R,2R)- and (1S,2S)-bitertanol. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including scab, powder mildew, rusts and blackspot. It is moderately toxic to most animal and insect species but is non-toxic to honeybees.. 1-(biphenyl-4-yloxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O-1 by a biphenyl-4-yl group.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; biphenyls; secondary alcohol; triazoles
3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	6.48	16	1	organochlorine compound
penconazole penconazole: structure given in first source. penconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-penconazole. A fungicide used to control powdery mildew, scab and other pathogenic Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the classof triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl group.	2.79	3	0	dichlorobenzene; triazoles
fenpropidine fenpropidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]piperidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-isobutylpiperidine in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a p-tert-butylphenyl group.. fenpropidin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenpropidin. A systemic fungicide, it is used for the control of foliar diseases in cereals and sugar beet.	2.05	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine
chlorfluazuron chlorfluazuron: chitin synthesis inhibitor	2.94	4	0	benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine insecticide
teflubenzuron teflubenzuron: effective against development of house fly larvae (Musca domestica). teflubenzuron : A N-acylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide substituted by a 3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl group at the terminal nitrogen atom.	3.48	7	0	dichlorobenzene; difluorobenzene; N-acylurea	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
hexafluoron hexafluoron: insect growth regulator against mosquito larva; the active agent in Sonet, a Russian product, is hexaflumuron. hexaflumuron : An N-acylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, while a hycrogen attached to the other nitorgen is replaced by a 3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl group.	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; N-acylurea; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine insecticide
pyriproxyfen pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.	10.07	35	4	aromatic ether; pyridines	juvenile hormone mimic
pyridaben [no description available]	3.83	11	0	organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; pyridazinone	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
tebufenozide tebufenozide: structure given in first source. tebufenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.	3.42	7	0	carbohydrazide	ecdysone agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
chlorfenapyr chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.	13.78	137	7	hemiaminal ether; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide; pyrroles	proacaricide; proinsecticide
isometamidium chloride isometamidium chloride: Samorin & Veridium are tradenames	2.41	2	0	organic molecular entity
8-dodecenyl acetate 8-dodecenyl acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
fenpropimorph [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alkylbenzene
pyraclofos [no description available]	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organosulfur compound; organothiophosphate insecticide; pyrazoles	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
novaluron novaluron: insecticide	3.24	5	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
oxadiargyl oxadiargyl: an herbicide; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	2.25	1	0
ethyl-3-(n-n-butyl-n-acetyl)aminopropionate ethyl-3-(N-n-butyl-N-acetyl)aminopropionate: an insect repellent; structure in first source	3.86	3	0	acetamides; ethyl ester; tertiary carboxamide
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	3.08	5	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.01	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.4	2	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.42	2	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	5.28	10	0	organic thiophosphate
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
cyfluthrin cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.	12.42	259	6	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
methoxyfenozide methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.	3.31	6	0	carbohydrazide; monomethoxybenzene	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	5.17	41	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	2	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
indoxacarb indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.	4.63	25	0	methyl ester; organochlorine insecticide	voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
22-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.44	2	0	cholanoid
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.91	3	0	proanthocyanidin
deguelin deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; plant metabolite
parinaric acid parinaric acid: long-chain polyenoic fatty acid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. parinaric acid : An octadecatetraenoic acid containing a conjugated system of double bonds at positions 9, 11, 13 and 15.	1.96	1	0	octadecatetraenoic acid
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine: a potent agonst of metabotropic glutamate receptors	2	1	0	alpha-amino acid
1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea 1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	1.95	1	0
chrysanthemol chrysanthemol: a trans-eudesmane type sesquiterpene from flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L.; structure given in first source	2.73	3	0	cyclopropanes; homoallylic alcohol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	2.03	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
benzyloxyresorufin [no description available]	2.07	1	0
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	4.49	20	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.13	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydropicrotoxinin [no description available]	3.06	1	0
tenax tenax: porous polymer based on 2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide; used for trapping volatile organic compounds	3.81	10	0
hydroxysuccinimidyl-4-azidobenzoate N-(4-azidobenzoyloxy)succinimide: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
procyanidin b2 procyanidin B2 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine.	2.31	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite
phosphate-binding proteolipid phosphate-binding proteolipid: MW appx 3000; binds inorganic phosphate with high affinity & specificity; from rabbit kidney brush border membranes	2.01	1	0
diazene [no description available]	2.31	1	0	nitrogen hydride
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.05	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
picaridin picaridin: picaridin is the (R,S)-isomer; an insect repellent	4.05	4	0	carboxylic acid; piperidines
tiglic acid tiglic acid : A 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid having its double bond in trans-configuration.. 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid : A branched-chain fatty acid consisting of 2-butenoic acid having a methyl group at position 2.	2.15	1	0	2-methylbut-2-enoic acid	plant metabolite
n,n'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine N,N'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine: structure given in first source	2.6	1	0
pyrroxamycin pyrroxamycin: isolated from Streptomyces sp. S46506; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	benzodioxine
7-ethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
n-methylchlorphentermine N-methylchlorphentermine: structure given in first source	2.41	1	0
pomalidomide 3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
sk&f 100330-a SK&F 100330-A: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
dithiane dithiane: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	dithiane
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.73	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.81	3	0
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate: may also contain chlorocresol (UD 25:22R)	1.98	1	0
mn(iii) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(n-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
borneo Borneo: An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)	2.42	2	0	organofluorine acaricide
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	1.99	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.06	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.08	1	0
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.04	1	0	carbodiimide
t-cadinol T-cadinol: extract of scented myrrh; RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,4alpha,4aalpha,8abeta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/92; structure given in first source. tau-cadinol : A cadinane sesquiterpenoid that is cadin-4-ene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 10.	1.98	1	0	cadinane sesquiterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound; octahydronaphthalenes; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
ai 3-35765 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
nortilidine nortilidine: active metabolite of tilidine. (1R,2S)-nortilidine : An ethyl 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate that is ent-dextilidine in which one of the methyl groups attached to the nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen. ent-Dextilidine is metabolised to (1R,2S)-nortilidine by the liver.	2.03	1	0	ethyl 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate	drug metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
bioresmethrin bioresmethrin: RN given refers to (1R-trans)-isomer; structure	3.99	14	0	furans; resmethrin	pyrethroid ester insecticide
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	1.98	1	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
thiophosphoric acid thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0	phosphorothioic acid
o-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate: phosphonate ester substrate for nitrophenyl phosphatase; RN & N1 from CI Form Index; cpd not in Chemline 7/7/83	2.06	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.72	2	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.08	1	0
bifenazate bifenazate: an acaricide. bifenazate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 2-(4-methoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)hydrazinecarboxylic acid with 2-propanol.	2.69	2	0	carboxylic ester	acaricide
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.75	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
spirodiclofen spirodiclofen: an acaricide	2.49	2	0	dichlorobenzene; gamma-lactone; organochlorine acaricide; oxaspiro compound
3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid: urinary metabolite of insectiside, deltamethrin	3.19	5	0
4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1h-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile 4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile: a biocide and antifouling agent. tralopyril : A pyrrole resulting from the N-dealkylation of the ethoxymethyl group of chlorfenapyr. It is the active insecticide of the proinsecticide chlorfenapyr.	2.63	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organobromine compound; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide; pyrroles	acaricide; antifouling biocide; insecticide
2-nitrophenyl-egta 2-nitrophenyl-EGTA: a photolabile chelator that selectively binds Ca(2+) with high affinity & releases it rapidly upon photolysis; structure given in first source; azid-1 is a caged calcium in which a fluorescent calcium indicator, fura-2, has been modified with an azide substituent on the benzofuran 3-position	2.02	1	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	3.51	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
locustatachykinin i protein, locusta migratoria locustatachykinin I protein, Locusta migratoria: amino acid sequence given in first source; from extracts of brain complexes of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria; exhibits sequence homologies with the vertebrate tachykinins	1.99	1	0
locustatachykinin ii protein, locusta migratoria locustatachykinin II protein, Locusta migratoria: amino acid sequence given in first source; from extracts of brain complexes of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria; exhibits sequence homologies with the vertebrate tachykinins	2	1	0
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	3.18	5	0	anabasine
prizes acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.	4.94	32	0	carboxamidine; monochloropyridine; nitrile	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
n-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide: structure in first source. fenhexamid : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2,3-dichlorophenol.	2.15	1	0	anilide fungicide; aromatic amide; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.72 (methylsterol monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.05	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	1.96	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2	1	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
2-chlorobiphenyl 2-chlorobiphenyl: RN from Toxlit. 2-chlorobiphenyl : A monochlorobiphenyl carrying a single chloro substituent at position 2.. monochlorobiphenyl : A chlorobiphenyl carrying a single chloro substituent at unspecified position.. chlorobiphenyl : A chloroarene that consists of a biphenyl skeleton substituted by one or more chloro groups.	2.31	1	0	monochlorobiphenyl
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	2.69	3	0
sodium bromide sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.	2.46	2	0	bromide salt; inorganic sodium salt
calendula Calendula: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CAROTENOIDS, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE), flavonoids, mucilage, SAPONINS, and STEROLS. The plants are used both topically and internally. The common name of Marigold is also used for TAGETES.	2.11	1	0
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	1.97	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
tricaine tricaine: request from searcher; RN given refers to parent cpd. tricaine : A benzoate ester that is the ethyl ester of 3-aminobenzoic acid. Used (in the form of its methanesulfonate salt) as an anaesthetic for fish.. tricaine methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of tricaine with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. Used as an anaesthetic for fish.	2.05	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	general anaesthetic
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	6.25	6	1
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.07	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.17	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.79	3	0
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	3.8	11	0
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.25	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.25	1	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.41	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
theanine theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.	2.15	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine	geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	1.99	1	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.38	2	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
mannuronic acid mannuronic acid: hydrolysis product of alginic acids from ALGAE; has anti-inflammatory activity. D-mannopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-mannonic acid.	2.25	1	0	D-mannonic acid
nivalenol nivalenol: RN given refers to 3alpha,4beta,7alpha-isomer	1.98	1	0	trichothecene
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.46	2	0	cellotriose
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	2.43	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2.68	3	0
genipin [no description available]	2.6	1	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.41	1	0
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.01	1	0	tripeptide
valnemulin valnemulin: a pleuromutilin derivative	3.23	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.01	13	0	cyclodextrin
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	7.41	2	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.39	2	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.9	2	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.31	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.45	2	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.42	2	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	3.81	11	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.31	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.41	2	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
lycopene [no description available]	2.78	3	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	3.1	5	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.11	1	0
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.02	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.79	3	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.03	1	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
bis(2,3,3,3-tetrachloropropyl) ether bis(2,3,3,3-tetrachloropropyl) ether: structure	2.38	2	0
bisnortilidine bisnortilidine: active metabolite of tilidine; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (trans(+-)-isomer	2.03	1	0
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.08	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.21	1	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.58	2	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
anethole anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.	2.01	1	0	anethole	flavouring agent
geraniol [no description available]	2.82	3	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	1.95	1	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.48	5	1	isomethyleugenol
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	3.08	4	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2	1	0	stilbene
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	3.06	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.41	1	0	diphosphate ion
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.13	1	0	benzamides
transfluthrin transfluthrin: an insecticide. transfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol.	4.44	18	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester insecticide
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.83	11	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2.91	3	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
crotamiton [no description available]	8.84	15	2
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.07	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
loline loline: RN given from CAS Index Guide (1982-1986), p.1019G. loline : A loline alkaloid with formula C8H14N2O.	2.05	1	0	loline alkaloid; secondary amino compound
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.41	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	7.79	28	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.97	11	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
nootkatone nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).	2.31	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; enone; sesquiterpenoid	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.74	3	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
Jasmone jasmone: RN refers to (Z)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.59	2	0	cyclic ketone
8,10-dodecadien-1-ol 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol: isomer of coddling moth sex attractant; RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer, which is codlemone	2.72	3	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.45	2	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.21	1	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
safranine t safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.	2.13	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.01	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	3.51	1	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.55	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: is a nonaqueous ionic liquid	2.31	1	0
nadp [no description available]	1.96	1	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.25	1	0
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	3.17	4	0	dithiocarbamic acids
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	1.99	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.47	2	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.57	2	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.02	1	0	alkali metal atom
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.98	4	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.01	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	2.05	1	0	nitrogen oxide
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	5.18	8	0
thiophanate Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.	3.01	4	0	benzimidazole precursor fungicide; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; thioureas	antifungal drug
quinine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	3.59	7	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
nitenpyram nitenpyram: a nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source. (E)-nitenpyram : A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.. nitenpyram : A C-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine where one of the nitrogens bears ethyl and (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl while the other nitrogen carries a methyl group.	3.08	4	0	chloropyridyl insecticide; nitenpyram
diafenthiuron diafenthiuron: a pro-pesticide; inhibits mitochondrial ATPase in vitro and in vivo by its carbodiimide product. diafenthiuron : An aromatic ether that is 1,3-diisopropyl-5-phenoxybenzene in which the hydrogen atom at position 2 is substituted by a (tert-butylcarbamothioyl)nitrilo group. An agricultural proinsecticide which is used to control mites, aphids and whitefly in cotton.	2.61	2	0	aromatic ether; thiourea acaricide; thiourea insecticide	oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor; proinsecticide
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.06	1	0
2,3,4-tri-o-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate 2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer	2.1	1	0
thymic factor, circulating thymalin: see also thymarin	1.98	1	0
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2	1	0
epoxiconazole epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	2.55	2	0	epoxide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; triazoles
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.72	3	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
dimethyldithiocarbamate Dimethyldithiocarbamate: A chemical that acts as a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Its salts are agricultural fungicides. It is inferior to diethyldithiocarbamate as a chelating agent.. dimethyldithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	dithiocarbamate anions
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.43	2	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.92	4	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.43	2	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	3.16	5	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	1.97	1	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	4.15	14	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2 Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.11	1	0	ubiquinones
bilirubin [no description available]	2.68	3	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	3.15	5	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.08	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.6	1	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.02	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.08	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	1.98	1	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.07	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.8	3	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.31	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
pyrethrin i pyrethrin I: a naturally occurring pyrethrins; active constituent of pyrethrum flowers; 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(2,4-pentadienyl)- 2-cyclopenten-1-one ester of 2,2-dimethyl-3- (2-methylpropenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid; structure	3.99	13	0	pyrethrins
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	2.61	2	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.6	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	2.02	1	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
azadirachtin azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).	12.28	29	1	acetate ester; azadirachtin; cyclic hemiketal; enoate ester; epoxide; methyl ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	2.44	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
pyrethrosin pyrethrosin: structure	2.91	4	0	gamma-lactone
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2	1	0	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	2.11	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
diosmin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
quercetagetin quercetagetin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. quercetagetin : A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.1	1	0	flavonols; hexahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.07	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.07	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	14.93	723	20	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
hydramethylnon hydramethylnon: used as fire ant insecticide in southern USA; poorly absorbed by mammals & more than 95% is excreted unchanged in the feces. hydramethylnon : A member of the class of hydrazones that is used as an insecticide for control of ants and cockroaches.	3.12	5	0	hydramethylnon
metofluthrin (2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methoxymethylphenyl)methyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate: pyrethroid active against mosquitoes; metofluthrin is the (1R,3R)-isomer; structure in first source	4.89	7	1	carboxylic ester
10-nitro-9,12-octadecadienoic acid 10-nitro-9,12-octadecadienoic acid: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	nitro fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
11-ketotestosterone 11-ketotestosterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 11-oxotestosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is testosterone carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 11.	2.44	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.07	1	0
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2	1	0	hydrochloride
tetrachlorvinphos Tetrachlorvinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. It has low mammalian toxicity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.15	11	1	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	4.69	6	1	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.03	1	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	3.25	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.94	4	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.01	1	0	cyclodextrin
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	3.13	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
lacidipine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	3.11	5	0
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	2.72	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	2.01	1	0	piperazines
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	1.97	1	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
beta-farnesene beta-farnesene: structure given in first source	2.48	2	0	beta-farnesene
nerolidol nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.	2.6	1	0	nerolidol
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	3.86	11	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.88	3	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	1.98	1	0
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	1.97	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2	1	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.66	3	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	2.1	1	0	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.61	2	0	boron group element atom
triethyltin [no description available]	3.06	1	0
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.78	3	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	8.53	19	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
2-cyano-n-((ethylamino)carbonyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamide 2-cyano-N-((ethylamino)carbonyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
muscalure muscalure: sex sttractant pheromone of housefly with formula C24H48, alkene hydrocarbon; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified stereochemistry; structure	1.96	1	0	tricosene
musk musk: pure essence from secretion of preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus L.	2.03	1	0	macrolide
methoprene Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.	11.76	18	1	isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; isopropyl ester	juvenile hormone mimic
dicrotophos dicrotophos: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3	4	0	dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
monocrotophos Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	3.97	13	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid amide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
crotoxyphos crotoxyphos: structure	1.97	1	0	carboxylic ester
propetamphos [no description available]	3.38	7	0	isopropyl ester; organophosphate insecticide; phosphoramidate ester	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
zr-512 ethyl-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer. hydroprene : The ethyl ester of (2E,4E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoic acid	2.02	1	0	ethyl ester; farnesane sesquiterpenoid	juvenile hormone mimic
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	3.07	5	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	2.74	3	0	alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	1.97	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.53	2	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.5	2	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.97	4	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
dimethomorph dimethomorph: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (Z)-dimethomorph : An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of (2Z)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid with the amino group of morpholine. The agricultural fungicide dimethomorph is a mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.. dimethomorph : A mixture of (E)- and (Z)-dimethomorph in an unspecified ratio. It is used as a systemic fungicide used on vines, potatoes, and greenhouse crops; only the Z isomer has fungicidal activity.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; enamide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholine fungicide; tertiary carboxamide
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.41	1	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	2.72	2	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
flumethrin flumethrin: synthetic pyrethrin insecticide	11.5	123	23
bisabolol bisabolol: monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with strong bacteriocidal effects, especilly against M. Tuberc.; isolated from seed plant Populus tacamacaha; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric desigation	2.6	1	0
bromfenvinphos bromfenvinphos: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.39	2	0
kresoxim-methyl kresoxim-methyl: strobilurin analogue; an industrial fungicide. kresoxim-methyl : A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; oxime O-ether	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
thiodicarb [no description available]	3.08	5	0
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.01	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	6.69	43	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	3.93	11	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
cyhexatin cyhexatin: structure	2.02	1	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.06	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
triphenyltin hydroxide fentin hydroxide : An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a hydroxy group. A fungicide used to control a variety of infections including blight on potatoes, leaf spot on sugar beet and alternaria blight on carrots.	2.02	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	3.12	5	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	1.97	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
pyrachlostrobin pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.	3.36	6	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; carbanilate fungicide; methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
acrinathrin acrinathrin: structure in first source	4.12	15	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pumiliotoxin b pumiliotoxin B: saturated indolizidine alkaloid from skin of panamanian frog Dendrobates pumilio; see also records for pumiliotoxin A, pumiliotoxin C & pumiliotoxins	1.97	1	0
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	10.44	401	2	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cgp-56697 Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.	2.6	1	0
fenfluthrin fenfluthrin: synthetic pyrethroid used for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito vectors; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.08	5	0
rhinacanthin-c rhinacanthin-C: isolated from Rhinacanthus nasutus; structure in first source. rhinacanthin C : A naphthoquinone isolated from Rhinacanthus nasutus and has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity.	2.07	1	0
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	2.02	1	0	triterpenoid saponin
paclobutrazol paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.	2.25	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	2.25	1	0
androstane androstane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.15	1	0	steroid fundamental parent
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.4	2	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
fumagillin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
bay 44-4400 Bay 44-4400: a semisynthetic derivative of anthelminitic cyclodepsipeptide; PF1022A. emodepside : A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.	2.11	1	0	cyclooctadepsipeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antinematodal drug
leucyl-phenylalanine Leu-Phe : A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and L-phenylalanine residues.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.4	2	0	ammonium ion derivative
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.03	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
grayanotoxin i grayanotoxin I: RN given refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure. grayanotoxin I : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is grayanotoxane in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 14 is substituted by an acetoxy group and in which the 3beta-, 5-, 6beta-, 10-, and 16- positions are substituted by hydroxy groups.	2.41	2	0	acetate ester; pentol; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antihypertensive agent; metabolite; neuromuscular agent; phytotoxin
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.43	2	0
aldicarb Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.	3.51	8	0
phoxim phoxim: structure	4.87	32	0
chlorproguanil chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.01	1	0	dichlorobenzene
pymetrozine pymetrozine: an anti-feedant against aphids, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers. pymetrozine : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.	2.03	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; pyridines	antifeedant; environmental contaminant; TRPV channel modulator; xenobiotic
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	3.57	8	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
oxamyl oxamyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.92	4	0
metaflumizone metaflumizone: an insecticide	2.07	1	0	semicarbazone; stilbenoid
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.07	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
4-anisyltetrazolium blue tetrazolium blue : An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium blue(1+) as the counterion.	1.99	1	0	organic chloride salt	dye
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.04	4	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
biii 890 cl BIII 890 CL: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
spiromesifen spiromesifen: insecticide; structure in first source. spiromesifen : A butenolide that is but-2-en-4-olide bearing a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group at position 3, a 3,3-dimethylbutyryloxy group at position 4 and a spiro-fused cyclopentyl ring at position 5.	2.91	3	0	butenolide	insecticide
ethiprole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
zeolites [no description available]	2.77	3	0
bio 1211 BIO 1211: integrin alpha4beta1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
medigoxin spirotetramat: for the control of a broad spectrum of sucking insects; structure in first source. spirotetramat : An azaspiro compound that is methoxycyclohexane which is fused at position 4 to the 5-position of a 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one that is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by 2,5-dimethylphenyl and (ethoxycarbonyl)oxy groups, respectively (the cis isomer). It is a proinsecticide (via hydrolysis of the ethyl carbonate group to give the corresponding 4-hydroxypyrrol-2-one, "spirotetramat-enol") and is used for the control of a wide range of sucking insects on fruit and potato crops.	3.03	4	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.41	2	0
antillatoxin antillatoxin: a neurotoxic lipopeptide from marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula	2	1	0
tolfenpyrad tolfenpyrad: insecticide; structure in first source. tolfenpyrad : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-chloro-3-ethyl-1-methylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-methylphenoxy)phenyl]methylamine.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; pyrazole insecticide	agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
tribulus Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.	2.08	1	0
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	2.05	1	0
2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1h-indole 2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-indole: an imidazoline compound; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.84	3	0
7-aminoactinomycin d 7-aminoactinomycin D: staining reagent used in flow cytometry	2.02	1	0
hydrocortisone 21-butyrate hydrocortisone 21-butyrate: RN given for (11beta)-isomer: 6677-99-2; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
fenamidone fenamidone: a fungicide against downy mildew; structure in first source. fenamidone : A member of the class of imidazolones that is 3,5-dihydroimidazol-4-one substituted at position 2 by a methylthiogroup, at position 3 by an anilino group and at position 5 by phenyl and methyl groups (the S-enantiomer). A fungicide effective against Oomycete diseases such as downy mildew and certain leaf spot diseases.	2.06	1	0	carbohydrazide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolone; organic sulfide	antifungal agrochemical; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.8	3	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.01	1	0
mefenoxam metalaxyl-M : A methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate that is the more active R-enantiomer of metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.	2.25	1	0	acylamino acid fungicide; anilide fungicide; D-alanine derivative; methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate	agrochemical
kalkitoxin kalkitoxin: from marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula	2.02	1	0	fatty amide
flubendiamide flubendiamide: activates ryanodine-sensitive calcium release channels in insects; structure in first source	2.85	3	0	organofluorine insecticide	ryanodine receptor modulator
chlorantranilipole chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.	4.29	16	0	monochlorobenzenes; organobromine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyrazoles; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
picoxystrobin picoxystrobin: a fungicide. picoxystrobin : An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-3-methoxy-2-[2-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid. A cereal fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including brown rust, tan spot, powdery mildew and net blotch.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; organofluorine compound; pyridines	antifungal agrochemical; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
penthiopyrad penthiopyrad: a fungicide. penthiopyrad : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-penthiopyrad. Used to control rust and Rhizoctonia diseases and also shows activity against grey mould, powdery mildew and apple scab.. 1-methyl-N-[2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-thienyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)thiophen-3-amine.	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; thiophenes
s 1812 S 1812: represents dihalopropenyloxybenzene class of insecticides; effective on Lepidoptera & Thysanoptera pests	2	1	0	dichlorobenzene; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine insecticide
cyflumetofen cyflumetofen: acaricide; structure in first source. cyflumetofen : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-cyflumetofen. A proacaricide (via ester hydrolysis and subsequent decarboxylation), it is used to control phytophagous mites at all development stages in a variety of fruit crops. It acts as an inhibitor of complex II of mitochondrial electron transport chain.. 2-methoxyethyl 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-cyano-3-oxo-3-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propanoate : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by o-trifluoromethylbenzoyl, p-tert-butylphenyl, and (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl groups.	3.08	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 2-methoxyethyl ester; beta-ketoester; nitrile
2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl (z)-(1rs)-cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl (Z)-(1RS)-cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate: used as an insecticide agent. (Z)-(1S)-cis-tefluthrin : A 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl 3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.	5.22	14	0	2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl 3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	4.72	26	0	emamectins
cyantraniliprole cyantraniliprole: an insecticide; structure in first source. cyantraniliprole : A carboxamide that is chlorantraniliprole in which the chlorine atom attached to the phenyl ring has been replaced by a cyano group. A ryanodine receptor agonist, it is used as insecticide for the control of whitefly, thrips, aphids, fruitflies, and fruit worms in crops such as onions, potatoes and tomatoes. It is highly toxic to honeybees.	3.25	5	0	nitrile; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2.21	1	0
chlorophyll b [no description available]	2.07	1	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	3.77	11	0
doramectin [no description available]	3.13	5	0	macrolide
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	2.4	2	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	13.8	145	5
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.41	2	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.37	2	0
ent-dextilidine Tilidine: An opioid analgesic used similarly to MORPHINE in the control of moderate to severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1097). ent-dextilidine : An ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate that has R configuration at the carbon bearing the phenyl group and S configuration at the carbon bearing the dimethylamino group. It is the enantiomer of dextilidine; the opioid analgesic tilidine is the racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextilidine and ent-dextilidine.. tilidine : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of the two trans diastereoisomers of ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate, namely dextilidine and ent-dextilidine. It is used (commonly as the hydrochloride hemihydrate) as an opioid analgesic for the management of moderate to severe pain. A prodrug, it is metabolised in the body to nortilidine, which is responsible for the analgesic activity; virtually all of the opioid activity resides in the (1S,2R) isomer.	2.03	1	0	ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	5.85	12	2
cismethrin cismethrin: RN given refers to (1R-cis)-isomer	4.57	26	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.62	9	0
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	1.96	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	4.24	17	0
physalaemin Physalaemin: An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.	2	1	0
bioallethrin bioallethrin: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha(S*),3beta))-isomer; see also record for ALLETHRIN which is cpd without isomeric designation. bioallethrin : A partly enantiopure variant of allethrin consisting of a mixture of two allethrin isomers (1R,trans;1R and 1R,trans;1S) in an approximate ratio of 1:1. Widely registered mosquito adulticide and spatial repellent. Bioallethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as a pesticide against household pest insects such as mosquitoes, houseflies and cockroaches.	4.36	20	0	allethrin; trans-allethrin
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	2.13	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.41	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.14	5	0
gr 82334 GR 82334: tachykinin NK-1 receptor antagonist	2	1	0
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	1.98	1	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.38	2	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	2.4	2	0	peptide hormone
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.31	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.94	4	0	glycoside
sodium borate borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.	1.96	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.67	3	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
kn 92 KN 92: KN 93 isomer; a calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II inhibitor;	2.02	1	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	3.87	12	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for tributylin: 688-73-3	1.97	1	0	inorganic molecular entity
phentin acetate phentin acetate: see also triphenyltin hydroxide.; structure. fentin acetate : An organotin compound that is the O-acetyl derivative of triphenyltin hydroxide. A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.	2.01	1	0	acetate ester; organotin compound	antifungal agrochemical
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	2.02	1	0	organotin acaricide
sulfoxaflor sulfoxaflor: insecticide targeting sap-feeding pests; structure in first source. sulfoxaflor : A mixture of the four diastereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres of [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide (the sulfur atom and the carbon attached to position 3 of the pyridine ring). [Both E- and Z-isomers involving the S=N double bond and the cyano group exist, but they interconvert rapidly at r.t.]. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist in insects, sulfoxaflor is used as an insecticide, particularly for the control of aphids.. [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.	3.16	4	0	nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoximide
flupyradifurone flupyradifurone: has insecticidal activity; structure in first source. flupyradifurone : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which the nitrogens have been replaced by (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, and 5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl groups, respectively. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist, it is used as an insecticide to control sucking pests in a variety of crops.	2.21	1	0	butenolide; enamine; monochloropyridine; organofluorine insecticide; tertiary amino compound	insecticide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.59	2	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.49	2	0
n-methylcarbamate N-methylcarbamate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	amino-acid anion
chitosan [no description available]	3.54	7	0
tralomethrin tralomethrin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. tralomethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between (1R)-cis-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1,2,2,2-tetrabromoethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of (2S)-hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.	3.8	11	0
tanshinone ii a sodium sulfonate tanshinone II A sodium sulfonate: has cardioprotective activity; water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A; isolated from Salvia militiorrhiza; relieves anginal pain; structure	2.25	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.11	1	0
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	3.75	3	0
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	4.68	9	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	2.03	1	0
pervanadate pervanadate: from a mixture of orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide	2.04	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2.63	2	0
afoxolaner afoxolaner: an oral, chewable insecticide-acaricide to control fleas and ticks in dogs	3.5	1	1
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	1.96	1	0
inositol 1,4-bis(phosphate) inositol 1,4-bis(phosphate): induced in human platelets by thrombin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate(4-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.	1.99	1	0
phosphinothricin phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.	2.93	3	0	organic anion
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	4.99	12	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.57	2	0
tilmicosin tilmicosin: semi-synthetic antibiotic. tilmicosin : A macrolide antibiotic with formula C46H80N2O13. It is used for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica.	1.99	1	0
tylosin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
cinerin a cinerin A: isolated from Pleurothyrium cinereum; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.03	1	0
endrin Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.	4.17	5	0
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.13	1	0
spinetoram spinetoram: a second-generation spinosyn; insecticide	3.68	8	0	organic molecular entity
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.07	1	0
trifloxystrobin trifloxystrobin : The methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino)[2-({[(E)-{1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino]oxy}methyl)phenyl]acetic acid. A foliar applied fungicide for cereals which is particularly active against Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Oomycetes	2.17	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	4.71	27	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	1.99	1	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	1.99	1	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	4.1	3	1
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	2.1	1	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.51	2	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.44	7	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
snx 230 omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.44	2	0
toxin ii (anemonia sulcata) toxin II (Anemonia sulcata): toxic polypeptide closely related to anthopleurin A with potent cardiac stimulant activity from Anemonia sulcata; do not confuse with altertoxin II which is also abbreviated ATX II	2.4	2	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.68	3	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.81	3	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.44	2	0
brevetoxin brevetoxin: from Ptychodiscus brevis	2.68	3	0
bismuth oxybromide bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation	2.1	1	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	2.03	1	0
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	2.68	3	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	3.96	13	0	ketal
cycloxaprid cycloxaprid: a neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
maysin maysin: structure in first source. maysin : A flavone C-glycoside that is luteolin attached to a disaccharide residue at position 6. It has been isolated from natural product Petrorhagia velutina and Zea mays and exhibits insecticidal and neuroprotective activities.	2.01	1	0	disaccharide derivative; flavone C-glycoside; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetrahydroxyflavone	insecticide; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	2.15	1	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.02	1	0
i-antigen I-antigen: used as a marker for well-differentiated leukemia cells; carbohydrate structure of immunodominant epitope is Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3R which is very similar to that of sialyl SSEA-1	2.08	1	0
mancozeb dithane M-45: coordination product of zinc ion & manganese ethylene bis dithiocarbamate	1.97	1	0
ferbam ferbam: structure. ferbam : A dithiocarbamate salt that is the iron(III) salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. Formerly used as a fungicide.	2	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	3.32	6	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	2.97	4	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
n-(2-ethylhexyl)-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxamide N-(2-ethylhexyl)-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxamide: constituent of insecticide WC Insect Finish	2.91	4	0
diospyros Diospyros: A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.	2.57	2	0
gibberellins [no description available]	2.05	1	0
aldrin Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.	3.1	5	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.93	4	0
moxidectin moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity	3.28	6	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	4.37	20	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	4.69	6	1
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	5.21	47	0
tautomycin tautomycin: an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A; isolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus; MF: C42-H70-O12; exists as a tautomeric mixture in solution	2.41	2	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	3.47	8	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	4.99	8	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	3.29	6	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.41	1	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
pralidoxime pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.	2.21	1	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	2	1	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.04	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.45	2	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	4.99	8	1	guanosines	biomarker
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	11.83	192	19	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	4.56	20	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
batrachotoxinin a 20-alpha-benzoate [no description available]	2.38	2	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	4.22	16	0
eye [no description available]	2.39	2	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.09	5	0
chlorotoxin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	3.14	5	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.39	2	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	1.98	1	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.29	6	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.25	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Insect Bites [description not available]	16.09	116	7
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	22.4	753	95
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	16.09	116	7
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	22.4	753	95
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	12.48	196	3
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	9.66	82	6
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	9.66	82	6
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	8.89	63	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	6.44	39	1
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	8.26	35	1
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	8.26	35	1
Arbovirus Infections Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.	3.36	5	0
Black Fever [description not available]	11.53	59	10
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	11.53	59	10
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	11.33	151	19
Canine Diseases [description not available]	11.76	79	19
Palsy [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	9.38	30	8
Tick Paralysis Paralysis caused by a neurotropic toxin secreted by the salivary glands of ticks.	3.83	2	1
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	4.1	3	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	4.36	5	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	9.86	84	3
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	9.86	84	3
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	3.88	3	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.96	3	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.96	3	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	10.32	155	17
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	8.02	28	2
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	8.02	28	2
Pediculosis [description not available]	15.19	201	37
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	15.19	201	37
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	11.5	88	24
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	11.5	88	24
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	2.66	2	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	6.16	29	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	3.73	9	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	3.8	10	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	3.73	9	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	5.22	11	1
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	5.22	11	1
ADDH [description not available]	6.02	11	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	8.43	78	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	6.02	11	0
Mosquito Borne Diseases [description not available]	3.49	5	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	6.57	27	2
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever [description not available]	5.37	21	0
West Nile Fever A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)	5.37	21	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	6.87	11	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	6.87	11	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	4.55	9	0
Exanthem [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	4.55	9	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	3.14	5	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	2.6	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	2.6	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	2.6	1	0
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	10.94	98	9
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	6.37	10	0
Autism [description not available]	5.6	5	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	5.6	5	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.44	17	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.44	17	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.41	1	0
Acariasis [description not available]	8.33	59	6
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	3.23	6	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.53	7	0
Body-Weight Trajectory A general pattern of body weight gain or loss over many years. Weight change trajectory is influenced by several determinants in children and adults.	2.41	1	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	8.5	28	2
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	8.5	28	2
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.41	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.63	5	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	4.63	5	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	2.85	3	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	4.24	6	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	4.62	9	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	4.62	9	0
Hypospadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.	2.41	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.79	3	0
Black Death [description not available]	5.66	17	1
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	4.34	19	0
Flea Infestations Parasitic attack by members of the order SIPHONAPTERA.	7.64	25	6
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	5.66	17	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	3.16	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	3.16	3	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.83	3	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	3.57	8	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	3.51	2	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	3.51	2	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	12.56	38	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	6.75	12	2
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	6.75	12	2
Injuries, Prenatal [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.6	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	4.84	4	1
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	2.41	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	2.9	2	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.72	2	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	4.41	21	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	5.63	12	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	5.63	12	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	3.52	4	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	3.52	4	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	2.6	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	4.58	5	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	4.58	5	1
Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.	3.52	6	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	3.31	6	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	5.8	31	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	5.8	31	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	2.85	3	0
Emesis [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	2.7	3	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	3.64	2	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	3.64	2	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.6	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	3.01	3	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	14.75	98	8
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	14.75	98	8
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	2.76	2	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	3.52	1	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	6.1	6	2
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	3.69	9	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	3.69	9	0
Blue Tongue [description not available]	4	13	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	11.5	47	7
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	4.34	19	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	2.25	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	8.25	99	1
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	2.54	2	0
Vascular Malformations A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.	2.25	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	3.99	4	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	3.99	4	0
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	4.52	9	0
E chaffeensis Infection [description not available]	4.36	4	1
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	4.52	9	0
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	6.94	9	1
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	6.94	9	1
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	3.09	5	0
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	2.88	3	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	8.3	106	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.69	2	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.25	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.25	1	0
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	2.25	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.26	14	3
Infection [description not available]	3.79	3	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	3.79	3	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.61	2	0
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	7.17	18	1
Recrudescence [description not available]	6.56	10	2
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.74	3	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	2.63	2	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	7.72	27	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	4.22	17	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.25	1	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.25	1	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	3.65	9	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	5.07	3	1
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	5	9	1
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.31	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.25	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	2.86	3	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	4.51	9	0
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	2.52	2	0
Infections, Tick-Borne [description not available]	7.09	10	2
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	3.62	8	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	4.3	6	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	4.3	6	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Congenital Nystagmus [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	2.31	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.23	5	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	3.23	5	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.59	2	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	2.63	2	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	2.74	3	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.97	13	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.97	13	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.79	3	0
Itching [description not available]	6.94	10	1
Angiitis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	6.94	10	1
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.15	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.15	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.74	3	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	4.94	14	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	4.94	14	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	3.52	8	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	4.13	3	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	4.13	3	0
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	2.15	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	3.06	1	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	2.55	2	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2.15	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	4.2	6	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.15	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.68	3	0
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	3.74	10	0
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	3.74	10	0
Bites [description not available]	7.11	12	1
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	3.09	1	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	5.02	9	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	2.17	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	2.17	1	0
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.	2.17	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	3.56	1	1
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	2.17	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	5.05	16	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	5.05	16	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.17	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	4.34	4	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	3.24	6	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	4.34	4	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.21	1	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	3.84	4	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	2.21	1	0
Tachypnea Increased RESPIRATORY RATE.	2.21	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	4.9	35	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.81	3	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	2.68	3	0
Congo Virus Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bartonella bacilliformis Infection [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.21	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	4.77	7	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.21	1	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.42	2	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.53	2	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	6.97	14	6
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	6.97	14	6
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.94	4	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.21	1	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	4.3	19	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	4.71	11	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	2.73	3	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.46	2	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	2.1	1	0
Peliosis Hepatis A vascular disease of the LIVER characterized by the occurrence of multiple blood-filled CYSTS or cavities. The cysts are lined with ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; the cavities lined with hepatic parenchymal cells (HEPATOCYTES). Peliosis hepatis has been associated with use of anabolic steroids (ANABOLIC AGENTS) and certain drugs.	2.1	1	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	2.08	1	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	4.43	2	2
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	4.51	8	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	5.68	19	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	4.51	8	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	5.68	19	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	2.08	1	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	2.4	2	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	3.09	5	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.91	4	0
Trypanosomiasis, Bovine Infection in cattle caused by various species of trypanosomes.	5.82	22	1
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	3.42	2	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.1	1	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	3.51	8	0
Diathesis [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.08	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.08	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	2.07	1	0
Disomy, Uniparental [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	3.58	3	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	1.92	1	0
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	2.1	1	0
Gonadal Agenesis The complete failure of gonadal development.	2.1	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	3.87	4	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	3.87	4	0
Avian Flu [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	2.1	1	0
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	2.5	2	0
Corridor Disease [description not available]	5.05	5	2
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	4.23	17	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.43	2	0
Bleeding [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	2.74	3	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	6.03	10	3
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.46	2	0
Fetal Macrosomia A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.	2.11	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.42	7	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	3.51	8	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.95	4	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	2.11	1	0
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	2.11	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	2.42	2	0
Habronemiasis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
African Horse Sickness An insect-borne reovirus infection of horses, mules and donkeys in Africa and the Middle East; characterized by pulmonary edema, cardiac involvement, and edema of the head and neck.	2.74	3	0
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	2.11	1	0
Tick Bites The effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bites of TICKS.	3.51	1	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.76	3	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.97	4	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	2.13	1	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	2.48	2	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	2.13	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.13	1	0
Facial Palsy [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.13	1	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	2.43	2	0
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2.15	1	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	2.13	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	2.15	1	0
Brazilian Spotted Fever [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever An acute febrile illness caused by RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII. It is transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks and occurs only in North and South America. Characteristics include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness.	2.13	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.13	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	2.15	1	0
Rift Valley Fever An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.	2.13	1	0
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	2.96	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	9.41	60	7
Infections, Rhabdoviridae [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	2.05	1	0
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Severe Dengue A virulent form of dengue characterized by THROMBOCYTOPENIA and an increase in vascular permeability (grades I and II) and distinguished by a positive pain test (e.g., TOURNIQUET PAIN TEST). When accompanied by SHOCK (grades III and IV), it is called dengue shock syndrome.	2.42	2	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Setariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus Setaria. This condition is usually seen in cattle and equines and is of little pathogenic significance, although migration of the worm to the eye may lead to blindness.	3.43	1	1
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	3.43	1	1
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	3.35	7	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	2.7	3	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	3.43	1	1
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	2.05	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	2.05	1	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	3.69	10	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	3.69	10	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Delayed Puberty [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	2.94	4	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	2.05	1	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	2.05	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	2.05	1	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.05	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	2.05	1	0
Cardiac Sinus Arrest [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.05	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.05	1	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Athetoid Movements [description not available]	3.82	4	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	3.59	3	0
Fibroid [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.47	2	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	2.47	2	0
Alpha Virus Infections [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	2.41	2	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.46	2	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	3.34	2	0
Suffocation [description not available]	8.44	1	1
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	3.44	1	1
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Anton Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	3.08	5	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Abnormalities, Musculoskeletal [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.05	1	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.45	2	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.06	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.06	1	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	2.07	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.68	3	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.06	1	0
Euglenozoa Infections Infections with the protozoa of the phylum EUGLENOZOA.	2.07	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	6.17	7	1
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	3.46	1	1
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	2.08	1	0
Ageusia Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by OLFACTION DISORDERS.	2.07	1	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Angiomatosis, Bacillary A reactive vascular proliferation that is characterized by the multiple tumor-like lesions in skin, bone, brain, and other organs. Bacillary angiomatosis is caused by infection with gram-negative Bartonella bacilli (such as BARTONELLA HENSELAE), and is often seen in AIDS patients and other IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS.	2.08	1	0
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	3.39	1	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	2.69	3	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.41	2	0
Heartwater Disease A tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM.	2.92	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	2.92	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	2.69	3	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Parasitic Skin Diseases [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	1.93	1	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	1.93	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	1.94	1	0
Maggot Infestations [description not available]	4.76	7	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	4.09	3	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	4.09	3	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.02	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	2.02	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.41	2	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	3.1	5	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	1.96	1	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.02	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.02	1	0
Lordosis The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).	2.03	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.03	1	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	3.82	2	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.4	2	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.42	2	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	5.81	6	4
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	2.4	2	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	7.71	3	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	2.43	2	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	2.03	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.03	1	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	2.03	1	0
Hives [description not available]	4.31	4	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	4.31	4	0
Envenomation, Scorpion [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Coronary Vessel Anomalies Malformations of CORONARY VESSELS, either arteries or veins. Included are anomalous origins of coronary arteries; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; CORONARY ANEURYSM; MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING; and others.	2.03	1	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	2.95	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.95	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	2.03	1	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	2.03	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	2.04	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.04	1	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	1.96	1	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	1.96	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.88	4	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	2.36	2	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	1.96	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	7.38	15	2
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.96	1	0
Hypodermyiasis Infestation with larvae of the genus Hypoderma, the warble fly.	1.96	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Infections, Rickettsiaceae [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	3.28	2	0
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.	2.37	2	0
Diaphragmatic Paralysis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	2.37	2	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	1.98	1	0
Chemical Sensitivities, Multiple [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Gulf War Syndrome [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Persian Gulf Syndrome Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)	2.68	3	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	3.77	2	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	2.9	1	0
Chromosome Inversion An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.	2.39	2	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	3.59	3	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.9	1	0
Infections, Rickettsia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	1.98	1	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	1.98	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Sycosis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.4	2	0
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	2.4	2	0
Pemphigoid [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	1.98	1	0
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.	1.98	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	3.37	1	1
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	1.98	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	1.98	1	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	1.98	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	2.39	2	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	1.98	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	1.98	1	0
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	3.37	1	1
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Burning Mouth Syndrome A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.	1.98	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	1.98	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	4.7	2	1
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	3.78	2	1
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	1.99	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	1.99	1	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	1.98	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	1.99	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	1.99	1	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	1.99	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	1.99	1	0
Brucella Infection [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	1.99	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	1.99	1	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Anaplasma Infection [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	2.38	2	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	1.99	1	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	1.99	1	0
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	1.99	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	4.06	3	1
Egyptian Ophthalmia [description not available]	2	1	0
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris [description not available]	2	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2	1	0
Infections, Togaviridae [description not available]	2	1	0
Histiocytosis General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.	2	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	2	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.39	2	0
Pappataci Fever [description not available]	2	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2	1	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2	1	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2	1	0
Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	2	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
Acantholysis Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.	2	1	0
Enterobiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ENTEROBIUS; E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification.	2	1	0
Ache [description not available]	2	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	2	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2	1	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2	1	0
Acanthocheilonema perstans Infection [description not available]	2	1	0
Mansonelliasis Infection with nematodes of the genus MANSONELLA. Symptoms include pruritus, headache, and articular swelling.	2	1	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	2	1	0
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	2.01	1	0
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	1.98	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bowel Incontinence [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	1.98	1	0
Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.	1.98	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	1.98	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	1.98	1	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	1.98	1	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	1.98	1	0
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	2.38	2	0
Drooling [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	3.29	2	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	3.07	5	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	2.38	2	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.97	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	1.97	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	1.97	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	1.97	1	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	1.96	1	0
Genetic Non-Disjunction [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Chromosomes, Ring [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	1.97	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	2.37	2	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.37	2	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	1.97	1	0
Trichostrongyloidiasis Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.	1.97	1	0

pyrethrins

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pyrethrins

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Cross-References

Synonyms (2)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (9,190)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 43.83

Study Types

Related Drugs (1,201)

Related Conditions (710)