Page last updated: 2024-09-28

Alexia

A cognitive disorder characterized by an impaired ability to comprehend written and printed words or phrases despite intact vision. This condition may be developmental or acquired. Developmental dyslexia is marked by reading achievement that falls substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. The disturbance in reading significantly interferes with academic achievement or with activities of daily living that require reading skills. (From DSM-IV)

Synonyms(8)

Synonym
Dyslexia, Developmental
Word Blindness
Reading Disability, Developmental
Dyslexia
Reading Disorder
Alexia
Reading Disorder, Developmental
Developmental Reading Disorder

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Dyslexia is conceptualized as resulting from an ego deficit in language processing; this deficit is seen as contributing to the ADHD-type symptoms often seen in dyslexic children."( Migden, S, 1998)
"Dyslexia is a language disorder in which reading ability is compromised because of poor phonologic skills."( Abbott, RD; Berninger, VW; Corina, D; Dager, SR; Echelard, DR; Maravilla, KR; Marro, K; Richards, TL; Serafini, S; Steury, K, 2000)
"Neglect dyslexia is a reading disorder which affects the identification of portions of words or sentences and is typically due to right-brain damage."( Savazzi, S, 2003)
"Developmental dyslexia is a specific disorder of reading acquisition characterized by a phonological core deficit."( Brandeis, D; Brem, S; Bucher, K; Martin, E; Maurer, U; Schulz, E; van der Mark, S, 2008)
"Although dyslexia is widely diagnosed and affects a very important portion of the childhood population, a conceptual definition of the condition is still lacking."( Artigas-Pallarés, J, 2009)
"Developmental dyslexia is a highly prevalent and specific disorder of reading acquisition characterised by impaired reading fluency and comprehension."( Brandeis, D; Brem, S; Bucher, K; Martin, E; Maurer, U; Schulz, E; van der Mark, S, 2009)
"Dyslexia is a condition characterized by difficulty of reading given adequate intelligence and educational opportunities, primarily associated with a phonological processing deficit."( Beneventi, H; Ersland, L; Hugdahl, K; Tønnessen, FE, 2010)
"Dyslexia is one of the common problems seen in children worldwide."( Mehta, M; Pattanayak, RD; Sagar, R; Sharma, P, 2018)
"Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests as a reading disability despite normal intelligence and adequate educational opportunity."( Devasenapathy, S; Mehta, A; Midha, R; Naskar, T; Prajapati, B; Sagar, R; Singh, NC; Sinha, S; Ummekulsum, M, 2018)
"Dyslexia is a neurobiological impairment that primarily affects reading ability."( Dzalani, H; Mahadir, A; Norhayati, I; Normah, CD; Nurul Anis, MY; Rogayah, AR, 2018)
"Dyslexia is a common neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a significant genetic component."( Dholakia, K; Ewart, JY; Gasparoli, F; Gostic, M; Martinelli, A; Paracchini, S; Sillar, KT; Tello, JA; Tucker, C; Yang, Z, 2019)
"Dyslexia is a common learning disorder that renders children susceptible to poor health outcomes and many elements of socioeconomic difficulty."( Gaab, N; Ness, M; Petscher, Y; Rappaport, L; Sanfilippo, J; Zuckerman, B, 2020)

Context

ExcerptReference
"Children with dyslexia have difficulty learning to recognize written words owing to subtle deficits in oral language related to processing sounds and accessing words automatically."( Abbott, RD; Berninger, VW; Corina, D; Craft, S; Dager, SR; Hayes, CE; Heide, AC; Posse, S; Richards, TL; Serafini, S; Shaw, D; Steury, K; Strauss, W, 1999)
"As dyslexia has a partial genetic basis, the PAF hypothesis predicts that dyslexia may be negatively associated with a family history of cancer."( Taylor, KE, 2004)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"Children without dyslexia (n=10) received nonphonological treatment, and those with dyslexia received phonological (n=11) or nonphonological (n=9) treatment."( Berninger, V; Maravilla, K; Muse, A; Richards, T; Stock, P; Wagner, R; Winn, W, 2007)
"The atomoxetine-treated dyslexia-only subjects significantly improved from baseline to week 32 on ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv Inattentive subscale, K-SCT Parent and Teacher subscales, and WMTB-C Phonological Loop and Central Executive component scores."( Dunn, D; Hooper, SR; McBurnett, K; Shaywitz, B; Shaywitz, S; Wietecha, L; Wigal, SB; Williams, D, 2013)
"Atomoxetine-treated dyslexia-only patients compared with placebo patients had significantly greater improvement (p < 0."( Hooper, SR; Kronenberger, WG; McBurnett, K; Shaywitz, B; Shaywitz, S; Wietecha, L; Wigal, S; Williams, D, 2017)

Research

Studies (264)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-199098 (37.12)23.3326
1990's21 (7.95)12.5806
2000's59 (22.35)18.1394
2010's70 (26.52)28.8240
2020's16 (6.06)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
gamma-aminobutyric acid0low30
choline0low50
creatine0low20
lactic acid0medium21
iodine0low30
melatonin0low10
niacin0low10
uric acid0low10
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate0low10
phenytoin0low10
amantadine0low10
caffeine0low10
chlordiazepoxide0low10
amphetamine0low20
diazepam0medium21
fluphenazine0low10
flumazenil0low10
guanfacine0medium11
haloperidol0low10
lidocaine0low10
imipramine0low30
iofetamine0low10
meclizine0medium21
methylphenidate0medium269
nitrazepam0medium22
pemoline0low20
phenobarbital0low10
piracetam0medium1815
prilocaine0low10
thioridazine0low10
dextroamphetamine0low20
idoxuridine0low10
aspartic acid0low50
glutamine0low10
tyrosine0low10
phenylalanine0low20
histidine0low10
ethylene oxide0low10
propylene oxide0low10
cyclizine0low10
methylprednisolone0low10
penicillin v0low10
dimenhydrinate0low10
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol0low10
acetylcysteine0low20
hydroxyethyl methacrylate0low10
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate0low70
pimozide0low10
manganese0low10
cadmium0low20
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous0medium31
4-methoxyamphetamine0low10
glutamic acid0low20
propiconazole0low20
fomesafen0medium51
fenoxycarb0low50
atomoxetine hydrochloride0medium55
n-acetylaspartic acid0low50
xenon radioisotopes0low10
fluorodeoxyglucose f180low20
nicotine0low10
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine0low20
deoxyglucose0low10
carnosine0medium11
oxytocin0medium11
inositol 3-phosphate0low10
arachidonic acid0low10
cocaine0low10
eicosapentaenoic acid0medium11
isomethyleugenol0low10
digoxin0medium21
nitrogen dioxide0low10
bilirubin0low10
gamma-linolenic acid0low10
lead0low50
cysteine0low10
phosphorus0low10
selenium0low10
dolichols0medium11
ro 25-69810low10
psd 5020low10
sb 2049900low10
lactulose0low10
indocyanine green0low10
enerbol0low10
jaw0low10
nad0low10
ubiquinone0medium11
ro13-99040low10
sodium ethylxanthate0low30
piperidines0low10
exudates0low30
acyclovir0low10
eye0low200
ego0low40
technetium tc 99m bicisate0low10

Protein Targets (891)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE130013
Chain A, Cruzipain4004
regulator of G-protein signaling 4160016
Platelet-activating factor receptor0202
Inositol monophosphatase 18008
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2280028
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1120012
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 16006
D(1A) dopamine receptor120012
lamin isoform A-delta10160016
Glutamate receptor 10314
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 010114
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 30303
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A 010114
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B010114
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C010114
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D010114
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B010114
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A010114
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase160016
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C09312
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A09312
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A016420
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B09312
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0538
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F0538
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B09312
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60235
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter014216
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0618
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 0437
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0235
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B0235
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0235
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 0235
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0235
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A3003
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase5005
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q14004
acetylcholinesterase9009
dopamine D1 receptor1001
15-lipoxygenase, partial5005
pregnane X receptor4004
phosphopantetheinyl transferase130013
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma190019
USP1 protein, partial120012
NFKB1 protein, partial5005
Microtubule-associated protein tau110011
Thrombopoietin4004
AR protein290029
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]140014
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1210021
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha120012
farnesoid X nuclear receptor100010
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha270027
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor120012
arylsulfatase A160016
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a9009
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2200020
heat shock protein beta-17007
flap endonuclease 17007
geminin230023
peripheral myelin protein 22120012
survival motor neuron protein isoform d4004
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1120012
Histone deacetylase 30202
Solute carrier family 22 member 60102
Histone deacetylase 40202
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G3003
Histone deacetylase 10202
Histone deacetylase 70202
Histone deacetylase 20202
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC100202
Histone deacetylase 11 0202
Ataxin-2130013
Histone deacetylase 80202
Histone deacetylase 60202
Histone deacetylase 90202
Histone deacetylase 50202
Chain E, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase0101
Chain A, HADH2 protein6006
Chain B, HADH2 protein6006
Chain A, Ferritin light chain6006
Thymidine kinase 0202
thioredoxin reductase150015
GLS protein120012
TDP1 protein240024
Smad33003
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor7007
EWS/FLI fusion protein7007
activating transcription factor 66006
Histone H2A.x5005
hemoglobin subunit beta1001
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor6006
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a4004
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0408
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3017017
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4017017
Bile salt export pump0202
Bile salt export pump023023
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase0101
Thymidine kinase, cytosolic0102
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 20001
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0516
Cytochrome P450 2J20303
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 174004
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase0011
Solute carrier family 22 member 60002
Thymidine kinase 0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 80102
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1016016
Thymidine kinase0101
GLI family zinc finger 3200020
signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, interleukin-4 induced1001
putative alpha-glucosidase1001
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 19009
Solute carrier family 22 member 20305
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0404
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0404
Matrix protein 20112
Matrix protein 20123
Spike glycoprotein7119
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 10404
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A0404
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0404
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0404
Solute carrier family 22 member 10405
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0404
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10505
Solute carrier family 22 member 20405
Solute carrier family 22 member 30101
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase0303
Cytochrome P450 2A60314
Substance-P receptor0101
Cytochrome P450 2A50202
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0819
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10202
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0101
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10516
Chain A, ADIPOCYTE LIPID-BINDING PROTEIN0011
Chain A, SERUM ALBUMIN0011
Chain A, SERUM ALBUMIN0011
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE6006
Chain A, Beta-lactamase7007
thioredoxin glutathione reductase3003
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1130013
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)4004
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a5005
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 13003
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA7007
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1130013
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I2002
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 17007
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 18008
DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 11001
caspase-1 isoform alpha precursor2002
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi810119
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B7007
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 0102
Trypsin0303
Coagulation factor VII0303
60 kDa chaperonin0101
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Aromatase0303
Tissue factor0303
Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte0112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1810119
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta810119
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2810220
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5810119
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3810119
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1810119
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2810119
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4810119
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3810119
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6810119
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20012
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 20011
Histamine H2 receptor101012
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Calmodulin 0001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1810220
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3810119
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2810220
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20102
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A10001
Fatty acid-binding protein 50101
Fatty acid-binding protein 50011
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase0101
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0101
60 kDa chaperonin 0101
10 kDa chaperonin 0101
GABA theta subunit810119
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon810119
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B30506
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma0101
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 20202
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B10506
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor5005
lethal factor (plasmid)8008
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 60124
Excitatory amino acid transporter 40202
Glutamate transporter homolog0011
Carbonic anhydrase 10109
Carbonic anhydrase 20109
N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0003
Excitatory amino acid transporter 10304
Excitatory amino acid transporter 20304
Excitatory amino acid transporter 30304
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 10124
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 20124
Carbonic anhydrase-like protein, putative0006
Carbonic anhydrase 40003
glp-1 receptor, partial9009
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)110011
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3180018
progesterone receptor170017
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 48008
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha240024
cytochrome P450 2D68008
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta9009
IDH17007
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor9009
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)150015
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1180018
Cellular tumor antigen p53150015
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 017118
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase2002
Caspase-71001
Chain A, Glycogen Phosphorylase0101
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0022
Chain A, glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0022
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0022
Chain A, Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0022
Chain A, Chitinase0101
pregnane X nuclear receptor170017
chromobox protein homolog 1130013
DNA polymerase beta1001
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit100010
Potassium channel subfamily K member 20437
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form0101
Renin0101
Cholinesterase0202
Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0101
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle form0101
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0213
Adenosine receptor A30303
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0516
Glutamate receptor 2102113
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A0202
Acetylcholinesterase0303
Adenosine receptor A10307
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B0303
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A0202
Adenosine receptor A30101
Adenosine receptor A2a0214
Adenosine receptor A2b0102
Adenosine receptor A2b0203
Adenosine receptor A10114
Adenosine receptor A2a0207
Vasopressin V2 receptor0001
Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR0101
Adenosine receptor A2a0101
Adenosine receptor A10101
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform 0101
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit0101
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B0101
Adenylate cyclase type 10001
Chitotriosidase-10101
Serine-protein kinase ATM0101
Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR0101
Adenosine receptor A2b0102
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C0101
Palmitoleoyl-protein carboxylesterase NOTUM0224
Endochitinase B10101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor0001
Phosphodiesterase 0101
Broad substrate specificity ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG20202
Guanine deaminase0202
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 19009
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor4004
Carbonic anhydrase 40004
Solute carrier family 15 member 10101
Solute carrier family 15 member 20101
Solute carrier family 15 member 20101
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit9009
SMAD family member 24004
SMAD family member 34004
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease6006
67.9K protein6006
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma140014
caspase-36006
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a130013
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor2002
mitogen-activated protein kinase 15005
Caspase-20011
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 59009
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d7007
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-108412
Translocator protein0416
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-208311
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-308311
Cholecystokinin receptor type A0202
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-508412
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-308311
Histamine H1 receptor014014
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-208210
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Acetylcholinesterase0011
Chain A, Putative Glycine Betaine-binding Abc Transporter Protein0011
Chain A, PUTATIVE GLYCINE BETAINE-BINDING ABC TRANSPORTER PROTEIN0011
Chain A, Glycine betaine/carnitine/choline-binding protein0011
Chain A, Glycine betaine/carnitine/choline-binding protein0011
Chain A, Glycine betaine/carnitine/choline-binding protein0011
Chain A, Glycine betaine/carnitine/choline-binding protein0011
Chain A, Choline-binding protein0011
Solute carrier family 22 member 10102
Solute carrier family 22 member 20101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-30326
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-41529
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-20326
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-21529
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-30326
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-40326
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-50326
Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 10101
Choline O-acetyltransferase 0001
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-60326
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-90326
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70528
High affinity choline transporter 10101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-100326
Chain A, CHIMERA OF IG KAPPA CHAIN: HUMAN CONSTANT REGION AND MOUSE VARIABLE REGION0011
Chain B, CHIMERA OF IG GAMMA-1 CHAIN: HUMAN CONSTANT REGION AND MOUSE VARIABLE REGION0011
Chain H, Fab M82G2, Heavy chain0011
Chain L, Fab M82G2, Light chain0011
Chain H, Fab M82g2, Heavy Chain0011
Chain L, Fab M82g2, Light Chain0011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0707
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0707
Amyloid-beta precursor protein0202
Fatty acid-binding protein, heart0101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10505
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 10202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10718
D0606
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0505
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0505
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0505
Liver carboxylesterase 10001
Lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-20729
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40718
D(2) dopamine receptor0808
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon0707
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 017118
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B0101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2015015
Leukotriene B4 receptor 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60718
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10707
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1010010
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30707
Leukotriene B4 receptor 20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0707
Transporter0517
Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 10101
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 10202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4012012
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20909
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40909
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50808
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor012012
Cytochrome P450 2D60505
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1010010
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30909
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor011011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A014014
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C013013
D(3) dopamine receptor08111
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B012012
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B0101
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B0101
Trace amine-associated receptor 10011
Trace amine-associated receptor 10011
Trace amine-associated receptor 10011
Trace amine-associated receptor 10011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 0213
G6006
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0606
Interferon beta9009
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 6006
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver0101
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 10001
Albumin0113
Albumin0033
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10609
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30213
Translocator protein0101
Translocator protein0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30213
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D 0606
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0606
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0606
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0213
Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 10101
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 16006
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10213
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial6006
interleukin 83003
PAX80001
ATAD5 protein, partial8008
PPM1D protein3003
STAT3, partial0101
alpha-galactosidase1001
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a8008
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor2002
tumor necrosis factor1001
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 25005
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor3003
ras-related protein Rab-9A5005
signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta isoform alpha0101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A40102
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 0202
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-10202
Integrin beta-34015
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-20101
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 0101
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10303
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 0101
Integrin alpha-IIb4015
Cytochrome P450 3A40608
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-30101
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-20101
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10303
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-20202
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-10101
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma4116
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-30101
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma0101
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-40101
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-40101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C10001
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C10001
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A40001
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10808
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor010010
Chain A, Protein (peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (ppar-delta))0101
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor3003
Cytochrome P450 1A20405
Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha0101
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma0011
Oxoeicosanoid receptor 10101
Luciferase6006
endonuclease IV3003
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 12002
TAR DNA-binding protein 437007
Fumarate hydratase5005
NADPH oxidase 10101
polyprotein5005
glucocerebrosidase2002
Snq2p0003
Caspase-74004
Spike glycoprotein0112
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0112
caspase-34004
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 16006
M-phase phosphoprotein 85005
Transmembrane protease serine 20112
Epidermal growth factor receptor0202
Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 10101
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-20101
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn0202
Procathepsin L0112
Replicase polyprotein 1a0112
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0112
Angiotensin-converting enzyme0505
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0202
D(2) dopamine receptor09213
Androgen receptor0303
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0707
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0808
Substance-K receptor0202
D(1A) dopamine receptor0607
D(4) dopamine receptor0619
D(1B) dopamine receptor0304
Histamine H2 receptor0606
Trypanothione reductase0202
Melanocortin receptor 50202
Pleiotropic ABC efflux transporter of multiple drugs0306
Mu-type opioid receptor0516
Delta-type opioid receptor0303
Kappa-type opioid receptor0505
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0808
D(1A) dopamine receptor4105
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60707
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70303
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 0404
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 0112
Histamine H3 receptor0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-30011
Hsf1 protein0023
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B4004
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 33003
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A2002
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-10022
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-20011
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter0101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0001
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0001
Sterol O-acyltransferase 10011
Platelet glycoprotein VI0011
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10101
WRN1001
Caspase 6, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase0001
isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, partial1001
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK11001
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 14004
DNA polymerase eta isoform 11001
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)6006
Free fatty acid receptor 10011
Chain A, GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR SUBUNIT 20101
Chain A, Glutamate Receptor Subunit 20101
Chain B, Glutamate Receptor Subunit 20101
Chain A, Slr1257 protein0011
Chain A, Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing]0101
beta-2 adrenergic receptor1001
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 80202
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial0202
Bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine dehydrogenase 10101
Prothrombin0011
ATP-citrate synthase 0101
Glutamate receptor 30213
Glutamate receptor 40213
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 10213
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 10213
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 20011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 30011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 40112
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 50011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 60011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 70011
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 10112
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 50113
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 20213
Glutamate receptor 10213
Glutamate receptor 20213
Glutamate receptor 30112
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 80011
Glutamate receptor 40213
Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 0001
Glutamate racemase0001
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 80112
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 40202
Glutamate carboxypeptidase 20101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 20112
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 30101
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 70113
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 30113
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 40113
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 50101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 50202
Glutamate racemase0001
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase0101
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO0101
Chain A, Glutamine Binding Protein0011
Neutral amino acid transporter A0101
Asc-type amino acid transporter 10101
Neutral amino acid transporter B(0)0101
Amino acid transporter0101
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)3003
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 10001
Nischarin0101
nonstructural protein 13003
Adenylate cyclase type 1 0101
transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 11001
Cocaine esterase0101
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 10101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0404
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90102
Major prion protein0022
Vitamin D-binding protein0101
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain 0011
Integrin beta-10101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30404
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40505
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0303
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50505
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20404
Integrin alpha-40101
Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 10001
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B70203
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0101
D(3) dopamine receptor0505
D(2) dopamine receptor0202
Adenylate cyclase type 30101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A40103
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0505
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0101
D(1B) dopamine receptor0505
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0101
Adenylate cyclase type 20101
Adenylate cyclase type 40101
D(4) dopamine receptor0505
Histamine H1 receptor0404
C-8 sterol isomerase0101
Delta-type opioid receptor0202
Mu-type opioid receptor0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C 0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70303
Kappa-type opioid receptor0101
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0101
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0202
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0505
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0506
Adenylate cyclase type 80101
Kappa-type opioid receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0101
D(2) dopamine receptor0101
D(3) dopamine receptor0101
Gastrin/cholecystokinin type B receptor0101
AP-2 complex subunit sigma0101
N-acetyltransferase Eis0202
Sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0101
Adenylate cyclase type 60101
Adenylate cyclase type 50101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 40101
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0606
3-beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta(8),Delta(7)-isomerase0101
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha0505
Calcitonin gene-related peptide type 1 receptor0101
Genome polyprotein 0202
Sigma intracellular receptor 20101
Sigma intracellular receptor 20202
Zinc finger protein 6640101
Vesicular acetylcholine transporter0101
Transporter0101
Cholecystokinin receptor type A0101
Protease 0202
Adenylyl cyclase 7 0101
D0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0505
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 40101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0606
Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha0303
Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha0303
Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha0303
Chain A, HISTIDINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
Chain E, LYSINE, ARGININE, ORNITHINE-BINDING PROTEIN0011
Carbonic anhydrase 120003
Plasma kallikrein0003
Carbonic anhydrase 30003
Histidine-binding periplasmic protein0011
Carbonic anhydrase 60003
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0003
Carbonic anhydrase0003
Carbonic anhydrase 70003
Carbonic anhydrase0003
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 10304
Glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase0101
Carbonic anhydrase 90003
Carbonic anhydrase 0003
Carbonic anhydrase0003
Carbonic anhydrase0003
Carbonic anhydrase 0003
Carbonic anhydrase 130002
Carbonic anhydrase 150003
Carbonic anhydrase 130002
Carbonic anhydrase 140003
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0003
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 11001
snurportin-11001
Vpr1001
Thymidine phosphorylase0001
Thymidine kinase0001
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2 precursor2002
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 30101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10101
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase0101
Cytochrome P450 2C190102
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A30001
D(2) dopamine receptor0101
Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B0101
Envelope glycoprotein0011
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0101
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 20202
aryl hydrocarbon receptor4004
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 31001
Chymotrypsinogen A0101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 30101
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0202
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0404
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0202
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 50101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 20101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 180101
ClpP1001
Cytochrome P450 1A10101
Cytochrome P450 1A2 0101
Myeloperoxidase0101
Cytochrome P450 2C11 0101
Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone]0202
Acetylcholinesterase 0101
Nociceptin receptor0101
Melatonin receptor type 1A0213
Melatonin receptor type 1C0011
Melatonin receptor type 1A0112
Melatonin receptor type 1B0213
Melatonin receptor type 1C0112
Melatonin receptor type 1B0112
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 20001
Cytochrome P450 1B10101
Carboxylic ester hydrolase 0101
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 21001
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
Glucocorticoid receptor0202
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10202
Glycine receptor subunit beta0202
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-20202
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-30202
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-60101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 0101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10 0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 200101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 41001
Chain B, Exotoxin A0011
Chain B, Exotoxin A0011
Chain B, Exotoxin A0011
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein1001
Polyphenol oxidase 20102
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein0101
D-amino-acid oxidase0101
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase0101
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 30011
Nicotinamidase0101
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 20011
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 20213
D-aspartate oxidase0101
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 20112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3E0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-40213
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 10011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0101
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha0213
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha0213
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta0213
Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma0213
Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta0213
Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma0213
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-40101
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta0213
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-20213
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-like 20202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-50011
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-40213
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-30213
Delta-type opioid receptor0202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70224
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-40213
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70202
Acetylcholine-binding protein0112
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Acetylcholine receptor subunit epsilon0011
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-30112
Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta0213
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-20101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-60112
Cytochrome P450 2A130112
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-50202
Liver carboxylesterase B-10101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3D0101
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 10011
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-30202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-40202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-30202
Soluble acetylcholine receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3C0101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-20202
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-20213
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-60202
Integrin beta0011
Glycoprotein IIb0011
Lysine-specific demethylase 4C0202
Vasopressin V2 receptor0112
Oxytocin receptor0224
Vasopressin V1a receptor0101
Vasopressin V1a receptor0213
Vasopressin V1b receptor0112
Vasopressin V1b receptor0101
Oxytocin receptor0101
Oxytocin receptor0011
Vasopressin V2 receptor 0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 80101
Beta-lactamase OXA-70001
Solute carrier family 15 member 10101
Chain A, AMINOPEPTIDASE0101
Chain A, AMINOPEPTIDASE0101
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-10101
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme0101
Alkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme 0101
Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase0101
Intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase0101
5'-nucleotidase0101
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP0101
SLC16A10 protein0002
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1 0101
Monocarboxylate transporter 100002
Phospholipase A-2-activating protein0101
Dihydrofolate reductase 0101
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
GALC protein2002
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA11001
DNA polymerase III, partial1001
XBP10101
huntingtin isoform 22002
nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform 11001
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein0101
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor1001
plasminogen precursor1001
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor1001
Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G0011
Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 10101
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10011
WD repeat-containing protein 480101
Histamine H4 receptor0101
Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A0101
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 20001
heat shock protein 90, putative0001
Prolyl endopeptidase0101
Parkin1001
Proteasome subunit alpha type-60011
Cathepsin D 0101
Aldehyde oxidase0002
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 10101
Chain A, CHORISMATE MUTASE0101
Chain A, TYROSYL-tRNA SYNTHETASE0011
Tubulin--tyrosine ligase0101
Taste receptor type 2 member 140001
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 90112
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]