selenium profile

Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	6326970
CHEMBL ID	1235891
CHEBI ID	27568
MeSH ID	M0019604

Synonym
Q876
CHEMBL1235891
SE ,
selenium hydride
un2658
selenium dust
caswell no. 732
selenium, colloidal
selenium base
selenium powder
selenium, metallic
epa pesticide chemical code 072001
ccris 4250
vandex
selenium, elemental
colloidal selenium
c.i. 77805
einecs 231-957-4
hsdb 4493
selen [polish]
gray selenium
selenium elemental
elemental selenium
ci 77805
un2202
electronic e-2
einecs 231-978-9
selenium anhydride
hsdb 548
selenium dihydride
hydrogen selenide (h2se)
nsc-605850
nsc-605852
nsc-605851
selane
selenium
C01529
7782-49-2
selenium atom
selenium, pellets, <5 mm, >=99.99% trace metals basis
selenium, pellets, <5 mm particle size, >=99.999% trace metals basis
selenium, powder, -100 mesh, >=99.5% trace metals basis
selenium, powder, -100 mesh, 99.99% trace metals basis
CHEBI:27568
34se
selen
selenio
unii-h6241uj22b
hydrogen selenide, anhydrous [un2202] [poison gas]
h6241uj22b ,
selenium metallicum
hydrogen selenide, anhydrous
unii-v91p54kpam
ec 231-957-4
selenium powder [un2658] [keep away from food]
selenium compound, n.o.s.
un3283
n725 ,
selenium compound, n.o.s. [un3283] [poison, keep away from food]
hsdb 6909
S008000000
selenium, elemental [hsdb]
selenium [vandf]
selenium [mart.]
selenium [who-dd]
selenium [mi]
selenium metallicum [hpus]
selsaf 2000
b-traxim se
hydrogen selenid
dihydrogen monoselenide
hydrogen selenide [mi]
selenium ingot/button, ~38mm (1.5in) dia
selenium, rod, 99.9999% (6n), diameter 20 mm, length 55 mm, approx. 74g
selenium, shots, 99.99999% (7n), diameter 2-4 mm
BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N
mfcd00134090
selenium powder, -325 mesh
selenium powder, -200 mesh
selenium shot, amorphous, 2-6mm (0.08-0.2in), puratronic(r), 99.999% (metals basis)
selenium shot, amorphous, 1-5mm (0.04-0.20in)
selenium, powder, 99+%
selenium shot, 4n
selenium, powder, max. particle size 250 micron, weight 200 g, purity 99.95%
selenium, lump, 3 mm max. lump size, weight 50 g, high purity 99.999%
selenium, lump, 3 mm max. lump size, weight 100 g, high purity 99.999%
selenium, powder, 250 max. part. size (micron), purity 99.95%, weight 100 g
selenium, powder, 250 max. part. size (micron), weight 50 g, purity 99.95%
selenium, pellets, < 5mm, >=99.999%
selenium, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 3mm, 99.95%
selenium, lump, 3 mm max. lump size, weight 20 g, high purity 99.999%
selenium, p.a., 99.5%
selenium hydride (seh2)
selenium (iv) hydride
DB11135
DTXSID9021261
selenium nanopowder in aq. media
selenium, rod, 99.99999% (7n), diameter 20 mm, length 55 mm, approx. 74 g
se0
FT-0701285
selenium78
selenium metal
selenium (powder)
E1457
selenium hollow cathode lamp: 1.5 diameter, 2-pin, non-coded
selenium hollow cathode lamp: 2.0 diameter, 9-pin, non-coded
selenium hollow cathode lamp: 2.0 diameter, 4-pin, cableless
selenium standard: se @ 1000 microg/ml in 5% hno3
selenium aa standard: se @ 1000 microg/ml in 5% hno3
sulfur-free selenium standard: se @ 1000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
selenium standard: se @ 1000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
elenium, elemental; vandex;
selenium standard: se @ 10000 microg/ml in 5% hno3
selenium standard: se @ 10 microg/ml in 2% hno3
selenium (hexagonal)
selenium - se @ 1000 microg/g in hydrocarbon oil
selenium - se @ 1000 microg/ml in 5% hno3

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Research was conducted to look at the effects of lead poisoning on heat shock response, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in albino rats. Elevated arsenic in one food source seemed to interact with selenium to reduce the toxic effects of Se.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Since patients exhibit both acute and chronic cardiac toxic effects from Adriamycin, the salient characteristics of the reported animal models for both acute and chronic cardiotoxicity are reviewed."	( Experimental animal models of adriamycin cardiotoxicity. Doroshow, JH; Locker, GY; Myers, CE, 1979)	0.26
"The toxic and carcinogenic effects of many compounds depend on their activation to reactive molecules in the cytochrome P-450 system of the endoplasmic reticulum of cells."	( Diet, DDT, and the toxicity of drugs and chemicals. McLean, AE, 1977)	0.26
" Furthermore, individual differences which are caused by genetic, nutritional, hormonal, habitual, and many other factors may alter the toxic or metabolic effects of a single metal."	( [Various factors influencing toxicity and metabolism of metals--metal-metal interactions and host factors (author's transl)]. Tsuchiya, K, 1977)	0.26
" Levels of selenium normally found in foods (below 1 ppm) delay the onset of toxic signs caused by much higher levels of methylmercury."	( Modification of methylmercury toxicity and metabolism by selenium and vitamin E: possible mechanisms. Ganther, HE, 1978)	0.26
" The data suggest that the toxic effects of O2 are enhanced in Se-deficient rats and that nutritional factors contribute to lung susceptibility to oxidant-induced damage."	( Enhanced lung toxicity of O2 in selenium-deficient rats. Cross, CE; Hasegawa, G; Omaye, ST; Reddy, KA, 1977)	0.26
" Postmortem findings, following slaughter, included catarrhal enteritis, toxic liver dystrophy, scattered pulpous tumours in the spleen, and interstitial nephritis."	( [LD 50 and selenium concentration in the organs of rabbits following oral administration of sodium selenite and testing of the toxicity of Ursoselevit-Prämix]. Berschneider, F; Hess, M; Neuffer, K; Willer, S, 1976)	0.26
"Studies were conducted to determine the effects of high levels of dietary silver nitrate and copper sulfate on the response of chicks to toxic levels of dietary selenium."	( Modification of a selenium toxicity in chicks by dietary silver and copper. Jensen, LS, 1975)	0.25
" However recognition of Se as toxic principle come in the early 1930s."	( [Selenium toxicity in domestic animals]. Mihajlović, M, 1992)	0.28
" It is concluded that the tested antioxidant treatment seems to be safe and that MS patients have low GSH-px, which may be increased by the tested antioxidant treatment."	( High dose antioxidant supplementation to MS patients. Effects on glutathione peroxidase, clinical safety, and absorption of selenium. Hansen, JC; Mai, J; Sørensen, PS, 1990)	0.28
" This raises potential problems of chronic toxicity and adverse interactions with prescribed and over-the-counter drugs."	( Micronutrient supplements: toxicity and drug interactions. Flodin, NW, 1990)	0.28
" The results suggest that DDTC may allow for increased dosages of tetraplatin by ameliorating the toxic side effects of the drug."	( Reduction of tetrachloro(dl-trans)1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(IV) (tetraplatin) toxicity by the administration of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), S-2(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721), or sodium selenite in the Fischer 344 rat. Carfagna, PF; Chaney, SG; Chang, J; Holbrook, DJ, 1990)	0.28
" Selenite (Se4+) was more toxic than selenate (Se6+) in the in vitro system, in which embryonic mesenchymal limb bud cells differentiated into chondrocytes, as well as in the blastocyst culture system."	( Comparative embryotoxicity of selenite and selenate: uptake in murine embryonal and fetal tissues and effects on blastocysts and embryonic cells in vitro. Danielson, M; Danielsson, BR; Khayat, A; Wide, M, 1990)	0.28
" However, this reduction of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity would be of little clinical value if it was achieved at toxic doses of ebselen."	( Selective reduction of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) nephrotoxicity by ebselen. Baldew, GS; de Goeij, JJ; Los, G; McVie, JG; van der Valk, MA; Vermeulen, NP, 1990)	0.28
" Selenite was significantly more toxic than selenate to both species."	( Acute toxicity of boron, molybdenum, and selenium to fry of chinook salmon and coho salmon. Buhl, KJ; Hamilton, SJ, )	0.13
" Concurrent administration of monensin sodium at a constant safe dosage enhanced the toxicity of selenium as demonstrated by increased severity of the signs of intoxication, fatalities, tissue selenium concentrations and intensified gross, histopathological and histochemical changes."	( Effects of concurrent oral administration of monensin on the toxicity of increasing doses of selenium in lambs. Barlow, RM; Humphreys, DJ; Robins, M; Smyth, JB; Stodulski, JB; Wang, JH, 1990)	0.28
" concentration of the SH-groups, activity of glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase, carminomycin antitumor and toxic effects was studied under conditions of tumor growth and carminomycin therapy with the use of prophylactic rations (PR) aimed at stimulating the cell thiol-dependent and antioxidant systems for decreasing the drug toxic action."	( [Thiol-dependent protective systems in alimentary prevention of the toxic effect of carminomycin]. Alekseeva, NR; Karsybekova, NM; Lenskaia, EG; Monakhov, BV; Sarbaev, BT; Sisemalieva, ZhS; Tazhibaev, ShS, 1990)	0.28
"Studies of marginal safe Se-intake have been carried out in a seleniferous section of China since 1985."	( Studies of safe maximal daily dietary selenium intake in a seleniferous area in China. I. Selenium intake and tissue selenium levels of the inhabitants. Gu, L; Li, X; Liu, Y; Yan, B; Yang, G; Yin, S; Zhou, R, 1989)	0.28
" The overall results indicated that a daily Se-intake of 750-850 micrograms [corrected] might be the marginal level of safe intake."	( Studies of safe maximal daily dietary Se-intake in a seleniferous area in China. Part II: Relation between Se-intake and the manifestation of clinical signs and certain biochemical alterations in blood and urine. Gu, L; Liu, Y; Yan, B; Yang, G; Yin, S; Zhou, R, 1989)	0.28
" 13-cis-retinoic acid (CRA) was less toxic at 700 IU/g diet than was RP at that dose, as evidenced by the death of 12 of 70 mice by the 6th week of dietary RP and no deaths in the 35 mice fed 700 IU CRA/g diet for 23 weeks."	( Osteotoxicity after chronic dietary administration of 13-cis-retinoic acid, retinyl palmitate or selenium in mice exposed to tumor initiation and promotion. Forsyth, KS; Gensler, HL; Watson, RR, 1989)	0.28
" It is also more susceptible to the toxic effect of mercury, which is a common and highly toxic pollutant, than the sea urchin."	( Toxicity of selenium (Na2SeO3) and mercury (HgCl2) on the planarian Dugesia gonocephala. Casu, S; Congiu, AM; Ugazio, G, 1989)	0.28
" Selenomethionine caused a significant increase in cell survival throughout the experiments, while sodium selenite delayed the toxicity of mercury for a while, after which selenite itself had a toxic effect."	( Effects of selenium on toxicity and ultrastructural localization of mercury in cultured murine macrophages. Christensen, M; Mogensen, SC; Rungby, J, 1989)	0.28
" The sensitization to higher doses of selenite by GSH could be explained by the generation of toxic oxygen species."	( Mechanisms of mutagenicity and toxicity of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) in Salmonella typhimurium. Ames, BN; Kramer, GF, 1988)	0.27
" While the glutathione conjugating system is enhanced by selenium treatment, amelioration of acetaminophen toxicity is most likely the result of enhanced glucuronidation which effectively diverts the amount of acetaminophen to be converted by the cytochrome P-450 system to the toxic metabolite."	( Protective effects of selenium on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat. Davies, MH; Merrick, BA; Park, KS; Schnell, RC; Weir, SW, 1988)	0.27
" The results show unequivocally that Se does not offer any protection against the toxic effects of mercury in marine lamellibranchs, whereas in many marine vertebrates it does."	( Do selenium and glutathione inhibit the toxic effects of mercury in marine lamellibranchs? Chandy, JP; Patel, B; Patel, S, 1988)	0.27
" In the BZ 34 strain, the presence of glutathione (GSH) during selenite treatment greatly enhanced the convertogenic and toxic effects of selenite."	( Genotoxicity of selenite in diploid yeast. Anjaria, KB; Madhvanath, U, 1988)	0.27
"A trial was devised to assess whether the administration of selenium and cobalt together with the anthelmintic mebendazole (Ovitelmin S&C) was safe and could improve the supplies of selenium and cobalt for adult sheep fed a whole grain diet, low in both elements, which produced a steady decrease in blood glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and plasma vitamin B12 concentrations."	( An assessment of the efficacy and safety of selenium and cobalt included in an anthelmintic for sheep. Brebner, J; Field, AC; Gunn, GW; Suttle, NF, 1988)	0.27
" Predicted lung concentrations were near those that produced toxic effects in animals after ingestion of Se."	( Projected uptake and toxicity of selenium compounds from the environment. Cuddihy, RG; Griffith, WC; McClellan, RO; Medinsky, MA; Weissman, SH, 1985)	0.27
" LD50 values indicate that SS, NAP, and PNP were more toxic (8."	( Developmental toxicity of nine selected compounds following prenatal exposure in the mouse: naphthalene, p-nitrophenol, sodium selenite, dimethyl phthalate, ethylenethiourea, and four glycol ether derivatives. Booth, GM; Bradshaw, WS; Carter, MW; Hardin, BD; Plasterer, MR; Schuler, RL, 1985)	0.27
" The results indicate that optimum dietary selenium provides partial protection from the toxic effects of TCDD."	( Dietary selenium, glutathione peroxidase activity, and toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin. Birt, DF; Hassan, MQ; Murray, WJ; Stohs, SJ, 1985)	0.27
" Since the selenium has been known to reduce the renal toxicity of mercury, the effect of selenium on the adverse action of CDDP was examined in mice."	( [Suppression of CDDP-induced renal toxicity by sodium selenite]. Imura, N; Naganuma, A; Yokoyama, M, 1985)	0.27
" The results show that selenium can accumulate and be biologically magnified to toxic levels in a reservoir even though waterborne concentrations are in the low microgram per liter range."	( Toxicology of selenium in a freshwater reservoir: implications for environmental hazard evaluation and safety. Lemly, AD, 1985)	0.27
"06 microgram Se/g dry weight were found to be more sensitive to the toxic action of selenite than female rats of corresponding age."	( Protection against selenite toxicity by previous administration of selenium compounds. Kalousková, J; Pavlík, L, 1982)	0.26
" Cadmium is also toxic to central nervous system."	( Molecular basis of cadmium toxicity. Chopra, RK; Nath, R; Palinal, VK; Prasad, R, 1984)	0.27
"This research compared the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 and monocrotaline, the active principle of Crotalaria spectabilis, and the additive effect between aflatoxin B1 and monocrotaline in turkey poults."	( Influence of selenium on aflatoxin B1 or crotalaria toxicity in turkey poults. Burguera, JA; Edds, GT; Osuna, O, 1983)	0.27
" This results suggest that selenium compounds are useful for prevention of the toxic side effects of CDDP."	( Effect of selenite on renal toxicity and antitumor activity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum in mice inoculated with Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. Imura, N; Naganuma, A; Satoh, M, 1984)	0.27
" These experiments suggest that some of the O2-related toxic effects (but not the inhibition of DNA synthesis) could be mediated by lipid peroxides, since they were, at least partly, prevented by a Se-Met-induced increase in G-Px activity."	( Oxygen toxicity in cultured aortic endothelium: selenium-induced partial protective effect. Elemer, G; Housset, B; Junod, AF; Ody, C; Rubin, DB, 1983)	0.27
" Biochemical investigation also demonstrated a significant suppression of amino acid uptake (protein synthesis) in the CNS under the toxic influence of MeHg."	( Protective effects of selenium against methylmercury neurotoxicity: a morphological and biochemical study. Chang, LW, 1983)	0.27
"Effect of selenium on toxic side effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (Cisplatin; CDDP) which is a potent anticancer drug containing platinum was examined."	( Selenium efficiently depressed toxic side effect of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. Imura, N; Naganuma, A; Satoh, M; Yokoyama, M, 1983)	0.27
" Acetaminophen appeared to be less toxic to selenium-deficient hepatocytes than to controls."	( Toxicity studies in isolated hepatocytes from selenium-deficient rats and vitamin E-deficient rats. Burk, RF; Hill, KE, 1984)	0.27
" p-Tert-butylbenzoic acid, an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis, decreased selenite dependent O2 consumption and potentiated the effect on NADPH levels as well as the toxic effect."	( Effects of selenite on O2 consumption, glutathione oxidation and NADPH levels in isolated hepatocytes and the role of redox changes in selenite toxicity. Anundi, I; Högberg, J; Ståhl, A, 1984)	0.27
" The development of renal calcinosis and the copper interactions suggest a variety of toxic effects of selenium on trout that may all be responsible for the observed changes in growth and feed efficiency."	( Effect of increased dietary carbohydrate on selenium metabolism and toxicity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Hilton, JW; Hodson, PV, 1983)	0.27
" The results suggest that dietary Se, fed as SS, becomes toxic for Syrian hamsters at levels of 10 ppm and above."	( Toxic effects of dietary selenium in the Syrian hamster. Birt, DF; Davies, MH; Julius, AD, 1983)	0.27
" The 48-hour LD50 for nitrofurantoin decreased from 148 mg/kg in the Se- and E-supplemented chicks to 53 mg/kg in Se- and E-deficient chicks."	( Effect of selenium and vitamin E deficiency on nitrofurantoin toxicity in the chick. Combs, GF; Holtzman, JL; Mason, RP; Peterson, FJ, 1982)	0.26
" The results indicate that this was the major metabolic pathway for toxic concentrations of selenite in isolated hepatocytes."	( Involvement of glutathione reductase in selenite metabolism and toxicity, studied in isolated rat hepatocytes. Anundi, I; Högberg, J; Ståhl, A, 1982)	0.26
" Selenite was 43-fold more toxic than selenomethionine on the basis of LD50 determination."	( Acute toxicity of sodium selenite and selenomethionine in mice after ICV or IV administration. Ammar, EM; Couri, D, 1981)	0.26
" Selenious acid was an order of magnitude more toxic then elemental selenium."	( Toxicity of selenium compounds to alveolar macrophages. Cuddihy, RG; Hill, JO; McClellan, RO; Medinsky, MA, )	0.13
" Given a similar degree of exposure, why do some workers remain apparently unaffected, while others develop alterations of the hemopoietic system? It is hypothesized that inadequate nutritional status of possibly several nutrients including iron, selenium, methionine and ascorbic acid may enhance susceptibility to adverse effects caused by benzene."	( Does nutritional status affect benzene induced toxicity and/or leukemia? Calabrese, EJ, 1980)	0.26
" The selenium uptake and accumulation in tissues of trout reared on diets containing in excess of 3 microgram/g dry feed may ultimately be toxic to trout if maintained over long periods of time."	( The requirement and toxicity of selenium in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Hilton, JW; Hodson, PV; Slinger, SJ, 1980)	0.26
"The toxic effect of selenium compounds (sodium selenate, D,L-selenomethionine, D,L-selenocystine, dimethyl selenide, and trimethylselenonium ion) was tested in 10-day old male rats."	( Toxic effect of various selenium compounds on the rat in the early postnatal period. Babický, A; Ostádalová, I, 1980)	0.26
"By definition, every essential trace element must have a range of intakes safe from toxicity but adequate enough to meet nutrition requirements."	( Risk assessment of essential trace elements: new approaches to setting recommended dietary allowances and safety limits. Mertz, W, 1995)	0.29
"This report is a summarization of preliminary results from a study of dietary Se intake in a seleniferous area in order to determine safe levels."	( Further observations on the human maximum safe dietary selenium intake in a seleniferous area of China. Yang, G; Zhou, R, 1994)	0.29
" Less progress has been made in explaining why many of these compounds of selenium are toxic and why these same compounds are carcinostatic."	( On the nature of selenium toxicity and carcinostatic activity. Spallholz, JE, 1994)	0.29
" This observation suggests that membrane PHGPX might be involved in the cellular mechanism of adaptation of the heart to the toxic effects of ADR; however, the behavior of these enzymes does not seem to account for the significant protection of selenium supplementation both on ECG and on contractile indices of ADR cardiotoxicity."	( Protective effect of dietary selenium supplementation on delayed cardiotoxicity of adriamycin in rat: is PHGPX but not GPX involved? Jotti, A; Maiorino, M; Paracchini, L; Piccinini, F; Ursini, F, 1994)	0.29
" Only B1 was inhibitory to the toxic effects of FPC on weight gain, feed efficiency, and RHW (P < ."	( Toxicity of corn culture material of Fusarium proliferatum M-7176 and nutritional intervention in chicks. Nagaraj, RY; Vesonder, RF; Wu, WD, 1994)	0.29
"Free radical processes are proposed to play a crucial role in the development of procainamide adverse effects."	( Modulation of procainamide toxicity by selenium-enriched yeast in rats. Danch, A; Drózdz, M; Kopieczna-Grzebieniak, E; Magner-Wróbel, K; Toborek, M, 1993)	0.29
"Animals are known to convert inorganic selenium to less toxic methylated compounds such as dimethylselenide (DMSe) and trimethylselenonium (TMSe)."	( Effect of vitamin B12 status on selenium methylation and toxicity in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. Chen, CL; Whanger, PD, 1993)	0.29
" Thus, toxic selective media enriched a resistant population."	( Evaluation of the toxicity of Salmonella selective media for shortening the enrichment period. Chen, H; Fraser, AD; Yamazaki, H, 1993)	0.29
" Studies conducted in a chronic selenosis area indicate that the toxic dietary selenium intake (adverse effect level), which would maintain the characteristic fingernail changes, was approximately 1600 micrograms/d."	( Studies on human dietary requirements and safe range of dietary intakes of selenium in China and their application in the prevention of related endemic diseases. Xia, YM; Yang, GQ, 1995)	0.29
" Se as L at 30 ppm in the diet was the most toxic form, resulting in high mortality (64%) and impaired growth (>50%) in survivors and the greatest increase in ratio of oxidized to reduced hepatic glutathione (GSH)."	( Toxicity and oxidative stress of different forms of organic selenium and dietary protein in mallard ducklings. Eisemann, JD; Heinz, GH; Hoffman, DJ; LeCaptain, LJ; Pendleton, GW, 1996)	0.29
" Based on changes in lung weight, BALF indices, and histopathology, CT was the most toxic for the lung; CIS had intermediate toxicity and CGS was the least toxic."	( Acute pulmonary toxicity of copper gallium diselenide, copper indium diselenide, and cadmium telluride intratracheally instilled into rats. Elwell, MP; Jeter, SP; Morgan, DL; Moskowitz, PD; Price, HC; Shines, CJ; Wilson, RE, 1995)	0.29
"The occurrence of adverse health effects from ingestion of any substance depends on its inherent toxic potential, the amount of intake, and the biological characteristics of the exposed individual."	( Safety limits for nutrients. Hathcock, JN, 1996)	0.29
"0 mg/L, toxic effects were observed for most of the measured indicators."	( Influences of fulvic acid on bioavailability and toxicity of selenite for wheat seedling and growth. Peng, A; Wang, Z; Xu, Y, )	0.13
" Depression of selenium methylation ability resulting from inactivation of methionine adenosyltransferase and Se-methylation via enzymic reaction was also found in mice following repeated oral administration of a toxic dose of Se-Cys."	( Mechanisms of selenium methylation and toxicity in mice treated with selenocystine. Hasegawa, T; Mihara, M; Nakamuro, K; Sayato, Y, 1996)	0.29
" The results indicated that nickel was neither especially toxic nor influenced the clonogenic cell survival after irradiation."	( Effects of Pb2+, Ni2+, Hg2+ and Se4+ on cultured cells. Analysis of uptake, toxicity and influence on radiosensitivity. Carlsson, J; Couce, B; Frisk, P; Lindh, U; Saetre, A; Stenerlöw, B, 1997)	0.3
" Accumulation of the hydrogen selenide resulting from inhibition of the selenium methylation metabolism, detoxification metabolic pathway of selenium, is found in animals following repeated administration of a toxic dose of selenocystine."	( [Selenium methylation and toxicity mechanism of selenocystine]. Hasegawa, T; Nakamuro, K; Sayato, Y, 1997)	0.3
"Cadmium is known to be one of the most toxic environmental and industrial pollutant which produces DNA damage and lipid peroxide in vitro and in vivo."	( Effect of selenium on cadmium genotoxicity investigated by micronucleus assay. Hurná, E; Hurná, S; Siklenka, P, 1997)	0.3
" The safety factors between the lowest intakes at which adverse effects had been reported and the suggested upper limits of intake were small."	( Toxicity considerations when revising the Nordic nutrition recommendations. Sandström, B, 1998)	0.3
" It appears from these results that lead may exert its toxic effect via peroxidative damage to renal and hepatic cell membranes after 24 hours."	( Role of selenium against lead toxicity in male rats. El Missiry, MA; Othman, AI, 1998)	0.3
"Multiple dose administration of methamphetamine (MA) results in long-lasting toxic effects in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system."	( Protection of methamphetamine nigrostriatal toxicity by dietary selenium. Bing, G; Choi, DY; Floyd, RA; Im, DH; Jhoo, WK; Kim, HC; Shin, EJ; Suh, JH, 1999)	0.3
" Extradietary supplementation of selenium at the dosage of 200 micrograms per day is generally considered safe and adequate for an adult of average weight subsisting on the typical American diet."	( Nutritional selenium supplements: product types, quality, and safety. Schrauzer, GN, 2001)	0.31
" All combinations with 5 microM MMC were toxic to the cells."	( Selenite or selenomethionine interaction with methylmercury on uptake and toxicity showing a weak selenite protection: studies on cultured K-562 cells. Frisk, P; Lindh, U; Nilsson, K; Yaqob, A, 2001)	0.31
" In the pretreated or simultaneously treated selenite and 35 microM MC combinations, no inhibition of growth was seen, whereas all 50-microM MC combinations were toxic to the cells."	( Influence of selenium on mercuric chloride cellular uptake and toxicity indicating protection: studies on cultured K-562 cells. Carlsson, J; Frisk, P; Lindh, U; Nilsson, K; Yaqob, A, 2001)	0.31
"T-2 toxin, one of the major toxic trichothecene mycotoxines, has been shown to cause effects such as inhibition of protein synthesis and impairement of mitochondrial function."	( Preventive effect of selenium on T-2 toxin membrane toxicity. Balali, M; Keshavarz, SA; Memarbashi, A, 2001)	0.31
" A review is provided, relating adverse biological effects of Se in aquatic birds to altered glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress."	( Role of selenium toxicity and oxidative stress in aquatic birds. Hoffman, DJ, 2002)	0.31
" As a consequence, concentrations of hydrogen selenide, an intermediate metabolite, accumulate in animals and are hepatotoxic, possibly causing other selenium-related adverse effects."	( Selenium toxicity: cause and effects in aquatic birds. Hoffman, DJ; Spallholz, JE, 2002)	0.31
"Belews Lake, North Carolina was contaminated by selenium in wastewater from a coal-fired power plant during the mid-1970s, and toxic impacts to the resident fish community (20 species) were studied for over two decades."	( Symptoms and implications of selenium toxicity in fish: the Belews Lake case example. Lemly, AD, 2002)	0.31
"This article presents a seven-step procedure for developing environmentally safe total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for selenium."	( A procedure for setting environmentally safe total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for selenium. Lemly, AD, 2002)	0.31
" Elevated arsenic in one food source seemed to interact with selenium to reduce the toxic effects of selenium."	( Toxicity of selenium and other elements in food organisms to razorback sucker larvae. Buhl, KJ; Bullard, FA; Hamilton, SJ; Holley, KM; McDonald, SF; Weston, LK, 2002)	0.31
" The protection against the adverse effects of nitrites/nitrates by vitamin E is attributed to its ability to reduce ONOO- formation, while selenium exerts its protective effects via seleno-enzymes/compounds, which reduce ONOO- formed."	( Dietary vitamin E and selenium and toxicity of nitrite and nitrate. Chow, CK; Hong, CB, 2002)	0.31
" However, its use is seriously limited by the development in the heart of acute and chronic toxic effects."	( Antioxidant nutrients and adriamycin toxicity. Battino, M; Huertas, JR; Mataix, J; Quiles, JL; Ramírez-Tortosa, MC, 2002)	0.31
" Se is also very toxic and can cause Se poisoning (selenosis) in humans and animals."	( Essentiality and toxicity of selenium and its status in Australia: a review. Tinggi, U, 2003)	0.32
" The LD50 for nanose se was 112."	( [Acute toxicity and bioavailability of nano red elemental selenium]. Gao, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, L, 2000)	0.31
"A variety of guidelines have been proposed in recent years for linking selenium concentrations in the whole body of fish or in diet with adverse effects in fish."	( Review of residue-based selenium toxicity thresholds for freshwater fish. Hamilton, SJ, 2003)	0.32
"The essential trace element selenium is also toxic at low doses."	( Toxicity of nutritionally available selenium compounds in primary and transformed hepatocytes. Kresse, M; Latta, M; Lucas, R; Weiller, M; Wendel, A, 2004)	0.32
"Efforts have been made to minimize the toxic effect caused by beryllium."	( Analysis of time-dependent recovery from beryllium toxicity following chelation therapy and antioxidant supplementation. Johri, S; Sharma, P; Shrivastava, S; Shukla, S, 2004)	0.32
" Within 4 days of eating the toxic feed, the rate of egg production began to decrease, and bird aggression increased."	( Selenium toxicity in breeding ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). Latshaw, JD; Morishita, TY; Sarver, CF; Thilsted, J, 2004)	0.32
" In conclusion, Nano-Se is less toxic than selenite and high-selenium protein in the 13-week rat study."	( A subchronic toxicity study of elemental Nano-Se in Sprague-Dawley rats. Chen, J; Jia, X; Li, N, 2005)	0.33
" In conclusion, Se appears to be effective in preventing some of the adverse effects associated with DMBA."	( Toxicity induced by the chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and the protective effects of selenium in Wistar rats. Alakavuklar, M; Canda, T; Cehreli, R; Demirkan, B; Harmancioglu, O; Kocdor, H; Kocdor, MA; Resmi, H; Sis, B; Yilmaz, O, 2005)	0.33
" Results indicated that treatment with MeHg caused adverse effects on both reproduction of the dams and decreased progeny survival."	( Co-consumption of selenium and vitamin E altered the reproductive and developmental toxicity of methylmercury in rats. Beyrouty, P; Chan, HM, )	0.13
"To review the complementary medicines routinely encountered in psychiatric practice, their effectiveness, potential adverse effects and interactions."	( Complementary medicines in psychiatry: review of effectiveness and safety. Priebe, S; Turner, T; Werneke, U, 2006)	0.33
" Oral gavage of inorganic arsenic at maternally toxic doses caused reduced fetal body weight and increased resorptions."	( Reproductive and developmental toxicity of arsenic in rodents: a review. Ahmed, SA; Holladay, SD; Robertson, JL; Wang, A; Wolf, DC, )	0.13
" The addition of selenium alleviated the toxic effects of iodine excess on the activities of D1 and GSHPx."	( Selenium supplement alleviated the toxic effects of excessive iodine in mice. Guo, HL; Hou, XH; Liu, LG; Sun, XF; Xu, J; Yang, XF, 2006)	0.33
" Here, we propose that enhancement of intrinsic defenses against ROS by supra-nutritional level of selenium is more safe and effective than antioxidant supplementation in reducing hypertensive target organ damage, owing to its role in activating and constitution of native vital proteins and/or enzymes against oxidative stress, and the fact that scarcity of selenium can not be supplemented by normal food, and potentially extra benefits by supra-normal intake."	( Enhancement of endogenous defenses against ROS by supra-nutritional level of selenium is more safe and effective than antioxidant supplementation in reducing hypertensive target organ damage. He, B; Huang, TG; Ji, WJ; Li, H; Li, YM; Zhou, X; Zhu, Y, 2007)	0.34
" The LD50 for mice was >or=2000 mg Sel-Plex/kg (>or=4."	( Acute and subchronic toxicity studies on Sel-Plex, a standardized, registered high-selenium yeast. Griffiths, JC; Matulka, RA; Power, R, )	0.13
" However, the boundary between cancer-protecting and toxic levels of selenium is extremely narrow."	( Extracellular production of hydrogen selenide accounts for thiol-assisted toxicity of selenite against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Barbier, F; Blanquet, S; Dauplais, M; Grigoras, I; Ha-Duong, NT; Lazard, M; Plateau, P; Tarze, A, 2007)	0.34
" Based on a review of 156 aqueous, dietary, or internal Se concentrations associated with toxic effects in 29 macroinvertebrate species, we found that water concentrations associated with acute lethality varied > 1000-fold among taxa, whereas toxic dietary concentrations varied approximately 100-fold and toxic internal concentrations varied about 30-fold."	( Selenium toxicity to invertebrates: will proposed thresholds for toxicity to fish and birds also protect their prey? Chapman, PM; Debruyn, AM, 2007)	0.34
"Cadmium is an environmental toxic metal implicated in human diseases."	( Protective role of selenium against renal toxicity induced by cadmium in rats. Badreldeen, MM; El-Sharaky, AS; Eweda, SM; Newairy, AA; Sheweita, SA, 2007)	0.34
" Selenium also elicits pro-oxidant effects at toxic levels."	( Elemental selenium at nano size possesses lower toxicity without compromising the fundamental effect on selenoenzymes: comparison with selenomethionine in mice. Wang, H; Yu, H; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.34
"009) and it has been ascribed to a lower incorporation of the toxic metal and/or to possible intracellular interaction between selenium and cadmium."	( The protective effect of selenium inorganic forms against cadmium and silver toxicity in mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus. Gutierrez Corona, JF; Serafín Muñoz, AH; Wrobel, K, 2007)	0.34
"Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element with a narrow margin between beneficial and toxic effects."	( Elemental selenium at nano size (Nano-Se) as a potential chemopreventive agent with reduced risk of selenium toxicity: comparison with se-methylselenocysteine in mice. Wang, X; Xu, T; Zhang, J, 2008)	0.35
"Food acceptance and toxic effects of feeding sodium selenite (Se) alone and in combination with monosodium glutamate (MSG), a taste enhancer were studied in the laboratory rat."	( Effects of monosodium glutamate on food acceptance and toxicity of selenium in rats. Natt, JK; Parshad, RK, 2007)	0.34
" In cats fed basal diets spiked with medium or high levels of MeHg, evidence for delayed onset of toxic effects from the added MeHg was observed with the tuna diets compared to pike diets."	( Factors in fish modifying methylmercury toxicity and metabolism. Ganther, HE; Sunde, ML, 2007)	0.34
" In conclusion, median urinary iodine 100~200 mug/l may reflect the safe range of iodine intake levels."	( Safe range of iodine intake levels: a comparative study of thyroid diseases in three women population cohorts with slightly different iodine intake levels. Guan, H; Jin, Y; Li, Y; Shan, Z; Shi, X; Teng, W; Teng, X; Tong, Y; Wang, W; Yang, F, 2008)	0.35
"Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal."	( Effects of vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium on gastric fundus in cadmium toxicity in male rats. Bolkent, S; Sacan, O; Yanardag, R, )	0.13
"Selenite is at least 4 times as toxic as Se-enriched higher plants selected in this experiment."	( [Preventive effects of 4 Se-enriched plants on rat stomach cancer induced by MNNG 2. Safety of different selenium resources for prevention of stomach cancer]. Chen, J; Chen, X; Li, W; Yang, W, 2008)	0.35
" In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of BUT on chondrocytes and the possible toxic mechanism with the aim of understanding the pathogenesis and of directing future therapeutic interventions for KBD."	( Butenolide induced cytotoxicity by disturbing the prooxidant-antioxidant balance, and antioxidants partly quench in human chondrocytes. Cao, J; Chen, J; Li, S; Peng, S; Shi, Z; Yang, B; Zhang, Z, 2009)	0.35
" However, nutritionally relevant amounts of Se can replace the Se sequestered by MeHg and maintain normal selenoenzyme activities, thus preventing oxidative brain damage and other adverse consequences of MeHg toxicity."	( Selenium health benefit values as seafood safety criteria. Ralston, NV, 2008)	0.35
" Our data suggest that zinc and selenium, in the concentrations mentioned above, provide no protection against adverse actions induced by sodium metavanadate at concentration levels of 50, 100 and 200 microM."	( Preliminary studies on the effect of zinc and selenium on vanadium-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Zaporowska, H; Zwolak, I, 2009)	0.35
"Millions of people are currently exposed to a multitude of environmentally persistent toxic metals and metalloid compounds mainly through the ingestion of drinking water and food."	( Chronic toxicity of As(III) in mammals: the role of (GS)(2)AsSe(-). Gailer, J, 2009)	0.35
" The surface coating of QD appeared to determine the stability of QDs and hence the toxicity, potentially by size change of or the release of toxic components from QDs."	( Acute toxicity of two CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots with different surface coating in Daphnia magna under various light conditions. Choi, K; Ji, K; Kim, J; Lee, J; Lim, KH; Park, C; Yoon, TH, 2010)	0.36
" Environmental contaminants, such as trace elements, may be present in all foods and, as a result, international standards have been established for a number of toxic trace elements, such as cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, in raw food commodities and food products."	( Trace elements in Canadian field peas: a grain safety assurance perspective. Garrett, RG; Gawalko, E; Richter, A; Wang, N; Warkentin, T, 2009)	0.35
"In fish, selenium can bioaccumulate and cause adverse impacts."	( Effect threshold for selenium toxicity in juvenile splittail, Pogonichthys macrolepidotus A. Deng, X; Grieb, TM; Hung, SS; Rigby, MC; Teh, SJ, 2010)	0.36
" Tellurite was more toxic at all concentrations examined than all three selenium-containing anions, SeO4(2-), SeO3(2-), SeCN(-)."	( Biological interactions of selenocyanate: bioprocessing, detection and toxicity. Burra, R; Chasteen, TG; Fox, JD; Pradenas, GA; Vásquez, CC, 2009)	0.35
"One of the reasons for the toxic effects of mercury has been attributed to its influence on the biochemical roles of selenium."	( On the chalcogenophilicity of mercury: evidence for a strong Hg-Se bond in [Tm(Bu(t))]HgSePh and its relevance to the toxicity of mercury. Melnick, JG; Parkin, G; Yurkerwich, K, 2010)	0.36
"Selenium is an element necessary for normal cellular function, but it can have toxic effects at high doses."	( Acute selenium toxicity associated with a dietary supplement. Broussard, DL; Burk, RF; Dunn, JR; Green, AL; Hammond, R; Hutchinson, R; Jones, TF; MacFarquhar, JK; Martin, C; Melstrom, P; Schaffner, W; Wolkin, A, 2010)	0.36
" Concurrent treatment with Se reduced the Cd-induced histopathological changes in the testis, oxidative stress, endocrine disorder and apoptosis, suggesting that the toxic effects of cadmium on the testes is ameliorated by Se."	( Testicular toxicity induced by dietary cadmium in cocks and ameliorative effect by selenium. Gao, R; Li, JL; Li, S; Tang, ZX; Wang, JT; Xu, SW, 2010)	0.36
" Hg at concentrations ranged within 10 or 20 microg/l, thus representing the onset of Hg toxic effects, showed to inhibit Se-GPx activity in Se-free cells, followed by increased levels of superoxide anions (()O(2)(-)) and nitric oxide (NO) generation, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage as well."	( The role of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) against oxidative and genotoxic effects of mercury in haemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lmk.). Chatziargyriou, V; Dailianis, S, 2010)	0.36
" Exogenous application of proline (50 µM) resulted in substantiation of its endogenous levels that antagonised the toxic effects of Se by improving the growth of seedlings."	( Exogenous proline application reduces phytotoxic effects of selenium by minimising oxidative stress and improves growth in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings. Aggarwal, M; Bhandhari, K; Kaur, N; Kaur, R; Kaushal, N; Nayyar, H; Pathania, D; Sharma, S; Singh, K; Srivastava, A, 2011)	0.37
" This may explain why studies of maternal populations exposed to foods that contain Hg in molar excess of Se, such as shark or pilot whale meats, have found adverse child outcomes, but studies of populations exposed to MeHg by eating Se-rich ocean fish observe improved child IQs instead of harm."	( Dietary selenium's protective effects against methylmercury toxicity. Ralston, NV; Raymond, LJ, 2010)	0.36
" No adverse events were recorded."	( The safety and efficacy of a silymarin and selenium combination in men after radical prostatectomy - a six month placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial. Krajicek, M; Simanek, V; Student, V; Ulrichova, J; Vidlar, A; Vostalova, J; Vrbkova, J, 2010)	0.36
"Selenium (Se) is an essential element, but causes toxic effects in fish at a slightly elevated level beyond the threshold."	( Application of XANES spectroscopy in understanding the metabolism of selenium in isolated rainbow trout hepatocytes: insights into selenium toxicity. Misra, S; Niyogi, S; Peak, D, 2010)	0.36
" These levels, however, do not further increase with super-nutritional or toxic Se status, making them ineffective for detection of high Se status."	( Selenium toxicity but not deficient or super-nutritional selenium status vastly alters the transcriptome in rodents. Raines, AM; Sunde, RA, 2011)	0.37
" This is the first evidence that a vastly expanded number of transcriptional changes itself can be a biomarker of Se toxicity, and that identified transcripts can be used to develop molecular biomarker panels that accurately predict super-nutritional and toxic Se status."	( Selenium toxicity but not deficient or super-nutritional selenium status vastly alters the transcriptome in rodents. Raines, AM; Sunde, RA, 2011)	0.37
"The current study was performed to assess the adverse effect of deltamethrin (DLM) on reproductive organs and fertility in male rats and to evaluate the protective role of vitamin E (VE) and selenium (Se) combination in alleviating the detrimental effect of DLM on male fertility."	( Protective effect of vitamin E and selenium combination on deltamethrin-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. El-Maddawy, ZKh; Oda, SS, 2012)	0.38
" Hence, whether or not toxic effects accompany exposure to Hg depends upon the tissue Se:Hg molar ratio of the organism."	( Selenium moderates mercury toxicity in free-ranging freshwater fish. Berg, T; Ciesielski, TM; Eggen, GS; Jenssen, BM; Lierhagen, S; Sørmo, EG; Øverjordet, IB, 2011)	0.37
" Although the evidences are limited, it seems reasonable that DEHP may have a potential for similar adverse effects in humans."	( Reproductive toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in selenium-supplemented and selenium-deficient rats. Arnaud, J; Asan, E; Erkekoglu, P; Giray, B; Hincal, F; Zeybek, ND, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse health effects following selenium overexposure, although very rare, have been found in animals and people."	( Selenium interactions and toxicity: a review. Selenium interactions and toxicity. Zaporowska, H; Zwolak, I, 2012)	0.38
" Se, in combination with Hg, partially or totally caused an alleviation for the toxic effect of Hg on the above mentioned hematological and biochemical parameters."	( Protective effect of selenium against mercury-induced toxicity on hematological and biochemical parameters of Oreochromis niloticus. Cogun, HY; Fırat, O; Gök, G; Kargin, F; Kötemen, Y; Yüzereroǧlu, TA, 2012)	0.38
"Selenium is an essential trace element, but can be toxic in excess."	( Case series of selenium toxicity from a nutritional supplement. Aldosary, BM; Morgan, BW; Schwartz, M; Sutter, ME, 2012)	0.38
" Given that honey bees are willing to consume food resources containing Se and may not avoid Se compounds in the plant tissues on which they are foraging, they may suffer similar adverse effects as seen in other insect guilds."	( Selenium toxicity to honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pollinators: effects on behaviors and survival. Hladun, KR; Morton, RR; Mustard, JA; Smith, BH; Trumble, JT, 2012)	0.38
" In conclusion, free gossypol in diet induced adverse effects on semen quality in rams, but selenium supplementation successfully counteracts most of the hazardous effects of gossypol on semen characteristics."	( Alleviation of reproductive toxicity of gossypol using selenium supplementation in rams. El-Mokadem, MY; Samak, MA; Taha, TA; Yassen, AM, 2012)	0.38
" A comparison of lowest toxic doses of sodium selenite in mice (0."	( Subacute toxicity of nano-selenium compared to other selenium species in mice. Banfalvi, G; Benko, I; Eszenyi, P; Nagy, G; Prokisch, J; Sztrik, A; Tanczos, B; Ungvari, E, 2012)	0.38
" The authors conclude that As(2) O(3) -induced DNA damage and apoptosis are mediated by oxidative stress and selenium and that, although toxic at higher concentrations, selenium provides significant protection against As(2) O(3) effects in PLHC-1 cells."	( Protective and antioxidant role of selenium on arsenic trioxide-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in the fish hepatoma cell line PLHC-1. Murray, E; Selvaraj, V; Yeager-Armstead, M, 2012)	0.38
"This work was part of a project designed to assess whether organic selenium (Se) can protect against the toxic effects of cadmium (Cd)."	( The role of organic selenium in cadmium toxicity: effects on broiler performance and health status. Al-Waeli, A; Demiris, N; Fegeros, K; Pappas, AC; Zervas, G; Zoidis, E, 2013)	0.39
"The biogenic Se NPs were less toxic than synthetic Se NPs and much less (26-fold) toxic than the SeO(2), which demonstrates the important role of Bacillus sp."	( Acute and subacute toxicity of novel biogenic selenium nanoparticles in mice. Faramarzi, MA; Hassanzadeh, GR; Rahimi, HR; Sabzevari, O; Shahverdi, AR; Shakibaie, M, 2013)	0.39
" These results indicate that muscle cells may be particularly susceptible to a statin-induced suppression of essential antioxidant selenoproteins, which provides an explanation for the disposition of these drugs to evoke adverse muscular side-effects."	( Prooxidative toxicity and selenoprotein suppression by cerivastatin in muscle cells. Fuhrmeister, J; Kromer, A; Moosmann, B; Tews, M, 2012)	0.38
"Selenium, an essential trace element, can also be toxic at higher levels of exposure."	( High-dose sodium selenite toxicity cannot be prevented by the co-administration of pharmacological levels of epigallocatechin-3-gallate which in turn aggravates the toxicity. Sun, K; Thompson, HJ; Wan, X; Wang, Y; Wu, S; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.39
"Results of recent epidemiologic studies suggest the need to reassess the safe upper limit in drinking water of selenium, a metalloid with both toxicological and nutritional properties."	( The need for a reassessment of the safe upper limit of selenium in drinking water. Bonvicini, F; Crespi, CM; Ferrante, M; Malagoli, C; Marmiroli, S; Stranges, S; Vinceti, M, 2013)	0.39
" Coadministration of Nano-Se significantly improved the serum T, sperm quality, and spermatogenesis and reduced CIS-induced free radical toxic stress and spermatic DNA damage."	( Protection of cisplatin-induced spermatotoxicity, DNA damage and chromatin abnormality by selenium nano-particles. Abdollahi, M; Ahmadi, A; Baeeri, M; Mohammadirad, A; Rezvanfar, MA; Shahverdi, AR, 2013)	0.39
"The National Institutes of Health-appointed CRISIS Data and Safety Monitoring Board was charged with monitoring sample size adequacy and feasibility, safety with respect to adverse events and 28-day mortality, and efficacy with respect to the primary nosocomial infection/sepsis outcome."	( The role of the Data and Safety Monitoring Board in a clinical trial: the CRISIS study. Anand, KJ; Berger, J; Casper, TC; Dean, JM; Harrison, R; Holubkov, R; Meert, KL; Newth, CJ; Nicholson, C; Willson, DF; Zimmerman, J, 2013)	0.39
" The study was part of a project designed to investigate if organic selenium (Se) can ameliorate the toxic effects of cadmium (Cd)."	( The role of selenium in cadmium toxicity: interactions with essential and toxic elements. Al-Waeli, A; Fegeros, K; Georgiou, CA; Pappas, AC; Zervas, G; Zoidis, E, 2012)	0.38
"CP was found to cause remarkable degenerative effects in normal ovarian tissue, and we believe that this damage can be reduced and ovarian tissue can be spared from the toxic effects of CP by using antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and selenium."	( Chemoprotective effect of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and selenium on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in the rat ovarium. Elmas, C; Erdoğan, D; Gürgen, SG; Kaplanoğlu, GT; Ozer, C, 2013)	0.39
" Cell cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) changes were performed in combinations of As(III) and selenomethionine (SeMet) toxic mixes on, HEK293, human kidney cells."	( Selenium mediated arsenic toxicity modifies cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species and phosphorylated proteins. Caruso, JA; Chitta, KR; Landero Figueroa, JA; Merino, EJ, 2013)	0.39
" Subjects recruited through state health departments and referrals provided samples of the misformulated supplement products, exposure information, monthly toenail and or fingernail clippings or onycholysitic nail fragments, and listed their newly onset adverse health effects attributed to selenium toxicity."	( Selenium toxicity from a misformulated dietary supplement, adverse health effects, and the temporal response in the nail biologic monitor. Crane, SB; Morris, JS, 2013)	0.39
" It was thought that indium compounds were not harmful until the beginning of the 1990s because there was little information regarding the adverse health effects on humans or animals arising from exposure to indium compounds."	( [Health effects of solar cell component material. Toxicity of indium compounds to laboratory animals determined by intratracheal instillations]. Hirata, M; Tanaka, A, 2013)	0.39
" We applied two numeric models, The Green Screen for Safer Chemicals and the Toxic Potential Indicator."	( Comparative alternative materials assessment to screen toxicity hazards in the life cycle of CIGS thin film photovoltaics. Eisenberg, DA; Lam, CW; Ogunseitan, OA; Schoenung, JM; Yu, M, 2013)	0.39
"Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic metal compounds released into the environment."	( Cadmium induced hepatotoxicity in chickens (Gallus domesticus) and ameliorative effect by selenium. Jiang, CY; Li, JL; Li, S; Xu, SW, 2013)	0.39
"Dimethoate (DM) is an organophosphate insecticide widely used in agriculture and industry and has toxic effects on non-target organisms especially mammalian."	( Dimethoate induces kidney dysfunction, disrupts membrane-bound ATPases and confers cytotoxicity through DNA damage. Protective effects of vitamin E and selenium. Ben Ali, Y; Ben Amara, I; Boudawara, T; Hakim, A; Karray, A; Soudani, N; Troudi, A; Zeghal, KM; Zeghal, N, 2013)	0.39
"Selenium is a metalloid of considerable interest in the human from both a toxicological and a nutritional perspective, with a very narrow safe range of intake."	( Selenium neurotoxicity in humans: bridging laboratory and epidemiologic studies. Borella, P; Finkelstein, Y; Mandrioli, J; Michalke, B; Tsatsakis, A; Vinceti, M, 2014)	0.4
"Metals have a central role in biological systems, regulating numerous cellular processes, and in other cases having toxic or deleterious effects on the metabolism."	( Application of metallomic and metabolomic approaches in exposure experiments on laboratory mice for environmental metal toxicity assessment. García-Barrera, T; García-Sevillano, MA; Gómez-Ariza, JL, 2014)	0.4
" Investigation into which chiral form of selenomethionine effectively acts against the toxic effects of methylmercury has not previously been carried out."	( Antagonistic interaction of selenomethionine enantiomers on methylmercury toxicity in the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana. Garbayo-Nores, I; García-Barrera, T; Gómez-Ariza, JL; Gómez-Jacinto, V; Moreno, F; Vílchez-Lobato, C, 2014)	0.4
" However, the adverse effect of Mn was reduced with Se ≥ P50 (≥ 63."	( Selenium protects neonates against neurotoxicity from prenatal exposure to manganese. Bao, Y; Fu, H; Li, L; Ren, T; Yang, X; Yu, X, 2014)	0.4
" Importantly, the combination of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy driven by NIR radiation with safe power density significantly improves the therapeutic efficacy, and demonstrates better therapeutic effects for cancer treatment than individual therapy."	( Cu₂-xSe@mSiO₂-PEG core-shell nanoparticles: a low-toxic and efficient difunctional nanoplatform for chemo-photothermal therapy under near infrared light radiation with a safe power density. Hu, J; Li, B; Li, C; Liu, X; Song, G; Wang, Q; Xu, K; Zheng, Y; Zou, R, 2014)	0.4
" Our results suggest that intraperitoneal administration of Se is a safe and effective means of preventing growth of cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity for the above-mentioned high-risk populations."	( Efficacy and safety of selenium nanoparticles administered intraperitoneally for the prevention of growth of cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity. Sun, K; Tan, Y; Wang, X; Wu, S; Zhang, J, 2014)	0.4
" While As induces adverse effects by decreasing DNA methylation and affecting protein 53 expression, Se induces adverse effects by modifying thioredoxin reductase."	( Arsenic and selenium toxicity and their interactive effects in humans. Luo, J; Ma, LQ; Pu, LP; Rathinasabapathi, B; Sun, HJ; Wu, B, 2014)	0.4
" Se can cause adverse effects on reproductive systems, which have been linked to declines in animal populations."	( Assessment of selenium toxicity on the life cycle of Caenorhabditis elegans. Ju, YR; Li, WH; Liao, CM; Liao, VH, 2014)	0.4
" These results show that (PhSe)2 can be efficient in protecting against these toxic effects presented by this Hg exposure model."	( Effectiveness of (PhSe)2 in protect against the HgCl2 toxicity. da Costa, M; Fiuza, Tda L; Oliveira, CS; Oliveira, VA; Pereira, ME; Zeni, G, 2015)	0.42
" In vivo experiment showed Nano Se at a dose of 4 mg/kg/day significantly alleviated adverse effects induced by irinotecan (60 mg/kg) treatment."	( Cytotoxicity and therapeutic effect of irinotecan combined with selenium nanoparticles. Cai, P; Gao, F; Gao, L; Gao, X; Huang, G; Liang, J; Liu, R; Wang, Y; Wei, Y; Yuan, Q; Zhu, H, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of the study was to determine the impact trace metals, mainly toxic ones, on the condition of eel (Anguilla anguilla) inhabiting four regions of Poland."	( Mercury toxicity and the protective role of selenium in eel, Anguilla anguilla. Polak-Juszczak, L; Robak, S, 2015)	0.42
" This review summarizes pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the ability of dietary supplements to alleviate adverse effects arising from ADT."	( The use of dietary supplements to alleviate androgen deprivation therapy side effects during prostate cancer treatment. Dueregger, A; Eder, IE; Heidegger, I; Klocker, H; Ofer, P; Perktold, B; Ramoner, R, 2014)	0.4
" The results showed that Sb exerted toxic effects on the growth of paddy rice, and Se caused beneficial effects that were limited to the shoot growth."	( The effect of selenium on the subcellular distribution of antimony to regulate the toxicity of antimony in paddy rice. Ding, Y; Feng, R; Guo, J; Wang, R; Wu, F; Xu, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Studies showed that Cd, in a dose-dependent manner, induced toxic effects in IPRL models, and these effects were associated with aminotransferase activity and lipid peroxidation."	( Protective effect of magnesium and selenium on cadmium toxicity in the isolated perfused rat liver system. Ghaffarian-Bahraman, A; Ghazi-Khansari, M; Jafari, A; Shahroozian, I, 2014)	0.4
" Fish treated with selenium and/or α-toc (groups III-V) showed an amelioration of the adverse effects of lead toxicity and significant improvement in serum electrolytes (calcium, inorganic phosphate, and magnesium) and creatinine level compared with the positive control group (P ≤ 0."	( Nephroprotective and antioxidant significance of selenium and α-tocopherol on lead acetate-induced toxicity of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). El-Murr, A; Elgaml, SA; Hashish, EA; Khalil, R, 2015)	0.42
" These experimental results strongly indicate the protective effect of NAC alone with Se against toxic effects of lead on liver tissue."	( Lead acetate-induced hepatoxicity in Wistar rats: possible protective role of combination therapy. Jaswal, A; Raghuvanshi, S; Sharma, S; Shrivastava, S; Shukla, S, 2015)	0.42
"The interactions between the essential element selenium (Se) and the toxic element lead (Pb) have been reported extensively; however, limited data are available regarding the effects of Se on Pb and the ion profile in chicken liver."	( The Antagonistic Effect of Selenium on Lead Toxicity Is Related to the Ion Profile in Chicken Liver. Gao, X; Liu, G; Xu, T, 2016)	0.43
" Selenium, a micronutrient, is essential for both humans and animals but is toxic at higher doses."	( Alleviation of selenium toxicity in Brassica juncea L.: salicylic acid-mediated modulation in toxicity indicators, stress modulators, and sulfur-related gene transcripts. Gupta, M; Gupta, S, 2016)	0.43
"The interactions between the essential element selenium (Se) and the toxic element lead (Pb) have been reported extensively; however, little is known about the effect of Se on Pb toxicity and the expression pattern of selenoproteins in the cartilage of chicken."	( Effects of Dietary Selenium Against Lead Toxicity on mRNA Levels of 25 Selenoprotein Genes in the Cartilage Tissue of Broiler Chicken. Fu, J; Gao, H; Liu, CP; Song, SQ, 2016)	0.43
"Some trace elements are essential for newborns, their deficiency may cause abnormal biological functions, whereas excessive intakes due to environmental contamination may create adverse health effects."	( Toxic effects of trace elements on newborns and their birth outcomes. Lin, N; Liu, W; Tang, M; Xu, C; Yin, S; Yu, X; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" The findings demonstrate that dietary Se from HPSeKS at 5-10mg/kg is not considered a toxic level for laying hens."	( Evaluation of the toxicity of selenium from hydroponically produced selenium-enriched kale sprout in laying hens. Borisuth, L; Chantiratikul, A; Chantiratikul, P; Chinrasri, O; Chookhampaeng, S; Saenthaweesuk, N; Sriart, N; Thosaikham, W, 2016)	0.43
" Lack of nutritious foods exacerbates the adverse health effects of arsenic poisoning."	( A high-selenium lentil dietary intervention in Bangladesh to counteract arsenic toxicity: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Akhtar, E; Krohn, RM; Raqib, R; Smits, JE; Vandenberg, A, 2016)	0.43
"Selenium pills as a treatment for arsenic exposure are costly and inconvenient, whereas a whole food approach to lower the toxic burden of arsenic may be a practical remedy for Bangladeshi people while efforts to provide safe drinking water are continuing."	( A high-selenium lentil dietary intervention in Bangladesh to counteract arsenic toxicity: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Akhtar, E; Krohn, RM; Raqib, R; Smits, JE; Vandenberg, A, 2016)	0.43
"Arsenic (As) is a toxic element with the potential to cause health effects in humans."	( Selenate mitigates arsenite toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by reducing arsenic uptake and ameliorates amino acid content and thiol metabolism. Dixit, G; Dwivedi, S; Kumar, A; Mishra, K; Singh, AP; Srivastava, S; Tripathi, RD, 2016)	0.43
" To date, aquatic ecotoxicological research has predominantly focused on the toxic effects of Se in fish, and minimal information has been published related to amphibians."	( Tissue-specific selenium accumulation and toxicity in adult female Xenopus laevis chronically exposed to elevated dietary selenomethionine. Hogan, NS; Janz, DM; Massé, AJ; Muscatello, JR, 2017)	0.46
" The primary reasons for toxic Se effect have been considered to be selenoprotein accumulation and oxidative stress."	( "The roots" of selenium toxicity: A new concept. Feigl, G; Kolbert, Z; Lehotai, N; Molnár, Á, 2016)	0.43
" We investigated the antioxidant effects of selenium (Se) and vitamin E against the toxic effects of MCT."	( Vitamin E and selenium treatment of monocrotaline induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Canbaz, HT; Cuce, G; Kalkan, S; Sozen, ME; Yerlikaya, FH, 2017)	0.46
"Aflatoxins have been considered as one of the major risk factors of male infertility, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most highly toxic and prevalent member of the aflatoxins family."	( Protective Effect of Selenium on Aflatoxin B1-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Mice. Cao, Z; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Shao, B; Xu, F; Zhu, Y, 2017)	0.46
"Lead (Pb) is a toxic element and environmental pollutant."	( Selenium for the mitigation of toxicity induced by lead in chicken testes through regulating mRNA expressions of HSPs and selenoproteins. An, Y; Huang, H; Li, S; Teng, X; Tian, Y; Wang, Y, 2017)	0.46
" Mercury is a toxic metal, widespread in the environment."	( Chemical Speciation of Selenium and Mercury as Determinant of Their Neurotoxicity. Aschner, M; Oliveira, CS; Piccoli, BC; Rocha, JBT, 2017)	0.46
"Fenitrothion is widely used organophosphate pesticide in agriculture and health programs, but besides, it causes several toxic effects."	( The ameliorating effects of selenium and vitamin C against fenitrothion-induced blood toxicity in Wistar rats. Matić, MM; Milošević, MD; Ognjanović, BI; Paunović, MG; Saičić, ZS, 2017)	0.46
"Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that can affect human and animal health."	( The Protective Effect of Selenium on the Chicken Pancreas against Cadmium Toxicity via Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Autophagy. Cui, Y; Jia, T; Li, S; Lin, H; Liu, R, 2018)	0.48
" The bioaccessible fraction was first determined through online leaching of rice minicolumns (maintained at 37 °C) sequentially with artificial saliva, gastric juice, and intestinal juice while continuously monitoring potentially toxic elements (As, Cr, and Se) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS)."	( Simultaneous Speciation Analysis of Arsenic, Chromium, and Selenium in the Bioaccessible Fraction for Realistic Risk Assessment of Food Safety. Beauchemin, D; Sadiq, NW, 2017)	0.46
" The aim of this study is to investigate the role of NF-κB pathway and Th1/Th2 imbalance in the adverse influence of Se poisoning on chicken spleens."	( The Adverse Effects of Se Toxicity on Inflammatory and Immune Responses in Chicken Spleens. He, J; Hu, M; Jiang, L; Li, Y; Luo, X; Tian, H; Wang, Y; Zeng, F, 2018)	0.48
"Cadmium (Cd), a worldwide occupational pollutant, is an extremely toxic heavy metal, capable of damaging several organs, including the brain."	( Selenium and zinc: Two key players against cadmium-induced neuronal toxicity. Branca, JJV; Cascella, R; Di Cesare Mannelli, L; Ghelardini, C; Gulisano, M; Maresca, M; Morucci, G; Pacini, A; Paternostro, F; Tenci, B, 2018)	0.48
"Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to plants and animals, making it necessary to develop strategies that seek to reduce its introduction into food chains."	( Selenium and silicon reduce cadmium uptake and mitigate cadmium toxicity in Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen plants by activation antioxidant enzyme system. Bernardy, D; Bernardy, K; Dorneles, AOS; Dressler, VL; Pereira, AS; Possebom, G; Rossato, LV; Sasso, VM; Tabaldi, LA, 2018)	0.48
" This study sought to determine the extent of contamination, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification in the resident bird community and therefore to infer the potential for adverse effects in birds."	( Metal and Isotope Analysis of Bird Feathers in a Contaminated Estuary Reveals Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, and Potential Toxic Effects. Coughanowr, C; Einoder, LD; MacLeod, CK, 2018)	0.48
"Selenium (Se) is an essential trace-element that becomes toxic when present at high concentrations for aquatic organisms."	( Bioaccumulation, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress of the acute exposure selenium in Oreochromis mossambicus. Faggio, C; Gobi, N; Rekha, R; Vaseeharan, B; Vijayakumar, S, 2018)	0.48
" Based on milk Se concentrations of mothers with optimal daily Se intake, the adequate Se intake value and a safe range for Chinese infants 0-3 months of age were calculated as 15."	( Calculation of an Adequate Intake (AI) Value and Safe Range of Selenium (Se) for Chinese Infants 0-3 Months Old Based on Se Concentration in the Milk of Lactating Chinese Women with Optimal Se Intake. Chai, Y; Han, F; He, M; Huang, Z; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Lu, J; Mu, W; Sun, L; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Zhang, J, 2019)	0.51
"The toxic metalloid arsenic (As) is consumed mostly through contaminated rice."	( Selenium amelioration of arsenic toxicity in rice shows genotypic variation: A transcriptomic and biochemical analysis. Gupta, M; Pandey, C, 2018)	0.48
"The toxic mechanism of cadmium-quantum dots (Cd-QDs) to organisms is still debating."	( Kidney Toxicity and Response of Selenium Containing Protein-glutathione Peroxidase (Gpx3) to CdTe QDs on Different Levels. Liu, R; Zhang, H; Zhao, L; Zong, W, 2019)	0.51
" Despite its non-essentiality, higher plants take it up and metabolize it via sulfur pathways, but higher amounts of Se cause toxic symptoms in plants."	( Plant selenium toxicity: Proteome in the crosshairs. Feigl, G; Kolbert, Z; Molnár, Á; Van Hoewyk, D, 2019)	0.51
"Mercury is one of the most toxic elements threatening the biosphere, with levels steadily rising due to both natural and human activities."	( Disruption of selenium transport and function is a major contributor to mercury toxicity in zebrafish larvae. Crawford, AM; Dolgova, NV; George, GN; Krone, PH; MacDonald, TC; Nehzati, S; Pickering, IJ; Summers, KL, 2019)	0.51
"Cadmium (Cd), as one of the most toxic heavy metals, has become a widespread environmental contaminant and threats the food quality and safety."	( Selenium Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Adverse Effects on Trace Elements and Amino Acids Profiles in Chicken Pectoral Muscles. Fan, RF; Li, HQ; Qu, KC; Tang, KK; Wang, ZY, 2020)	0.56
" It also has an exceptionally narrow range between necessary and toxic concentrations, which is a well-known hindrance in its use as a dietary supplement."	( The Role of Selenium in Arsenic and Cadmium Toxicity: an Updated Review of Scientific Literature. Zwolak, I, 2020)	0.56
" This study aimed to develop approaches for the safe exploitation of seleniferous soil."	( Application of ecogeochemical prediction model to safely exploit seleniferous soil. Gu, Q; Hou, Q; Ji, J; Yang, Z; Yu, T; Zhang, Q, 2019)	0.51
" However, selenium supplementation in 2,4-D-treated rats elicited a reduction in the toxic effects of the pesticide by improving the studied parameters, which was confirmed by the histological study of the liver."	( Potential Role of Selenium Against Hepatotoxicity Induced by 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Albino Wistar Rats. Ouali, K; Tichati, L; Trea, F, 2020)	0.56
"With the development of industrialization, public exposure to toxic metals could occur everywhere, eventually affecting individuals' reproductive systems and even embryos and leading to early pregnancy loss."	( Biomarkers of metal toxicity in embryos in the general population. Han, J; Jie, O; Li, C; Liu, X; Peng, P; Qiu, L; Teng, L, 2019)	0.51
"Blood cadmium and urine chromium levels are two possible biomarkers of toxic metal embryotoxicity in the general population, which means that in the general population, blood cadmium >0."	( Biomarkers of metal toxicity in embryos in the general population. Han, J; Jie, O; Li, C; Liu, X; Peng, P; Qiu, L; Teng, L, 2019)	0.51
" In addition, we also found that, under a safe dose (0."	( Systematic acute and subchronic toxicity evaluation of polysaccharide-protein complex-functionalized selenium nanoparticles with anticancer potency. Chen, T; Du, Y; Liu, T; Wong, KH; Zhang, Z, 2019)	0.51
" While, protective role of selenium (Se) has not been discussed in detail under adverse conditions in oilseed rape."	( Selenium mitigates the chromium toxicity in Brassicca napus L. by ameliorating nutrients uptake, amino acids metabolism and antioxidant defense system. Ali, B; Ali, S; Gill, RA; Hamid, Y; Huang, H; Huang, Q; Khan, AR; Mwamba, TM; Ulhassan, Z; Wang, J; Zhou, W, 2019)	0.51
" The mechanisms of MT-induced plant tolerance to Se stress have potential implications in developing novel strategies for safe crop production in Se-rich soils."	( Protective mechanisms of melatonin against selenium toxicity in Brassica napus: insights into physiological traits, thiol biosynthesis and antioxidant machinery. Ali, B; Ali, S; Gill, RA; Hina, F; Huang, Q; Mwamba, TM; Ulhassan, Z; Zhou, W, 2019)	0.51
"Understanding the impact of microorganisms on the mobility of selenium (Se) is important for predicting the fate of toxic Se in the environment and improving wastewater treatment technologies."	( Bacillus safensis JG-B5T affects the fate of selenium by extracellular production of colloidally less stable selenium nanoparticles. Firkala, T; Fischer, S; Hübner, R; Jain, R; Jordan, N; Krause, T; Lederer, F; Merroun, ML; Shevchenko, A; Stumpf, T, 2020)	0.56
" Mortality has been described after the ingestion of gun bluing solutions, which often contain selenous acid among other potentially toxic substances."	( Acute human toxicity and mortality after selenium ingestion: A review. Hadrup, N; Ravn-Haren, G, 2020)	0.56
" Intriguingly, blocking this pathway reversed the adverse effects of DON on cytotoxic damage and metabolism disruption to catabolism."	( Inhibiting the aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by selenium supplementation ameliorates deoxynivalenol-induced toxicity and catabolism in chondrocytes. Chang, Y; Chen, M; Duan, D; Guo, X; Jin, Z; Lammi, MJ; Wang, X, 2020)	0.56
" This study was conducted to investigate the possible protective role of Selenium (Se) and L-carnitine (LC) against the adverse effects induced by Cd on the male reproductive system in mice."	( Selenium and L-Carnitine Ameliorate Reproductive Toxicity Induced by Cadmium in Male Mice. Abuelzahab, HSH; Alharthi, WA; Elmahdi, MM; Hamza, RZ; Saleh, H, 2020)	0.56
" But, selenium may have toxic effects in high doses."	( Use of an antiarrhythmic drug against acute selenium toxicity. Başbuğan, Y; Keleş, ÖF; Kömüroğlu, AU; Mercan Yücel, U; Uyar, A, 2020)	0.56
" The safe utilization of such Se-rich land resources remains a challenge."	( Safe utilization and zoning on natural selenium-rich land resources: a case study of the typical area in Enshi County, China. Hou, Q; Hou, W; Li, Y; Ma, W; Xia, X; Yan, B; Yang, Z; Yu, T, 2020)	0.56
"Breeding of rice varieties that are enriched with essential micronutrients and simultaneously have reduced levels of toxic elements in grains is largely unexplored in rice breeding practice."	( QTL pyramiding for producing nutritious and safe rice grains. Huang, XY; Zhao, FJ, 2020)	0.56
"The adverse effect of diclofenac administration on the male reproductive organ in both humans and rats has been reported."	( Selenium attenuates diclofenac-induced testicular and epididymal toxicity in rats. Aliyu-Banjo, NO; Odunola, OA; Owumi, SE, 2020)	0.56
" However, it can also induce peripheral neuropathic pain and neurotoxicity as adverse effects."	( Melatonin and Selenium Suppress Docetaxel-Induced TRPV1 Activation, Neuropathic Pain and Oxidative Neurotoxicity in Mice. Ataizi, ZS; Ertilav, K; Nazıroğlu, M; Yıldızhan, K, 2021)	0.62
" The overall outcomes suggest that Se-ZnO-NAB can be of significant importance for combating multi-drug resistance but must be used with extreme caution, particularly in pregnancy, as moderate toxicity was observed at a toxic dose of 2000 mg kg-1."	( Green synthesized selenium doped zinc oxide nano-antibiotic: synthesis, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial, nanotoxicity and teratogenicity potential. Ahmad, B; Akhtar, S; Anwar, F; Hussain, I; Hussain, SZ; Javed, F; Majeed, A; Nadhman, A; Saleem, U; Shahnaz, G; Sohail, MF, 2020)	0.56
" Cytotoxicity of Cadmium containing QDs is well documented and reveals that they are toxic to cells."	( In vitro and In vivo toxicity analysis of zinc selenium/zinc sulfide (ZnSe/ZnS) quantum dots. Mohanan, PV; Rajeev, KS; Reshma, VG; Sabareeswaran, A, 2020)	0.56
" No toxic effect was observed for SeNPs on normal kidney and liver cell lines."	( Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficiency of selenium nanoparticles biosynthesized by Spirulina platensis. Abbas, HS; Abou Baker, DH; Ahmed, EA, 2021)	0.62
" These toxic effects were confirmed by histological alterations, represented by a significant reduction in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis."	( Nano selenium protects against deltamethrin-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Al-Mokaddem, AK; Amer, MS; Azouz, RA; Ghandour, RA; Hozyen, HF; Khalil, HMA, 2020)	0.56
"The present experiment aimed to compare toxic effects of dietary organic or inorganic selenium (Se) and to predict of Se intake and tissue Se concentrations in broiler chickens based on feather Se concentrations."	( Comparison of toxic effects of dietary organic or inorganic selenium and prediction of selenium intake and tissue selenium concentrations in broiler chickens using feather selenium concentrations. Kil, DY; Kim, JH, 2020)	0.56
"The aims of this study were to: (i) examine the toxic effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) in blood, liver, spleen, and brain cells of Wistar rats after the subacute exposure; (ii) explore the potential protective properties of selenium (Se) against fluoride toxicity after the simultaneous administration."	( Genotoxicity of fluoride subacute exposure in rats and selenium intervention. Antonijević, B; Antonijević-Miljaković, E; Baralić, K; Bulat, Z; Ćurčić, M; Djordjevic, AB; Javorac, D; Kolarević, S; Kostić-Vuković, J; Kračun-Kolarević, M; Mandić, J; Mandinić, Z; Marić, JJ; Milutinović-Smiljanić, S; Radovanović, J; Sunjog, K; Vuković-Gačić, B; Đukić-Ćosić, D, 2021)	0.62
"Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal pollutants and can damage male reproductive function."	( A potential mechanism associated with lead-induced spermatogonia and Leydig cell toxicity and mitigative effect of selenium in chicken. Hou, L; Huang, H; Lin, X; Pan, S; Wang, M; Zhao, Q; Zheng, P, 2021)	0.62
"Nanoparticle-assisted inorganic selenium delivery, which demonstrated equal bioavailability without causing deleterious cytotoxic side effects, has potential applications for safely supplementing animal diets with inorganic selenium at what are usually toxic doses."	( Phytoglycogen Nanoparticle Delivery System for Inorganic Selenium Reduces Cytotoxicity without Impairing Selenium Bioavailability. Alkie, TN; de Jong, J; DeWitte-Orr, SJ; Moore, E, 2020)	0.56
"Lead (Pb), a toxic pollutant, is toxic to the testis."	( Selenium-Alleviated Testicular Toxicity by Modulating Inflammation, Heat Shock Response, and Autophagy Under Oxidative Stress in Lead-Treated Chickens. Feng, R; Hou, L; Huang, H; Lin, X; Pan, S; Wang, M; Wang, S; Zhao, Q, 2021)	0.62
" Selenium (Se), an essential trace element, showed the significant protective effects against kidney and renal cell damage induced by toxic substances."	( The Protective Effect of Selenium on T-2-Induced Nephrotoxicity Is Related to the Inhibition of ROS-Mediated Apoptosis in Mice Kidney. Han, Y; Li, Y; Shao, B; Song, M; Wang, Q; Yang, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2022)	0.72
" This study investigated the toxic effects of two different amalgam compositions related to Hg and the protective effects of selenium against the toxic effects of Hg through the TRPV1 channel in the human DBTRG glioblastoma cell line."	( The protective role of selenium against dental amalgam-induced intracellular oxidative toxicity through the TRPV1 channel in DBTRG glioblastoma cells. Ceyhan, D; Cig, B; Guzel, KGU, 2021)	0.62
"Selenium combined with an amalgam of either HCu or LCu decreases the toxic effects created by Hg in human DBTRG glioblastoma cells."	( The protective role of selenium against dental amalgam-induced intracellular oxidative toxicity through the TRPV1 channel in DBTRG glioblastoma cells. Ceyhan, D; Cig, B; Guzel, KGU, 2021)	0.62
"Mercury is one of the major pollutants in the ocean, selenium causes toxicity beyond a certain limit, but there are few comparative toxic studies between them in halophytes."	( The toxicity of selenium and mercury in Suaeda salsa after 7-days exposure. Chen, Q; Liu, C; Liu, T; Liu, X; Zhang, L, 2021)	0.62
" Selenium (Se) possesses a beneficial role in protecting animals and ameliorating the toxic effects of Cd."	( Comparative study on protective effect of different selenium sources against cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity via regulating the transcriptions of selenoproteome. Cui, ZG; Ge, J; Li, JL; Li, JY; Liu, LL; Lv, MW; Talukder, M, 2021)	0.62
" The principal aim of the research was to optimize the crop yield by eliciting the physio-biochemical attributes by alleviating the adverse effects of drought stress."	( Selenium Alleviates the Adverse Effect of Drought in Oilseed Crops Camelina ( Aamir Iqbal, M; Ahmad, Z; Anjum, S; Ayub, MA; Brestic, M; El Sabagh, A; Habib-Ur-Rahman, M; Hassan, MM; Hossain, A; Muhammad Sabir Tariq, R; Skalicky, M; Sohidul Islam, M; Waraich, EA; Wasaya, A, 2021)	0.62
"Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), beryllium (Be), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and thallium (Tl) are reportedly notorious toxic contents of make-ups, with potential to cause cancer and chronic kidney disease, warranting investigation on their toxic effects."	( Toxic effects of selected trace elements contained in make-ups on female university students in Nigeria. Eneh, OC, 2021)	0.62
"Cadmium (Cd) is toxic non-essential heavy metal that precipitates adverse health effects in humans and animals."	( Protective Role of the Essential Trace Elements in the Obviation of Cadmium Toxicity: Glimpses of Mechanisms. Bhattacharya, S, 2022)	0.72
" The elevated concentrations of these compounds cause adverse effects in humans and animals."	( Protective effect of starch-stabilized selenium nanoparticles against melamine-induced hepato-renal toxicity in male albino rats. Abou-El-Sherbini, KS; Ahmed, ZSO; Drweesh, EA; Elnagar, MM; Elzahany, EAM; Galal, MK; Yasin, NAE, 2021)	0.62
" However, its strong adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicities, tend to reduce the patients' life qualities and to limit the clinical use of CPT-11."	( Selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium longum DD98 attenuates irinotecan-induced intestinal and hepatic toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Chen, D; Gao, F; Kan, S; Lu, C; Qian, Z; Yin, Y; Zhu, H, 2021)	0.62
"As a beneficial element, Selenium (Se) reduces toxic cadmium (Cd) absorption in many crops, but the effects of Se on Cd hyperaccumulator plants are unclear."	( Selenium alleviates toxicity in Amaranthus hypochondriacus by modulating the synthesis of thiol compounds and the subcellular distribution of cadmium. Ao, T; Chen, W; Kang, Y; Li, N; Liu, J; Sun, H; Wang, Y; Yang, L, 2022)	0.72
" It is found that SeNPs are 5-10 times more toxic in Lake Geneva water compared to the culture medium, suggesting that the traditional algal tests in Waris-H culture medium currently underestimate the toxicity of NPs in a natural water environment."	( Toxicity of selenium nanoparticles on Poterioochromonas malhamensis algae in Waris-H culture medium and Lake Geneva water: Effect of nanoparticle coating, dissolution, and aggregation. Chen, Y; Leng, X; Liu, W; Stoll, S, 2022)	0.72
"Cadmium (Cd) as a ubiquitous toxic heavy metal in the environment, causes severe hazards to human health, such as cellular stress and organ injury."	( Selenite Ameliorates Cadmium-induced Cytotoxicity Through Downregulation of ROS Levels and Upregulation of Selenoprotein Thioredoxin Reductase 1 in SH-SY5Y Cells. Guan, S; Guo, J; Ren, Y; Sun, S; Wang, H; Xu, J; Xu, W; Yang, R; Zhang, Q; Zhang, W; Zhao, J; Zong, Y, 2023)	0.91
" Specifically, epidemiologic studies in Western populations have shown adverse effects of selenium exposure at low levels, sometimes below or slightly above selenium intakes needed to maximize selenoprotein expression and activity."	( Safety of selenium exposure and limitations of selenoprotein maximization: Molecular and epidemiologic perspectives. Filippini, T; Jablonska, E; Saito, Y; Vinceti, M; Wise, LA, 2022)	0.72
" The window of Se between toxic and optimal concentration is narrow and uneven which fluctuates with plants species."	( Novel mechanistic insights of selenium induced microscopic, histochemical and physio-biochemical changes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant. An account of beneficiality or toxicity. Fariduddin, Q; Saleem, M, 2022)	0.72
"Lead (Pb) is the most common toxic heavy metal that is physiologically non-essential and imposes health complications in animals and humans."	( Essential Trace Metals as Countermeasure for Lead Toxicity. Bhattacharya, S, 2022)	0.72
" However, its clinical Use is often restricted due to multiple adverse effects."	( Protective effect of green synthesized Selenium Nanoparticles against Doxorubicin induced multiple adverse effects in Swiss albino mice. Ahmad, A; Akhtar, K; Arif, A; Islam, SN; Khan, MA; Siddique, HR; Singh, D; Singh, DK; Sodhi, KK, 2022)	0.72
" Such adverse effects include both physical and psychological alterations."	( Counteracting side effects of combined oral contraceptives through the administration of specific micronutrients. Basciani, S; Porcaro, G, 2022)	0.72
" The current study aimed to investigate the protective effects of antioxidants (garlic and selenium) against the toxic effects of tramadol on semen characteristics, steroid hormones, the protein expressions of different cytochrome P450 isozymes [CYP 21A2, CYP 19, and 11A1], and on antioxidant enzyme activities in testes of rabbits."	( Antioxidants (selenium and garlic) alleviated the adverse effects of tramadol on the reproductive system and oxidative stress markers in male rabbits. El-Dafrawi, YA; El-Ghalid, OA; Ghoneim, AA; Sheweita, SA; Wahid, A, 2022)	0.72
"82) were low compared to other pinniped pups, indicating potential vulnerability of pups to the toxic effects of Hg."	( Non-essential heavy metals and protective effects of selenium against mercury toxicity in endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) pups with hookworm disease. Gray, R; Lee, D; McQuilty, R; Taylor, S; Terkildsen, M; Wing-Simpson, A, 2022)	0.72
" The adverse effects of Se on the reproduction of zebrafish have been investigated, however, the effects of Se on the maturation and apoptosis of zebrafish oocytes remain unclear."	( Environmentally relevant concentrations of selenite trigger reproductive toxicity by affecting oocyte development and promoting larval apoptosis. Cheng, R; Qin, T; Wang, L; Zhan, C; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z, 2023)	0.91
" Recently, several studies highlighted that Se treatment can effectively antagonize the toxic effects induced by arsenic."	( Selenium Supplementation Protects Against Arsenic-Trioxide-Induced Cardiotoxicity Via Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Through Increasing NAD Li, WD; Mao, S; Yang, HB; Yuan, W, 2023)	0.91
"This study aims to inspect the neuroprotective effect of selenium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-SeNPs) against the adverse impact of Ag-NPs on brain tissue in adult rats."	( Assessment of the neuroprotective effect of selenium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity in rats. Ahmed, YH; Elbargeesy, GA; Khalil, HMA; Mahmoud, MY; Mekkawy, AM; Shalaby, OE, 2023)	0.91
" Reduction in Cd accumulation or induction of PCs by Cu could not suppress the toxicity of Se above safe levels."	( Selenium alleviates cadmium and copper toxicity in Gracilaria lemaneiformis (rhodophyta) with contrasting detoxification strategies. Wu, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, W; Zuo, C, 2023)	0.91
"To protect from toxicity at supra-essential doses of selenium, it is important to determine dose levels at which adverse effects occur."	( Toxicity of repeated oral intake of organic selenium, inorganic selenium, and selenium nanoparticles: A review. Hadrup, N; Ravn-Haren, G, 2023)	0.91
"This research was conducted to look at the effects of lead poisoning on heat shock response, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in albino rats, as well as the power of selenium and vitamin E to resist lead toxic effects."	( Selenium and vitamin E ameliorate lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats via suppression of oxidative stress, mRNA of heat shock proteins, and NF-kB production. Ibrahim, MA; Mesalam, NM; Mousa, MR; Said, NM, 2023)	0.91
"Pb is a toxic material that can induce HSPs and inflammatory markers expression."	( Selenium and vitamin E ameliorate lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats via suppression of oxidative stress, mRNA of heat shock proteins, and NF-kB production. Ibrahim, MA; Mesalam, NM; Mousa, MR; Said, NM, 2023)	0.91
" Thus, these findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying Se-Sb antagonism in rice, offering a potentially useful method for producing both safe and Se-rich crops."	( The alleviating effects and underlying mechanisms of exogenous selenium on both Sb(III) and Sb(V) toxicity in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.). Li, J; Lu, Y; Wu, J, 2023)	0.91
"Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution poses a considerable threat to the safe production of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in China."	( Selenium improves the medicinal safety and quality of Bletilla striata by promoting the fixation of cadmium in root: Pot and field experiments. Ao, T; Cao, Y; Chen, K; Chen, W; Du, H; Kang, Y; Li, N; Mou, H; Sun, H; Yang, L, 2023)	0.91
"We observed that the molecules were safe at a concentration range of 1-500 µM and did not alter any toxicological endpoint evaluated."	( In silico evidences of Mpro inhibition by a series of organochalcogen-AZT derivatives and their safety in Caenorhabditis elegans. Ávila, DS; da Silva, RS; de Oliveira Pereira, FS; Leal, JG; Nogara, PA; Rodrigues, OED; Sarturi, JM; Teixeira da Rocha, JB; Viçozzi, GP, 2023)	0.91
" We assessed the risk-difference between treatment and control (standard treatment) groups by pooling available data on length of stay (ICU length of stay and hospital length of stay), mortality (ICU mortality, hospital mortality, 28-day mortality, 6-month mortality and all-cause mortality), duration of mechanical ventilation, adverse events and new infections."	( Efficacy and safety of selenium or vitamin E administration alone or in combination in ICU patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, L; Lu, X; Ma, Y; Tu, Y; Wang, Z; Wei, X, 2023)	0.91
"By analyzing the included studies, we found no significant effect of selenium administration alone on mortality, mechanical ventilation duration, or adverse events in ICU patients."	( Efficacy and safety of selenium or vitamin E administration alone or in combination in ICU patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, L; Lu, X; Ma, Y; Tu, Y; Wang, Z; Wei, X, 2023)	0.91
" To develop a safe alternative technique, bacillus-inoculated biofertilizer, citric acid, earthworms, and selenium-modified activated clay were compared for their ability to regulate Hg bioaccumulation in Pennisetum giganteum (P."	( Application potential of biofertilizer-assisted Pennisetum giganteum in safe utilization of mercury-contaminated paddy fields. He, T; He, Z; Kang, J; Lei, B; Xu, X; Yin, D; Zhou, X, 2023)	0.91

Pharmacokinetics

Study was designed to determine the concentration of selenium in different types of seafood. Selenium content in liver, kidneys, small intestine, spleen, heart, brain, stomach, testicles and prostate was determined 48 h after the administration of selenium preparations.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The biological half-life (23."	( An acute mercuric mercury poisoning: chemical speciation of hair mercury shows a peak of inorganic mercury value. Abe, T; Aoyama, H; Hongo, T; Imai, H; Matsuo, N; Nakazawa, M; Suzuki, T; Yamamura, Y; Yoshida, M, 1992)	0.28
"0020 hour-1, which represented a biological half-life of 354 hours or 14."	( Pharmacokinetics of selenium administered parenterally at toxic doses in sheep. Bevill, RF; Blodgett, DJ, 1987)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic aspects of this interaction were studied in rodents with radiolabeled selenite and cisplatin."	( Reduction of cisplatin nephrotoxicity by sodium selenite. Lack of interaction at the pharmacokinetic level of both compounds. Baldew, GS; De Goeij, JJ; Los, G; McVie, JG; Vermeulen, NP, )	0.13
" The course of selenium concentration changes in blood was described, the pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated according to the trivalent equation of dicompartment model and the selenium content in liver, kidneys, small intestine, spleen, heart, brain, stomach, testicles and prostate was determined 48 h after the administration of selenium preparations."	( Pharmacokinetics and distribution of selenium in blood and organs of rats. Dolińska, B; Dróźdź, M; Ryszka, F; Szulc, B; Zientarska, G, 1994)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic properties of selol, a new organoselenium compound, were evaluated in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics of selol, a new agent containing selenium, in rats. Czyzewska-Szafran, H; Fijalek, Z; Fitak, BA; Jastrzebski, Z; Remiszewska, M; Suchocki, P, 1997)	0.3
" This study was designed to determine the concentration of selenium in different types of seafood and predict the concentration of selenium in the blood of Taiwanese using a one-compartment steady-state pharmacokinetic (PK) model."	( Pharmacokinetic model of daily selenium intake from contaminated seafood in Taiwan. Chien, LC; Han, BC; Huang, SY; Shieh, MJ; Yeh, CY, 2003)	0.32
" The divalent equation of one-compartment model was the simplest formula describing the course of selenium changes in serum of rabbits and giving the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of selenium following oral administration selenium preparation in rabbits. Danch, A; Gadomska-Nowak, M; Ryszka, F; Szulc-Musiol, B, 2004)	0.32
" This study investigated the pharmacokinetic effects of subcutaneous Se injection (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous selenium in adult llamas. Duran, SH; Herdt, TH; Paxton, R; Pugh, DG; Ravis, WR; Waldridge, BM, 2004)	0.32
" Additional investigations into the posology and pharmacokinetic profile of selenium are still required."	( Selenium supplementation in the critically ill: posology and pharmacokinetics. Hardy, G; Manzanares, W, 2009)	0.35
" We aimed to determine pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of selenite and estimate a safe dose to optimize selenium status."	( High-dose selenium for critically ill patients with systemic inflammation: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selenious acid: a pilot study. Biestro, A; Facchin, G; Galusso, F; Hardy, G; Mañáy, N; Manzanares, W; Torre, MH, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic concentration/time curves for serum selenium overlapped but were independent of dose, whereas the pharmacodynamics were different, showing maximum glutathione peroxidase activity only with VHD."	( High-dose selenium for critically ill patients with systemic inflammation: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selenious acid: a pilot study. Biestro, A; Facchin, G; Galusso, F; Hardy, G; Mañáy, N; Manzanares, W; Torre, MH, 2010)	0.36

Compound-Compound Interactions

The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum coenzyme Q10 concentrations of healthy elderly women. The effect of ginseng stem and leaf saponins in combination with selenium (Se; in the form of sodium selenite) on vaccination against attenuated pseudorabies virus (aPrV) was evaluated.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" However, As appeared to interact in a potentiating fashion with Se."	( Effects of selenium, alone and in combination with silver or arsenic, in rats. Cabe, PA; Carmichael, NG; Tilson, HA, 1979)	0.26
" The present work confirms our previous study concerning the role of SeO2 in combination with Cis DDP."	( Cis DDP in combination with selenium and sulfur. Subcellular effect in kidney cells. Electron microprobe study. Berry, JP; Lespinats, G, 1988)	0.27
" Inoculation of remantadine in combination with nontoxic concentrations of sodium selenite was found to be a promising combination for inhibition of experimental influenza infection."	( [Antiviral action of sodium selenite and its combination with remantadine]. Abdullaev, FI; Abdullaev, II; Lazymova, ZA; Sycheva, IV; Veselovskaia, TV, )	0.13
" We also examined additive or synergistic effect of Selenium in combination with standard anti-cancer drugs, Adriamycin (Doxorubicin) and Taxol."	( Effect of selenium in combination with Adriamycin or Taxol on several different cancer cells. Block, J; Hsia, S; Shen, D; Vadgama, JV; Wu, Y, )	0.13
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum coenzyme Q10 concentrations of healthy elderly women before and after supplementation with coenzyme Q10 combined with multivitamins, selenium, and magnesium."	( Plasma ubiquinone status and response to six-month supplementation combined with multivitamins in healthy elderly women--results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hahn, A; Wolters, M, 2003)	0.32
"We investigated the effect of long-term treatment (6 wk) with selenium and vitamin E, in combination with aerobic exercise training, on malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in STZ-induced diabetic rats."	( Effect of the joint administration of selenium and vitamin E in combination with regular aerobic exercise on markers of lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase in diabetic rats. Kim, HT, 2005)	0.33
"In this paper, a new method of nanometer-sized alumina packed microcolumn SPE combined with field-amplified sample stacking (FASS)-CE-UV detection was developed for the speciation analysis of inorganic selenium in environmental water samples."	( Nanometer-sized alumina packed microcolumn solid-phase extraction combined with field-amplified sample stacking-capillary electrophoresis for the speciation analysis of inorganic selenium in environmental water samples. Duan, J; He, M; Hu, B, 2012)	0.38
" Stratified analyses showed that this association was found only in persons who took vitamin E in combination with other antioxidants."	( Vitamin E supplementation is associated with lower levels of C-reactive protein only in higher dosages and combined with other antioxidants: The Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4 study. Heier, M; Kastenmüller, G; Koenig, W; Peters, A; Schneider, A; Schwab, S; Thorand, B; Waldenberger, M; Zierer, A, 2015)	0.42
"A new method based on dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) was developed for the simultaneous speciation of inorganic arsenic (As), selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te) with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) as both chelating reagent and chemical modifier."	( Simultaneous speciation of inorganic arsenic, selenium and tellurium in environmental water samples by dispersive liquid liquid microextraction combined with electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Chen, B; He, M; Hu, B; Liu, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Objective To investigate the effect of insulin in combination with selenium on p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase/CREB-binding protein (p38MAPK/CBP) pathway in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy."	( [Insulin combined with selenium inhibit p38MAPK/CBP pathway and suppresses cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy]. Deng, Y; Li, P; Liu, Y; Meng, J; Xu, T; Xu, X; Zeng, J, 2016)	0.43
" Next, H9c2 cardiomyocytes were treatment with HG/Pal+In/Se (10 nmol/L Insulin in combination with 10 nmol/L selenium)."	( Insulin in combination with selenium inhibits HG/Pal-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by Cbl-b regulating p38MAPK/CBP/Ku70 pathway. Li, P; Liu, Y; Xu, TJ; Xu, XL; Zeng, JR, 2016)	0.43
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of the L- and acetyl-L-carnitine complex, vitamins A, E, C, selenium, zinc and other antioxidants ("SpermActin" + "More than vitamins") in combination with clomiphene citrate (CC) in managing male idiopathic infertility in the form of oligo, and/or astheno-, and/or teratozoospermia."	( [Using L- and acetyl-L-carnintines in combination with clomiphene citrate and antioxidant complex for treating idiopathic male infertility: a prospective randomized trial]. Bozhedomov, VA; Bozhedomova, GE; Komarina, RA; Lipatova, NA; Rokhlikov, IM; Shcherbakova, EV, 2017)	0.46
"The effect of selenium yeast in combination with boron on both growth and quality of the muscle in broilers was investigated."	( Effects of Selenium Yeast in Combination with Boron on Muscle Growth and Muscle Quality in Broilers. Hu, Q; Jin, E; Jin, G; Li, S; Liang, L; Ren, M, 2019)	0.51
" In this study, the effect of ginseng stem and leaf saponins (GSLS) in combination with selenium (Se; in the form of sodium selenite) on vaccination against attenuated pseudorabies virus (aPrV) was evaluated."	( Ginseng stem-leaf saponins in combination with selenium enhance immune responses to an attenuated pseudorabies virus vaccine. Cui, X; Guan, R; He, S; Hu, S; Maqbool, B; Wang, S; Wang, Y, 2019)	0.51
"The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of selenium (Se) alone or combined with carbamazepine (CBZ) against the adverse effects induced by the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in the cortex of adult male rats."	( Electrophysiological and Neurochemical Assessment of Selenium Alone or Combined with Carbamazepine in an Animal Model of Epilepsy. Aboul Ezz, HS; Ali, MA; Mohammed, HS; Zedan, A, 2020)	0.56
" However, few studies have been conducted examining anti-tumor effects of nutritional supplements (NS) containing Se and EPA/DHA in combination with anti-cancer agents, such as taxol (Tax), adriamycin (Adr), and avastin (Ava)."	( Nutritional supplements in combination with chemotherapy or targeted therapy reduces tumor progression in mice bearing triple-negative breast cancer. Chen, PC; Chung, CH; Guo, CH; Henning, SM; Hsia, S; Hsu, GW; Li, Z; Lin, YC; Peng, CL; Shih, MY, 2021)	0.62
" Since higher Fischer ratio proteins have therapeutic value in liver diseases, an investigation was undertaken to study the ameliorative effect of the enhanced Fischer ratio flaxseed protein hydrolysate (EFR-FPH) alone and in combination with antioxidant micronutrients on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model."	( Ameliorative effect of enhanced Fischer ratio flaxseed protein hydrolysate in combination with antioxidant micronutrients on ethanol-induced hepatic damage in a rat model. Gnanesh Kumar, BS; Govindaraju, K; Jyothi Lakshmi, A; Muthukumar, SP; Ume Salma, N, 2022)	0.72
" Our results showed that application of chitin fertilizer combined with Se to the soil with reduced nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer (nitrogen fertilizer decreased by 25% and phosphate fertilizer decreased by 50%) could significantly increase the fruit yield, vitamin C and solid-acid ratio in the fruit."	( Chitin combined with selenium reduced nitrogen loss in soil and improved nitrogen uptake efficiency in Guanxi pomelo orchard. Guo, Z; Hu, C; Kong, Q; Shi, G; Tang, Y; Xiao, X; Zhai, H; Zhan, T; Zhao, X; Zhou, Y, 2021)	0.62
"In this study, we investigated the protective effects and possible mechanism of epigallocatechin-3-o-gallate (EGCG) combined with organic selenium in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-activated LX-2 cells."	( Protective effects of epigallocatechin-3-o-gallate combined with organic selenium against transforming growth factor-beta 1-induced fibrosis in LX-2 cells. Li, YH; Qin, LQ; Xu, JY; Yin, XB; Yuan, L; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72
" This study aimed to compare the anti-cancer efficacy of EGFR inhibitors (gefitinib and erlotinib) alone and in combination with nutritional supplements of Se/FO in treating lung cancer."	( Targeting EGFR in Combination with Nutritional Supplements on Antitumor Efficacy in a Lung Cancer Mouse Model. Chen, PC; Guo, CH; Hsia, S; Lee, SY; Li, WC; Peng, CL, 2022)	0.72
"The results showed that increasing the P application rate enhanced photosynthesis and then increased the dry matter weight of shoots with selenite and SeMet treatment, and an appropriate amount of P combined with selenite treatment increased the dry matter weight of roots by enhancing root growth."	( Selenium uptake, translocation, subcellular distribution and speciation in winter wheat in response to phosphorus application combined with three types of selenium fertilizer. Hu, C; Li, C; Li, G; Liu, H; Nie, Z; Peng, H; Shi, H, 2023)	0.91
"Compared with selenate or SeMet treatment, treatment with an appropriate amount of P combined with selenite could promote plant growth, reduce Se uptake, alter Se subcellular distribution and speciation, and affect Se bioavailability in wheat."	( Selenium uptake, translocation, subcellular distribution and speciation in winter wheat in response to phosphorus application combined with three types of selenium fertilizer. Hu, C; Li, C; Li, G; Liu, H; Nie, Z; Peng, H; Shi, H, 2023)	0.91

Bioavailability

The bioavailability of yeast selenium was superior to selenite. Selenium speciation analysis, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and antioxidant assays were performed. These data indicate that the bioavailability is decreased by DEHP.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Selenite-Se was not as well absorbed (0."	( On supplementing the selenium intake of New Zealanders. 2. Prolonged metabolic experiments with daily supplements of selenomethionine, selenite and fish. Friend, GM; Rea, HM; Robinson, MF; Snow, PC; Stewart, RD; Thomson, CD, 1978)	0.26
" Although selenite-Se was almost as well absorbed as Semet-Se more was excreted in the urine (0."	( On supplementing the selenium intake of New Zealanders. 1. Short experiments with large doses of selenite or selenomethionine. Burton, CE; Robinson, MF; Thomson, CD, 1978)	0.26
" Other factors that may affect the occurrence of these deficiency diseases are concurrent dietary deficiency of S-containing amino acids, bioavailability of different forms of dietary Se, intake of compounds that antagonize Se (e."	( Etiologic factors and pathologic alterations in selenium-vitamin E deficiency and excess in animals and humans. Ferrans, VJ; Van Vleet, JF, )	0.13
" Since GSH occurs in the intestinal lumen under physiological conditions, it may contribute to the high bioavailability of Se from selenite."	( Effects of glutathione and of cysteine on intestinal absorption of selenium from selenite. Scharrer, E; Senn, E; Wolffram, S, )	0.13
" The high bioavailability of Se from selenite found by others might thus be the result of the presence of thiols in the gastrointestinal tract."	( Stimulation of mucosal uptake of selenium from selenite by some thiols at various sites of rat intestine. Scharrer, E; Senn, E; Wolffram, S, )	0.13
"The bioavailability and metabolism of different chemical species of mineral nutrients in the diet are receiving much attention from research nutritionists."	( Utilization of two different chemical forms of selenium during lactation using stable isotope tracers: an example of speciation in nutrition. Mangels, AR; Moser-Veillon, PB; Patterson, KY; Veillon, C, 1992)	0.28
" The purpose of this work was to study the bioavailability of one selenium drug, "Granions de Sélénium", as compared with sodium selenite."	( Selenium bioavailability as selenite (74Se) and as a selenium drug (76Se) by stable isotope methodology. Ducros, V; Favier, A; Guigues, M, 1991)	0.28
" We also undertook a separate bioavailability study using Se-methylselenocysteine, dimethyl selenoxide, and trimethylselenonium as the starting compounds for delivering selenium with one, two, or three methyl groups, and measured the ability of these compounds to restore glutathione peroxidase activity in selenium-depleted animals."	( Chemical form of selenium, critical metabolites, and cancer prevention. Budnick, RM; Ganther, HE; Hayes, C; Ip, C, 1991)	0.28
" These data indicate that the bioavailability of selenium is decreased by DEHP."	( Selenium metabolism in isolated hepatocytes: inhibition of incorporation in proteins by mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, a metabolite of the peroxisome proliferator di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. Garberg, P; Högberg, J, 1991)	0.28
" Except for the higher erythrocyte Se levels after supplementation with high-Se meat, there were no differences in bioavailability of Se between meat and wheat products."	( Effect of various levels of selenium in wheat and meat on blood Se status indices and on Se balance in Dutch men. Ockhuizen, T; Schaafsma, G; van der Torre, HW; Van Dokkum, W; Wedel, M, 1991)	0.28
" The activity of whole blood GSH-Px established a relative bioavailability for barley, oats and meat meal Se of 85, 41 and 25%, respectively (as mu kat/l), and 81, 51 and 17%, respectively (as mu kat/g Hb)."	( Utilization of dietary sodium selenite, barley, oats and meat meal selenium by the chick. Hakkarainen, RV; Hassan, S; Lindberg, PO; Sankari, S, 1990)	0.28
" In low-Se rabbits the distribution in body was more rapid and more extensive, and the bioavailability was higher than that in normal-Se rabbits."	( [Pharmacokinetic study of sodium selenite in low-selenium rabbits]. Cui, GA; Guo, JA; Han, J; Li, L; Wang, XY, 1990)	0.28
"A bioavailability study was conducted in lambs following intravenous and oral administration of sodium selenite (0."	( Effects of monensin on the bioavailability and elimination of selenium from blood in lambs. Humphreys, DJ; Middleton, DJ; Wang, JH, 1990)	0.28
" The bioavailability of the Se pool in maintaining liver glutathione peroxidase activity during a period of Se deprivation, following excess selenite or selenomethionine loading, was also assessed."	( Tissue selenium levels in selenium-supplemented rats and their relevance in mammary cancer protection. Hayes, C; Ip, C, 1989)	0.28
"Effects of feeding supplements of calcium, magnesium, manganese, selenium and potassium on dietary copper bioavailability of humans were investigated."	( Copper absorption as affected by supplemental calcium, magnesium, manganese, selenium and potassium. Harms, JM; Kies, C, 1989)	0.28
"The bioavailability of a number of minerals may be altered by the special characteristics of vegetarian diets."	( Mineral adequacy of vegetarian diets. Freeland-Graves, J, 1988)	0.27
" In the diet Se occurs in mineral or organic forms, the bioavailability of these latter is better."	( [Selenium: physiologic role and value in human pathology]. Belleville, F; Dubois, F, 1988)	0.27
" The different intakes are discussed and compared with intakes published for other countries, while the importance of bioavailability of the selenium in food in the risk of deficiency is stressed."	( Dietary selenium intake in Belgium for different population groups at risk for deficiency. Deelstra, HA; Robberecht, HJ; Roekens, EJ, 1986)	0.27
"An experiment was conducted to estimate the relative bioavailability of inorganic Se sources based on tissue Se deposition following supplementation at high dietary levels."	( Estimation of the relative biological availability of inorganic selenium sources for ruminants using tissue uptake of selenium. Ammerman, CB; Echevarria, MG; Henry, PR; Rao, PV, 1988)	0.27
" It appeared that 1 wk would be an adequate length of time for further Se bioavailability studies based on tissue Se uptake from diets containing 3 to 9 mg/kg added Se."	( Estimation of the relative bioavailability of inorganic selenium sources for poultry. 1. Effect of time and high dietary selenium on tissue selenium uptake. Ammerman, CB; Echevarria, MG; Henry, PR; Miles, RD; Rao, PV, 1988)	0.27
"An experiment was conducted with 192 day-old male Cobb chicks to study tissue uptake of Se as an estimate of the bioavailability of supplemental inorganic Se sources fed at high dietary concentrations."	( Estimation of the relative bioavailability of inorganic selenium sources for poultry. 2. Tissue uptake of selenium from high dietary selenium concentrations. Ammerman, CB; Echevarria, MG; Henry, PR; Miles, RD; Rao, PV, 1988)	0.27
" These changes resulted in the lowered bioavailability of selenium as far as the GSH-Px activity was concerned."	( Specific alteration of the form of selenium in fetal liver on maternal methylmercury treatment. Imura, N; Ishii, M; Iwai, I; Naganuma, A; Nishikido, N; Satoh, Y, 1988)	0.27
" These results indicate that the chemical forms of dietary Se can have a marked influence on biological responses, including bioavailability of dietary Se."	( Effects of various dietary levels of selenium as selenite or selenomethionine on tissue selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase activity in rats. Butler, JA; Whanger, PD, 1988)	0.27
" These observations verify in man relationships observe in animal studies, giving support to assumptions made in methods for assessing Se status and bioavailability in man, in particular the use of platelet GSHPx."	( Selenium and vitamin E supplementation: activities of glutathione peroxidase in human tissues. Robinson, MF; Steven, SM; Thomson, CD; van Rij, AM; Wade, CR, 1988)	0.27
" Therefore, as far as GSH-Px activity was concerned, the bioavailability of selenium was markedly decreased in fetal liver by maternal injection of MMC."	( Maternal selenium deficiency enhances the fetolethal toxicity of methyl mercury. Furuyashiki, K; Imura, N; Naganuma, A; Nishikido, N; Suzuki, T, 1987)	0.27
" Based on slope-ratio analyses, the bioavailability of Se-methionine and Se-yeast was greater than that of selenite in both lactating dams and their nursing pups."	( Relative bioavailability of seleno-compounds in the lactating rat. Picciano, MF; Smith, AM, 1987)	0.27
" The bioavailability of Se was calculated with the slope-ratio method."	( Bioavailability to rats of selenium in milk of cows fed sodium selenite or selenited barley. Aspila, P; Mutanen, M; Mykkänen, HM, 1986)	0.27
" Selenium absorption from the soy isolate source was very high (86-96%), indicating that, although soy does not normally contain high levels of selenium, the selenium present is well absorbed from this plant source."	( Metabolism in rats of selenium from intrinsically and extrinsically labeled isolated soy protein. Mason, AC; Weaver, CM, 1986)	0.27
"The bioavailability of selenium (Se) in mushrooms, Boletus edulis, to young Finnish women was studied by giving them 150 micrograms Se as mushrooms for 4 weeks."	( Bioavailability of selenium in mushrooms, Boletus edulis, to young women. Mutanen, M, 1986)	0.27
" Stable isotopes of selenium are safe and potentially useful tools for examining its bioavailability in the diets of young children."	( Absorption of selenium from milk protein and isolated soy protein formulas in preschool children: studies using stable isotope tracer 74Se. Christensen, MJ; Janghorbani, M; Solomons, NW; Steinke, FH; Torun, B; Young, VR, 1986)	0.27
" In this study, the triple-lumen perfusion method was used to measure the rate of absorption of trace quantities of selenium (50 micrograms/liter in a physiological electrolyte solution) from the jejunum when given as D,L-selenomethione, D,L-selenocystine, or sodium selenite to healthy dogs in vivo."	( Selenium absorption by canine jejunum. Barbezat, GO; Reasbeck, PG; Robinson, MF; Thomson, CD; Weber, FL, 1985)	0.27
"The study was designed to investigate the effect of supplemental ascorbic acid on the bioavailability of selenium (Se) in humans by using plasma Se levels and plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity as indicators of the body Se status."	( Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on selenium bioavailability in humans. Mutanen, M; Mykkänen, HM, 1985)	0.27
" The most reliable biological parameter for increase in selenium bioavailability is the erythrocytes' glutathione-peroxidase activity."	( Increased erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in psoriatics consuming high-selenium drinking water at the Dead-Sea Psoriasis Treatment Center. Even-Paz, Z; Livshitz, T; Robberecht, H; Rubinstein, N; Shani, J; Van Grieken, R, 1985)	0.27
" Methionine supplements may increase the bioavailability of selenium in severely deficient subjects."	( Bioavailability of selenium to residents in a low-selenium area of China. Feng, YM; Liu, J; Liu, X; Liu, YX; Luo, XM; Qiao, CH; Wei, HJ; Wu, Q; Xing, J; Yang, CL, 1985)	0.27
" Since this did not correspond with an increase in GSH-Px activity it was concluded that it did not represent increased bioavailability of canned tuna."	( Bioavailability to rats of selenium in various tuna and wheat products. Alexander, AR; Miller, LT; Whanger, PD, 1983)	0.27
" Studies were then undertaken to achieve intrinsic labeling of egg white and egg yolk with stable isotope 74Se for purposes of exploring selenium bioavailability in humans."	( Labeling hen's egg with 74Se for use in human metabolic experiments. Janghorbani, M; Newcomer, CE; Sirichakwal, PP; Young, VR, 1984)	0.27
"Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary protein level and level of feed intake on the apparent bioavailability of Se from Na2SeO3 and selenomethionine (DL-Se-Met) for protection from exudative diathesis (ED) of the Se- and vitamin E-depleted chick."	( Effects of dietary protein level and level of feed intake on the apparent bioavailability of selenium for the chick. Combs, GF; Zhou, YP, 1984)	0.27
" These variations may reflect dietary habits, bioavailability of selenium compounds in diet, racial difference, or different analytical methods."	( Plasma selenium concentration in healthy Japanese children and adults determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Hatano, S; Nishi, Y; Usui, T, 1984)	0.27
" Some information regarding the dietary selenium intake required by humans to replace excretory losses has now appeared, but the bioavailability to humans of selenium from different dietary sources has not been determined."	( Considerations in the design of selenium bioavailability studies. Levander, OA, 1983)	0.27
" Assessment of Se bioavailability requires a short-term platelet GSH-Px measurement to determine immediate availability, a medium-term plasma Se measurement to estimate retention, and a long-term platelet GSH-Px measurement after supplements are discontinued to determine the covertibility of tissue Se stores to biologically active Se."	( Bioavailability of selenium to Finnish men as assessed by platelet glutathione peroxidase activity and other blood parameters. Alfthan, G; Arvilommi, H; Gref, CG; Huttunen, JK; Kataja, M; Koivistoinen, P; Levander, OA; Pikkarainen, J, 1983)	0.27
"Human blood selenium (Se) levels have been related to the types of food consumed, bioavailability of Se, and various disease states, including cancer."	( Selenium status of vegeterians, nonvegetarians, and hormone-dependent cancer subjects. Leklem, JE; Shultz, TD, 1983)	0.27
" The reduction of SeO2 by SO2 to Se0 results in less bioavailability in the food cycle."	( What do losses in selenium and arsenic bioavailability signify for health? Frost, DV, 1983)	0.27
"Various aspects of selenium metabolism and nutrition in relation to the question of selenium bioavailability in foods and the diet of man are reviewed."	( Selenium bioavailability with reference to human nutrition. Janghorbani, M; Nahapetian, A; Young, VR, 1982)	0.26
" We found that significant enrichment of 74Se occurred in the tissues of test animals as compared with the controls and that the degree of enrichment achieved was sufficient to allow use of these chickens in human feeding experiments designed to investigate bioavailability of dietary selenium employing the method of stable isotopes and fecal monitoring."	( Feasibility of intrinsic labeling of poultry meat with stable isotope of selenium (74Se) for use in human metabolic studies. Christensen, MJ; Janghorbani, M; Steinke, FH; Young, VR, 1981)	0.26
" The very low bioavailability of ascorbate among Sowetan controls is reminiscent of our previous finding in outwardly healthy people at Madras in southern India: in both these areas chronic pancreatitis is currently endemic, has a propensity to pancreatic calculi and runs a virulent course towards premature death from diabetes, malnutrition or pancreatic cancer."	( Micronutrient antioxidant status in black South Africans with chronic pancreatitis: opportunity for prophylaxis. Braganza, JM; Gut, A; Schofield, D; Segal, I; Shiel, N, 1995)	0.29
"The bioavailability of Se from ground beef has been previously found in this laboratory to be greater than that of selenite or selenate when fed to female Fischer 344 rats."	( Selenium from beef is highly bioavailable as assessed by liver glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity and tissue selenium. Shi, B; Spallholz, JE, 1994)	0.29
"In the study the relative bioavailability as well as the extent of bioavailability of selenium after a single intragastric administration of selenium yeast and sodium selenite have been determined."	( Bioavailability of selenium from selenium preparations in rats. Dolinska, B; Drózdz, M; Ryszka, F; Szulc, B, 1994)	0.29
"The literature on the bioavailability of selenium (Se) from meats, especially beef, is meager, and that which existed when this research began suggested that Se was not highly bioavailable."	( Bioavailability of selenium from raw and cooked ground beef assessed in selenium-deficient Fischer rats. Shi, B; Spallholz, JE, 1994)	0.29
"The data suggest that bioavailability of Se from ground beef is greater than that from either selenite or selenate."	( Bioavailability of selenium from raw and cooked ground beef assessed in selenium-deficient Fischer rats. Shi, B; Spallholz, JE, 1994)	0.29
" The present study was designed to evaluate the nutritional bioavailability of selenium from this garlic with use of two liver selenoenzymes as biomarkers: glutathione peroxidase and type I 5'-deiodinase."	( Bioavailability of selenium from selenium-enriched garlic. Ip, C; Lisk, DJ, 1993)	0.29
" Studies of bioavailability and balance show the important role of the kidneys in homeostatic regulation of Se."	( Urinary selenium concentrations. Díaz Romero, C; Sanz Alaejos, M, 1993)	0.29
"This paper considers the factors that affect the bioavailability of selenium to human populations and describes briefly the consequences of an inadequate dietary intake of selenium in the Peoples' Republic of China and in Zaire."	( Indexes of selenium status in human populations. Diplock, AT, 1993)	0.29
" Selenomethionine was more effective in raising blood Se concentrations than selenate, but both were equally effective in raising GSHPx activities in whole blood, erythrocytes and plasma, indicating a similar bioavailability for the two forms."	( Long-term supplementation with selenate and selenomethionine: selenium and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) in blood components of New Zealand women. Butler, JA; Robinson, MF; Thomson, CD; Whanger, PD, 1993)	0.29
" Vegetarians had statistically significant lower levels of plasma Zn and Cu than nonvegetarians, which may be the result of lower bioavailability of Zn and Cu from this type of diet."	( Selenium status, plasma zinc, copper, and magnesium in vegetarians. Ginter, E; Kadrabová, J; Kováciková, Z; Madaric, A, 1995)	0.29
" One way of increasing the tissue levels of selenium is to combine its ingestible form with a nutrient bioavailability enhancing compound."	( Selenium: a quest for better understanding. Badmaev, V; Majeed, M; Passwater, RA, 1996)	0.29
"The bioavailability of selenium (Se) was determined in bacterial strains that reduce selenite to red elemental Se (SeO)."	( Bioavailability of selenium accumulated by selenite-reducing bacteria. Buchanan, BB; Carlson, DE; Combs, GF; Garbisu, C; Leighton, T; Magyarosy, AC; Smith, NR; Yee, A; Yee, BC, 1996)	0.29
"The influences of fulvic acid (FA) on bioavailability and toxicity of selenite for wheat seedling and growth were studied by greenhouse hydroponic experiment."	( Influences of fulvic acid on bioavailability and toxicity of selenite for wheat seedling and growth. Peng, A; Wang, Z; Xu, Y, )	0.13
"We investigated the effect of dietary magnesium (Mg) deficiency on the bioavailability and tissue distribution of selenium (Se)."	( Changes in bioavailability and tissue distribution of selenium caused by magnesium deficiency in rats. Aranda, P; Jiménez, A; Llopis, J; Planells, E; Sánchez-Viñas, M, 1997)	0.3
"The bioavailability of selenium (Se) from veal, chicken, beef, pork, lamb, flounder, tuna, selenomethionine (SeMet), and sodium selenite was assessed in Se-deficient Fischer-344 rats."	( Bioavailability of selenium from veal, chicken, beef, pork, lamb, flounder, tuna, selenomethionine, and sodium selenite assessed in selenium-deficient rats. Boylan, M; Chen, JJ; Chen, L; Davis, RL; Shi, B; Spallholz, JE; Wen, HY, )	0.13
"A tissue uptake experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability of rumen bacterial Selenium (Se) in mice."	( Bioavailability of rumen bacterial selenium in mice using tissue uptake technique. Fujihara, T; Serra, AB; Serra, SD; Shinchi, K, 1997)	0.3
" Animal and human studies have established that the bioavailability of the selenium depends upon the chemical form, which also influences the distribution of selenium in the body."	( Selenium speciation in human body fluids. Thomson, CD, 1998)	0.3
"To study the bioavailability of selenium enriched yeast in preterm infants living in a low selenium area (Hungary)."	( Enteral yeast-selenium supplementation in preterm infants. Alfthan, G; Bogye, G; Machay, T; Zubovics, L, 1998)	0.3
"There is no data or literature on the effects of supplementing infants with yeast selenium, although its intestinal absorption and bioavailability are higher in adults compared with other selenium compounds."	( Bioavailability of enteral yeast-selenium in preterm infants. Alfthan, G; Bogye, G; Machay, T, 1998)	0.3
" The results showed that F absorption increased and F excretion/F absorption rate decreased in 2 groups of rats with fluorosis compared with control group and there were positive correlations between concentration of urine F and water F, as well as concentration of F urine and time of drinking F water."	( [Accumulation and excretion of fluorine and effect of selenium on them in rats with chronic fluorosis]. Bian, J; Ji, Q; Xian, S; Ye, P, 1997)	0.3
" Selenite and selenocystine were Se donors of high bioavailability (i."	( Cytoprotection against lipid hydroperoxides correlates with increased glutathione peroxidase activities, but not selenium uptake from different selenocompounds. Brigelius-Flohé, R; Elsner, A; Gawlik, D; Leist, M; Maurer, S; Schultz, M, 1999)	0.3
"The bioavailability of selenium (Se) in high-Se yeast (SeY) was evaluated by measuring tissue Se accumulation and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity."	( An evaluation of the bioavailability of selenium in high-selenium yeast. Fukunaga, K; Tsuchita, H; Yasumoto, K; Yoshida, M, 1999)	0.3
" However, the bioavailability of zinc in vegetarian diets is generally lower than that of omnivores."	( Antioxidant status in vegetarians versus omnivores. Mykkänen, H; Rauma, AL, 2000)	0.31
" The aim offthe study was to assess the relative bioavailability of selenite versus organic Se-yeast in a Se-deficient area in China with a randomized double-blind double-dummy design."	( Selenium supplementation of children in a selenium-deficient area in China: blood selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase activities. Alfthan, G; Aro, A; Kong, LH; Liang, WS; Tan, WH; Wu, J; Xu, GL; Xue, WL; Yang, YX, 2000)	0.31
" Bioavailability studies with rats indicated that selenium in ramps was 15-28% more available for regeneration of glutathione peroxidase activity than inorganic selenium as selenite."	( Tumorigenesis, metabolism, speciation, bioavailability, and tissue deposition of selenium in selenium-enriched ramps (Allium tricoccum). Ip, C; Polan, CE; Uden, PC; Welbaum, G; Whanger, PD, 2000)	0.31
" Results show that concentrations of soil total Se and iodine are highest in the HIDD villages, however, the soil clay and organic matter content appear to inhibit the bioavailability of these elements."	( Selenium and iodine in soil, rice and drinking water in relation to endemic goitre in Sri Lanka. Appleton, JD; Dissanayake, CB; Fordyce, FM; Johnson, CC; Navaratna, UR, 2000)	0.31
"In previous studies based on indirect procedures, we reported that Mg deficit increased the bioavailability of a number of elements such as calcium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese and decreased selenium absorption."	( Effect of magnesium deficiency on enterocyte Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Se content. Aranda, P; Llopis, J; Montellano, MA; Planells, E; Sánchez-Morito, N, 2000)	0.31
" We also measured the activities of liver glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase as markers of selenium bioavailability in these different treatment conditions."	( Chemoprevention with triphenylselenonium chloride in selenium-deficient rats. Ganther, HE; Ip, C; Lisk, DJ, )	0.13
" Studies defining the impact of maternal status and the dietary mineral source and amount on mineral bioavailability are needed to determine the potential benefits of mineral supplementation during reproduction."	( Effect of reproduction on the bioavailability of calcium, zinc and selenium. King, JC, 2001)	0.31
"Determination of selenium (Se) speciation in plants is important in studying the bioavailability and toxicity of Se in Se-contaminated soil/sediment."	( Speciation of selenium in plant water extracts by ion exchange chromatography-hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Frankenberger, WT; Zhang, Y, 2001)	0.31
" This proof of bioavailability is all that impedes implementation in breeding programs."	( Breeding for nutritional characteristics in cereals. Graham, RD; Gregorio, G, 2001)	0.31
"This study was undertaken to evaluate the bioavailability of selenium in shrimps, a possible good source of selenium, by measurements of the absorption and retention of selenium and the effects on plasma selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity."	( Absorption and retention of selenium from shrimps in man. Bügel, SH; Larsen, EH; Sandström, B, 2001)	0.31
" However, the established RDA for selenium is tentative because of a lack of information on the 1) chemical forms of selenium in food, 2) differences in absorption rate and bio-availability in the chemical forms, and 3) interactions with other metals and trace elements."	( [Nutritional consideration for changes in dietary habit and health promotion practices in community health care; from the view point of selenium]. Hongo, T; Koyama, H; Miyazaki, Y; Nojiri, M; Sasada, Y; Suzuki, S, 2001)	0.31
" It was concluded about high bioavailability of selenium in supplement studied."	( [Use of organic forms of selenium in nutrition of patients with gastrointestinal diseases]. Gmoshinskiĭ, IV; Loranskaia, TI; Mazo, VK; Orlova, LA; Ovchinnikova, IV; Shakhovskaia, AK; Vasil'ev, AV, 2001)	0.31
" This was confirmed by measuring the bioavailability of Se by slope-ratio analysis using selenite as the reference form of Se."	( Selenium from selenium-rich Spirulina is less bioavailable than selenium from sodium selenite and selenomethionine in selenium-deficient rats. Besançon, P; Caporiccio, B; Cases, J; Lobinski, R; Napolitano, A; Rouanet, JM; Vacchina, V, 2001)	0.31
" They also demonstrate that foods with high Se bioavailability are not necessarily the most efficacious for cancer incidence reduction."	( Selenium (Se) from high-selenium broccoli is utilized differently than selenite, selenate and selenomethionine, but is more effective in inhibiting colon carcinogenesis. Davis, CD; Finley, JW, 2001)	0.31
" These results demonstrate that Nano-Se has a similar bioavailability in the rat and antioxidant effects on cells."	( Biological effects of a nano red elemental selenium. Bao, YP; Gao, XY; Zhang, JS; Zhang, LD, 2001)	0.31
"The bioavailability of Se from raw and cured selenomethionine-enriched (Se-enriched) salmon fillets was assessed in Se-deficient male albino rats (Mol: Wist)."	( Bioavailability of selenium from raw or cured selenomethionine-enriched fillets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) assessed in selenium-deficient rats. Lorentzen, M; Ornsrud, R, 2002)	0.31
"It was previously found that the bioavailability of Se from Se-rich spirulina (SeSp) was lower than that from selenite or selenomethionine when fed to Se-deficient rats."	( Assessment of selenium bioavailability from high-selenium spirulina subfractions in selenium-deficient rats. Besançon, P; Caporiccio, B; Cases, J; Jouy, N; Rouanet, JM; Szpunar, J; Wysocka, IA, 2002)	0.31
" Mineral bioavailability may change due to ageing."	( Magnesium and trace elements in the elderly: intake, status and recommendations. Vaquero, MP, 2002)	0.31
" To assess post-reclamation bioavailability of Se at a U mine site in southeastern Wyoming, we studied soil Se distribution, dissolution, speciation, and sorption characteristics and plant Se accumulation."	( Soil and plant selenium at a reclaimed uranium mine. Sharmasarkar, S; Vance, GF, )	0.13
"The content and bioavailability of selenium (Se) in the dark muscle of tuna (DMT) were studied."	( Bioavailability of selenium in the defatted dark muscle of tuna. Abe, M; Fukunaga, K; Kikuchi, K; Yoshida, M, 2002)	0.31
"The concentration of selenium (Se) in human organism varies widely between geographical areas depending on its content in soil and plants, dietary Se intake, bioavailability and retention, mineral interactions and other factors."	( Selenium status of low-selenium area residents: Polish experience. Gromadzinska, J; Rydzynski, K; Tomczak, J; Wasowicz, W, 2003)	0.32
" In foods, the bioavailability and toxicity of Se depend on its chemical forms."	( Essentiality and toxicity of selenium and its status in Australia: a review. Tinggi, U, 2003)	0.32
" Algal-bacterial selenium reduction (ABSR) is a potential new treatment approach to reduce Se in agricultural drainage, and an ABSR demonstration facility was examined with respect to its Se removal efficiency and effect on Se bioavailability and bioaccumulation."	( Comparative bioavailability of selenium to aquatic organisms after biological treatment of agricultural drainage water. Amweg, EL; Stuart, DL; Weston, DP, 2003)	0.32
"To evaluate the bioavailability of selenium (Se) in high-Se yeast (SeY), the digestibility and chemical species of Se in SeY were investigated."	( Digestibility and chemical species of selenium contained in high-selenium yeast. Fukunaga, K; Naito, C; Suenaga, T; Sugihara, S; Tsuchita, H; Yoshida, M, 2002)	0.31
"The bioavailability of selenium in soils for plants depends more on its forms than on its total concentration."	( Forms and distribution of selenium at different depths and among particle size fractions of three Taiwan soils. Chen, HM; Wang, MC, 2003)	0.32
" We conclude that consumption of the goat milk diet produces a greater bioavailability of zinc and selenium and a greater deposit of zinc in key organs, for both the transected (control) and the resected rats, with respect to the standard diet and the cow milk diet."	( Effect of dietary inclusion of goat milk on the bioavailability of zinc and selenium in rats. Alférez, MJ; Barrionuevo, M; Campos, MS; López Aliaga, I, 2003)	0.32
" Low zinc ion bioavailability results in limited immunoresistance to infection in aging."	( Modulatory effects of selenium and zinc on the immune system. Ebringer, L; Ferencík, M, 2003)	0.32
" This study shows that the goat-milk has an important and beneficial effect on the bioavailability of copper, zinc and selenium."	( Beneficial effect of goat milk on bioavailability of copper, zinc and selenium in rats. Alférez, MJ; Barrionuevo, M; Campos, MS; López Aliaga, I; Mesa, E; Nestáres, T, 2003)	0.32
" Our results indicate that selenium from inorganic sources can be transferred efficiently via mother's milk to the developing offspring in a form that is both highly bioavailable by target tissues and yet sufficiently safe to prevent overdosages."	( Efficient selenium transfer from mother to offspring in selenoprotein-P-deficient mice enables dose-dependent rescue of phenotypes associated with selenium deficiency. Köhrle, J; Michaelis, M; Schomburg, L; Schweizer, U, 2004)	0.32
"To measure the bioavailability of selenium from cooked and raw fish in humans by estimating and comparing apparent absorption and retention of selenium in biosynthetically labelled fish with labelled selenate and biosynthetically labelled selenium in brewers yeast."	( Bioavailability of selenium from fish, yeast and selenate: a comparative study in humans using stable isotopes. Atherton, CA; Crews, HM; Dainty, JR; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Fox, TE; Hoek, M; Kotterman, MJ; Langford, NJ; Lewis, DJ; Lorentzen, M; Luten, JB; Sieling, FW; van Aken-Schneyder, P; van Dael, P; Van den Heuvel, EG, 2004)	0.32
"Fish selenium is a highly bioavailable source of dietary selenium."	( Bioavailability of selenium from fish, yeast and selenate: a comparative study in humans using stable isotopes. Atherton, CA; Crews, HM; Dainty, JR; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Fox, TE; Hoek, M; Kotterman, MJ; Langford, NJ; Lewis, DJ; Lorentzen, M; Luten, JB; Sieling, FW; van Aken-Schneyder, P; van Dael, P; Van den Heuvel, EG, 2004)	0.32
"Selenium from milk and other sources is well absorbed in subjects with ileostomy."	( Bioavailability of selenium from bovine milk as assessed in subjects with ileostomy. Akesson, B; Chen, J; Drevelius, M; Hallmans, G; Hertervig, E; Lindmark-Månsson, H; Nilsson, A; Tidehag, P, 2004)	0.32
" These studies provide additional insight into host defense mechanisms mediated by the restriction of the bioavailability of zinc and iron in suppurative infection."	( Zinc, iron, copper, selenium, lactoferrin, and ferritin in human pus. Bryant, RE; Crouse, R; Deagen, JT, 2004)	0.32
" The presented results confirm the low bioavailability to ruminants of Se from sodium selenite."	( Urinary selenium excretion in selenite-loaded sheep and subsequent Se dynamics in blood constituents. Boldizárová, K; Faix, S; Gresáková, L; Leng, L; Levkut, M, )	0.13
"Factors that can affect As and Se adsorption by soils influence the bioavailability and mobility of these elements in the subsurface."	( Geochemistry of inorganic arsenic and selenium in a tropical soil: effect of reaction time, pH, and competitive anions on arsenic and selenium adsorption. Goh, KH; Lim, TT, 2004)	0.32
"This study investigated the speciation and bioavailability of selenium in yeast-based intervention agents from multiple manufacturers from several time points."	( Speciation and bioavailability of selenium in yeast-based intervention agents used in cancer chemoprevention studies. Hansen, M; Larsen, EH; Moesgaard, S; Paulin, H; Rayman, M; Reid, M, )	0.13
"We previous reported that a nano red elemental selenium (Nano-Se) in the range from 20 approximately 60 nm had similar bioavailability to sodium selenite (BioFactors 15 (2001) 27)."	( Nano red elemental selenium has no size effect in the induction of seleno-enzymes in both cultured cells and mice. Bao, Y; Wang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, L, 2004)	0.32
"The knowledge about Se bioavailability from animal food is sparse."	( Pork meat: a good source of selenium? Bügel, S; Sandström, B; Skibsted, LH, 2004)	0.32
"The aim of study was to investigate the bioavailability of selenium after oral administration of selenium yeast."	( Pharmacokinetics of selenium following oral administration selenium preparation in rabbits. Danch, A; Gadomska-Nowak, M; Ryszka, F; Szulc-Musiol, B, 2004)	0.32
" Broccoli is a Se-accumulating plant that contains many methylated forms of Se, and Se bioavailability from broccoli has been reported to be low."	( Bioavailability of selenium from meat and broccoli as determined by retention and distribution of 75Se. Finley, JW; Gregoire, BR; Grusak, MA; Keck, AS, 2004)	0.32
" The study examined the bioavailability and toxicity of selenium, as selenate, to biota resident to the Great Salt Lake and the potential for dietary selenium exposure to aquatic dependent birds that might consume resident biota."	( Derivation of a chronic site-specific water quality standard for selenium in the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. Adams, WJ; Brix, KV; Cardwell, RD; DeForest, DK, 2004)	0.32
" In addition, bioavailability trials with animals and humans are needed, using varying dietary concentrations of Se, I, Zn, Fe, and vitamin A to elucidate important interactions in order to optimize delivery in biofortification programs."	( Exploiting micronutrient interaction to optimize biofortification programs: the case for inclusion of selenium and iodine in the HarvestPlus program. Graham, RD; Lyons, GH; Stangoulis, JC, 2004)	0.32
" trapezia is a good biomonitor for Se, as gender and size do not effect concentration, however, season of collection must be reported if changes in Se bioavailability are to be identified in short term studies, or during intersite comparisons."	( Selenium accumulation in the cockle Anadara trapezia. Jolley, DF; Kyd, J; Maher, WA, 2004)	0.32
" Se-yeast is capable of increasing the activity of the selenoenzymes and its bioavailability has been found to be higher than that of inorganic Se sources in all but one study."	( The use of high-selenium yeast to raise selenium status: how does it measure up? Rayman, MP, 2004)	0.32
"We previously reported that, as compared with selenite, nano red elemental selenium (Nano-Se) had lower acute toxicity in mice and similar bioavailability in terms of up-regulating seleno-enzymes."	( Comparison of short-term toxicity between Nano-Se and selenite in mice. Wang, H; Yan, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, L, 2005)	0.33
" In addition, studies have shown that Nano-Se has a similar bioavailability in rat, and much less acute toxicity in mice compared with selenite."	( A subchronic toxicity study of elemental Nano-Se in Sprague-Dawley rats. Chen, J; Jia, X; Li, N, 2005)	0.33
"Overt selenium deficiency disorders are unlikely in dogs and cats in New Zealand fed commercial petfoods unless the bioavailability of selenium in particular petfoods is low."	( Total selenium concentrations in canine and feline foods commercially available in New Zealand. Hendriks, WH; Rutherford, SM; Simcock, SE; Wester, TJ, 2005)	0.33
" Selenium as selenomethionine had nearly twice the bioavailability of selenium as selenite."	( Effectiveness of selenium supplements in a low-selenium area of China. Burk, RF; Byrne, DW; Hill, KE; Xia, Y; Xu, J, 2005)	0.33
"Although enteral feeds contain adequate concentrations of trace elements, problems with bioavailability may occur and patients receiving long-term enteral feeding should be monitored with regard to plasma trace element concentrations."	( Trace element concentrations in patients on home enteral feeding: two cases of severe copper deficiency. Allen, KR; Oliver, A; Taylor, J, 2005)	0.33
" Total selenium in soils was determined and its bioavailability assessed by chemical sequential fractionation."	( Selenium distribution in topsoils and plants of a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. Cala Rivero, V; Jiménez Ballesta, R; Moreno Rodriguez, MJ, 2005)	0.33
" This experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability of Se from a high-protein, high-fiber bran-isolate of buckwheat groats that contains Se."	( Selenium bioavailability from buckwheat bran in rats fed a modified AIN-93G torula yeast-based diet. Finley, JW; Gregoire, BR; Johnson, LK; Leary, PD; Lindlauf, JE; Reeves, PG, 2005)	0.33
" Many chemical processes are involved in the transformation of trace elements in soils, but precipitation-dissolution, adsorption-desorption, and complexation are the most important processes controlling bioavailability and mobility of trace elements in soils."	( Trace elements in agroecosystems and impacts on the environment. He, ZL; Stoffella, PJ; Yang, XE, 2005)	0.33
"Chemical speciation determines Se solubility and therefore its bioavailability and potential for transport in the environment."	( Microscopically focused synchrotron X-ray investigation of selenium speciation in soils developing on reclaimed mine lands. Fakra, S; Johnson-Maynard, JL; Marcus, MA; Möller, G; Ryser, AL; Strawn, DG, 2006)	0.33
"The purpose of the work described in this paper was to develop an easy and quick in-vitro method for comparing the bioavailability of selenium in cows' milk after different cow feed."	( Study of the bioavailability of selenium in cows' milk after a supplementation of cow feed with different forms of selenium. Bermejo-Barrera, A; Bermejo-Barrera, P; Cocho, JA; Domínguez-González, R; Fraga, JM; Muñiz-Naveiro, O, 2006)	0.33
"An in vitro gastrointestinal method was employed to predict the potential bioavailability of selenium and its species from radish, belonging to the Brassicaceae family, grown in hydroponics media in the presence of inorganic selenium, such as Na2SeO3 and Na2SeO4."	( Selenium species bioaccessibility in enriched radish (Raphanus sativus): a potential dietary source of selenium. Cámara, C; Madrid, Y; Pedrero, Z, 2006)	0.33
" Supplemental Se may be acquired through the diet, but Se bioavailability depends on the source."	( Bioavailability of selenium from foods. Finley, JW, 2006)	0.33
" In contrast, organically bound Se seems more resistant to chemical alteration compared to other Se species so that its bioavailability may be very restricted."	( Selenium speciation in kerogen from two Chinese selenium deposits: environmental implications. Carignan, J; Liu, S; Qiu, Y; Wen, H, 2006)	0.33
"The selenium bioavailability in selenium enriched Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), phycocyanin containing (Se-PC) protein isolate, separated from this micro algae and in sodium selenite was studied and compared in rats."	( [Studies of bioavailability of different food sources of selenium in experiment]. Egorova, EA; Gmoshinskiĭ, IV; Mazo, VK; Zorin, SI, 2006)	0.33
" The form in which Se is presented in the diet may influence significantly its bioavailability and/or anticancer potential at given concentrations within a safe range."	( Selenised casein protects against AOM-induced colon tumors in Sprague Dawley rats. Lesno, S; McIntosh, GH; Royle, PJ; Scherer, BL, 2006)	0.33
" In addition, milk selenium results indicated improved bioavailability of selenium from selenized yeast, compared with sodium selenite."	( Selenium supplementation of lactating dairy cows: effect on selenium concentration in blood, milk, urine, and feces. Bertin, G; Jones, AK; Juniper, DT; Phipps, RH, 2006)	0.33
" Soil physical conditions have to be taken into account when assessing the bioavailability of the contaminant As or the essential nutrient Se."	( Effects of soil compaction and irrigation on the concentrations of selenium and arsenic in wheat grains. Clark, LJ; Gray, CW; Lopez-Bellido, FJ; McGrath, SP; Whalley, WR; Zhao, FJ, 2007)	0.34
" Studies presented as part of this workshop investigated: the bioavailability of Se from different dietary sources; potential functional markers of Se status; individual variation in response to Se; the effect of marginal Se status on immune function."	( Functional markers of selenium status: UK Food Standards Agency workshop report. Akesson, B; Arthur, JR; Elsom, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Handy, J; Hesketh, JE; Jackson, MJ; Sanderson, P, 2006)	0.33
"Selenium has been recognized as an essential nutrient for human health; however, its bioavailability is primarily dependent upon the type of selenium, elemental versus organic."	( Acute and subchronic toxicity studies on Sel-Plex, a standardized, registered high-selenium yeast. Griffiths, JC; Matulka, RA; Power, R, )	0.13
" For clinical investigators, it is difficult to determine the role of Se in the etiology of (nodular-)goiter, because there are considerable variations of Se concentrations in different populations as reflected by dietary habits, bioavailability of Se compounds, and racial differences."	( Selenium and goiter prevalence in borderline iodine sufficiency. Brauer, VF; Köhrle, J; Paschke, R; Schweizer, U, 2006)	0.33
" From this evidence we conclude that HgCl(2): (a) does not inhibit directly SeGPxs, as confirmed on isolated enzymes; (b) does not interfere with the intermediates of the metabolic pathway of selenoprotein synthesis; and (c) decreases the bioavailability of selenium only when ionic complexes can be formed."	( Effect of mercury on selenium utilization and selenoperoxidase activity in LNCaP cells. Bosello, V; Bulato, C; Maiorino, M; Ursini, F, 2007)	0.34
" Whereas bioavailability of transition al metals salts rarely exceeds 10-20%, selenium food sources (both organic and inorganic origin) are typically high absorbable predominantly on 60% or more and in some cases almost on 100%."	( [Mineral substance in human nutrition. Selenium: absorption and bioavailability]. Gmoshinskiĭ, IV; Mazo, VK, 2006)	0.33
" However, an important issue to consider is the form of Se that should be provided in such a supplement, because the bioavailability and bioactivity of Se can vary dramatically depending on the chemical form in which it is delivered."	( Determination of selenium bioavailability from wheat mill fractions in rats by using the slope-ratio assay and a modified torula yeast-based diet. Finley, JW; Garvin, DF; Gregoire, BR; Hareland, GA; Johnson, LK; Lindlauf, JE; Reeves, PG, 2007)	0.34
" Therefore, it was hypothesized that reduced brain Se bioavailability may be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease and normal ageing."	( Neuronal and ependymal expression of selenoprotein P in the human brain. Arzberger, T; Köhrle, J; Roggendorf, W; Scharpf, M; Schomburg, L; Schweizer, U, 2007)	0.34
" Slope ratio analysis indicated that the relative bioavailability of organic Se for percent drip loss and loin and hair Se response was 306, 192, and 197% of that for inorganic Se, respectively."	( Efficacy of dietary selenium sources on growth and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing high endogenous selenium. Elder, R; Kim, SW; Mateo, RD; Spallholz, JE; Yoon, I, 2007)	0.34
" Whole blood Se relative to Se intake suggests a higher bioavailability of Se from the organic source compared with inorganic sodium selenite and that differences in bioavailability may exist between organic sources of Se."	( Effect of source and concentration of selenium on growth performance and selenium retention in broiler chickens. Butler, JM; Werner, TM; Yoon, I, 2007)	0.34
"A balance study in 10 preterm infants showed that Se is well absorbed from human milk (77+/-9%)."	( Selenium status in term and preterm infants during the first months of life. Braetter, P; de Braetter, VN; Loui, A; Obladen, M; Raab, A, 2008)	0.35
" The proposed method was applied in studies of bioavailability of selenium in different fish feeds and the results proved consistent with that obtained from samples mineralized by acid digestion using the microwave oven."	( Determination of selenium by GFAAS in slurries of fish feces to estimate the bioavailability of this micronutrient in feed used in pisciculture. Barros, MM; Jorge, SM; Neves, RC; Padilha, CC; Padilha, PM; Pezzato, LE; Quintero-Pinto, LG; Silva, FA, 2007)	0.34
" The antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects, or bioavailability and toxicity, of selenium depend on its chemical form."	( Elemental selenium at nano size possesses lower toxicity without compromising the fundamental effect on selenoenzymes: comparison with selenomethionine in mice. Wang, H; Yu, H; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.34
"The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of plant species, especially of their rhizosphere soil, and of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus on the bioavailability of selenium and its transfer in soil-plant systems."	( Selenium bioavailability and uptake as affected by four different plants in a loamy clay soil with particular attention to mycorrhizae inoculated ryegrass. Berthelin, J; Deneux-Mustin, S; Leyval, C; Merlet, D; Munier-Lamy, C; Mustin, C, 2007)	0.34
"Three sample preparation methods--proteolysis to determine the initial species distribution, and an in vitro gastric and gastrointestinal digestion to assess the bioavailability of selenium--were applied to extract the selenium from selenized green onion and chive samples."	( Bioavailability of selenium from selenium-enriched green onions (Allium fistulosum) and chives (Allium schoenoprasum) after 'in vitro' gastrointestinal digestion. Fodor, P; Kápolna, E, 2007)	0.34
" On the other hand, selenium supplementation to selenium-deficient mice always more efficiently increased hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium content compared with those treated with thioacetamide, indicating that thioacetamide impairs the liver bioavailability of selenium."	( Thioacetamide-induced cirrhosis in selenium-adequate mice displays rapid and persistent abnormity of hepatic selenoenzymes which are mute to selenium supplementation. Wang, H; Yu, H; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.34
" In this respect, an important debate is still open about the bioavailability and the effectiveness of Se, and more generally nutrients, in supplements compared with foods."	( Dietary Selenium for the counteraction of oxidative damage: fortified foods or supplements? Bordoni, A; Danesi, F; Di Nunzio, M; Luigi Biagi, P; Malaguti, M; Maranesi, M; Pasqui, F, 2008)	0.35
" Data on human populations indicate that in moderate Hg exposure combined with an adequate selenium supply through diet, Se bioavailability can be preserved."	( Selenium-mercury interactions in man and animals. Falnoga, I; Tusek-Znidaric, M, 2007)	0.34
" The amounts of the elements in some of the food products are listed and factors that decide on their bioavailability are described."	( [Mineral elements in diet of pregnant and breast-feeding women. Part II. Micro minerals: iron, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, fluorine, manganese, molybdenium, chromium]. Jabłoński, E; Sobczak, M, 2007)	0.34
" Therefore, human activities have played an important role in the distribution, transport, and bioavailability of Se."	( Distribution and transport of selenium in Yutangba, China: impact of human activities. Li, L; Li, S; Liu, C; Su, H; Wang, N; Zhu, J, 2008)	0.35
"In some regions of the world, where the bioavailability of selenium (Se) in soil is low and/or declining (e."	( Selenium speciation and bioavailability in biofortified products using species-unspecific isotope dilution and reverse phase ion pairing-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Karkkainen, MP; Kirby, JK; Lyons, GH, 2008)	0.35
"Brazil nuts provide a rich natural source of selenium, yet no studies have investigated the bioavailability of selenium in humans."	( Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status. Campbell, JM; Chisholm, A; McLachlan, SK; Thomson, CD, 2008)	0.35
" Based on induction of GPx activity, the cellular bioavailability of Se from an extract of selenobroccoli after a simulated gastrointestinal digestion was comparable with that of SeMSC and SeMet."	( A selenium-deficient Caco-2 cell model for assessing differential incorporation of chemical or food selenium into glutathione peroxidase. Botnen, JH; Johnson, LK; Zeng, H, 2008)	0.35
" The among-site differences we found may be related to differences in preferred prey, bioavailability in the marine environment, environmental conditions, or these individuals may belong to distinct populations."	( Total mercury, organic mercury and selenium in liver and kidney of a South American coastal dolphin. Costa, M; Di Beneditto, AP; Fillmann, G; Kehrig, Hdo A; Malm, O; Moreira, I; Secchi, ER; Seixas, TG; Souza, CM, 2008)	0.35
" It has been studied the factors having influence on bioavailability of selenium: the maintenance of copper, plumbum and cardmium in the main groups of foodstuffs and the supply the population by iodine."	( [The human selenium status in Adygh Republic]. Tsikunib, AD; Zavgorodniĭ, SA, 2008)	0.35
"The chemical form and bioavailability of dietary selenium may influence its protectiveness against colorectal cancer."	( Suppression of colorectal oncogenesis by selenium-enriched milk proteins: apoptosis and K-ras mutations. Hu, Y; Le Leu, RK; McIntosh, GH; Woodman, R; Young, GP, 2008)	0.35
" Se bioavailability varies according to the Se source and nutritional status of the subject, being significantly higher for organic forms of Se."	( Selenium in food and the human body: a review. Cabrera-Vique, C; Navarro-Alarcon, M, 2008)	0.35
"Selenium (Se) has been shown to reduce mercury (Hg) bioavailability and trophic transfer in aquatic ecosystems."	( The relationships between mercury and selenium in plankton and fish from a tropical food web. Baêta, AP; Castelo-Branco, CW; do A Kehrig, H; Malm, O; Moreira, I; Palermo, EA; Seixas, TG, 2009)	0.35
"Differences found among the concentrations THg, MeHg, and Se in microplankton, mesozooplankton, and fishes were probably related to the preferred prey and bioavailability of these elements in the marine environment."	( The relationships between mercury and selenium in plankton and fish from a tropical food web. Baêta, AP; Castelo-Branco, CW; do A Kehrig, H; Malm, O; Moreira, I; Palermo, EA; Seixas, TG, 2009)	0.35
" Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn."	( Pulque, an alcoholic drink from rural Mexico, contains phytase. Its in vitro effects on corn tortilla. Gutierrez, ME; Olivos, M; Tovar, LR, 2008)	0.35
"Recent studies have shown that elemental selenium particles at nano-size (Nano-Se) exhibited comparable bioavailability and less toxicity in mice and rats when compared to sodium selenite, selenomethinine and methylselenocysteine."	( Elemental selenium particles at nano-size (Nano-Se) are more toxic to Medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a consequence of hyper-accumulation of selenium: a comparison with sodium selenite. Jiang, G; Li, H; Luo, W; Wang, T; Zhang, J; Zhou, Q, 2008)	0.35
"The transport and bioavailability of selenium in the environment is controlled by its chemical speciation."	( Macro- and microscale investigation of selenium speciation in Blackfoot river, Idaho sediments. Fakra, SC; Marcus, MA; Möller, G; Oram, LL; Strawn, DG, 2008)	0.35
"Wet chemical methods such as sequential extraction procedures are commonly used to assess selenium fractionation in anoxic environments, allowing an estimation of the mobility and bioavailability of selenium."	( Selenium speciation assessed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy of sequentially extracted anaerobic biofilms. Borca, CN; Farges, F; Grolimund, D; Lens, PN; Lenz, M; Nikitenko, S; van Hullebusch, ED, 2008)	0.35
"This study determined the selenium (Se) bioavailability from Se-enriched garlic and cabbage using broiler chickens."	( Selenium-enriched garlic and cabbage as a dietary selenium source for broilers. Kim, SW; Seo, TC; Spallholz, JE; Yun, HK, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to assess the bioavailability of selenium (Se) in Se-enriched yeast and the possible impact of age, sex and area of residence on the Se concentration in plasma in 179 transplant recipients, as Se clinical effects in the prevention of cutaneous epithelial lesions in organ transplant recipients has been reported elsewhere."	( Effect of supplementation with Se-enriched yeast and factors influencing Se concentration in plasma of transplant recipients. Blouin, E; Bost, M, 2009)	0.35
"There was conducted a comparative study of organic and inorganic selenium forms bioavailability and of an influence of said trace elements safety on growth parameters and glutathione peroxidase activity in male wister rats."	( [Estimation of organic and inorganic selenium bioavailability in experiments with growing rats]. Buchanova, AV; Gmoshinskiĭ, IV; Ivakhnenko, VI; Mazo, VK; Peneva, VV; Zorin, SN, 2008)	0.35
" Generally speaking, organic forms of Se have less toxicity and greater bioavailability compared with inorganic forms."	( Regulation of cellular glutathione peroxidase by different forms and concentrations of selenium in primary cultured bovine hepatocytes. Chen, F; Huang, K; Pan, C; Wei, C; Wu, X, 2010)	0.36
"The bioavailability of trace elements in fishmeal diets is influenced by their chemical forms and dietary anti-nutritional factors."	( Bioavailability of co-supplemented organic and inorganic zinc and selenium sources in a white fishmeal-based rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diet. Clough, R; Davies, SJ; Jha, AN; Rider, SA; Sweetman, JW, 2010)	0.36
" The developed procedure was applied to evaluate the bioavailability of both elements in four sediment certified reference materials, in which there are not certified values for bioavailable fractions, and also in estuarine sediment samples collected in several sites of Guanabara Bay, an impacted environment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."	( Application of multivariate techniques in the optimization of a procedure for the determination of bioavailable concentrations of Se and As in estuarine sediments by ICP OES using a concomitant metals analyzer as a hydride generator. Bezerra, MA; de Carvalho, Mde F; Lopes, Wda L; Oliveira, EP; Santelli, RE, 2009)	0.35
" We will study the effect of ethanol on Se bioavailability in dams and in their progeny."	( Ethanol consumption by Wistar rat dams affects selenium bioavailability and antioxidant balance in their progeny. Carreras, O; Murillo, ML; Nogales, F; Ojeda, ML; Vázquez, B, 2009)	0.35
"Four industrial by-products (phosphogypsum, PG; red gypsum, RG; sugar foam, SF and ashes from the combustion of biomass, ACB) were evaluated as possible amendments for reducing the leachability and bioavailability of As and Se in a metalloid-spiked acidic soil."	( Assessment of the use of industrial by-products for induced reduction of As, and Se potential leachability in an acid soil. García-González, MT; Garrido, F; Rodríguez-Jordá, MP, 2010)	0.36
" Further studies are required to research the novel elemental nano-Se with characterization of bioavailability and toxicity in small ruminants."	( Effect of elemental nano-selenium on semen quality, glutathione peroxidase activity, and testis ultrastructure in male Boer goats. Lei, FL; Ren, YS; Shi, L; Shi, LG; Xun, WJ; Yang, RJ; Yue, WB; Zhang, CX, 2010)	0.36
" The present study used a rat model to determine the bioavailability of Se from a protein isolate and tofu (bean curd) prepared from a soybean cultivar we recently developed specifically for food grade markets."	( Selenium bioavailability from soy protein isolate and tofu in rats fed a torula yeast-based diet. Graef, GL; Johnson, LK; Reeves, PG; Yan, L, 2009)	0.35
" The significant selenophilicity of mercury is in accord with the aforementioned proposal that one reason for the toxicity of mercury is associated with it reducing the bioavailability of selenium."	( On the chalcogenophilicity of mercury: evidence for a strong Hg-Se bond in [Tm(Bu(t))]HgSePh and its relevance to the toxicity of mercury. Melnick, JG; Parkin, G; Yurkerwich, K, 2010)	0.36
"Information on selenium bioavailability is required to derive dietary recommendations and to evaluate and improve the quality of food products."	( Selenium bioavailability: current knowledge and future research requirements. Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Hurst, R, 2010)	0.36
" In addition, Se bioavailability within phagocytic cells, such as haemocytes, could regulate the antioxidant role of Se-GPx, thus reinforcing haemocytes' immune system against toxic effects induced by pro-oxidants, such as Hg."	( The role of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) against oxidative and genotoxic effects of mercury in haemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lmk.). Chatziargyriou, V; Dailianis, S, 2010)	0.36
" The relationship between Se in pore water and Se in whole sediments appears to be influenced by the organic carbon content of each medium, and Se bioavailability in sediment and transfer to higher trophic levels via benthic macroinvertebrates is likely speciation dependent."	( Selenium distribution in a lake system receiving effluent from a metal mining and milling operation in Northern Saskatchewan, Canada. Forster, EK; Liber, K; Wiramanaden, CI, 2010)	0.36
") supplemented diet administered to ethanol-exposed dams and male rats prevents the effects provoked by ethanol in Se bioavailability and in their glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, thus improving the health of their offspring."	( Folic acid and selenite during reproduction, gestation and lactation protect against ethanol changed Se bioavailability. Carreras, O; Delgado, MJ; Guerrero-León, MM; Jotty, K; Murillo, ML; Nogales, F; Ojeda, ML, )	0.13
"The in vivo bioavailability of Se was investigated in enriched Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms."	( In vivo bioavailability of selenium in enriched Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms. Bazzolli, DM; Costa, NM; da Silva, MC; Kasuya, MC; Naozuka, J; Oliveira, PV; Vanetti, MC, 2010)	0.36
"We assessed the bioavailability of selenium (Se) from a protein isolate and tofu (bean curd) prepared from naturally produced high-Se soybeans."	( Assessment of selenium bioavailability from naturally produced high-selenium soy foods in selenium-deficient rats. Johnson, LK; Reeves, PG; Yan, L, 2010)	0.36
"01 M CaCl(2) extraction is often used to asses the bioavailability of plant nutrients in soils."	( Speciation of Se and DOC in soil solution and their relation to Se bioavailability. Bussink, W; Supriatin, S; Van Riemsdijk, WH; Vega, FA; Weng, L, 2011)	0.37
"Knowledge of rhizosphere influences on Se speciation and bioavailability is required to predict Se bioavailability to plants."	( Chemical speciation and bioavailability of selenium in the rhizosphere of Symphyotrichum eatonii from reclaimed mine soils. Möller, G; Oram, LL; Strawn, DG, 2011)	0.37
"Determining the effect of selenium (Se) chemical form on uptake, transport, and glutathione peroxidase activity in human intestinal cells is critical to assess Se bioavailability at nutritional doses."	( Chemical form of selenium affects its uptake, transport, and glutathione peroxidase activity in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell model. Cheng, WH; Combs, GF; Jackson, MI; Zeng, H, 2011)	0.37
" Selenium nanoparticles (nano-Se) have more bioavailability with less toxicity."	( Amelioration of experimental colitis by a novel nanoselenium-silymarin mixture. Abdollahi, M; Baeeri, M; Esmaily, H; Miroliaee, AE; Shahverdi, AR; Vaziri-Bami, A, 2011)	0.37
" As red blood cells (RBCs) play a crucial role on Se metabolism and during Fe deficiency anemia a lower count of RBCs is featured, we aimed to investigate the influence of this pathology on Se bioavailability and the relationship with antioxidant status."	( Se bioavailability and glutathione peroxidase activity in iron deficient rats. Alférez, MJ; Campos, MS; Díaz-Castro, J; López-Aliaga, I; Nestares, T; Ojeda, ML, 2011)	0.37
" Sequential extraction revealed >50% Se bioavailability in Jainpur soils."	( Hazardous concentrations of selenium in soil and groundwater in North-West India. Bajaj, M; Eiche, E; Gallert, C; Neumann, T; Winter, J, 2011)	0.37
" We note that pathogenic mutations responsible for dangerously high (or low) status for the micronutrient are unlikely to make large contributions to variability in bioavailability among the general population."	( Polymorphisms affecting trace element bioavailability. Hesketh, JE; Mathers, JC; Méplan, C, 2010)	0.36
"This study determined the bioavailability of selenium (Se) from yellow peas and oats harvested from the high-Se soil of South Dakota, United States."	( Selenium bioavailability from naturally produced high-selenium peas and oats in selenium-deficient rats. Johnson, LK; Yan, L, 2011)	0.37
"The objective of the present study was to describe the uptake and elimination kinetics of selenium (Se) administered in the forms of selenate, selenite, and selenomethionine (seleno-DL-methionine) in different life stages of the midge Chironomus dilutus, and to determine the relationship between Se bioavailability and Se speciation using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)."	( Selenium bioaccumulation and speciation in Chironomus dilutus exposed to water-borne selenate, selenite, or seleno-DL-methionine. Franz, ED; Janz, DM; Liber, K; Pickering, IJ; Wiramanaden, CI, 2011)	0.37
" The results presented herein shed light on the intricate chemical and biological processes occurring within the rhizosphere that influence Hg and Se bioavailability and will be instrumental in predicting the fate and assisting in the remediation of these metals in the environment and informing whether or not fruit and vegetable food selection from aerial plant compartments or roots from plants grown in Hg contaminated soils, are safe for consumption."	( Exploring the structural basis for selenium/mercury antagonism in Allium fistulosum. Afton, SE; Caruso, JA; McNear, DH, 2012)	0.38
"After a one-hour incubation of solution containing 80 nm selenium particles in a 90°C water bath, the nanoparticles aggregated into larger 110 nm particles and nanorods (290 nm × 70 nm), leading to significantly reduced bioavailability and phase II enzyme induction in selenium-deficient mice."	( Impact of heat treatment on size, structure, and bioactivity of elemental selenium nanoparticles. Peng, D; Taylor, EW; Wan, X; Zhang, J, 2012)	0.38
" Standard addition calibration and collision cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were employed for total Se analysis and pyrolysis atomic absorption (AA) was utilized for total Hg analysis to examine if the Se/Hg detoxification pathway inhibits the bioavailability of Se."	( Influence of mercury and selenium chemistries on the progression of cardiomyopathy in pygmy sperm whales, Kogia breviceps. Bossart, GD; Bryan, CE; Christopher, SJ; Davis, WC; McFee, WE; Neumann, CA; Schulte, J, 2012)	0.38
" Bioavailability studies are required to establish appropriate reference levels of this mineral for the Spanish population."	( Deficient selenium status of a healthy adult Spanish population. Florea, D; López-González, B; Millán Adame, E; Molina López, J; Pérez de la Cruz, A; Planells del Pozo, E; Sáez Pérez, L, )	0.13
"Abiotic processes able to reduce oxidized Se species may have a strong influence on the environmental behavior of selenium since Se toxicity, bioavailability and mobility follow the order Se(-II)	( The reaction of selenium (IV) with ascorbic acid: its relevance in aqueous and soil systems. Campanella, L; Gennari, F; Pettine, M, 2013)	0.39
" Organic Se from natural foods has higher bioavailability and is safer than inorganic Se species."	( Synthesis of selenium-containing polysaccharides and evaluation of antioxidant activity in vitro. Wang, J; Wang, X; Yao, J; Zhang, J; Zhao, B, 2012)	0.38
" Dietary Se significantly decreased renal lipid oxidation, phospho-P65, TNFα gene expression, MCP-1 and Cl-Tyr/Tyr, improved NO bioavailability in aorta but not in the renal microvasculature, and inhibited proteinuria."	( Selenium inhibits renal oxidation and inflammation but not acute kidney injury in an animal model of rhabdomyolysis. Aitken, JB; Groebler, L; Harris, HH; Kim, HB; Shanu, A; Weekley, CM; Witting, PK; Wood, S, 2013)	0.39
"To overcome the difficulties of in vivo animal or human trials, in this work a cell culture model using Caco-2 cells in bicameral chambers (Transwell system) was developed and validated to quantify the bioavailability of some commercial forms of Se and Zn compared with the organic forms accumulated intracellularly by Lactobacillus buchneri Lb26 (DSM 16341) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb1 (DSM 17850), respectively."	( Selenium and zinc internalized by Lactobacillus buchneri Lb26 (DSM 16341) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb1 (DSM 17850): improved bioavailability using a new biological approach. Lorenzini, P; Mogna, G; Mogna, L; Nicola, S; Pane, M; Strozzi, G, 2012)	0.38
"The opportunity of delivering minerals in a highly bioavailable form by means of a probiotic bacterium has not been deeply investigated to date."	( Selenium and zinc internalized by Lactobacillus buchneri Lb26 (DSM 16341) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb1 (DSM 17850): improved bioavailability using a new biological approach. Lorenzini, P; Mogna, G; Mogna, L; Nicola, S; Pane, M; Strozzi, G, 2012)	0.38
" The selenium content in an organism depends on its concentration and bioavailability in the soil, and the differences between its deficiency, appropriate intake, and excess are very slight."	( The properties, functions, and use of selenium compounds in living organisms. Bodnar, M; Konieczka, P; Namiesnik, J, 2012)	0.38
" ochraceum was a suitable indicator of Se bioavailability and Se uptake in other trophic levels in the Fountain Creek Watershed based on a subsequent study of Se accumulation in fish tissues at all 14 sites."	( Bioaccumulation of selenium by the Bryophyte Hygrohypnum ochraceum in the Fountain Creek Watershed, Colorado. Carsella, JS; Herrmann, SJ; Lehmpuhl, DW; Nimmo, DR; Turner, JA, 2012)	0.38
" In the present study, the role of speciation as a determinant of Se bioavailability was addressed with an investigation of species-specific mechanisms of transport at the intestinal level."	( An in vitro investigation of species-dependent intestinal transport of selenium and the impact of this process on selenium bioavailability. Pussemier, L; Ruttens, A; Schneider, YJ; Thiry, C, 2013)	0.39
"Pot experiments and laboratory analysis methods were used to investigate the form transformation of additional copper and selenium and their bioavailability for pakchoi (Brassica chinensis) in co-contaminated soil."	( [Transformation and influences of copper and selenium fractions on heavy metals bioavailability in co-contaminated soil]. Hu, B; Liang, DL; Miao, SY; Zhao, WL, 2012)	0.38
" Here we investigated the bioavailability and toxicity of Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) using 10-day waterborne and dietary exposures to larvae of Chironomus dilutus, a common benthic invertebrate."	( Bioavailability, toxicity and biotransformation of selenium in midge (Chironomus dilutus) larvae exposed via water or diet to elemental selenium particles, selenite, or selenized algae. Doig, LE; Gallego-Gallegos, M; Liber, K; Pickering, IJ; Tse, JJ, 2013)	0.39
" The present study investigated the cellular/biochemical mechanisms underlying possible protective effect of selenium nano-particles (Nano-Se) as an established strong antioxidant with more bioavailability and less toxicity, on reproductive toxicity of CIS by assessment of sperm characteristics, sperm DNA integrity, chromatin quality and spermatogenic disorders."	( Protection of cisplatin-induced spermatotoxicity, DNA damage and chromatin abnormality by selenium nano-particles. Abdollahi, M; Ahmadi, A; Baeeri, M; Mohammadirad, A; Rezvanfar, MA; Shahverdi, AR, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, Se levels in water, cropland soils and various crops from high-Se areas of Enshi were measured to investigate the distribution and bioavailability of Se in the environments, as well as probable daily intake (PDI) of Se for local residents."	( The bioavailability of selenium and risk assessment for human selenium poisoning in high-Se areas, China. Liang, L; Qin, HB; Su, H; Wang, MS; Zhu, JM, 2013)	0.39
" The relative bioavailability of the different Se sources was compared on muscle (pectoralis major) total Se, selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys) concentrations and apparent digestibility of total Se (ADSe)."	( Comparative study of a new organic selenium source v. seleno-yeast and mineral selenium sources on muscle selenium enrichment and selenium digestibility in broiler chickens. Briens, M; Geraert, PA; Mercier, Y; Rouffineau, F; Vacchina, V, 2013)	0.39
" A look at the selenium compounds, their diverse mechanism of action, bioavailability and efficacy based on chemical structure, however, suggests that failure of SELECT that used selenomethionine supplement to prevent prostate cancer was not a failure of selenium compounds as a whole."	( Post SELECT: selenium on trial. Amin, S; Sharma, AK, 2013)	0.39
" Results indicated that differences exist in both bioaccessibility and bioavailability between the three types of FS, and that these differences could be related, at least partially, to the Se species profile."	( Selenium bioaccessibility and bioavailability in Se-enriched food supplements. De Temmerman, L; Pussemier, L; Ruttens, A; Schneider, YJ; Thiry, C, 2013)	0.39
"Selenium is an essential nutrient with diverse physiological functions, and soluble organic selenium (SOS) sources have a higher bioavailability than inorganic selenium sources."	( Optimization of soluble organic selenium accumulation during fermentation of Flammulina velutipes mycelia. Ma, Y; Xiang, F; Xiang, J; Yu, L, )	0.13
"In vitro bioavailability of total selenium and selenium species from different raw seafood has been assessed by using a simulated gastric and intestinal digestion/dialysis method."	( In vitro bioavailability of total selenium and selenium species from seafood. Alonso-Rodríguez, E; Bermejo-Barrera, P; Domínguez-González, R; López-Mahía, P; Moreda-Piñeiro, A; Moreda-Piñeiro, J; Muniategui-Lorenzo, S; Prada-Rodríguez, D; Romarís-Hortas, V, 2013)	0.39
" Flavonoids such as silibinin, green tea polyphenols, genistein, curcumin have shown great promise, but avenues to improve their bioavailability are requisite."	( Advances in prostate cancer chemoprevention: a translational perspective. Nambiar, D; Singh, RP, 2013)	0.39
" Furthermore, selenium speciation analysis, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and antioxidant assays were performed to evaluate the selenium bioaccessibility and bioavailability in selenium-enriched rice grains."	( Generation of selenium-enriched rice with enhanced grain yield, selenium content and bioavailability through fertilisation with selenite. Wang, X; Wang, YD; Wong, YS, 2013)	0.39
" In order to assess the evidence of relevance to setting dietary reference values for selenium, the EURRECA Network of Excellence focused on systematic searches, review, and evaluation of (i) selenium status biomarkers and evidence for relationships between intake and status biomarkers, (ii) selenium and health (including the effect of intake and/or status biomarkers on cancer risk, immune function, HIV, cognition, and fertility), (iii) bioavailability of selenium from the diet, and (iv) impact of genotype/single nucleotide polymorphisms on status or health outcomes associated with selenium."	( EURRECA-Estimating selenium requirements for deriving dietary reference values. Bouwman, J; Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Gurinovic, M; Harvey, LJ; Hooper, L; Hurst, R; King, M, 2013)	0.39
"To clarify the relationship between the soil selenium distribution and its bioavailability with the distribution of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) endemic areas on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, samples of natural soil (0-20 cm), cultivated topsoil, and main crops of the region (highland barley) were collected at different altitudes according to topographical and geomorphological features in both KBD and non-KBD areas of Songpan County."	( Speciation, distribution, and bioavailability of soil selenium in the Tibetan Plateau Kashin-beck disease area-a case study in Songpan County, Sichuan Province, China. Chen, Z; Feng, F; Li, H; Li, Y; Wang, J; Yang, L; Yu, J, 2013)	0.39
" However, the poor water-solubility and its low oral bioavailability may be considered an obstruction for the clinical utility of this compound."	( Diphenyl diselenide-loaded nanocapsules: preparation and biological distribution. Alves, MP; de Souza, D; Dornelles, L; Giordani, CF; Nogueira, CW; Prigol, M; Rodrigues, OE, 2014)	0.4
"Nano-selenium (Se), with its high bioavailability and low toxicity, has attracted wide attention for its potential application in the prevention of oxidative damage in animal tissues."	( Effect of selenium nanoparticles with different sizes in primary cultured intestinal epithelial cells of crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. Fu, L; Wang, Y; Yan, X, 2013)	0.39
" Given that the mobility and bioavailability of Se is controlled by its valence states, we aimed to define Se speciation in coal ash solids and examine the relationships between Se speciation and the magnitude of its mobilization from coal ash."	( Selenium speciation in coal ash spilled at the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston site. Chen, TY; Hsu-Kim, H; Liu, YT; Mackebee, WG; Ruhl, L; Vengosh, A, 2013)	0.39
" The nanocomplex ZnX could interact directly with enzyme activity or indirectly by the disruption of mineral elements' bioavailability in cells."	( Interaction between nanoparticles generated by zinc chloride treatment and oxidative responses in rat liver. Abdelmelek, H; Azzouz, I; Ferchichi, S; Hanini, A; Sakly, M; Tebourbi, O; Trabelsi, H, 2014)	0.4
" These results of both experiments demonstrate the higher relative bioavailability of SO compared with SS and SY as determined through tissue Se enrichment."	( 2-Hydroxy-4-methylselenobutanoic acid induces additional tissue selenium enrichment in broiler chickens compared with other selenium sources. Briens, M; Geraert, PA; Mercerand, F; Mercier, Y; Rouffineau, F, 2014)	0.4
" Despite their impact on mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of various metal(loid)s, only few papers deal with these processes under aerobic conditions with microscopic fungi."	( Bioaccumulation and biovolatilization of various elements using filamentous fungus Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Boriová, K; Bujdoš, M; Cerňanský, S; Matúš, P; Simonovičová, A, 2014)	0.4
" Concentrations of total Hg, MeHg and Se were determined in the roots, shoots and brown rice, together with Hg uptake kinetics and Hg bioavailability in the soil."	( Selenium addition alters mercury uptake, bioavailability in the rhizosphere and root anatomy of rice (Oryza sativa). Ametkhan, A; Fu, S; Ouyang, Y; Tam, NF; Wang, X; Ye, Z, 2014)	0.4
" The lowered accumulation of total Hg and MeHg appears to be the result of reduced bioavailability of Hg and production of MeHg in the rhizosphere, suppression of uptake of Hg into the root cells and an enhancement of the development of apoplastic barriers in the endodermis of the roots."	( Selenium addition alters mercury uptake, bioavailability in the rhizosphere and root anatomy of rice (Oryza sativa). Ametkhan, A; Fu, S; Ouyang, Y; Tam, NF; Wang, X; Ye, Z, 2014)	0.4
" Rhizosphere soil samples obtained from the KBD-stricken Aba area were classified into Ustic Isohumisols (J2), Udic Luvisols (L4), Stagnic Gleysols (I2), and Cryic Cambisols (M1) and the integrated constraints on selenium bioavailability in these soils were analyzed."	( Constraint on selenium bioavailability caused by its geochemical behavior in typical Kaschin-Beck disease areas in Aba, Sichuan Province of China. Lv, Y; Wang, Q; Yang, Z; Yu, T; Zhang, M; Zhao, W, 2014)	0.4
" The concurrent monitoring of non-protein selenium species in both body fluids provides the relation between bioavailability and excretion of the individual ingested species and of their metabolic products, while the combined use of elemental and molecular mass spectrometry enables the accurate quantitation of structurally confirmed species."	( Concurrent quantitative HPLC-mass spectrometry profiling of small selenium species in human serum and urine after ingestion of selenium supplements. Francesconi, KA; Kokarnig, S; Kuehnelt, D; Lackner, V; Pergantis, SA; Tsirigotaki, A; Wiesenhofer, T, 2015)	0.42
"This study aims to explore the effects of the distribution, transformation and bioavailability of different fractions of copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) in co-contaminated soils on soil enzymes, providing references for the phytoremediation of contaminated areas and agriculture environmental protection."	( Transformation of heavy metal fractions on soil urease and nitrate reductase activities in copper and selenium co-contaminated soil. Hu, B; Lei, L; Liang, D; Liu, J; Yu, D, 2014)	0.4
"The (75)Se internal bioavailability was investigated in microalgae, mussels and rats as biological experimental models."	( Uptake from water, internal distribution and bioaccumulation of selenium in Scenedesmus obliquus, Unio mancus and Rattus norvegicus: part A. Farina, M; Fortaner, S; Groppi, F; Libralato, G; Manenti, S; Polettini, AE; Sabbioni, E, 2015)	0.42
" (75)Se-metabolized forms were investigated in order to identify potential critical steps in the food chain, as well as its relative bioavailability looking also at intracellular, cellular and organ partitioning."	( Uptake from water, internal distribution and bioaccumulation of selenium in Scenedesmus obliquus, Unio mancus and Rattus norvegicus: part B. Farina, M; Fortaner, S; Groppi, F; Libralato, G; Manenti, S; Polettini, AE; Sabbioni, E, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to compare the effect of DL-selenomethionine (SM) with 2 routinely used Se sources, sodium selenite (SS) and seleno-yeast (SY), on relative bioavailability based on antioxidant activity and tissue Se content."	( Comparative study of DL-selenomethionine vs sodium selenite and seleno-yeast on antioxidant activity and selenium status in laying hens. Dong, XF; Jing, CL; Liu, S; Tong, JM; Wang, ZM, 2015)	0.42
"65 mg/kg DM) TWG hay as a Se source for lactating dairy cows and measured Se accumulation in milk, blood, urine and feces to assess its bioavailability using several indices."	( Bioavailability of selenium in 'Jose' tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum var 'Jose') hay as a substitute for sodium selenite in the diets of dairy cattle. Benes, SE; Cun, GS; Robinson, PH, 2015)	0.42
" Therefore, further studies need to focus on better understanding the process and influential factors to soil Se bioavailability to successfully utilize the soil Se resource in low-Se-availability areas."	( Selenium geochemical distribution in the environment and predicted human daily dietary intake in northeastern Qinghai, China. Lei, L; Liang, D; Lin, Z; Sun, X; Yu, D; Zhang, R, 2015)	0.42
"Quantification of selenium bioavailability from foods is a key challenge following the discovery of the antioxidant role of this micronutrient in human health."	( Variations in the accumulation, localization and rate of metabolization of selenium in mature Zea mays plants supplied with selenite or selenate. Bariac, T; Biron, P; Castrec-Rouelle, M; Longchamp, M, 2015)	0.42
"The assessment of selenium and selenium species bioavailability in foodstuff is of special concern on the context of human nutrition."	( In vivo and in vitro testing for selenium and selenium compounds bioavailability assessment in foodstuff. Bermejo-Barrera, P; Moreda-Piñeiro, A; Moreda-Piñeiro, J, 2017)	0.46
"Se bioavailability in commercial pet foods has been shown to be highly variable."	( In vitro selenium accessibility in pet foods is affected by diet composition and type. Alexander, LG; Bosch, G; De Meulenaer, B; Du Laing, G; Goethals, K; Gray, K; Hendriks, WH; Hesta, M; Janssens, GP; van Zelst, M, 2015)	0.42
"The objective of this study was to determine selenium (Se) deposition kinetics in muscles and feathers of broilers in order to develop a rapid method to compare bioavailability of selenium sources."	( Selenium deposition kinetics of different selenium sources in muscle and feathers of broilers. Briens, M; Couloigner, F; Geraert, PA; Jlali, M; Mercier, Y; Rouffineau, F, 2015)	0.42
" Moreover, the identification of the bioavailability of selected carcinogenic and toxic elements in the future might be used as output data for potential biological and population research on risk assessment."	( Trace Elements Speciation of Submicron Particulate Matter (PM1) Collected in the Surroundings of Power Plants. Kaczmarek, K; Mainka, A; Zajusz-Zubek, E, 2015)	0.42
" Reasons for this may include inadequate intake or low bioavailability of inorganic Se sources."	( Rumen Microorganisms Decrease Bioavailability of Inorganic Selenium Supplements. Bobe, G; Davis, TZ; Estill, CT; Galbraith, ML; Hall, JA; Vorachek, WR; Whanger, PD, 2016)	0.43
"Aging refers to the processes by which the mobility and bioavailability of metals in soil decline with time."	( Effects of aging on the fraction distribution and bioavailability of selenium in three different soils. Chen, J; Lei, P; Li, J; Li, S; Liang, D; Liang, S; Peng, Q; Sun, H, 2016)	0.43
" Sel-Plex, being a highly bioavailable supplement of organic Se, might represent a suitable option for supplementation of fish feeds, to achieve the final aim of improving fish fitness and resistance against immune challenges."	( Impact of selenium supplementation on fish antiviral responses: a whole transcriptomic analysis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed supranutritional levels of Sel-Plex®. Feldmann, J; Lawan, MM; Martin, SA; Pacitti, D; Secombes, CJ; Sweetman, J; Wang, T, 2016)	0.43
"The nano-sized (100-500 nm) selenium has higher bioavailability and relatively lower toxicity compared to other selenium forms."	( Effect of nano-sized, elemental selenium supplement on the proteome of chicken liver. Balogh, K; Csosz, E; Czegledi, L; Erdelyi, M; Gulyas, G; Janaky, T; Javor, A; Mezes, M; Prokisch, J; Simon, A; Szabo, Z, 2017)	0.46
"05) feed intake and egg production; however, Se bioavailability decreased (P<0."	( Evaluation of the toxicity of selenium from hydroponically produced selenium-enriched kale sprout in laying hens. Borisuth, L; Chantiratikul, A; Chantiratikul, P; Chinrasri, O; Chookhampaeng, S; Saenthaweesuk, N; Sriart, N; Thosaikham, W, 2016)	0.43
" Our hypothesis was that the sequestering agents used in active caps and in situ treatment will bind elements (arsenic, chromium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead, selenium, and zinc) from ongoing sources thereby reducing their bioavailability and protecting underlying remediated sediments from recontamination."	( Environmental impact of ongoing sources of metal contamination on remediated sediments. Knox, AS; Milliken, CE; Paller, MH; Redder, TM; Seaman, J; Wolfe, JR, 2016)	0.43
" These findings are discussed in the context of potentially increased selenium bioavailability caused by microbial activity in aquatic environments and biological treatment systems, despite overall reductions in total selenium concentration."	( Production and Release of Selenomethionine and Related Organic Selenium Species by Microorganisms in Natural and Industrial Waters. LeBlanc, KL; Wallschläger, D, 2016)	0.43
" The reported positive transfer of Se in the food web, despite the low measured dissolved Se, suggest that a major proportion of the Se in these lakes are both highly bioavailable and bioaccumulative."	( Biomagnification of mercury and selenium in two lakes in southern Norway. Fjeld, E; Lydersen, E; Økelsrud, A, 2016)	0.43
" Dissimilatory reduction of selenate is known to support the anaerobic respiration of a number of microorganisms, and the dissimilatory reduction of soluble selenate and selenite to nanoparticulate elemental selenium greatly reduces the toxicity and bioavailability of selenium and has a major role in bioremediation and potentially in the production of selenium nanospheres for technological applications."	( Microbial Transformations of Selenium Species of Relevance to Bioremediation. Eswayah, AS; Gardiner, PH; Smith, TJ, 2016)	0.43
" We also discuss absorption and bioavailability of nanoparticles within the organism."	( Selenium nanoparticles as a nutritional supplement. Adam, V; Cihalova, K; Horky, P; Milosavljevic, V; Richtera, L; Skalickova, S, 2017)	0.46
" Furthermore, the internal doses of Hg received during pregnancy did not decrease the bioavailability of Se."	( Exposure to mercury in susceptible population groups living in the former mercury mining town of Idrija, Slovenia. Fajon, V; Gibičar, D; Horvat, M; Knap, Č; Kobal, AB; Kocman, D; Kotnik, J; Križaj, B; Krsnik, M; Liang, L; Mazej, D; Miklavčič, A; Osredkar, J; Prezelj, M; Sešek Briški, A; Snoj Tratnik, J, 2017)	0.46
" The apparent sudden onset of this problem implicates a soil factor as being responsible for reducing selenium's bioavailability in this area."	( Investigation of stillbirths, perinatal mortality and weakness in beef calves with low-selenium whole blood concentrations. Davis, AJ; Myburgh, JG, 2016)	0.43
" The seed mineral concentrations during seed maturation and the seed Fe bioavailability were analyzed."	( Zinc and selenium accumulation and their effect on iron bioavailability in common bean seeds. Boldrin, PF; de Andrade, MJB; de Figueiredo, MA; Glahn, RP; Guilherme, LRG; Hart, JJ; Li, L, 2017)	0.46
" These findings are of geochemical and environmental significance for better understanding the solubility, mobility, and bioavailability of Te in the surface environment."	( Tellurium Distribution and Speciation in Contaminated Soils from Abandoned Mine Tailings: Comparison with Selenium. Nitani, H; Qin, HB; Takahashi, Y; Takeichi, Y; Terada, Y, 2017)	0.46
" The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Si-treated calcium metallurgical slag and battery slag on the As, Se, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Hg mobility and bioavailability in mine tailings (Xikuangshan mine, Hunan, China)."	( Si-based technologies for reduction of the pollutant leaching from landfills and mine tails. Bocharnikova, E; Jiang, J; Matichenkov, V; Yuejin, C, 2017)	0.46
" Our results indicate that factors, other than total Se, such as Se speciation may be involved in controlling the bioavailability and toxicity of this element to aquatic organisms in Fountain Creek."	( Selenium speciation in the Fountain Creek Watershed and its effects on fish diversity. Bonetti, S; Carsella, J; Crans, DC; Melnykov, I; Sánchez-Lombardo, I, 2017)	0.46
"05) Se bioavailability than hens fed Se from SS."	( Effect of Selenium from Selenium-Enriched Kale Sprout Versus Other Selenium Sources on Productivity and Selenium Concentrations in Egg and Tissue of Laying Hens. Chantiratikul, A; Chantiratikul, P; Chinrasri, O, 2018)	0.48
"Organic Acids (OAs) are important components in the rhizosphere soil and influence Se bioavailability in soil."	( Role of organic acids on the bioavailability of selenium in soil: A review. Dinh, QT; Li, Z; Liang, D; Tran, TAT; Wang, D, 2017)	0.46
" Selenium shows maximum biological activity and bioavailability when it is supplied in proper form."	( An overview of the ongoing insights in selenium research and its role in fish nutrition and fish health. Fernandes, JBK; Khan, KU; Sarwar, H; Ullah, I; Zuberi, A, 2017)	0.46
" However, the SeNPs tend to aggregate into large clusters, resulting in lower bioactivity, bioavailability and biocompatibility."	( Synthesis and antioxidant properties of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides capped selenium nanoparticles using tea extract. Deng, SE; Ding, D; Li, W; Muehlmann, LA; Wang, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, W, 2018)	0.48
" A UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantification of SeMet in rat plasma and the oral bioavailability of SeMet converted from SeY in rats."	( Quantification of selenomethionine in plasma using UPLC-MS/MS after the oral administration of selenium-enriched yeast to rats. Zhang, HB; Zhang, SQ; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.48
" However, because most studies evaluating the impact of selenium fortification of infant formula have assessed inorganic selenium supplements, additional research into the bioavailability and outcomes associated with the use of selenium-enriched yeast in infants is needed."	( Selenium fortification of infant formulas: does selenium form matter? Lönnerdal, B; Vargas-Fernández, E; Whitacre, M, 2017)	0.46
"1) that support high relative bioavailability of the anionic Se species that is typically found in aerobic soil."	( Selenium toxicity to survival and reproduction of Collembola and Enchytraeids in a sandy loam soil. Checkai, RT; Fan, TW; Higashi, RM; Kuperman, RG; Phillips, CT; Sappington, K; Simini, M, 2018)	0.48
" According to the bioavailability of different types of selenium supplementation such as selenomethionine, selenite and selenium-yeast, it seems that the best nutritional type of selenium is selenium-yeast."	( Selenium Homeostasis and Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review. Behmanesh, M; Gharipour, M; Gharpour, A; Nezafati, P; Sadeghi, M; Salehi, M, 2017)	0.46
" This work intended to develop selenium-coated nanostructured lipid carriers (SeNLCs) for enhancing the oral bioavailability and the curative effect of berberine, an antidiabetic phytomedicine."	( Selenium-coated nanostructured lipid carriers used for oral delivery of berberine to accomplish a synergic hypoglycemic effect. Hou, Y; Song, X; Yin, J; Yin, Y, 2017)	0.46
" Selenium bioavailability depends on its speciation in the soil environment, which is mainly influenced by the prevailing pH, redox potential, and organic matter content of the soil."	( Environmental impact and bioremediation of seleniferous soils and sediments. Esposito, G; Lens, PNL; Nancharaiah, YV; Wadgaonkar, SL, 2018)	0.48
") (P + Se) amendment on organo-selenium speciation transformation in soil and its bioavailability was evaluated by pak choi uptake."	( Effect of selenium-enriched organic material amendment on selenium fraction transformation and bioavailability in soil. Anh Thu, TT; Dinh, QT; Liang, D; Song, W; Wang, D; Wang, M; Yang, W; Zhou, F, 2018)	0.48
" The bioavailability and distribution of selenium (Se) and lead (Pb) between muddy and sandy sediments from four estuaries along the Persian Gulf were analyzed."	( The comparison of selenium and lead accumulation between contaminated muddy and sandy sediments from four estuaries along the Persian Gulf: effect of grain size. Hosseini, M; Sajjadi, N, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, it is imperative to develop innovative systems as transporters of selenium compounds, which would raise the bioavailability of this element and allow its controlled release in the organism."	( Nano-selenium and its nanomedicine applications: a critical review. Baron, M; Bjørklund, G; Fernandez, C; Hosnedlova, B; Kepinska, M; Kizek, R; Melcova, M; Opatrilova, R; Peng, Q; Ruttkay-Nedecky, B; Skalickova, S; Sochor, J; Zidkova, J, 2018)	0.48
" The deposition rate of Se in the eggs from hens fed a SY-supplemented diet was much more rapid than that from hens fed a SS-supplemented diet, and the organic Se from SY had higher bioavailability as compared to inorganic Se from SS."	( Comparison of dynamic change of egg selenium deposition after feeding sodium selenite or selenium-enriched yeast. Dou, TC; Guo, J; Hu, YP; Lu, J; Qu, L; Shen, MM; Wang, KH, 2018)	0.48
" Although not well studied, microbial activity can alter Se bioavailability and distribution, even in oxic environments."	( Persistent Bacterial and Fungal Community Shifts Exhibited in Selenium-Contaminated Reclaimed Mine Soils. James, BR; Rosenfeld, CE; Santelli, CM, 2018)	0.48
" A porcine digestion in vitro model was chosen to more accurately simulate the bioavailability of different Se-Y preparations, allowing a comprehensive understanding of the bio efficiency of each Se-Y compound in the porcine model."	( Selenised yeast sources differ in their capacity to protect porcine jejunal epithelial cells from cadmium-induced toxicity and oxidised DNA damage. Horgan, K; Lynch, S; Walls, D; White, B, 2018)	0.48
" In this work, Zn and Se bioavailability was increased in chicken meat emulsions that are enriched with Hydroxytyrosol (HXT), a phenolic compound obtained from olive leaf."	( Fe, Zn and Se Bioavailability in Chicken Meat Emulsions Enriched with Minerals, Hydroxytyrosol and Extra Virgin Olive Oil as Measured by Caco-2 Cell Model. Martínez, L; Nieto, G; Ros, G, 2018)	0.48
" It was previously demonstrated that Niboshi and its water extract contained highly bioavailable selenium for selenium deficient mice."	( In vitro assessment of bioavailability of selenium from a processed Japanese anchovy, Niboshi. Fuchigami, T; Haratake, M; Iwataka, M; Nakayama, M; Yoshida, S, 2018)	0.48
"The particle size of selenium (Se) sources could affect Se absorption and utilization, and thus it is hypothesized that the Se bioavailability might be higher in ultrafine sodium selenite (USSe) than in sodium selenite (SSe) for broilers because of USSe's smaller particle size."	( Relative bioavailability of ultrafine sodium selenite for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet. Liao, X; Lu, L; Luo, X; Ma, X; Zhang, L; Zhang, S, 2018)	0.48
" Polysaccharides can improve drug bioavailability and targeting."	( Selenium-lentinan inhibits tumor progression by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Chen, S; Li, M; Li, WW; Liu, HJ; Liu, YR; Qin, Y; Sheng, PZ; Sun, B; Sun, T; Tian, YX; Wang, LM; Yang, C; Zhou, HG; Zhu, GH; Zong, SM, 2018)	0.48
" As this form is highly bioavailable and directly enters the selenium metabolic pool, selenium-enriched mushrooms may be a good food choice to improve selenium intake."	( Characterization of selenium speciation in selenium-enriched button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and selenized yeasts (dietary supplement) using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Ellinger, S; Hajdu, C; Hambitzer, R; Hormes, J; Prange, A; Sari, M; von Ameln, S, 2019)	0.51
" Co-occurrence of selenium (Se) may affect the bioavailability and toxicity of MeHg in organisms."	( Effects of geography and species variation on selenium and mercury molar ratios in Northeast Atlantic marine fish communities. Azad, AM; Bank, MS; Duinker, A; Frantzen, S; Maage, A; Madsen, L; Nilsen, BM, 2019)	0.51
" Speciation analysis has become increasingly important in making risk assessments of toxic elements since the toxicity and bioavailability strongly depend on their chemical forms."	( Speciation Analysis of Trace Arsenic, Mercury, Selenium and Antimony in Environmental and Biological Samples Based on Hyphenated Techniques. Deng, T; Guo, Y; Liu, C; Yu, X, 2019)	0.51
" Decomposition of SOM promotes the transformation of organically bound Se to water-soluble Se and ligand-exchangeable Se, thereby increasing the bioavailability of Se."	( Selenium translocation in the soil-rice system in the Enshi seleniferous area, Central China. Chang, C; Chen, C; Shao, S; Wang, X; Yin, R; Zhang, H, 2019)	0.51
"Heavy metals are rich in seleniferous areas; however, the bioaccumulation and health risk of heavy metals are poorly understood, given the fact that selenium (Se) can inhibit the phytotoxicity and bioavailability of many heavy metals."	( Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Soil-Rice System in a Typical Seleniferous Area in Central China. Chang, C; Yao, L; Yin, R; Zhang, H, 2019)	0.51
" As bioavailability of Se for rice plants depends on the speciation of Se and the resulting interactions with mineral surfaces as well as the interaction with Se uptake mechanisms in plants, resulting plant Se content is complex to model."	( Coupling Langmuir with Michaelis-Menten-A practical alternative to estimate Se content in rice? Eiche, E; Maier, P; Neumann, T; Nick, P; Nothstein, AK; Riemann, M; Tenspolde, A, 2019)	0.51
"This study examined the bioavailability and bioactivity of selenium (Se) from staple cereals, wheat, pearl millet, and maize, in Se-deficient rats (Wistar strain (OUT-Wister, IND-cft (2c))."	( Bioavailability and Bioactivity of Selenium from Wheat ( Triticum aestivum), Maize ( Zea mays), and Pearl Millet ( Pennisetum glaucum), in Selenium-Deficient Rats. Khanam, A; Platel, K, 2019)	0.51
"A generally accepted method to predict selenium (Se) bioavailability of long-term contaminated soils has not yet been established, even if risk assessments in selenosis areas are crucial."	( Assessing the uptake of selenium from naturally enriched soils by maize (Zea mays L.) using diffusive gradients in thin-films technique (DGT) and traditional extractions. Cui, Z; Dinh, QT; Liang, D; Liu, Y; Peng, Q; Wang, D; Wang, M; Xue, M; Zhou, F, 2019)	0.51
"Selenium is an essential non-metal trace element, and the imbalance in the bioavailability of selenium is associated with many diseases ranking from acute respiratory distress syndrome, myocardial infarction and renal failure (Se overloading) to diseases associated with chronic inflammation like inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis (Se unload)."	( Selenium Donors at the Junction of Inflammatory Diseases. Alhasan, R; Gaucher, C; Jacob, C; Kharma, A; Leroy, P, 2019)	0.51
"Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Selenium (Se), and Zn bioavailability from selenate- and selenite-enriched lettuce plants was studied by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion followed by an assay with Caco-2 cells."	( Bioavailability Assessment of Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, and Zinc from Selenium-Enriched Lettuce. Cadore, S; do Nascimento da Silva, E, 2019)	0.51
" Adoption of transgenic techniques for development of rice cultivars with low accumulation in edible plant parts could be a realistic option that would permit rice cultivation in soils with high bioavailability of these metal(loid)s."	( Metal(loid)s (As, Hg, Se, Pb and Cd) in paddy soil: Bioavailability and potential risk to human health. Bhaduri, D; Chatterjee, D; Khanam, R; Kumar, A; Kumar, U; Mohanty, S; Nayak, AK; Panneerselvam, P; Pathak, H; Satapathy, BS; Shahid, M; Tripathi, R; Vijayakumar, S, 2020)	0.56
" However, treatment is often compromised by low iron bioavailability and undesired side effects."	( Micromotors for Active Delivery of Minerals toward the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia. Beltrán-Gastélum, M; Chen, Y; Esteban-Fernández de Ávila, B; Fang, RH; Karshalev, E; Mundaca-Uribe, R; Nguyen, B; Tong, Y; Wang, J; Zhang, F; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
"The accurate assessment of soil selenium (Se) bioavailability is crucial for Se biofortification in Se-deficient areas and risk assessment in selenosis areas."	( Prediction of selenium uptake by pak choi in several agricultural soils based on diffusive gradients in thin-films technique and single extraction. Liang, D; Liu, Y; Peng, Q; Wang, D; Wang, M; Yang, W; Zhou, F, 2020)	0.56
" As this microorganism decreases Se mobility, it will affect Se bioavailability in the environment and decreases its toxicity."	( Bacillus safensis JG-B5T affects the fate of selenium by extracellular production of colloidally less stable selenium nanoparticles. Firkala, T; Fischer, S; Hübner, R; Jain, R; Jordan, N; Krause, T; Lederer, F; Merroun, ML; Shevchenko, A; Stumpf, T, 2020)	0.56
"The present study was conducted to assess the relative bioavailability of selenium (Se) as Se yeast (SY) relative to sodium selenite (SS) for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet."	( Relative bioavailability of selenium yeast for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet. Cao, S; Liao, X; Liu, G; Lu, L; Luo, X; Wang, R; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y, 2020)	0.56
" As a result, selenium bioavailability and toxicity reduced with DOM amendment and DOM-Se transformation."	( DOM derivations determine the distribution and bioavailability of DOM-Se in selenate applied soil and mechanisms. Dinh, QT; Liang, DL; Liu, YX; Peng, Q; Tran, TAT; Wang, D; Wu, JT; Yang, WX; Zhao, XD, 2020)	0.56
" Intake levels vary across the world owing largely to differences in soil content and factors affecting its bioavailability to plants."	( Selenium in thyroid disorders - essential knowledge for clinicians. Bonnema, SJ; Hegedüs, L; Rayman, MP; Winther, KH, 2020)	0.56
" In rice paddies, selenium (Se) can decrease the bioavailability of Hg through forming the less bioavailable Hg selenides (HgSe) in soil."	( Bioaccumulation of Hg in Rice Leaf Facilitates Selenium Bioaccumulation in Rice ( Chang, C; Chen, C; Feng, X; Mao, K; Shen, Y; Yang, Z; Yin, R; Zhang, H, 2020)	0.56
" The use of inorganic selenium in poultry feed demonstrated a lower bioavailability in breast (P ≤ 0."	( Nanoparticles of selenium as high bioavailable and non-toxic supplement alternatives for broiler chickens. Chapman, J; Dinev, I; Gangadoo, S; Moore, RJ; Stanley, D; Willson, NL, 2020)	0.56
" Se intake in humans is often low and very seldom excessive, and its bioavailability depends also on its chemical form, with organic Se as the most available after ingestion."	( Current Knowledge on Selenium Biofortification to Improve the Nutraceutical Profile of Food: A Comprehensive Review. Benincasa, P; Businelli, D; D'Amato, R; Dal Bosco, A; Falcinelli, B; Mattioli, S; Pacheco, P; Proietti, P; Regni, L; Santi, C; Troni, E, 2020)	0.56
" Nevertheless, the co-occurrence of selenium (Se) in organisms may affect the toxicity and bioavailability of Hg."	( Hg and Se composition in demersal deep-sea fish from the North-East Atlantic. Caetano, M; Costa, V; Goulart, J; Martins, I; Menezes, GM; Pacheco, M; Raimundo, J; Teixeira, G, 2020)	0.56
"Selenium (Se) bioavailability is required for synthesis and function of essential Se-dependent antioxidants, including the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx)."	( Assessing oxidative stress in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus): Associations with mercury and selenium concentrations. Bishop, L; Castellini, JM; Fadely, B; Kennedy, SN; Keogh, M; Kuhn, T; Lian, M; Maniscalco, JM; O'Hara, T; Rea, L; van Wijngaarden, E, 2020)	0.56
" Therefore, it is imperative to understand the relationship between the bioavailability of Se in soil and its uptake in edible parts of vegetables."	( Evaluation of selenium bioavailability to Gu, M; Li, T; Liu, Y; Pan, L; Shen, F; Shohag, MJI; Wei, Y; Zhang, Z, 2020)	0.56
" Provided that elevated Se concentrations are also known toxicological threats to aquatic animals, we performed a literature search to evaluate the strength of evidence supporting three assertions underpinning the ameliorating benefits of Se: (1) dietary Se reduces MeHg toxicity in consumers; (2) environmental Se reduces Hg bioaccumulation and biomagnification in aquatic food webs; and (3) Se inhibits Hg bioavailability to, and/or methylmercury production by, microbial communities."	( Do Two Wrongs Make a Right? Persistent Uncertainties Regarding Environmental Selenium-Mercury Interactions. Bernhardt, ES; Brandt, JE; Eagles-Smith, CA; Gerson, JR; Walters, DM, 2020)	0.56
" The following aspects will be examined in greater detail, including 1) how the soil characteristics influences the ability of Se to reduce the bioavailability of HMs in soils and their subsequent uptake by plants, which include soil Se speciation, pH, water regime, competing ions and microbes; 2) how the plant root system influenced by Se affects the uptake or the sequestration of HMs, such as root morphology, root iron plaques and root cell wall; 3) how Se combines with HMs and then sequesters them in plant cells; 4) how Se competes with arsenic (As) and thereby reduces As uptake in plants; 5) how Se regulates the expression of genes encoding functions involved in uptake, translocation and sequestration of HMs by Se in plants."	( Underlying mechanisms responsible for restriction of uptake and translocation of heavy metals (metalloids) by selenium via root application in plants. Feng, R; Li, Y; Liu, H; Ni, R; Rensing, C; Wang, L; Wu, Z; Yang, J; Yu, Y; Zhao, P; Zheng, S; Zhu, Y, 2021)	0.62
"The present study investigated the effects of foliar application of zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) on bioavailability of Zn and Se and toxicity of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) to different water spinach ecotypes (LA and HA) grown in slightly (XZ) or moderately (LJY) contaminated fields via in vitro digestion combined with Caco-2/HL-7702 cell model."	( Foliar application of zinc and selenium alleviates cadmium and lead toxicity of water spinach - Bioavailability/cytotoxicity study with human cell lines. Feng, Y; Hamid, Y; He, Z; Liu, D; Shohag, MJI; Tang, L; Yang, X; Zehra, A, 2020)	0.56
" Microorganisms, in particular, mediate reductive transformations of selenium that govern the element's mobility and bioavailability in terrestrial and aquatic environments."	( Microbial selenium metabolism: a brief history, biogeochemistry and ecophysiology. Stolz, JF; Wells, M, 2020)	0.56
"Knowledge of the Se fractionation and the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil is the key to understanding Se mobility and its bioavailability in the soil-plant system."	( Assessing the potential availability of selenium in the soil-plant system with manure application using diffusive gradients in thin-films technique (DGT) and DOM-Se fractions extracted by selective extractions. Chen, H; Dinh, QT; Liang, D; Peng, Q; Qi, M; Tran, TAT; Wang, M; Zhou, F, 2021)	0.62
"Knowledge of genetic variation, genetics, physiology/molecular basis and breeding (including biotechnological approaches) for biofortification and bioavailability for Zn, Fe and Se will help in developing nutritionally improved wheat."	( Biofortification and bioavailability of Zn, Fe and Se in wheat: present status and future prospects. Balyan, HS; Gupta, PK; Kumar, R; Sharma, S, 2021)	0.62
" Inorganic Se salts such as Na-selenate and Na-selenite have shown lower bioavailability than organic and nano-Se."	( Revisiting the Effects of Different Dietary Sources of Selenium on the Health and Performance of Dairy Animals: a Review. Arshad, MA; Ebeid, HM; Hassan, FU, 2021)	0.62
" Highly nucleophilic seleno-amino acids, special peptide sequences, and favorable bioavailability contribute to the biological activities of selenium-containing proteins/peptides, such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects."	( Selenium-Containing Proteins/Peptides from Plants: A Review on the Structures and Functions. He, H; Hou, T; Xiang, J; Yin, H; Zhang, X, 2020)	0.56
"The bioavailability of selenate in calcareous alluvial soil was higher than the bioavailability in yellow-brown soil and was more negatively affected by S application."	( Effects of sulfur application on selenium uptake and seed selenium speciation in soybean (Glycine max L.) grown in different soil types. Deng, X; Liu, X; Lv, C; Yuan, L; Zhang, Z; Zhao, Z, 2021)	0.62
"In agricultural lands with selenium (Se) deficiency, bioavailability of Se in plants is low."	( Status and risks of selenium deficiency in a traditional selenium-deficient area in Northeast China. Li, Z; Shang, L; Sun, G; Wu, Y; Yang, C; Yang, W; Yao, H, 2021)	0.62
" Selenium-induced cytotoxicity along with selenium bioavailability were measured."	( Phytoglycogen Nanoparticle Delivery System for Inorganic Selenium Reduces Cytotoxicity without Impairing Selenium Bioavailability. Alkie, TN; de Jong, J; DeWitte-Orr, SJ; Moore, E, 2020)	0.56
"Nanoparticle-assisted inorganic selenium delivery, which demonstrated equal bioavailability without causing deleterious cytotoxic side effects, has potential applications for safely supplementing animal diets with inorganic selenium at what are usually toxic doses."	( Phytoglycogen Nanoparticle Delivery System for Inorganic Selenium Reduces Cytotoxicity without Impairing Selenium Bioavailability. Alkie, TN; de Jong, J; DeWitte-Orr, SJ; Moore, E, 2020)	0.56
" Due to its higher bioavailability and lower toxicity, organic Se is more recommendable than inorganic Se in the frame of a balanced diet."	( Research progress on separation of selenoproteins/Se-enriched peptides and their physiological activities. Li, H; Liu, X; Ying, Z; Zhang, J; Zhou, H, 2021)	0.62
" The high affinity between these elements influences their bioavailability and toxicity."	( Biomonitoring selenium, mercury, and selenium:mercury molar ratios in selected species in Northeastern US estuaries: risk to biota and humans. Burger, J; Gochfeld, M, 2021)	0.62
"Selenium (Se) content of crops depends on the local soil Se content and/or its bioavailability, and identifying the influence factors of soil Se bioavailability is a significant basis for adopting targeted agronomic measures to improve the Se nutritional status of humans."	( Selenium bioavailability in soil-wheat system and its dominant influential factors: A field study in Shaanxi province, China. Huang, J; Li, Y; Liang, D; Liu, N; Liu, Y; Ma, Y; Qi, M; Ren, R; Wang, M; Zhai, H; Zhang, N; Zhou, F, 2021)	0.62
" Their bioavailability and effectiveness to increase GPx activity were examined."	( Analysis of Bioavailability and Induction of Glutathione Peroxidase by Dietary Nanoelemental, Organic and Inorganic Selenium. Bravo, DM; Furness, JB; Hunne, B; Lenz, M; Ringuet, MT, 2021)	0.62
" Relative bioavailability of selenium yeast compared with SS for the Se content in carcass, feathers, total and Se retention were, 126, 116, 125 and 125%, respectively."	( Selenium source and level on performance, selenium retention and biochemical responses of young broiler chicks. Alves, WJ; Arnaut, PR; da Fonseca, L; da Silva Viana, G; E Silva, FF; Hannas, MI; Muniz, JCL; Pettigrew, JE; Rostagno, HS, 2021)	0.62
" This review summarizes recent studies on (1) the content distribution of Se in foods and factors influencing Se-enriched foods, (2) the bioavailability and metabolism of Se, and (3) the role of Se in affecting blood cholesterol and cholesterol metabolism."	( Food Chemistry of Selenium and Controversial Roles of Selenium in Affecting Blood Cholesterol Concentrations. Lei, L; Luo, T; Rong, H; Zhao, G; Zhao, M; Zhao, Z, 2021)	0.62
"The speciation, behaviour, and bioavailability of released selenium (Se) from mine effluent discharge to sediments and plants were assessed."	( Selenium speciation and bioavailability from mine discharge to the environment: a field study in Northern Quebec, Canada. Brar, KK; Brar, SK; Calugaru, LL; Etteieb, S; Komtchou, SP; Magdouli, S; Tanabene, R; Zolfaghari, M, 2021)	0.62
" Se-nanoparticles are having importance due to its high bioavailability and digestive efficiency."	( Nano-selenium on reproduction and immunocompetence: an emerging progress and prospect in the productivity of poultry research. Rana, T, 2021)	0.62
" The Se-enriched sludge, containing mainly elemental Se, is considered as the preferred slow-release Se biofertilizer and an effective Se source to produce Se-enriched crops for Se-deficient populations, as shown by the higher Se bioavailability and lower organic carbon content."	( Valorization of selenium-enriched sludge and duckweed generated from wastewater as micronutrient biofertilizer. Du Laing, G; Ferrer, I; Folens, K; Lens, PNL; Li, J; Otero-Gonzalez, L; Parao, A; Tack, P, 2021)	0.62
" bentonitica in reducing the bioavailability of Se, which provides a basis both for the development of bioremediation strategies and the eco-friendly synthesis of biotechnological nanomaterials."	( Delineation of cellular stages and identification of key proteins for reduction and biotransformation of Se(IV) by Stenotrophomonas bentonitica BII-R7. Alpha-Bazin, B; Armengaud, J; Berthomieu, C; Chapon, V; Merroun, ML; Pinel-Cabello, M; Ruiz-Fresneda, MA, 2021)	0.62
" However, the role of Se-oxidizing bacteria in soil Se oxidation, Se bioavailability and Se absorption into plants remains unclear."	( Selenium-oxidizing Agrobacterium sp. T3F4 steadily colonizes in soil promoting selenium uptake by pak choi (Brassica campestris). Fan, K; Niu, Y; Wang, G; Wang, Y; Zhang, F; Zheng, S; Zhu, D, 2021)	0.62
"Rhizosphere organic chemicals response and its role on Cr/Se adsorption are of great importance to understand Cr/Se bioavailability in Cr-contaminated soil with the application of Se."	( Se changed the component of organic chemicals and Cr bioavailability in pak choi rhizosphere soil. Cai, M; Hu, C; Shi, G; Wang, X; Zhao, X, 2021)	0.62
" The reduction of Hg bioavailability in soil, the formation of inert HgSe or/and HgSe-containing proteinaceous complexes in the rhizosphere and/or roots, and the reduction of plant root uptake and translocation of Hg in plant after Se application are systemically discussed."	( Mechanisms underlying mercury detoxification in soil-plant systems after selenium application: a review. Bañuelos, GS; Dinh, QT; Du, Z; Liang, D; Tran, TAT; Xue, M; Zhai, H; Zhou, F, 2021)	0.62
" The speciation, transformation, bioavailability as well as the beneficial and hazardous effects of Se in the soil-plant-human system are summarized."	( The beneficial and hazardous effects of selenium on the health of the soil-plant-human system: An overview. Kwon, EE; Kwon, SY; Li, ML; Ning, Z; Rinklebe, J; Tack, FMG; Yang, H; Yang, X; Yin, R, 2022)	0.72
" Se accumulation in plants mainly depends on the content and bioavailability of Se in soil."	( Microbes: a potential tool for selenium biofortification. Fei, Y; Hu, C; Li, Y; Shi, G; Song, Y; Wang, X; Yang, D; Zhao, X, 2021)	0.62
" We review how its bioavailability in soil and the ability of plants to accumulate Se in foods depends on the soil Se profile (including levels and formats), besides to describe how the various selenoproteins have important biochemical functions in the body and directly impact human health."	( Selenium in Brazil nuts: An overview of agronomical aspects, recent trends in analytical chemistry, and health outcomes. Alcântara, DB; Artur, AG; Dionísio, AP; Guedes, JAC; Hermsdorff, HHM; Lopes, AF; Lopes, GS; Luz, LR; Nascimento, RF; Silveira, BKS; Zocolo, GJ, 2022)	0.72
"05), showing the greater bioavailability of the organic source in the male reproductive system."	( Hydroxy-selenomethionine as an organic source of selenium in the diet improves boar reproductive performance in artificial insemination programs. Alkmin, DV; de Andrade, AFC; Fagundes, NS; Fontinhas-Netto, GV; Kawai, GKV; Martinez, CHG; Martins, SMMK; Mendonça, MV; Nagai, KK; Nakasone, DH; Nichi, M; Pavaneli, APP; Pedrosa, AC, 2021)	0.62
" Although bioavailability rate of total selenium in selenate fortified leeks was found to be higher, lower amount of inorganic selenium and higher amount of MeSeCys were found to be bioavailable in Se(IV) fortified."	( Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of selenium species in Se-enriched leeks (Allium Porrum) cultivated by hydroponically. Arı, B; Bakırdere, S; Can, SZ; Öz, E, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, the LBP can help to improve the structural stability of SeNPs in the digestion process and improve the bioavailability of selenium."	( Digestion and absorption properties of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides stabilized selenium nanoparticles. Ji, T; Liang, L; Liu, G; Liu, X; Wen, C; Xu, X; Yang, X; Ye, Z; Zhang, J, 2022)	0.72
" Nanoparticles comprising antioxidant semi-conducting cores and encapsulated by biomaterials that are highly bioavailable can be promising therapeutic agents for inflammation and oxidative stress disorders studies."	( In vitro cytotoxicity, macromolecular interaction and antioxidant potential of dual coated selenium nanoparticles. Desai, K; Shinde, V, 2022)	0.72
" Furthermore, it provides a novel foundation for studying the bioavailability of active substances in functional foods."	( Effect of ultrasonic treatment on the stability and release of selenium-containing peptide TSeMMM-encapsulated nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Ding, J; Fan, F; Fang, Y; Li, P; Luo, X; Sun, X; Xu, T, 2022)	0.72
"Human intake of selenium (Se) mainly occurs through the food chain, and is largely dependent on the bioavailability of soil Se."	( Analysis of phosphorus and sulfur effect on soil selenium bioavailability based on diffusive gradients in thin films technique and sequential extraction. Jiang, T; Li, F; Qi, H; Yang, Z; Yu, T, 2022)	0.72
"Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted substantial attention recently owing to their excellent bioavailability and low toxicity."	( Preparation, physicochemical characterization, and cytotoxicity of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by Oudemansiella raphanipies polysaccharide. Hua, C; Huo, G; Jiang, H; Li, S; Wang, R; Wang, Z; Wu, Y; Ye, J; Zhou, F, 2022)	0.72
"Biosynthetic nano-selenium (bio-SeNP), as a plant growth regulator, has better bioavailability and lower toxicity than selenite and selenate."	( Foliar application of biosynthetic nano-selenium alleviates the toxicity of Cd, Pb, and Hg in Brassica chinensis by inhibiting heavy metal adsorption and improving antioxidant system in plant. Dong, Y; Jin, H; Zhu, N; Zhu, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Selenium engineered nanomaterials (Se ENMs)-enabled agriculture has developed rapidly, however, the roles of surface charge in the bioavailability and enrichment efficiency of Se ENMs are still unknown."	( Selenium content and nutritional quality of Brassica chinensis L enhanced by selenium engineered nanomaterials: The role of surface charge. Cao, X; Chen, F; Cheng, B; Li, J; Liu, X; Wang, C; Wang, Z; Xing, B; Yue, L, 2022)	0.72
" However, low solubility and poor bioavailability have greatly limited their application."	( Traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients-based selenium nanoparticles regulate antioxidant selenoproteins for spinal cord injury treatment. Chen, B; Chen, T; Hu, W; Lin, R; Lin, Y; Liu, J; Rao, S; Wang, H, 2022)	0.72
" Such design improved the bioavailability of APS and TSIIA with the benefits of high stability, efficient delivery and highly therapeutic efficacy for SCI treatment illustrated by an improvement of the antioxidant protective effects of APS and TSIIA."	( Traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients-based selenium nanoparticles regulate antioxidant selenoproteins for spinal cord injury treatment. Chen, B; Chen, T; Hu, W; Lin, R; Lin, Y; Liu, J; Rao, S; Wang, H, 2022)	0.72
"Elemental selenium nanosphere is considered to exhibit high bioavailability compared to its salts."	( Reduction of selenite to selenium nanospheres by Se(IV)-resistant Lactobacillus paralimentarius JZ07. Dai, F; Li, H; Li, Z; Wang, Q, 2022)	0.72
" We describe the uneven distribution of Se and how this affects the bioavailability of this element, which, in turn, profoundly affects the habitat of a region."	( Voyage of selenium from environment to life: Beneficial or toxic? Ballal, A; Banerjee, M; Chakravarty, D; Kalwani, P, 2022)	0.72
" Se application increased the bioavailability of N and P in soil and their total concentration in the straw and seeds of each plant."	( Effects of foliar application of selenium and potassium-humate on oat growth in Baloza, North Sinai, Egypt. Abou-Shady, A; Eissa, D; Hegab, RH, 2022)	0.72
" Pot experiments with green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and sampling of Rhizon soil pore water were conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of Se and Zn in sandy and loamy soils mixed with SeZn-enriched duckweed and sludge."	( Assessment of selenium and zinc enriched sludge and duckweed as slow-release micronutrient biofertilizers for Phaseolus vulgaris growth. Du Laing, G; Ferrer, I; Lens, PNL; Li, J; Otero-Gonzalez, L, 2022)	0.72
"The distribution, speciation, and bioavailability of selenium (Se) - an essential micronutrient for human beings - in agricultural soils influence the resource recovery of agricultural benefits and the sustainable use of Se in agroecosystems."	( Mechanisms of changing speciation and bioavailability of selenium in agricultural mollisols of northern cold regions. Gan, Y; Li, C; Liu, G; Ning, J; Pi, K; Tong, L; Yang, W; Zhang, L, 2023)	0.91
" Therefore, this study investigated differences in Se concentration and bioavailability between paddy and dryland soils using data collected from literatures and field sampling."	( Differences in selenium concentration and bioavailability between paddy and dryland soils of China: A study based on literature collection and field sampling. Li, Y; Liang, D; Lyu, L; Ma, Y; Man, YB; Wu, F; Xue, M; Yang, J; Zhang, N; Zhao, H; Zhou, F, 2023)	0.91
"Selenium nanoparticles have attracted extensive attention due to their good bioavailability and activity."	( Synthesis, Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Selenium Nanoparticles and Its Effect on DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice. Lin, L; Miao, WH; Peng, SJ; Song, Y; Wen, ZS; Xue, YR; Ye, DT; Zhao, YD; Zheng, B; Zheng, J, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, hydroponic experiments were performed in which rice plants were cultured with different concentrations of nano-HgSe and micro-sized HgSe (micro-HgSe) to explore their bioavailability and toxicity."	( Nano mercury selenide as a source of mercury for rice. Cui, L; He, L; Li, B; Li, YF; Shang, L; Tian, X; Xie, H; Zhang, W; Zhao, J, 2023)	0.91
" However, due to the low bioavailability of CGA, its application dose is usually high in vivo."	( A Flower-like Brain Targeted Selenium Nanocluster Lowers the Chlorogenic Acid Dose for Ameliorating Cognitive Impairment in APP/PS1 Mice. Cui, Y; Li, C; Li, Z; Liang, H; Wang, N; Wang, Y; Yang, L; Zheng, G, 2023)	0.91
" Their bioavailability and bioactivity, and the effect of processing are also included."	( A Review of Plant Selenium-Enriched Proteins/Peptides: Extraction, Detection, Bioavailability, and Effects of Processing. Fan, B; Huang, Y; Li, L; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Tong, L; Wang, F; Wang, L; Xiong, Y, 2023)	0.91
" SynComs inoculation experiment further demonstrated the role of specific beneficial microbes in regulating the bioavailability of heavy metals."	( Selenium and Bacillus proteolyticus SES synergistically enhanced ryegrass to remediate Cu-Cd-Cr contaminated soil. Cao, J; Hu, C; Nie, M; Shi, G; Tang, Y; Wang, X; Wu, C; Zhao, X, 2023)	0.91
" In particular, compared to inorganic Se (Inorg-Se) and organic Se (Org-Se), Se nanomedicine (Se nanoparticles; SeNPs) shows much higher bioavailability and antioxidant activity and lower toxicity."	( Theranostic applications of selenium nanomedicines against lung cancer. Chen, T; Liu, S; Wang, J; Wei, W, 2023)	0.91
" The purpose of the study was to assess the bioavailability of Se from selected dietary supplements, with the simultaneous assessment of the effect the diet type (standard, basic and high-residue diets) has on relative bioavailability."	( In Vitro Evaluation of Bioavailability of Se from Daily Food Rations and Dietary Supplements. Bawiec, P; Czop, M; Iłowiecka, K; Koch, W; Sawicki, J; Sowa, I; Łasińska-Pracuta, P, 2023)	0.91
" This review will summarize (1) Se concentration in soils and its sources, (2) Se bioavailability in soils and influencing factors, (3) mechanisms on Se uptake and translocation in plants, (4) toxicity and detoxification of Se in plants and (5) strategies to remediate Se pollution."	( Selenium in soil-plant system: Transport, detoxification and bioremediation. Dai, Z; Dang, B; Elyamine, AM; Han, D; Huang, W; Jia, W; Qu, L; Xu, J; Xu, Z, 2023)	0.91
" Land use change from conventional drylands to paddy wetlands impacts Se bioavailability in the vulnerable Mollisol agroecosystems."	( Loss of Selenium from Mollisol Paddy Wetlands of Cold Regions: Insights from Flow-through Reactor Experiments and Process-Based Modeling. Gan, Y; Pi, K; Tong, L; Van Cappellen, P; Wang, Y, 2023)	0.91
" The correlation analysis also indicates that Saccharimonadales, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, and other bacteria with the function of reducing the bioavailability of cadmium in soil reveal a considerable positive correlation with the variations of physical and chemical properties."	( Influences of biochar with selenite on bacterial community in soil and Cd in peanut. Ai, L; Chen, S; Ma, B; Shao, S; Zhang, L, 2023)	0.91
" Overall, the AM fungi agent and strain S1 increased Se bioavailability by enhancing soil acid phosphatase and promoting root activity, ultimately increasing pak choi's ability to absorb available Se."	( Effects of microorganisms on soil selenium and its uptake by pak choi in selenium-enriched lateritic red soil. Huang, X; Jiang, D; Qin, H; Yu, F; Zhu, Z, 2023)	0.91
"Compared with selenate or SeMet treatment, treatment with an appropriate amount of P combined with selenite could promote plant growth, reduce Se uptake, alter Se subcellular distribution and speciation, and affect Se bioavailability in wheat."	( Selenium uptake, translocation, subcellular distribution and speciation in winter wheat in response to phosphorus application combined with three types of selenium fertilizer. Hu, C; Li, C; Li, G; Liu, H; Nie, Z; Peng, H; Shi, H, 2023)	0.91
" More than 60% of nutritionists participating in this study had intentionally formulated diets above trace element software recommendations, considered mineral interactions occurring in the rumen, and used a trace element source known for its better bioavailability (e."	( A survey of Canadian dairy nutritionists to assess current trace element formulation practices. Bejaei, M; Duplessis, M; Wright, TC, 2023)	0.91
" cereus SES had the potential to reduce the toxicity of Cr(VI) via reducing the bioavailability of Cr and improving the bioavailability of Se in soil."	( Selenium-mediated Cr(VI) reduction and SeNPs synthesis accelerated Bacillus cereus SES to remediate Cr contamination. Cai, M; Chen, S; Hu, C; Li, S; Nie, M; Shi, G; Tang, Y; Wang, X; Wu, C; Xie, J; Zhang, H; Zhao, X, 2023)	0.91
" Yet, the amount and especially the bioavailability of several nutrients, such as trace elements, is supposed to be lower in comparison to diets with consumption of animal-derived foods."	( Selenium, Zinc, and Copper Status of Vegetarians and Vegans in Comparison to Omnivores in the Nutritional Evaluation (NuEva) Study. Dawczynski, C; Haase, H; Kipp, AP; Kipp, K; Klein, L; Maares, M; Schwarz, M, 2023)	0.91
"Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have gained significant attention in the agricultural field due to their favorable bioavailability and low toxicity, making them a highly researched subject."	( Preparation of polysaccharide-conjugated selenium nanoparticles from spent mushroom substrates and their growth-promoting effect on rice seedlings. Cheng, X; Li, M; Peng, SY; Wei, HY; Xu, DJ; Yan, J; Yan, ZX, 2023)	0.91
" The short half-life and low bioavailability of many drugs also limit the use of many drugs in SCI."	( Encapsulation of Selenium Nanoparticles and Metformin in Macrophage-Derived Cell Membranes for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. An, J; Du, J; Hu, Y; Li, Y; Liu, X; Mei, X; Sun, J; Tian, H; Wu, C; Xiong, Y; Yu, Y, 2023)	0.91
" To accurately assess Se human health risks associated with Se-enriched rice consumption, we developed a rat in vivo model to systematically explore the relative bioavailability of Se (Se-RBA) from Se-enriched rice from a wide geographic range."	( Relative bioavailability of selenium in rice using a rat model and its application to human health risk assessment. Gu, M; Huang, C; Huang, G; Li, H; Lu, D; Qin, Y; Shen, F; Shohag, MJI; Wei, Y; Zhang, M, 2023)	0.91
" Taken together, our study offers an innovative approach to augment the bioavailability of Se NPs, presenting a promising strategy for the effective prevention and management of UC."	( Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharide-functionalized selenium nanoparticles for effective alleviation of ulcerative colitis. Chen, LH; Chen, T; Hu, JN; Jiang, W; Wang, XC; Wu, D; Xu, Y, 2023)	0.91
" The present study highlights the importance of employing selenium speciation analysis with an element-selective technique to examine the metabolic products following mushroom fortification for nutritional purposes due to the different toxicological profile and bioavailability of different selenium biotransformation products."	( Comparative investigation of selenium-enriched Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum as natural sources of selenium supplementation. Chillon, TS; Goessler, W; Hackler, J; Lajin, B; Milovanovic, I; Schomburg, L, 2024)	1.44
" Therefore, it is important to assess the interplay between these two elements since Se may form complexes with Hg reducing its bioavailability and toxicity."	( Mercury speciation in selenium enriched wheat plants hydroponically exposed to mercury pollution. Boada, R; Llugany, M; Manivannan, N; Marini, C; Simonelli, L; Subirana, MA; Valiente, M, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

Extradietary supplementation of selenium at the dosage of 200 micrograms per day is generally considered safe and adequate for an adult of average weight subsisting on the typical American diet. In the case of congenital hypothyroidism (n = 37) application of sodium selenite in the above specified dosage yielded a mean serum selenum increase (0.0)μg/L. Plasma levels of seenium were related to the risk of MS in dose-response manner.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Different dosage levels were used ranging from "tracer dose" to subtoxic doses."	( The kinetics of 75Se-selenium in relation to dose and mode of administration to mice. Hansen, JC; Kristensen, P, 1979)	0.26
" Dosing rats with selenium and cadmium or inclusion of Se or Cd in the diet did not result in altered cadmium binding in tissues, raising some questions concerning the environmental significance of these injection experiments."	( Cadmium effects in rats on tissue iron, selenium, and blood pressure; blood and hair cadmium in some oregon residents. Whanger, PD, 1979)	0.26
" There was 1 death in the Se alone group, none in the As group, but 7 out of 10 animals receiving As+Se had died by the end of the 18 week dosing period."	( Effects of selenium, alone and in combination with silver or arsenic, in rats. Cabe, PA; Carmichael, NG; Tilson, HA, 1979)	0.26
" Arsenic, a selenium antagonist, administered in form of arsenite in the supply water, also lowers the tumor incidence at dosage levels of 10 ppm, but those animals which develop spontaneous mammary tumors under these conditions demonstrate dramatically enhanced tumor growth rates."	( Selenium and cancer: a review. Schrauzer, GN, 1976)	0.26
" The fed animals have been killed at definite times all along the experiment and the metals dosed in the body."	( [Determination of various toxic minerals in spiruline algae of different origins, and evaluation of long-term toxicity in the rat of a lot of spiruline algae of Mexican origin]. Boudène, C; Collas, E; Jenkins, C, 1975)	0.25
" Fifty-five percent of dosed 14C-glucose (either [1-(14)C] or [6-(14)C]glucose) was recovered within 3 hours as 14CO2 from selenium deficient rats."	( Fatty acid and glucose metabolism in selenium deficient rats and lambs. Fischer, WC; Whanger, PD, 1977)	0.26
" After dosing with tritiated alpha tocopherol, the plasma level of radioactivity remained elevated through 48 hours in deficient rats."	( Effects of selenium deficiency on vitamin E metabolism in rats. Fischer, WC; Whanger, PD, 1977)	0.26
" Arsenite lowers the tumor incidence at higher dosage (80 ppm of As in supply water) as well, but animals developing tumors under these conditions demonstrate significantly enhanced tumor growth rates."	( Inhibition of the genesis of spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H mice: effects of selenium and of selenium-antagonistic elements and their possible role in human breast cancer. Schneider, CJ; Schrauzer, GN; White, DA, 1976)	0.26
" Instead, selenium appears to operate by several mechanisms, depending on dosage and chemical form of selenium and the nature of the carcinogenic stress."	( Selenium. Mechanistic aspects of anticarcinogenic action. Schrauzer, GN, )	0.13
" On 6 private farms, mature ewes were dosed approximately 6 weeks before mating, with a long-acting intraruminal selenium pellet."	( Response to selenium supplementation of sheep grazing cultivated pastures in the Natal Midlands. Bradfield, GD; De Villiers, JF; Van Malsen, S; Van Ryssen, JB, 1992)	0.28
" In their absence, biochemical tests or well-designed and properly conducted dose-response field trials are the only sure ways of defining deficient states and assessing their functional and economic significance."	( Treatment of mineral disorders in cattle. McCaughan, CJ, 1992)	0.28
"The present studies determined the impact of age, dietary selenium and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) dosage on the occurrence of DMBA-DNA adducts in rat mammary tissue."	( Age, dietary selenium and quantity of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene influence the in vivo occurrence of rat mammary DNA adducts. Liu, JZ; Milner, JA, 1992)	0.28
" Sodium selenite dosing was characterised by a dramatic fall in systemic blood pressure with an increase in cardiac output and heart frequency."	( Pathogenesis of sodium selenite and dimethylselenide acute toxicosis in pigs: cardiovascular changes. Fink-Gremmels, J; Nebbia, C; Soffietti, MG; Zittlau, E, 1991)	0.28
" From the food and the dosed emission, the daily intake was 466."	( Mineral profile of serum in experimental copper intoxication of sheep from industrial emissions. Bires, J; Kovac, G; Vrzgula, L, 1991)	0.28
" The dosing regimens were oral, intravenous, and osmotic minipump infusion."	( Embryotoxicity and dose-response relationships of selenium in hamsters. Book, SA; Choy, WN; Ferm, VH; Hanlon, DP; Willhite, CC, 1990)	0.28
" Although the copper content of the grass was very low on the OWLD pastures, dosing lambs with Cu alone resulted in worsening of the clinical condition and aggravation of clinical pathology."	( Ovine white-liver disease (OWLD). Serum copper and effects of copper and selenium supplementation. Ulvund, MJ, 1990)	0.28
" The IFN and TNF response was rapid, occurring within 20 h, and high--up to 1000 and 2000 units ml-1--and was clearly related to the dosage and the structure of the compounds."	( Organoselenides as potential immunostimulants and inducers of interferon gamma and other cytokines in human peripheral blood leukocytes. Inglot, AD; Młochowski, J; Piasecki, E; Syper, L; Zielińska-Jenczylik, J, 1990)	0.28
" The placental transfer of Se was restricted but, nevertheless, increased with time after dosing and with progression from embryonic through fetal stages thereby suggesting active placental transfer."	( Comparative embryotoxicity of selenite and selenate: uptake in murine embryonal and fetal tissues and effects on blastocysts and embryonic cells in vitro. Danielson, M; Danielsson, BR; Khayat, A; Wide, M, 1990)	0.28
" The efficacious dosage regimens of sodium selenite in low-Se human body have not been clear."	( [Pharmacokinetic study of sodium selenite in low-selenium rabbits]. Cui, GA; Guo, JA; Han, J; Li, L; Wang, XY, 1990)	0.28
"The metabolism of intravenously dosed 75Se was studied in 10 Holstein bull calves fed for ad libitum access a control diet containing no added Pb or a control diet supplemented with 1000 ppm Pb as PbSO4 for 4 wk."	( Effects of high dietary lead on the metabolism of intravenously dosed selenium-75 in dairy calves. Blackmon, DM; Crowe, CT; Fielding, AS; Miller, WJ; Neathery, MW; Varnadoe, JL, 1990)	0.28
" Concurrent administration of monensin sodium at a constant safe dosage enhanced the toxicity of selenium as demonstrated by increased severity of the signs of intoxication, fatalities, tissue selenium concentrations and intensified gross, histopathological and histochemical changes."	( Effects of concurrent oral administration of monensin on the toxicity of increasing doses of selenium in lambs. Barlow, RM; Humphreys, DJ; Robins, M; Smyth, JB; Stodulski, JB; Wang, JH, 1990)	0.28
" Dose-response studies indicate that high superphysiological (greater than 1 microgram/ml) concentrations of insulin are required."	( Multihormonal regulation of the progesterone receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: interrelationships among insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I, serum, and estrogen. Katzenellenbogen, BS; Norman, MJ, 1990)	0.28
" For Se repletion of body stores, this dosage has been increased up to 3 micrograms of Se/g of protein."	( Selenium in total parenteral nutrition. von Stockhausen, HB, )	0.13
" As a first step toward the elucidation of the postulated pathway for selenocysteine formation from an L-serine residue esterified to tRNA, we have examined whether an increase in the selC gene dosage allows the demonstration of selenocysteyl-tRNA formation in vivo."	( Occurrence in vivo of selenocysteyl-tRNA(SERUCA) in Escherichia coli. Effect of sel mutations. Böck, A; Leinfelder, W; Stadtman, TC, 1989)	0.28
", commencing within 12 hours of birth, to a total dosage of 175 mg/kg over four weeks."	( Vitamin E and selenium in preterm infants: lack of effect on clinical patency of ductus arteriosus. Rudolph, N; Schiller, MS; Wong, SL, 1989)	0.28
" Toxicity may be alleviated to certain extent by applying adequate dosage of Selenium (3."	( [Study on toxicological mechanism of moniliformin]. Li, JL; Zhang, H, 1989)	0.28
" Progressive elevation of sodium, marked loss of potassium, several fold increment of calcium; considerable loss of magnesium levels, a dose-response reduction of total-ATPase activity and significant hydration are the important features observed in the lens during the progressive treatment of selenite."	( State of electrolytes, osmotic balance and the activity of ATPase in the lenses of selenite--induced cataracts. Avarachan, PJ; Rawal, UM, 1987)	0.27
" Results obtained from sheep intraruminally dosed with 75[Se]selenate suggested that an interaction between selenium and phosphate could also occur in the gastrointestinal tract."	( An apparent phosphate selenium interaction in weaner sheep. Costa, ND; Hudman, JF; Robinson, WF, 1988)	0.27
" Patients received a dosage of zero, 80, or 160 micrograms Se/day for 1 month each."	( The effect of selenium supplementation on selenium status of patients receiving chronic total parenteral nutrition. Ballard, J; Dudrick, SJ; Lane, HW; Lotspeich, CA; Moore, CE; Warren, DC, )	0.13
" Similarly, dose-response studies indicated that the 58-kd protein increased greater than 20-fold, whereas the 26- and 23-kd proteins increased only 5-fold."	( Intracellular 58-kd selenoprotein levels correlate with inhibition of DNA synthesis in mammary epithelial cells. Dishart, MK; Medina, D; Morrison, DG, 1988)	0.27
" A dose-response effect was observed over four levels of selenium exposure."	( Chemical quality of maternal drinking water and congenital heart disease. Cohen, A; Rothman, KJ; Theodore, M; Zierler, S, 1988)	0.27
" A dosage of human growth hormone (100 micrograms twice daily) was chosen, this being sufficient to restore normal growth rate and normal serum somatomedin C in hypophysectomized rats of similar age."	( Growth hormone restores normal growth in selenium-treated rats without increase in circulating somatomedin C. Flyvbjerg, A; Jørgensen, KD; Orskov, H; Thorlacius-Ussing, O, 1988)	0.27
"05) reduced compared to the controls at the highest dosage of Se."	( Immune responses in rats supplemented with selenium. Exon, JH; Henningsen, GM; Koller, LD; Osborne, CA; Talcott, PA, 1986)	0.27
"Metabolism of orally dosed 75Se was studied in 10 intact male Holstein calves that were fed ad libitum a control diet containing no added Pb or supplemented with 1000 ppm Pb as PbSO4 for 4 wk."	( Influence of high dietary lead on selenium metabolism in dairy calves. Alfaro, E; Blackmon, DM; Crowe, CT; Fielding, AS; Gentry, RP; Miller, WJ; Neathery, MW; Pugh, DG, 1987)	0.27
" Four days prior to the end of the experiment, calves were dosed orally with radioactive 75Se."	( Effects of varying the amounts of dietary calcium on selenium metabolism in dairy calves. Alfaro, E; Blackmon, DM; Crowe, CT; Etheridge, RE; Fielding, AS; Gentry, RP; Miller, WJ; Neathery, MW; Pugh, DG, 1987)	0.27
" Although mercaptosuccinic acid, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine and sodium thioglycolate each strongly inhibited SeGSHpx in vitro, each also significantly increased chick mortality in the dosage range tested; therefore, their effects on SeGSHpx in vivo could not be evaluated."	( Mercaptans decrease selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in the chick. Combs, GF; Mercurio, SD, 1987)	0.27
" In the chronic treatments the dosage of lead acetate was kept constant and that of sodium selenite varied while in the acute treatments the ratio of the two salts was kept constant."	( Antagonistic and synergistic effects of lead and selenium in Rattus norvegicus. Chakraborty, I; Sharma, A; Talukder, G, 1987)	0.27
" Cows dosed intraruminally with Se had a significant increase in milk Se, but this was too small to be a danger to human health."	( Prepartum supplementation of selenium and vitamin E to dairy cows: assessment of selenium status and reproductive performance. Hidiroglou, M; McAllister, AJ; Williams, CJ, 1987)	0.27
" Prominent acute clinical signs of monensin toxicosis (hypermetria, hind limb ataxia, paresis, knuckling of hind limbs, and recumbency) developed by 2 to 6 hours after dosing in pigs given 15 or 25 mg of monensin/kg with tiamulin exposure, but not in pigs given the 15 or 25 mg of monensin/kg without tiamulin exposure."	( Monensin toxicosis in swine: potentiation by tiamulin administration and ameliorative effect of treatment with selenium and/or vitamin E. Cook, JR; Runnels, LJ; Scheidt, AB; Van Vleet, JF, 1987)	0.27
" MBN dosing was followed by a 12-wk period for tumor promotion."	( Effect of selenium and molybdenum on methylbenzylnitrosamine-induced esophageal lesions and tissue trace metals in the rat. Bogden, JD; Bruening, KS; Chung, HR; Holding, K; Kemp, FW; Naveh, Y, 1986)	0.27
"The study critically reviews recent data relating to the health effects of methylmercury in man and the attendant dose-response relationships."	( Review of the health effects of methylmercury. Inskip, MJ; Piotrowski, JK, 1985)	0.27
" It was shown that the liver selenium cannot be used as an indicator of the efficiency of selenium absorption in short-term studies, since after dosing the liver accumulates sodium selenite more efficiently than selenomethionine, in spite of the greater percentage absorption of the latter compound."	( Intestinal absorption of 75Se-labeled sodium selenite and selenomethionine in chicks: effects of time, segment, selenium concentration and method of measurement. Humaloja, T; Mykkänen, HM, 1986)	0.27
" This technique of selenium dosing was effective in raising the selenium status of the progeny."	( Intraruminal selenium pellet for control of nutritional muscular dystrophy in cattle. Hidiroglou, M; Jolette, J; Proulx, J, 1985)	0.27
" Examination of the serum dose-response curves indicated that growth factors reduced the serum concentrations needed to support anchorage-independent growth."	( Modulation of human tumor colony growth in soft agar by serum. Citron, ML; Dunn, FE; Hamburger, AW; Hummel, S; White, CP, 1983)	0.27
"Experiments were conducted with laying hens to explore quantitative aspects of incorporation of 75Se ( radioselenium ) at various dosing levels and for different chemical forms of an orally administered tracer."	( Labeling hen's egg with 74Se for use in human metabolic experiments. Janghorbani, M; Newcomer, CE; Sirichakwal, PP; Young, VR, 1984)	0.27
" Dosage per injection was ."	( Maternal transfer and retention of supplemental selenium in neonatal calves. Colenbrander, VF; Cunningham, MD; Weiss, WP, 1984)	0.27
" Dose-dependent elevation of maternal death rates was observed for both treatments, and the slope of the dose-response curve was significantly steeper following GSSeSG treatment."	( Toxic effects of selenodiglutathione on pregnant mice. Hongo, T; Imura, N; Naganuma, A; Suzuki, T; Yonemoto, J, 1984)	0.27
" A dose-response effect was also evident."	( Induction of chromosomal aberrations in fish Boleophthalmus dissumieri after exposure in vivo to mitomycin C and heavy metals mercury, selenium and chromium. Krishnaja, AP; Rege, MS, )	0.13
" A dose-response relationship between concentrations of methylmercury and final sizes of aggregates was found."	( A cell aggregation model for the protective effect of selenium and vitamin E on methylmercury toxicity. Kleinschuster, SJ; Sharma, RP; Yoneyama, M, 1983)	0.27
" Dosage per injection was ."	( Selenium/vitamin E: role in disease prevention and weight gain of neonatal calves. Callahan, CJ; Colenbrander, VF; Cunningham, MD; Weiss, WP, 1983)	0.27
" Because of radiation dosage limitations, xeroradiography cannot, at present, be used for routine examinations of the thicker body portions, the chest, or the abdomen."	( Xeroradiography--an in-depth review. Paulus, DD, 1980)	0.26
" Three dosing trials, two of them double blind trials, using physiological daily supplements (100 micrograms Se) of sodium selenite or selenomethionine and a placebo have been carried out."	( Effect of daily supplements of selenium on patients with muscular complaints in Otago and Canterbury. Campbell, DR; Rea, HM; Robinson, MF; Snow, PG; Squires, IH; Stewart, RD; Thomson, CD, 1981)	0.26
" After dosing ceased, GSH-Px activities for most subjects returned to predosing values in 17 to 40 wk, but in some subjects activities remained high."	( Effect of prolonged supplementation with daily supplements of selenomethionine and sodium selenite on glutathione peroxidase activity in blood of New Zealand residents. Campbell, DR; Rea, HM; Robinson, MF; Thomson, CD, 1982)	0.26
" Pure cultures of several isolates were dosed to sheep, but only those of Pithomyces chartarum and Myrothecium verrucaria proved to be toxic."	( Photosensitivity in South Africa. II. The experimental production of the ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity disease geeldikkop (Tribulosis ovis) by the simultaneous ingestion of Tribulus terrestris plants and cultures of Pithomyces chartarum containing t Basson, PA; Bath, GF; Coetzer, JA; Kellerman, TS; Marasas, WF; Minne, JA; Roux, C; Van der Westhuizen, GC, 1980)	0.26
" In adults in endangiitis obliterans a favourable influence by higher dosage of vitamin E was established."	( [Recent nutrition biochemical findings on the importance of vitamion E and selenium in man and animal]. Kolb, E, 1982)	0.26
"The properties of mercury and selenium existing in high-molecular weight substance(s) (HMWS) obtained from plasma, stroma-free hemolysate, soluble and insoluble fractions of the liver of rabbits dosed with mercuric chloride and selenite were studied."	( Properties of mercury and selenium in a high-molecular weight substance in rabbit tissues formed by simultaneous administration. Imura, N; Naganuma, A, 1981)	0.26
" At low dosage rates (5 microgram) Se is more readily incorporated into tissues from SeO3(2-) than from SeO4(2-)."	( The excretion of selenium in bile and urine of steers: the influence of form and amount of Se salt. Mather, DL; Symonds, HW; Vagg, MJ, 1981)	0.26
" Testicular atrophy and cachexia developed in the dogs, but damage was not present in bone marrow, alimentary tract, kidney, and bone with the dosage schedule utilized."	( Clinical observations, cutaneous lesions, and hematologic alterations in chronic adriamycin intoxication in dogs with and without vitamin E and selenium supplementation. Ferrans, VJ; Van Vleet, JF, 1980)	0.26
" GSH-px activity in serum increased more rapidly after dosing and declined more rapidly than GSH-px activity in erythrocytes."	( Glutathione peroxidase activity in bovine serum and erythrocytes in relation to selenium concentrations of blood, serum and liver. Fraser, AJ; Harrop, BM; Kirk, JA; Thompson, KG, 1980)	0.26
"Chronic copper poisoning was induced in sheep by repeated dosing with an aqueous solution of copper sulphate."	( Creatine kinase release and muscle changes in chronic copper poisoning in sheep. Gooneratne, SR; Howell, JM, 1980)	0.26
" From 30 to 60 min after dosing the concentration of radioactivity increased to reach approximately 50% of the level present 2 min after dosing."	( Selenium metabolism in the dairy cow: the influence of the liver and the effect of the form of Se salt. Mather, DL; Sansom, BF; Symonds, HW; Vagg, MJ, 1981)	0.26
" That range is part of the total dose-response curve and its lower and upper limits are delineated on the basis of nutrition and toxicology data, respectively."	( Risk assessment of essential trace elements: new approaches to setting recommended dietary allowances and safety limits. Mertz, W, 1995)	0.29
" In the case of congenital hypothyroidism (n = 37) application of sodium selenite in the above specified dosage yielded a mean serum selenium increase (0."	( Sodium selenite therapy and thyroid-hormone status in cystic fibrosis and congenital hypothyroidism. Dawczynski, H; Jahreis, G; Janitzky, E; Kauf, E; Winnefeld, K, 1994)	0.29
" After treatment with MM, instead of the expected decrease in enzyme activities, an increase was observed in the kidney and a small decrease in the liver with no dose-response relation in either organ."	( The differential modulation of the enzymes of glutathione metabolism. Indication of overlapping effects of toxicity and repair in mouse liver and kidney after dietary treatment with methyl mercury and sodium selenite. Di Simplicio, P; Gorelli, M; Leonzio, C; Vignani, R, 1993)	0.29
" Studies on the effects of dosage and chemical form of dietary selenium indicated that the tissue levels of the seleno-enzymes are homeostatically controlled and cannot be increased by additional supply."	( Studies on the distribution and characteristics of new mammalian selenium-containing proteins. Behn, D; Gessner, H; Kalcklösch, M; Kyriakopoulos, A; Weiss-Nowak, C; Westphal, C, 1995)	0.29
" This dose increased plasma selenoprotein P substantially, and a dose-response was present."	( Pathogenesis of diquat-induced liver necrosis in selenium-deficient rats: assessment of the roles of lipid peroxidation and selenoprotein P. Awad, JA; Burk, RF; Cockell, KA; Hill, KE; Kato, T; Lyons, PR; Morrow, JD, 1995)	0.29
" A new crop of high-selenium garlic was harvested in 1992 and was used in a dose-response study to confirm the reproducibility of the product and the bioassay."	( Enrichment of selenium in allium vegetables for cancer prevention. Ip, C; Lisk, DJ, 1994)	0.29
" It reached the peak level 3 days after dosing and remained at an elevated level up to 14 days."	( Aflatoxin B1-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Lee, HP; Ong, CN; Shen, HM; Shi, CY, 1994)	0.29
" Subsequently clinical myopathy was induced by dosing with protected polyunsaturated fatty acids."	( Plasma indicators of muscle damage in a model of nutritional myopathy in weaner sheep. Allen, JG; Costa, ND; Fry, JM; Smith, GM, 1994)	0.29
" Animals were dosed 6 days/week for 30, 60 or 90 days with 0, 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg per day."	( Toxicity and chemical form of selenium in the liver of mice orally administered selenocystine for 90 days. Hasegawa, T; Mihara, M; Nakamuro, K; Sayato, Y; Taniguchi, S, 1994)	0.29
" This was demonstrated in a time course repletion experiment as well as in a dose-response experiment."	( Bioavailability of selenium from selenium-enriched garlic. Ip, C; Lisk, DJ, 1993)	0.29
" No dose-response relationship was found to exist, however."	( Increased levels of S-adenosylmethionine in the livers of rats fed various forms of selenium. Dausch, JG; Fullerton, FR, 1993)	0.29
" In this survey the results of studies of the effects of dosage and chemical form of the element on the concentrations of this enzyme and of other selenoproteins are discussed."	( Effects of dietary selenium on the tissue concentrations of type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase and other selenoproteins. Behne, D; Kyriakopoulos, A, 1993)	0.29
" Vitamin B12-depleted rats expired 16% of dosed 75Se-selenite as DMSe compared to 45% for control rats and excreted less TMSe in the urine (6."	( Effect of vitamin B12 status on selenium methylation and toxicity in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. Chen, CL; Whanger, PD, 1993)	0.29
" In this report, experiments were carried out in which treatment with the Se-garlic was started after carcinogen dosing (DMBA or MNU) but was restricted to either the early or late stage of neoplastic progression."	( Selenium-enriched garlic inhibits the early stage but not the late stage of mammary carcinogenesis. Ip, C; Lisk, DJ; Thompson, HJ, 1996)	0.29
" Adequate intravenous dosage recommendations are based on maintenance of glutathione peroxidase homeostasis."	( The necessity of selenium substitution in total parenteral nutrition and artificial alimentation. Brätter, P; Gramm, HJ; Kopf, A, 1995)	0.29
" Shoulder, thigh, and liver Se exhibited a dose-response relationship to treatment, but kidney Se concentrations were unaffected by treatment."	( Effect of supplementation with selenium on whole blood glutathione peroxidase activities and on plasma and tissue selenium concentrations in lambs. Dixon, J; MacPherson, A; Molnár, J, 1996)	0.29
" In this experiment, sheep were dosed orally with protected PUFA (Pr-PUFA) for five weeks at 5 g kg liveweight-1 three times per week for the first week and at 8 g kg-1 for the following four weeks."	( Effect of doses of protected polyunsaturated fatty acids on indicators of selenium status of sheep. Isopenko, A; Smith, GM, )	0.13
" Groups sc(SeM+E) and imSeM+orE were stressed by dosing with protected polyunsaturated fatty acids from day 56 onwards."	( Effectiveness of alpha-tocopherol and selenium supplements in preventing lupinosis-associated myopathy in sheep. Allen, JG; Smith, GM, 1997)	0.3
" The cisplatin dosage was iv administration in 60-80 mg/m2 on the first day."	( The protective role of selenium on the toxicity of cisplatin-contained chemotherapy regimen in cancer patients. Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Hu, YJ; Luo, L; Song, XM; Xu, PM; Zhang, BZ; Zhang, YQ; Zhao, YB; Zhao, YN; Zhou, MZ, 1997)	0.3
" The presence of a single functional gene in ES cells afforded us an opportunity to determine directly in the cell line the effect of reduced gene dosage on (1) the levels of the Sec tRNA[Ser]Sec population, (2) the distributions of the isoacceptors within the Sec tRNA population, and (3) selenoprotein biosynthesis."	( Selenocysteine tRNA[Ser]Sec levels and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in mouse embryonic stem cells heterozygous for a targeted mutation in the tRNA[Ser]Sec gene. Baek, HJ; Chittum, HS; Diamond, AM; Fernandez-Salguero, P; Gonzalez, F; Hatfield, DL; Kuehn, M; Lee, BJ; Ohama, T, 1997)	0.3
" We conclude that, despite of lacking clinical symptoms, a selenium supply in phenylketonuria patients under diet is necessary and should be performed with usefull peroral sodium selenite (115 micrograms Se/m2 BSA/d) initially, followed by a dosage between 30 and 60 micrograms Se/m2 BSA/d)."	( [Selenium in phenylketonuria patients. Effects of sodium selenite administration]. Dawczynski, H; Häfer, R; Kauf, E; Seidel, J; Stein, F; Vogt, L; Winnefeld, K, 1997)	0.3
"We conclude, that in the situation of BMT a selenium substitution in a dosage of at least 1 to 2 micrograms Se/kg/d is necessary."	( [Blood selenium content after conditioning and during the course of bone marrow transplantation in children with malignant diseases]. Fuchs, D; Hermann, J; Kauf, E; Winnefeld, K; Zintl, F, 1997)	0.3
"; they got another treatment with half of the dosage in the fourth week of life."	( [Effects of a selenium/vitamin E substitution on the development of newborn calves on selenium-deficient farms]. Feldmann, M; Höltershinken, M; Jachens, G; Scholz, H, 1998)	0.3
" Although numerous biochemical abnormalities accompanying the syndrome have not yet been completely clarified, the antioxidant defense system enzymes have shown to be altered due to increased gene dosage on chromosome 21 and overproduction of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1 or Cu/Zn SOD)."	( Antioxidative metabolism in Down syndrome. Aydin, A; Işimer, A; Sayal, A; Sayli, BS; Tekşen, F, 1998)	0.3
" Blood samples were taken from animals at the end of the dosage period and biochemical parameters in serum samples and haematological parameters in total blood were determined."	( Effects of intraperitoneally-administered vitamin E and selenium on the blood biochemical and haematological parameters in rats. Cay, M; Naziroğlu, M, 1999)	0.3
" In the physiological dosage range, Se appears to function as an antimutagenic agent, preventing the malignant transformation of normal cells and the activation of oncogenes."	( Anticarcinogenic effects of selenium. Schrauzer, GN, 2000)	0.31
" Extradietary supplementation of selenium at the dosage of 200 micrograms per day is generally considered safe and adequate for an adult of average weight subsisting on the typical American diet."	( Nutritional selenium supplements: product types, quality, and safety. Schrauzer, GN, 2001)	0.31
" More importantly, we found that a short term GGMSC/MSC treatment schedule of 4 weeks immediately after carcinogen dosing was sufficient to provide significant cancer protection, even in the absence of a sustained exposure past the initial 4-week period."	( Characterization of the biological activity of gamma-glutamyl-Se-methylselenocysteine: a novel, naturally occurring anticancer agent from garlic. Block, E; Dong, Y; Ip, C; Lisk, D, 2001)	0.31
" The purpose of this work was to study the gene dosage effect of SOD and its consequence on GPx enzyme and the various cofactors, and to find out correlations with developmental fields."	( Evaluation of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and their cofactors in Egyptian children with Down's syndrome. Afifi, HH; Kholoussi, NM; Meguid, NA, 2001)	0.31
" Among the reliability assays 1 of 3 brands of vitamin E, 1 of 2 brands of selenium and 1 of 2 brands of saw palmetto demonstrated statistical differences in interlot dosage (p <0."	( Analytical accuracy and reliability of commonly used nutritional supplements in prostate disease. Feifer, AH; Fleshner, NE; Klotz, L, 2002)	0.31
" Among followed strategies to attenuate adriamycin toxicity are dosage optimisation, synthesis and use of analogues or combined therapy with antioxidants."	( Antioxidant nutrients and adriamycin toxicity. Battino, M; Huertas, JR; Mataix, J; Quiles, JL; Ramírez-Tortosa, MC, 2002)	0.31
"Wistar rats were provided with distilled water containing NaF (50 mg/L) and administered by gavage with different dosed of Se-Zn for six months."	( [Effects of selenium and zinc on rat renal apoptosis and change of cell cycle induced by fluoride]. Chen, X; Wang, A; Xia, T; Yu, R, 2002)	0.31
" In addition, selenium in the brain increased when a dosage of 30 micromol/kg and more of selenite was injected into LPS-treated female mice."	( Gender difference regarding selenium penetration into the mouse brain. Dohi, Y; Ichida, S; Minami, T; Sakita, Y, 2002)	0.31
" The potent therapeutic effect of low dosage MTX therapy in combination with lyophilized EFSe on adjuvant arthritis in rats was shown."	( Treatment of experimental adjuvant arthritis with the combination of methotrexate and lyophilized Enterococcus faecium enriched with organic selenium. Ebringer, L; Ferencík, M; Istok, R; Rovenský, J; Stancíková, M; Svík, K, 2002)	0.31
"Rats were given Realgar with dosage of 50, 150, 450 mg."	( [Influence of oral administration of realgar on contents of copper, zinc and selenium in rat tissues]. Bao, SF; Cheng, ZJ; Cong, T; Li, Z; Tian, H; Zhao, L, 2001)	0.31
" But higher dosage (450 mg."	( [Influence of oral administration of realgar on contents of copper, zinc and selenium in rat tissues]. Bao, SF; Cheng, ZJ; Cong, T; Li, Z; Tian, H; Zhao, L, 2001)	0.31
"01) and higher increase from baseline in plasma selenium than did the same dosage used in the NPC Trial."	( Speciation and bioavailability of selenium in yeast-based intervention agents used in cancer chemoprevention studies. Hansen, M; Larsen, EH; Moesgaard, S; Paulin, H; Rayman, M; Reid, M, )	0.13
" Studies are needed to further define the dose-response relationship between selenium and cancer risk in men and women."	( Making sense of sex and supplements: differences in the anticarcinogenic effects of selenium in men and women. Chiang, EC; Cooley, DM; Morris, JS; Waters, DJ, 2004)	0.32
"01), and there was obvious dose-response relationship."	( [Effects of selenium on benzo[a] pyrene-induce DNA damage in mouse lung cells]. Chen, XM; Chen, XN; Li, XY; Lu, WQ; Mei, YH; Yu, RA; Zhu, JL, 2004)	0.32
" Our results demonstrate an intriguing U-shaped dose-response relationship between selenium status (toenail selenium concentration) and the extent of DNA damage (alkaline Comet assay) within the prostate."	( Prostate cancer risk and DNA damage: translational significance of selenium supplementation in a canine model. Bostwick, DG; Combs, GF; Cooley, DM; Glickman, LT; Morris, JS; Qian, J; Shen, S; Waters, DJ, 2005)	0.33
" A dose-response trend was observed when we stratified the studies by disease severity."	( Intake of selenium in the prevention of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chambers, K; Etminan, M; FitzGerald, JM; Gleave, M, 2005)	0.33
" Adult female rats were fed a diet containing additional selenium (1 ppm), additional vitamin E (225 IU/kg) or a combination of the two for 4 weeks before oral dosing of MeHg (1."	( Co-consumption of selenium and vitamin E altered the reproductive and developmental toxicity of methylmercury in rats. Beyrouty, P; Chan, HM, )	0.13
" According to these results, selenium dosage should be arranged carefully in thalassemia patients, whereas vitamin C can be used confidently."	( In vitro effects of vitamin C and selenium on NK activity of patients with beta-thalassemia major. Atasever, B; Erdem-Kuruca, S; Ertan, NZ; Karakas, Z, )	0.13
" In some diseases supplementation of antioxidants in the proper form and dosage may be irrelevant."	( [The role of antioxidants in prevention]. Feher, J; Lengyel, G; Nagy, V; Németh, E, 2006)	0.33
" The influence of histamine dosage on free radicals was investigated in both lung cancer and healthy subjects."	( Histamine and selenium in lung cancer. Cimino, F; Della Rovere, F; Familiari, D; Granata, A; Tomaino, A; Zirilli, A, )	0.13
" Clinical investigations indicated that a failure in Se dosage in feed was the cause of the toxicosis."	( Clinical, pathological and toxicological findings of a iatrogenic selenium toxicosis case in feeder pigs. Casteignau, A; Fontán, A; Morillo, A; Oliveros, JA; Segalés, J, 2006)	0.33
" Results also showed an obvious dose-response relationship between the rates of comet cells and the doses of sodium selenite (r=0."	( DNA damage, apoptosis and C-myc, C-fos, and C-jun overexpression induced by selenium in rat hepatocytes. Chen, XM; Yang, CF; Yu, RA, 2006)	0.33
" Dietary vitamins E and C were statistically significantly protective for both colon and rectal cancer at all levels of consumption, and for both vitamins there was a dose-response effect of increasing protection, particularly so for colon cancer."	( Colorectal cancer protective effects and the dietary micronutrients folate, methionine, vitamins B6, B12, C, E, selenium, and lycopene. Kune, G; Watson, L, 2006)	0.33
" We also investigated dose-response relationships between quartiles of manganese exposure and sperm parameters."	( Ambient manganese exposure is negatively associated with human sperm motility and concentration. Daly, DC; Diamond, MP; Paneth, N; Potter, RC; Puscheck, E; Rossano, MG; Wirth, JJ, 2007)	0.34
" We saw a U-shaped dose-response pattern between quartiles of manganese exposure and all 3 sperm parameters."	( Ambient manganese exposure is negatively associated with human sperm motility and concentration. Daly, DC; Diamond, MP; Paneth, N; Potter, RC; Puscheck, E; Rossano, MG; Wirth, JJ, 2007)	0.34
" A dose-response effect of selenium quintiles was also seen for those significant associations."	( Selenium level and cognitive function in rural elderly Chinese. Bian, J; Cao, J; Cheng, Y; Gao, S; Hall, KS; Hendrie, HC; Ji, R; Jin, Y; Li, P; Liang, C; Ma, F; Matesan, J; Murrell, JR; Shen, J; Unverzagt, FW; Ying, B, 2007)	0.34
"Male Hartley guinea pigs were orally dosed with a marginal amount of AA and fed a diet deficient (Se-D/MC), marginal (Se-M/MC) or normal (Se-N/MC) in Se."	( Sparing effects of selenium and ascorbic acid on vitamin C and E in guinea pig tissues. Bertinato, J; Bonacci, G; Cockell, KA; Giles, N; Giroux, A; Hayward, S; Hidiroglou, N; Iskandar, M; Jee, P; L'Abbé, MR; Madère, R; Peace, R; Trick, KD, 2007)	0.34
" The optimal dosing regimen for ZnAL42 was achieved at 17."	( Effect of oral gavage treatment with ZnAL42 and other metallo-ion formulations on influenza A H5N1 and H1N1 virus infections in mice. Bailey, K; Barnard, DL; Day, CW; Hall, TJ; Hickok, SS; Sidwell, RW; Wong, MH, 2007)	0.34
" These data suggest that Se intake and allergic airway inflammation are not related in a simple dose-response manner, which may explain the inconsistent results obtained from previous descriptive studies in humans."	( A role for dietary selenium and selenoproteins in allergic airway inflammation. Berry, MJ; Bollt, O; Chang, PS; He, Q; Hoffmann, FW; Hoffmann, PR; Jourdan-Le Saux, C; Tam, EK, 2007)	0.34
" The present study demonstrated a dose-response relationship between blood lead and hearing thresholds, after adjusting other potential confounders in multiple regressions."	( A case-control study on the relationship of hearing function and blood concentrations of lead, manganese, arsenic, and selenium. Chen, CJ; Chiu, YW; Chuang, HY; Ho, CK; Kuo, CH; Wu, TN, 2007)	0.34
" We found increased thrombocyte GPX activity at the two highest dosage levels in women only, but not in men."	( Effect of long-term selenium yeast intervention on activity and gene expression of antioxidant and xenobiotic metabolising enzymes in healthy elderly volunteers from the Danish Prevention of Cancer by Intervention by Selenium (PRECISE) pilot study. Cold, S; Dragsted, LO; Krath, BN; Larsen, EH; Moesgaard, S; Overvad, K; Ravn-Haren, G, 2008)	0.35
" Blood was obtained from CD rats of both sexes 2h after dosing in weeks 7 and 13 in order to acquire data on the levels of selenium in these animals during 13-week gavage administration of l-seleno-methylselenocysteine (SeMC), a new candidate chemopreventive agent under development."	( Direct determination of selenium in rat blood plasma by Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry. Kabirov, KK; Kapetanovic, IM; Lyubimov, AV, 2008)	0.35
" Unlike PCB-77, rats receiving PCB-153 did not show the same Se dose-response effect; nevertheless, Se supplementation did not confer protection against foci development."	( Effect of dietary selenium on the promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis by 3,3', 4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,2', 4,4', 5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl. Glauert, HP; Lehmler, HJ; Morris, JS; Robertson, LW; Spate, VL; Spear, BT; Srinivasan, C; Stemm, DN; Tharappel, JC, 2008)	0.35
" Studies are also needed to determine optimal dosing regimens, and to identify those patients in whom this approach is likely to be most effective."	( Critically elucidating the role of selenium. Forceville, X; Vincent, JL, 2008)	0.35
"A randomized dose-response trial was conducted in 3 groups of term infants fed formula with different selenium concentrations [6 microg/L, F+0 (control); 13 microg/L, F+7; and 21 microg/L, F+15] and in a parallel breastfed reference group (BF; 11 +/- 2 microg Se/L)."	( Selenium status of term infants fed selenium-supplemented formula in a randomized dose-response trial. Daniels, L; Gibson, RA; Makrides, M; Simmer, K; Van Dael, P, 2008)	0.35
" The present study was undertaken to determine the protective effect of selenium treatment at the same dosage (2 ppm) on some biochemical parameters."	( Antioxidative role of selenium against the toxic effect of heavy metals (Cd+2, Cr+3) on liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792). Alkan, A; Erdogan, K; Orun, I; Ozdemir, I; Talas, ZS; Yilmaz, I, 2008)	0.35
" The lesion of gastric mucosal was established by giving absolute alcohol after giving nanometer selenium of different dosage to rats except normal group, examined histopathology of gastric mucosa, then measured the lesion index (UI)of rats in normal group, model group and three experimental groups."	( [Protective effects of nanometer selenium on acute gastric mucosal lesion in rats]. Su, J; Xu, X; Yu, X, 2008)	0.35
" The EC values can be used to set technically defensible levels of protection, with the appropriate effect level being determined on the basis of data- and site-specific considerations and dose-response relationships that are amenable for use as inputs in population models."	( What is an appropriate level of protection? An example considering selenium exposures by aquatic birds. Adams, WJ; Chapman, PM; DeForest, DK, 2008)	0.35
" Tumor-bearing mouse model was established and divided into the model group, cyclophosphamide group, cordyceps high and low dosage group (200, 100 mg x kg(-1))."	( [Effect of selenium-protein polysaccharide extracted from Se-rich Cordyceps militaris on tumor-bearing mice]. Guo, ZF; Liu, SX; Ma, H; Wang, CC; Wang, LH; Zhong, M, 2008)	0.35
" Simultaneously, hepatocarcinoma were induced in groups II-V by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) solution (100 mg/L) at the dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight every day as drinking water for 16 weeks, then sterilized water for a further two weeks."	( Effect of selenium-enriched malt on hypoglycemia and regulatory hormones in diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinoma SD rats. Liu, JG; Liu, YJ; Wang, XL; Zhao, HJ, 2009)	0.35
" These elements in their appropriate dosage range are considered to be beneficial to health."	( Analysis of trace elements in Chinese therapeutic foods and herbs. Xu, H; Xu, HE, 2009)	0.35
"The current literature demonstrates that there are currently insufficient data to enable confident recommendations on the optimal route, timing, duration and dosage of each of these nutritional supplements."	( Selenium and glutamine supplements: where are we heading? A critical care perspective. Andrews, PJ, 2010)	0.36
" To induce hepatocarcinoma, groups II-V rats received diethylnitrosamine solution (100mg/L) at the dosage of 10mg/kg body weight in drinking water daily for 16 weeks, followed by sterilized water for a further 2 weeks."	( Effect of selenium-enriched malt on VEGF and several relevant angiogenic cytokines in diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinoma rats. Liu, JG; Liu, YJ; Wang, XL; Zhao, HJ, 2010)	0.36
"The objective was to examine the dose-response relations for different forms of selenium."	( Establishing optimal selenium status: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Armah, CN; Broadley, MR; Dainty, JR; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Goldson, AJ; Hart, DJ; Hurst, R; Motley, AK; Teucher, B, 2010)	0.36
"5 mm thickness were made from a polyester resin-salt mixture and dosed with equal arsenic and selenium concentrations ranging from 0 to 30 microg g(-1)."	( Simultaneous assessment of arsenic and selenium in human nail phantoms using a portable x-ray tube and a detector. Fleming, DE; Gherase, MR; Roy, CW, 2010)	0.36
" Cattle had regular blood sampling to assay Se, from 8 days before dosing to 1155 days afterwards."	( Depot injection of barium selenate for long-term prevention of selenium inadequacy in beef cattle. Babidge, PJ; Judson, GJ, 2010)	0.36
" It depends on quantum of dosage and supplementation time."	( [Selenium supplementation in patients with severe acute pancreatitis]. Firment, J; Guzy, J; Kocan, L; Simonová, J; Vasková, J, 2010)	0.36
" Synergistic relationship between Se and sulfur accumulation was observed in nearly all accessions at the selenate dosage applied."	( Selenium accumulation in lettuce germplasm. Faquin, V; Guilherme, LR; Hayes, RJ; Li, L; Ramos, SJ; Rutzke, MA, 2011)	0.37
" Group IV Wistar rat pups with selenium-induced cataract were post-treated with curcumin at the group III dosage 24 h after selenium administration."	( Effect of curcumin on the modulation of αA- and αB-crystallin and heat shock protein 70 in selenium-induced cataractogenesis in Wistar rat pups. Arumugam, M; Beulaja, M; Manikandan, R; Thiagarajan, R, 2011)	0.37
" On the sixth day of gestation, the females were dosed subcutaneously either with cadmium or with cadmium and selenium in the following doses (mg/kg of body weight): 0, 1 Cd, 1 Cd + 1 Se, 2 Cd, 2 Cd + 2 Se."	( Comparative effects of repeated administration of cadmium chloride during pregnancy and lactation and selenium protection against cadmium toxicity on some organs in immature rats' offsprings. Bekheet, SH, 2011)	0.37
"This study was conducted to further explore the effects of selenium on the blood antioxidant capacity in rats exposed to fluoride to find out the optimal dosage level of selenium."	( Intervention of selenium on chronic fluorosis-induced injury of blood antioxidant capacity in rats. Feng, P; Wei, J; Zhang, Z, 2011)	0.37
" This review will focus on mechanism of action, adverse effects and drug interactions reported in the literature, and appropriate dosing and outcomes data for specific nutritional supplements in various critically ill adult populations."	( Nutritional supplements in critical illness. Bullington, WM; Cooper, TB; Hayes, GL; McKinzie, BP; Pilch, NA, )	0.13
"This experiment was designed to compare the effect of two selenium sources at the dosage of therapeutic level on hepatocarcinogenesis and angiogenic cytokines in DEN-induced hepatocarcinoma rats to further approach their possible anticancer's mechanism."	( Effect of two selenium sources on hepatocarcinogenesis and several angiogenic cytokines in diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinoma rats. Liu, JG; Liu, YJ; Liu, YW; Wang, XL; Zhao, HJ, 2012)	0.38
" Balance studies of trace element requirements should be performed to better establish clinical recommendations for optimal trace element dosing in the neonatal surgical population."	( Role of trace elements in parenteral nutrition support of the surgical neonate. Burjonrappa, SC; Miller, M, 2012)	0.38
" Mortality was higher in bees chronically dosed with selenate compared with a single dose."	( Selenium toxicity to honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pollinators: effects on behaviors and survival. Hladun, KR; Morton, RR; Mustard, JA; Smith, BH; Trumble, JT, 2012)	0.38
" The experimental rat groups were supplemented with selenium or zinc at low or high dosage intragastrically for 30 days Serum selenium and zinc content of rats was measured by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS)."	( [Effects of selenium and zinc on the proliferation of human esophageal cancer cell line studied by serophysiology]. Gong, C; Huang, C; Jiang, Y; Li, M; Qi, Y; Xiao, H; Zhou, X, 2012)	0.38
" Dose-response meta-analyses were used, with restricted cubic splines and fractional polynomials for nonlinear trends, to investigate the association between selenium status and prostate cancer risk."	( Selenium and prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Aune, D; Beynon, R; Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Greenwood, DC; Harvey, LJ; Hooper, L; Hurst, R; Lau, R; Norat, T; Savović, J; Sterne, JA; Vieira, R, 2012)	0.38
" The relation between plasma/serum selenium and prostate cancer in a nonlinear dose-response meta-analysis showed that the risk decreased with increasing plasma/serum selenium up to 170 ng/mL."	( Selenium and prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Aune, D; Beynon, R; Collings, R; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Greenwood, DC; Harvey, LJ; Hooper, L; Hurst, R; Lau, R; Norat, T; Savović, J; Sterne, JA; Vieira, R, 2012)	0.38
" In practice, trace elements (TEs) seem to be frequently provided by prescribing an all-inclusive commercial multi-TE admixture with little dosage flexibility."	( Prescription of trace elements in adults on home parenteral nutrition: current practice based on the Canadian Home Parenteral Nutrition Registry. Abdalian, R; Allard, JP; Duerksen, D; Fernandes, G; Gramlich, L; Jeejeebhoy, KN; Whittaker, S, )	0.13
" At dosage levels in the nutritional range such as 1 μg Se/kg body weight, selenium ameliorates the atherogenic index and preserves the antioxidant capacity of the erythrocytes."	( Effects of nutritional and excessive levels of selenium on red blood cells of rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Abo-Salem, OM; El-sayed, el-SM; Harisa, GI; Shazly, G, 2013)	0.39
" We observed a dose-response decrease in cancer and overall mortality risks with higher vitamin C levels."	( Serum antioxidant nutrients, vitamin A, and mortality in U.S. Adults. Goyal, A; Siegel, AB; Terry, MB, 2013)	0.39
" Sturgeon accumulated Se in tissues with a clear dose-response relationship and the highest Se concentration was recorded in liver."	( Antioxidant response versus selenium accumulation in the liver and kidney of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). Abete, MC; Brizio, P; Dörr, AJ; Elia, AC; Gasco, L; Pacini, N; Prearo, M; Righetti, M, 2013)	0.39
"Dietary selenium (Se) alters whole-blood Se concentrations in sheep, dependent upon Se source and dosage administered, but little is known about effects on immune function."	( Selenium supplementation restores innate and humoral immune responses in footrot-affected sheep. Bobe, G; Gorman, ME; Hall, JA; Mosher, WD; Pirelli, GJ; Stewart, WC; Vorachek, WR, 2013)	0.39
" Both dosage forms of Se were bioavailable as demonstrated by the blood biomarker selenoprotein P, which was equally up-regulated in the high-dose animals for both dosage forms of Se."	( Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of selenium following oral administration of elemental selenium nanoparticles or selenite in rats. Gammelgaard, B; Hadrup, N; Hansen, M; Lam, HR; Larsen, EH; Loeschner, K; Mortensen, A; Møller, LH; Pereira, SA, 2014)	0.4
" The dosage was gradually increased from 40 microg/ week to 120 micog/week over 17 months, and the Se concentration in serum and hair was measured bimonthly using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)."	( [Two cases of long-term home parenteral nutrition in which increased doses of intravenous selenium were administered and the serum and hair selenium concentration was measured]. Chino, K; Kaneko, H; Kimura, Y; Kozono, K; Naganuma, H; Oshima, Y; Sakai, M; Sato, Y; Shimoda, M; Suzuki, T; Washizawa, N, 2013)	0.39
"037), with no evidence of dose-response or a U-shaped association."	( Plasma vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: results from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Goodman, GE; Goodman, PJ; Klein, EA; Kristal, AR; Meyskens, FL; Minasian, LM; Neuhauser, ML; Parnes, HL; Schenk, JM; Song, X; Tangen, CM; Thompson, IM; Till, C, 2014)	0.4
" In this study, we treated human cells with arsenic (As), copper or selenium (Se) in a dose-response manner and used attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) microspectroscopy combined with computational analysis to examine cellular alterations."	( Bimodal responses of cells to trace elements: insights into their mechanism of action using a biospectroscopy approach. Hoti, V; Llabjani, V; Martin, FL; Pouran, HM; Zhang, H, 2014)	0.4
" Se can protect against Hg phytotoxicity in rice and inhibit IHg accumulation in rice tissues, but was not remarkable for MeHg at a low dosage exposure level in this study."	( Selenium modulates mercury uptake and distribution in rice (Oryza sativa L.), in correlation with mercury species and exposure level. Chai, Z; Gao, Y; Hu, Y; Li, B; Li, Y; Zhao, J; Zhao, Y, 2014)	0.4
" After 3 days of adaptive feeding and 15 days treatment with the experimental feed, mice were challenged by intraperitioneal injection of PCV2 at the dosage of 2000 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infection dose, TCID50)."	( Effect of dietary selenium yeast supplementation on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections in mice. Aguilar, YM; Fang, J; Guan, G; Li, T; Liu, G; Luo, W; Ren, W; Yang, G; Yin, J; Yin, Y; Yu, X; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Linear regression models were calculated; first, the exposure to regular nutrient intake was treated with a binary response (yes/no); then regularly ingested amounts were divided into quartiles to examine dose-response relationships."	( Vitamin E supplementation is associated with lower levels of C-reactive protein only in higher dosages and combined with other antioxidants: The Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4 study. Heier, M; Kastenmüller, G; Koenig, W; Peters, A; Schneider, A; Schwab, S; Thorand, B; Waldenberger, M; Zierer, A, 2015)	0.42
" Generalized least-squares trend test and restricted cubic spline model were performed to assess a linear and a nonlinear dose-response relationship."	( Selenium status and cardiovascular diseases: meta-analysis of prospective observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Guo, J; Liu, C; Song, Y; Zhang, X, 2016)	0.43
" We tested the hypothesis that oral dosing methylseleninic acid (MSeA), a methylselenol precursor, inhibits the growth of colon cancer xenografts in C57BL/6 mice fed a Se adequate diet."	( The Inhibitory Efficacy of Methylseleninic Acid Against Colon Cancer Xenografts in C57BL/6 Mice. Wu, M; Zeng, H, 2015)	0.42
" Although commonly prescribed after burn injury, variation exists among supplement composition, frequency, and the dosage administered."	( Trace Element Supplementation Following Severe Burn Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Aromataris, E; Greenwood, J; Kurmis, R, )	0.13
"0)μg/L; Plasma levels of selenium were related to the risk of MS in dose-response manner."	( High levels of plasma selenium are associated with metabolic syndrome and elevated fasting plasma glucose in a Chinese population: A case-control study. Jin, L; Xu, X; Ye, H; Yuan, Z; Zhang, X; Zhu, Y, 2015)	0.42
" We identified 69 studies and applied meta-analysis, meta-regression and dose-response analysis to obtain available evidence."	( Selenium Exposure and Cancer Risk: an Updated Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. Cai, X; Fan, W; Li, X; Shen, N; Wang, C; Wang, F; Wang, S; Wu, P; Yu, W, 2016)	0.43
" We utilized aqueous Hg/Se dosing molar ratios that were either above, below, or equal to 1 and measured the internal nematode total Hg and Se concentrations for the highest concentrations of each Se compound."	( Antagonistic Growth Effects of Mercury and Selenium in Caenorhabditis elegans Are Chemical-Species-Dependent and Do Not Depend on Internal Hg/Se Ratios. Diringer, SE; Hsu-Kim, H; Meyer, JN; Pan, WK; Rogers, LA; Wyatt, LH, 2016)	0.43
" Group III was co-treated with GAR at a therapeutic dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight per day."	( Garlic capsule and selenium-vitamins ACE combination therapy modulate key antioxidant proteins and cellular adenosine triphosphate in lisinopril-induced lung damage in rats. Akintunde, DG; Akintunde, JK; Bolarin, OE, 2016)	0.43
"(1) The selenium concentrations in heart and liver were significantly higher in high dosage and low dosage selenium supplement groups compared to control group (both P<0."	( [Effects of selenium supplement on atherogenesis of ApoE-knockout mice fed high fat diet]. Dong, HL; Dun, AS; Hou, HF; Sun, T; Yuan, N, 2016)	0.43
" We performed a systematic review and non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies to investigate the association in the present study."	( Association between serum selenium level and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Lei, GH; Wang, XL; Wei, J; Yang, TB; Zeng, C, 2016)	0.43
" A pooled odds ratio (OR) and related 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) for T2DM between the highest and lowest serum selenium categories, and a non-linear dose-response relationship between selenium and T2DM were estimated."	( Association between serum selenium level and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Lei, GH; Wang, XL; Wei, J; Yang, TB; Zeng, C, 2016)	0.43
" Moreover, a significant non-linear dose-response relationship was observed between serum selenium levels and T2DM (P < 0."	( Association between serum selenium level and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Lei, GH; Wang, XL; Wei, J; Yang, TB; Zeng, C, 2016)	0.43
"The positive association between serum selenium levels and T2DM existed in populations with relatively low levels and high levels of serum selenium, indicating a likely U-shaped non-linear dose-response relationship between serum selenium and T2DM."	( Association between serum selenium level and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Lei, GH; Wang, XL; Wei, J; Yang, TB; Zeng, C, 2016)	0.43
" Dose-response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline and variance-weighted least squares regression analysis."	( Association between selenium levels and oesophageal adenocarcinoma risk: evidence from a meta-analysis. Du, Y; Hong, B; Hu, L; Huang, L; Li, C; Mao, N; Xiong, T, 2016)	0.43
" This suggests that frequent TEs dosage in this population as well as individually tailored supplementation may be beneficial."	( Antioxidant trace elements serum levels in long-term parenteral nutrition (PN): Prevalence and infectious risk associated with deficiencies, a retrospective study from a tertiary home-PN center. Corcos, O; Joly, F; Kirchgesner, J; Pingenot, I; Poupon, J; Uzzan, M, 2017)	0.46
" This may be due to different patient populations, study designs, timing, dosing regimens, and duration of the intervention and outcome measures evaluated."	( Antioxidant Vitamins and Trace Elements in Critical Illness. Koekkoek, WA; van Zanten, AR, 2016)	0.43
" Using statistical analysis, an effective dosage range for killing HNSCC cells while simultaneously minimizing damage to HDFs over a 3-day incubation period was established at 20-55 μg rSeNP/mL media."	( The effect of red-allotrope selenium nanoparticles on head and neck squamous cell viability and growth. Hassan, CE; Webster, TJ, 2016)	0.43
" Dosing schedule needs to be adjusted especially in cases of cholestatic hepatopathy."	( Trace Element Status (Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Iron, Manganese) in Patients with Long-Term Home Parenteral Nutrition. Dastych, M; Kohout, P; Maňák, J; Novák, F; Šenkyřík, M; Wohl, P, 2016)	0.43
"15ng/L) in BALF of mice treated with SMPS at the dosage of 400mg/kg/d significantly lower than that in the lung injured mice."	( Antioxidative, anti-inflammation and lung-protective effects of mycelia selenium polysaccharides from Oudemansiella radicata. Gao, Z; Jia, L; Jing, H; Li, J; Li, S; Ren, Z; Song, X; Wang, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.46
" It is accepted that the most common starter foods of fish larvae, natural rotifers contain the smallest dosage of selenium, but providing selenium enriched Artemia sp."	( Optimised selenium enrichment of Artemia sp. feed to improve red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae rearing. Juhász, P; Lengyel, S; Sándor, AN; Stündl, L; Udvari, Z, 2017)	0.46
" Our discovery of a U-shaped dose-response between toenail selenium concentration and prostatic DNA damage in dogs remarkably parallels data on the relationship between selenium status and prostate cancer risk in men."	( Five threads: How U-shaped thinking weaves together dogs, men, selenium, and prostate cancer risk. Chiang, EC; Waters, DJ, 2018)	0.48
"Observational longitudinal studies have shown an inverse association between selenium exposure and risk of some cancer types, but null and direct relations have also been reported, and no systematic pattern suggesting dose-response relations has emerged."	( Selenium for preventing cancer. Brinkman, M; Crespi, CM; D'Amico, R; Del Giovane, C; Dennert, G; Filippini, T; Horneber, M; Vinceti, M; Zeegers, MP; Zwahlen, M, 2018)	0.48
"The essential trace element, selenium (Se), is crucial to the brain but it may be potentially neurotoxic, depending on dosage and speciation; Se has been discussed for decades in relation to Alzheimer's disease (AD)."	( Selenium, selenoprotein P, and Alzheimer's disease: is there a link? Bjørklund, G; Drobyshev, E; Dubrovskii, Y; Lysiuk, R; Rayman, MP; Solovyev, N, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, prepubertal male rats were dosed with 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day of DEHP."	( Impact of the Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Administration on Trace Element and Mineral Levels in Relation of Kidney and Liver Damage in Rats. Aydemir, D; Barlas, N; Gok, M; Karabulut, G; Şimşek, G; Ulusu, NN, 2018)	0.48
" Fish were fed for 74 days with a diet containing 3 mg/Kg DD, a concentration chosen after experiments based in a dose-response curve (DD 1, 2 and 3 mg/Kg) that did not cause overt toxicity (mortality, weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits)."	( Hyperglycemia elicits anxiety-like behaviors in zebrafish: Protective role of dietary diphenyl diselenide. Barbosa, NV; de Macedo, GT; Dos Santos, MM; Heidrich, GM; Loro, VL; Picoloto, RS; Prestes, AS; Rosemberg, DB, 2018)	0.48
" Unlike Se(IV) and Se(VI), non-toxic dosage of SeMeth significantly decreased the Hg toxicity, revealing the influence of the Se species and dosages on the Hg-Se antagonism."	( Mutual detoxification of mercury and selenium in unicellular Tetrahymena. Hu, LG; Jiang, GB; Liu, CB; Qu, GB; Shi, JB; Wu, Q; Yin, YG; Zhang, L, 2018)	0.48
" To elucidate the possible dose-response relation, we selected for further analysis those studies that included multiple exposure levels and serum or plasma levels."	( Selenium exposure and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Filippini, T; Rothman, KJ; Vinceti, M, 2018)	0.48
" The nonlinear dose-response meta-analyses demonstrated a linear inverse association in the analyses of dietary β-carotene and total antioxidant capacity, as well as in the analyses of circulating α-carotene, β-carotene, selenium, vitamin C, and total carotenoids."	( Dietary Antioxidants, Circulating Antioxidant Concentrations, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies. Jayedi, A; Parohan, M; Rashidy-Pour, A; Shab-Bidar, S; Zargar, MS, 2018)	0.48
" However, the dose-response relationship in normal versus malignant human cells is unclear."	( The Interaction of Selenium with Chemotherapy and Radiation on Normal and Malignant Human Mononuclear Blood Cells. Cursons, RT; Jacobson, GM; Jameson, MB; Lobb, RJ, 2018)	0.48
" However, there is a lack of global consensus regarding trace elements provision and dosing in pediatric parenteral nutrition."	( Trace Element Provision in Parenteral Nutrition in Children: One Size Does Not Fit All. Bines, JE; McCallum, Z; Zemrani, B, 2018)	0.48
" With high selenium loading, nanoparticles offer a low dosage to restore selenium bioavailability whereas organic selenocompounds can play a role in the modulation of their antioxidant or antiinflammatory activities."	( Selenium Donors at the Junction of Inflammatory Diseases. Alhasan, R; Gaucher, C; Jacob, C; Kharma, A; Leroy, P, 2019)	0.51
" We observed evidence of a dose-response trend for Mn (P for trend<0."	( Trace Minerals, Heavy Metals, and Preeclampsia: Findings from the Boston Birth Cohort. Guallar, E; Hong, X; Liu, T; Mueller, NT; Wang, G; Wang, X; Zhang, M, 2019)	0.51
" Mice were administered a subcutaneous abdominal injection of D-galactose to induce the ageing model and fed with different selenoprotein dosage diet."	( Dissecting the Potential of Selenoproteins Extracted from Selenium-Enriched Rice on Physiological, Biochemical and Anti-Ageing Effects In Vivo. Farooq, MU; Hussain, S; Jia, X; Liang, Y; Su, Y; Tang, Z; Ye, X; Zeng, R; Zhang, G; Zheng, T; Zhu, J, 2020)	0.56
"In the middle-aged and older humans, participants with lower levels of dietary Se intake have a higher prevalence of OP in a dose-response manner."	( Association between dietary selenium intake and the prevalence of osteoporosis: a cross-sectional study. He, H; Li, J; Long, H; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Wu, J; Wu, Z; Xie, D; Yang, T, 2019)	0.51
" Generally, offspring in the SeMet groups had higher total Se-concentrations in plasma than those from sows fed selenite, and showed a dose-response effect on plasma Se-concentrations."	( Beneficial antioxidant status of piglets from sows fed selenomethionine compared with piglets from sows fed sodium selenite. Bernhoft, A; Falk, M; Framstad, T; Fuhrmann, H; Lebed, P; Oropeza-Moe, M; Reinoso-Maset, E; Salbu, B, 2020)	0.56
" However, these experiments did not allow the establishment of dose-response curves or provide an understanding of whether these Hg effects on the thyroid parenchyma occur in humans."	( Evaluation of the effects of chronic occupational exposure to metallic mercury on the thyroid parenchyma and hormonal function. Arata, A; Chammas, MC; Correia, MM; Martins, LC; Marui, S; Pereira, LAA; Zavariz, JD, 2020)	0.56
" After stratifying the subjects according to category of selenium exposure, we observed a dose-response relation between serum selenium and risk of high total cholesterol, and between hair selenium and risk of high total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high pancreatic lipase, altered thyroid-stimulating hormone and free triiodothyronine levels."	( Exposure to a high selenium environment in Punjab, India: Effects on blood chemistry. Chaudhary, R; Chawla, R; Cilloni, S; Datt, C; Dhillon, KS; Filippini, T; Loomba, R; Singh, S; Vinceti, M, 2020)	0.56
" The restricted cubic spline analysis was used to further explore the nonlinear dose-response relationship between dietary selenium intake and telomere length."	( Association of dietary selenium intake with telomere length in middle-aged and older adults. Li, H; Shu, Y; Wang, Y; Wu, M; Yang, S, 2020)	0.56
" The association between cadmium and young-onset breast cancer was near null, with no evidence of a dose-response relationship (for fourth vs."	( Toenail-Based Metal Concentrations and Young-Onset Breast Cancer. Jackson, BP; Karagas, MR; O'Brien, KM; Sandler, DP; Weinberg, CR; White, AJ, 2019)	0.51
" C57BL/6 mice were treated with alcohol plus HFD with or without different dosage of BL or SeBL for 4 weeks."	( Selenium-enriched Bifidobacterium longum protected alcohol and high fat diet induced hepatic injury in mice. Huang, XL; Lai, YZ; Tang, Y; Yi, HW; Zhu, XX, 2020)	0.56
" We performed dose-response experiments for the activities of GPx1 and GPx4 vs."	( Simultaneous detection of the enzyme activities of GPx1 and GPx4 guide optimization of selenium in cell biological experiments. Buettner, GR; Falls-Hubert, KC; Searby, CC; Stolwijk, JM; Wagner, BA, 2020)	0.56
" The high dosage selenite infusions increased SELENOP in parallel to elevated Se concentrations relatively fast to final values partly exceeding 10 mg SELENOP/L."	( Selenoprotein P as Biomarker of Selenium Status in Clinical Trials with Therapeutic Dosages of Selenite. Björnstedt, M; Brodin, O; Hackler, J; Laaf, E; Misra, S; Schomburg, L; Stoppe, C; Sun, Q; Wendt, S, 2020)	0.56
" We observed a non-linear dose-response of Se and reduced BMD, showing an inverse association below ~105 μg/L, which became increasingly positive above ~105 μg/L."	( Arsenic, cadmium, and selenium exposures and bone mineral density-related endpoints: The HORTEGA study. Briongos-Figuero, LS; Dueñas-Laita, A; Galan-Labaca, I; Galvez-Fernandez, M; Garcia-Barrera, T; Gomez-Ariza, JL; Grau-Perez, M; Martin-Escudero, JC; Navas-Acien, A; Perez-Castrillon, JL; Perez-Gomez, B; Ramirez-Acosta, S; Redon, J; Tellez-Plaza, M, 2021)	0.62
"Commercially available Se-containing minerals for horses identified by an online research were evaluated for their Se concentration, Se source, flavour carrier and recommended dosage according to the manufacturer's labelling."	( [Assessment of selenium status in relation to the supplementation of selenium enriched mineral licks and mineral feeds in equines in Thuringia]. Donat, K; Hörügel, U; Langner, K; Vervuert, I, 2020)	0.56
"To evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal dose-response association between Se exposure and measures of impaired physical function and disability in older adults."	( Selenium and impaired physical function in US and Spanish older adults. Banegas, JR; Carrasco-Rios, M; García-Esquinas, E; Gil, F; Gutiérrez-González, E; Navas-Acien, A; Olmedo, P; Ortolá, R; Pastor-Barriuso, R; Pérez-Gómez, B; Queipo, R; Rodríguez-Artalejo, F; Sotos Prieto, M; Tellez-Plaza, M, 2021)	0.62
" Thus, the optimal dosage of Se NPs for foliar application is 50 μmol/L, which significantly decreased Cd accumulation, improved photosynthesis and Se enrichment whereas caused no distinct reduction of Pb in the grains."	( Nano-selenium controlled cadmium accumulation and improved photosynthesis in indica rice cultivated in lead and cadmium combined paddy soils. Cao, T; Cheng, T; Liu, H; Liu, X; Shi, W; Wang, C; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhou, F, 2021)	0.62
" We therefore updated a previous meta-analysis to include recently published observational studies, and incorporated the recently developed one-stage random-effects model to display the dose-response relation between selenium and type 2 diabetes."	( A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of exposure to environmental selenium and the risk of type 2 diabetes in nonexperimental studies. Filippini, T; Rothman, KJ; Vinceti, M; Wise, LA, 2021)	0.62
"Linear mixed models and cubic spline curves showed positive dose-response relationships between urinary Zn and sperm concentration and total count and between urinary Mo and total sperm count [all False Discovery Rate (FDR) adjusted p-value for trend < 0."	( Identifying windows of susceptibility to essential elements for semen quality among 1428 healthy men screened as potential sperm donors. Chen, HG; Chen, YJ; Hou, J; Lu, Q; Meng, TQ; Pan, A; Sun, B; Tu, ZZ; Wang, YX; Xiong, CL, 2021)	0.62
"0), response time (1-10 min), dosage amount (0."	( High selectivity and adsorption proficiency of surfactant-coated selenium nanoparticles for dye removal application. Bhasin, KK; Chaudhary, S; Chauhan, P, 2021)	0.62
"There is a U-shaped dose-response between selenium (Se) status and health outcomes, but underlying metabolic processes are unclear."	( Differential protein expression due to Se deficiency and Se toxicity in rat liver. Cardoso, BR; Dordevic, AL; Kapp, EA; Lago, L; Raines, AM; Roberts, BR; Sunde, RA, 2021)	0.62
" Dose-response analysis showed that the abovementioned associations were linear."	( Clinical Relevance of Selenium with Liver Stiffness and Steatosis Detected by Transient Elastography in Adults. Chen, M; Liu, X; Shao, J; Shen, H, 2022)	0.72
" This study investigated the temporal and dose-response associations between maternal Se status and child risk of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)."	( Maternal prenatal selenium levels and child risk of neurodevelopmental disorders: A prospective birth cohort study. Bind, E; Fan, ZT; Haltmeier, D; Hong, X; Ji, Y; Lee, ASE; Mirolli, G; Mukherjee, J; Pearson, C; Raghavan, R; Steffens, A; Wang, G; Wang, X, 2021)	0.62
" In addition, a linear dose-response relation between serum selenium (range: 89-182 µg/L) and mortality was observed."	( Serum selenium concentrations and risk of all-cause and heart disease mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Geng, T; Guo, J; Liu, G; Liu, L; Lu, Q; Pan, A; Qiu, Z; Wan, Z, 2022)	0.72
" Therefore, it is of key interest to find the appropriate dosage for the supplementation of Se in the diet of farm animals and thereby eliminate physiological disorders in the body associated with Se imbalance."	( Selenium and the health status, production results, and product quality in poultry. Batorska, M; Bień, D; Capecka, K; Konieczka, P; Michalczuk, M; Sikorska, U; Urban, J, )	0.13
" MNP@hematite reduced Se (IV) concentration from 100 g/L to 10 g/L in 10 min at pH 4-9 using a dosage of 1 g/L."	( An economical strategy towards the managing of selenium pollution from contaminated water: A current state-of-the-art review. Bishayee, B; Chakrabortty, S; Chatterjee, RP; Mukherjee, A; Nayak, J; Ruj, B; Saha, A, 2022)	0.72
" Moreover, higher urinary levels of ETE mixture were significantly associated with increased MMSE scores in a dose-response pattern, and Se was the most important contributor within the mixture."	( The association between essential trace element mixture and cognitive function in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Chen, GM; Cheng, BJ; Hu, B; Li, HB; Meng, XL; Sheng, J; Sun, L; Sun, YH; Tao, FB; Wang, J; Yang, LS, 2022)	0.72
" ETE mixture exhibits a linear dose-response association with improved cognitive function, with Se being the most important component within the mixture."	( The association between essential trace element mixture and cognitive function in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Chen, GM; Cheng, BJ; Hu, B; Li, HB; Meng, XL; Sheng, J; Sun, L; Sun, YH; Tao, FB; Wang, J; Yang, LS, 2022)	0.72
" In addition, subjects who had lower plasma selenium levels exhibited a higher prevalence of ROA in a dose-response relationship manner (P=0."	( A Cross-Sectional Study of Association between Plasma Selenium Levels and the Prevalence of Osteoarthritis: Data from the Xiangya Osteoarthritis Study. Lei, G; Li, J; Tian, J; Wang, N; Wang, Y; Wei, J; Xie, M; Yang, T; Yang, Z; Zeng, C, 2022)	0.72
"This study suggests that subjects with lower levels of plasma selenium exhibited a higher prevalence of ROA in a dose-response relationship manner."	( A Cross-Sectional Study of Association between Plasma Selenium Levels and the Prevalence of Osteoarthritis: Data from the Xiangya Osteoarthritis Study. Lei, G; Li, J; Tian, J; Wang, N; Wang, Y; Wei, J; Xie, M; Yang, T; Yang, Z; Zeng, C, 2022)	0.72
" lobata (Kudzu) Extract, and RM 8652 Kudzu-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form were issued with values assigned for isoflavones (puerarin, daidzin, and daidzein), toxic elements (arsenic, cadmium, and lead), and selenium."	( Development of Kudzu (Pueraria Montana var. lobata) Reference Materials for the Determination of Isoflavones and Toxic Elements. Barber, CA; Bryan, CE; Kuszak, AJ; Lippert, JA; Long, SE; Nelson, MA; Phillips, MM; Rimmer, CA; Sharpless, KE; Wise, SA; Wood, LJ; Yen, J, 2022)	0.72
" Sodium selenite, at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/day, was administered to the selenium supplementation groups by gavage."	( Supplementation with selenium attenuates autism-like behaviors and improves oxidative stress, inflammation and related gene expression in an autism disease model. Cao, Y; Liu, S; Wang, P; Wu, H; Wu, L; Zhang, Q; Zhao, G, 2022)	0.72
" Subsequently, the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) issued dosage recommendations for PN, which are updated periodically."	( Advances in Trace Element Supplementation for Parenteral Nutrition. Boullata, JI; Huynh, E; Kaluza, K; Perks, P, 2022)	0.72
" In addition, the results from restricted cubic splines showed that the dose-response relationships of serum levels of these essential elements with the risk of endometrial diseases were nonlinear for Se, Cu, and Zn and relatively linear for Mo and Cu/Zn ratio."	( Serum Essential Trace Element Status in Women and the Risk of Endometrial Diseases: a Case-Control Study : Serum Essential Trace Element Status in Women and the Risk of Endometrial Diseases: a Case-Control Study. Cao, Y; Ji, D; Jiang, T; Li, D; Liang, C; Liang, D; Liu, Y; Shen, L; Wang, X; Xu, X; Yin, T; Zhang, Z; Zong, K; Zou, W, 2023)	0.91
" There is clearly a need to undertake dose-response analysis of cellular immunity data in order to derive quantitative relationships between selenium intake and measures of immune function."	( Selenium status and immunity. Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Filippini, T; Vinceti, M, 2023)	0.91
" Data were analyzed by ANCOVA to investigate the shape of the dose-response relationships."	( Long-Term Selenium-Yeast Supplementation Does Not Affect Bone Turnover Markers: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Cold, S; Eastell, R; Folkestad, L; Frölich, J; Gossiel, F; Hill, TR; Mathers, JC; Perri, G; Walsh, JS; Winther, K, 2022)	0.72
" High dosage of selenite exhibits a great potential in treating leukemia."	( ATM/IKK alpha axis regulates the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in selenite-treated Jurkat cells. An, J; Meng, D; Shi, K; Tian, W; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" We assessed the dose-response relationships by restricted cubic spline analysis."	( Cross-Sectional Association of Blood Selenium with Glycemic Biomarkers among U.S. Adults with Normoglycemia in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016. Chan, K; Chen, E; Choi, C; Huang, C; Lo, K; Rana, J; Yang, A; Yang, B; Yang, J; Yang, Q, 2022)	0.72
" There is evidence that Se depending on its chemical form and the dosage use could act as a modulator in some anticancer mechanisms."	( Metabolism and Anticancer Mechanisms of Selocompounds: Comprehensive Review. Dávila-Vega, JP; Gastelum-Hernández, AC; Guardado-Félix, D; Guitiérrez-Uribe, JA; Martínez-Cuesta, MC; Milán-Carrillo, J; Serna-Saldívar, SO; Serrano-Sandoval, SN, 2023)	0.91
" The restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was additionally utilized to check the dose-response relationships between serum trace metals, serum trace metals ratios, and sleep disorders."	( Associations of serum zinc, copper, and selenium with sleep disorders in the American adults: Data from NHANES 2011-2016. Chai, C; Chen, Y; Deng, MG; Liang, Y; Liu, F; Nie, JQ; Wang, K, 2023)	0.91
"025) were related to a decreased likelihood of self-reported sleep disorders, and dose-response relationships were detected by the RCS models, after adjustment for sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics."	( Associations of serum zinc, copper, and selenium with sleep disorders in the American adults: Data from NHANES 2011-2016. Chai, C; Chen, Y; Deng, MG; Liang, Y; Liu, F; Nie, JQ; Wang, K, 2023)	0.91
" Possible dose-response relationships were analyzed through restricted cubic spline regression."	( Associations of metal exposure with hyperuricemia and gout in general adults. Hui, R; Shi, S; Wang, J; Xing, Y; Xu, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, L; Zhu, X, 2022)	0.72
" Moreover, the toxic metal mixture (As, Cd, and Pb) exhibited a significant negative association with MMSE scores in a dose-response pattern, with Pb being the greatest contributor within the mixture."	( Selenium attenuates the association of co-exposure to arsenic, cadmium, and lead with cognitive function among Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Cao, HJ; Chen, GM; Cheng, BJ; Li, XD; Meng, XL; Nie, HH; Sheng, J; Tao, FB; Wang, HL; Wang, SF; Wang, Y; Yang, LS; Zhang, DM; Zhou, TT, 2023)	0.91
" A dose-response effect of the T-2 toxin was also observed."	( Single and Combined Effects of Short-Term Selenium Deficiency and T-2 Toxin-Induced Kidney Pathological Injury Through the MMPs/TIMPs System. Chilufya, MM; Deng, H; Guo, Z; Han, J; Lin, X; Liu, H; Liu, J; Qiao, L; Xiang, R; Xiao, X; Zhao, Y, 2023)	0.91
" Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was used to visualize the dose-response relationship between dietary selenium and the risk of morbidity."	( Association of habitually low intake of dietary selenium with new-onset stroke: A retrospective cohort study (2004-2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey). Qiu, H; Wang, S; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
"To observe the effect of exogenous serine or glycine on the synthesis of selenoprotein and endogenous serine and the expression of metabolic enzymes in hepatocytes cultured with high-selenium in vitro and its dose-response relationship."	( [Intervention study to inhibit the glucose metabolic remodeling in hepatocytes induced by high-selenium in vitro]. Han, F; Huang, Z; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Xiang, X; Zhang, X, 2023)	0.91
"The experiment was divided into two parts, namely a inhibition experiment and a dose-response experiment, using L02 cells as the intervention target."	( [Intervention study to inhibit the glucose metabolic remodeling in hepatocytes induced by high-selenium in vitro]. Han, F; Huang, Z; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Xiang, X; Zhang, X, 2023)	0.91
" (2) In the dose-response experiment, the expression of PHGDH enzyme in L02 cells gradually decreased with the increase of the concentration of exogenous serine or glycine, showing an obvious dose-dependent effect."	( [Intervention study to inhibit the glucose metabolic remodeling in hepatocytes induced by high-selenium in vitro]. Han, F; Huang, Z; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Xiang, X; Zhang, X, 2023)	0.91
" Whenever possible we assessed the nonlinear relation using a dose-response approach."	( Selenium and immune function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental human studies. Fairweather-Tait, S; Filippini, T; Vinceti, M, 2023)	0.91
" Selenium supplementation did not substantially affect immunoglobulin or white blood cell concentrations, and the dose-response meta-analysis indicated that an increase in plasma selenium concentrations above 100 μg/L did not further increase IgA levels nor T cells."	( Selenium and immune function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental human studies. Fairweather-Tait, S; Filippini, T; Vinceti, M, 2023)	0.91
" Next, eight groups (N: 6) of male Wistar rats were randomly assigned and injected by different dosage (0."	( Bio-synthesized selenium nanoparticles ameliorate Brain oxidative stress in Parkinson disease rat models. Amiri, H; Hashemy, SI; Hosseini, M; Joshaghani, HR; Salaramoli, S, 2023)	0.91
" However, the dosage and serious side effects still limit the application of broccoli and its derivatives for cancer therapy."	( Selenium Biofortification Enhanced miR167a Expression in Broccoli Extracellular Vesicles Inducing Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Targeting IRS1. Gao, J; He, W; He, X; Huang, T; Liu, J; Sun, G; Wang, X; Wu, B; Zhang, S; Zhang, Z; Zhou, Q; Zhu, H, 2023)	0.91
" A significant reduction in ICU stay was observed but need more optimal dosing schedule and precise outcome targets are required to clarify the clinical impacts of antioxidants in these patients."	( Efficacy of Acetylcysteine and Selenium in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients: A Prospective, Multicenter, Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Ahn, JS; Chung, Y; Jeon, H; Kim, M; Lee, S; Lee, SU; Park, JC; Park, W, 2023)	0.91
"We identified relevant literature on the repeated dosage of selenium and extracted dose descriptors on reported endpoints, except on genotoxicity/carcinogenicity."	( Toxicity of repeated oral intake of organic selenium, inorganic selenium, and selenium nanoparticles: A review. Hadrup, N; Ravn-Haren, G, 2023)	0.91
" We also found that as a nonlinear dose-response relationship between serum selenium levels and the history of kidney stones disease."	( Relationship between Serum Selenium Level and Self-Reported History of Kidney Stone. Wang, A; Wang, N; Wang, W; Wen, J; Zhang, D, 2023)	0.91
" The BKMR showed that the dose-response association between Se and cognitive function increased initially and then decreased with increasing Se concentration when fixed the other ETEs in median."	( Association between whole blood essential trace elements and cognitive function in older adults. Chen, K; Guo, FJ; Jin, MJ; Lin, YY; Meng, L; Tang, ML; Wang, JB; Yang, DD; Yao, XC; Zhang, XH, 2023)	0.91
" The prevention effect of pesticides according to the recommended dosage was 91%."	( Combined Application of Tank-mix Adjuvants, Mist Sprayer and Nano-selenium Promoted Pesticide Reduction and Enhanced Strawberry Quality. Chen, G; Dong, Q; Lin, Y; Liu, D; Pan, C; Wu, Y; Zhou, C; Zhou, Y, 2023)	0.91
" The future seems bright with the research and clinical possibilities of selenium as a trace element, whose recent experimental clinical treatments have so far involved dosing simply and inexpensively over a set of days, amounts, and time intervals."	( Nontoxic Levels of Se-Containing Compounds Increase Survival by Blocking Oxidative and Inflammatory Stresses via Signal Pathways Whereas High Levels of Se Induce Apoptosis. An, JK; Chung, AS; Churchill, DG, 2023)	0.91
" The essential metal mixture was negatively associated with FPG levels in a dose-response pattern, and Mg had the maximum posterior inclusion probability (PIP) value (PIP = 1."	( The association between the essential metal mixture and fasting plasma glucose in Chinese community-dwelling elderly people. Chen, GM; Hu, B; Lei, JY; Liang, CM; Sun, L; Tao, FB; Wang, HL; Wang, PP; Wang, SF; Wang, Y; Wu, QS; Yang, LS; Zhang, DM, 2023)	0.91
" The essential metal mixture displayed a linear dose-response relationship with reduced FPG levels, with Mg having the largest contribution to FPG levels, followed by Se."	( The association between the essential metal mixture and fasting plasma glucose in Chinese community-dwelling elderly people. Chen, GM; Hu, B; Lei, JY; Liang, CM; Sun, L; Tao, FB; Wang, HL; Wang, PP; Wang, SF; Wang, Y; Wu, QS; Yang, LS; Zhang, DM, 2023)	0.91
" Higher blood levels of trace element mixture were associated with increased obesity risks in a dose-response pattern, with Se having the highest value of the posterior inclusion probability (PIP) within the mixture."	( Associations of 10 trace element levels in the whole blood with risk of three types of obesity in the elderly. Cao, H; Ge, Z; Liu, K; Liu, L; Ren, Y; Sheng, J; Shi, J; Tao, F; Wang, S; Yang, L; Yang, M; Zhan, R; Zhang, J; Zhou, K, 2023)	0.91
" Additionally, the restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was applied to investigate the dose-response relationships between blood selenium and PD."	( Association between blood selenium with parkinson's disease in the US (NHANES 2011-2020). Cen, Y; Luo, X; Zeng, Z, 2023)	0.91
" In dose-response analyses, the risk of severe undernutrition decreased linearly with increasing selenium concentrations."	( Blood Selenium Concentrations Are Inversely Associated with the Risk of Undernutrition in Older Adults. Carballo-Casla, A; Fernández-Navarro, P; García-Esquinas, E; Gil, F; Olmedo, P; Ortolá, R; Pastor-Barriuso, R; Plans-Beriso, E; Rodríguez-Artalejo, F; Sotos-Prieto, M, 2023)	0.91

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
micronutrient	Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
nonmetal atom
chalcogen	Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Selenium Metabolism	13	17
superpathway of seleno-compound metabolism	3	39
selenate reduction	1	15
seleno-amino acid biosynthesis (plants)	4	18
Renz2020 - GEM of Human alveolar macrophage with SARS-CoV-2	0	490
glutathione redox reactions I	6	14
purine nucleobases degradation I (anaerobic)	2	40
purine nucleobases degradation II (anaerobic)	0	51
glutathione-peroxide redox reactions	5	14
glycine degradation (Stickland reaction)	8	10
L-selenocysteine biosynthesis II (archaea and eukaryotes)	6	13
reactive oxygen species degradation	7	17
selenocysteine biosynthesis II (archaea and eukaryotes)	4	9
Selenium metabolism and selenoproteins	0	4
Ferroptosis	1	33

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	6027 (26.59)	18.7374
1990's	3036 (13.40)	18.2507
2000's	4195 (18.51)	29.6817
2010's	6074 (26.80)	24.3611
2020's	3331 (14.70)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	969 (4.07%)	5.53%
Reviews	2,394 (10.05%)	6.00%
Case Studies	286 (1.20%)	4.05%
Observational	52 (0.22%)	0.25%
Other	20,128 (84.47%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Randomised Phase Ib Trial to Determine the Optimal Selenium Status to Prevent Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence: OSCAR [NCT04952129]	Phase 1	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-05-06	Active, not recruiting
Effects of High-dose Intravenous Selenium (Selenase®) on the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Related Organ Dysfunction [NCT01141556]	Phase 3	410 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-12-31	Completed
Perioperative High-dose Selenium Supplementation in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Device - a Double Blinded Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT02530788]	Phase 3	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-08-31	Completed
Verification of Correlation Between Genetic Testing of Nutritional Metabolism and Clinical Biochemical Indicators [NCT03651934]		600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-10-01	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Selenium Supplementation on CD4 + Cell Recovery, Viral Suppression, Morbidity and Quality of Life of HIV Infected Patients in Rwanda: a Prospective, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT01327755]	Phase 3	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
Antioxidant Nutrient Inflammation Interventions in Older Adults [NCT01289925]		182 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-02-28	Terminated
Impact of Coenzyme Q10 and Selenium on Seminal Fluid Parameters and Antioxidant Status in Men With Idiopathic Infertility [NCT03834831]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-01	Completed
Investigating Flavour-nutrient Learning in Humans Using Novel-flavoured, Selenium-fortified Biscuits [NCT03770676]		102 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-12-03	Completed
Does Antioxidant Supplementation to Endometriotic Women Undergoing ICSI Could Alter Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Levels and Affect Pregnancy Outcome [NCT02058212]	Phase 2	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
Phase 2 Study of Antioxidant Therapy in Lean and Obese Asthmatics [NCT01317563]	Phase 2	43 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Completed
Effect of Selenium Supplementation on Inflammatory,Oxidative and Nutritional Markers in Hemodialysis Patients [NCT01147354]	Phase 3	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
Effect of Selenium Supplementation on Serum Adiponectin and Homocystein [NCT01150786]	Phase 3	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
Phase III Chemoprevention Trial Of Selenium Supplementation In Persons With Resected Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT00008385]	Phase 3	1,772 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2000-12-18	Completed
Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) for Prostate Cancer [NCT00006392]	Phase 3	35,533 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2001-07-31	Completed
The Effect of High Selenium Functional Food and Selenium Supplement on Developmental Level in Autism Spectrum Disorder [NCT05218577]		65 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-01-01	Completed
Effect of Parenteral and Enteral Selenium Supplementation on Trace Mineral Antioxidant Enzyme and Amino Acid Metabolism in Low Birth Weight Infants [NCT02066610]		47 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1991-03-31	Completed
The Effect of a New Antioxidant Combination (ASTED) on Mild Thyroid Eye Disease, a Placebo Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02393183]	Phase 2/Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-15	Withdrawn(stopped due to Do not access to the drug)
L-Selenium-Based Chemoprevention Of Prostate Cancer Among Men With High Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia [NCT00030901]	Phase 3	619 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2000-02-29	Completed
Influence of Selenium on Prostate Cancer Related Biomarkers [NCT01112449]		130 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-05-31	Completed
Effect of Supplementation of Two Doses of L-selenomethionine (Semet; 80 and 160 mcg) Versus Placebo in Patients With Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis (AIT) With Normal Thyroid Function. [NCT02302768]	Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Selenium on Succinylcholine-Induced Postoperative Myalgia After Adult Sinuscopic Procedures [NCT03476044]	Phase 2/Phase 3	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-01	Completed
Oral Supplementation With Selenium in Patients With Mild Thyroid Orbitopathy to Reduce Its [NCT03891043]		33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-08-31	Completed
Antioxidant Micronutrients in Malaria:a Randomised Clinical Trial [NCT01152931]	Phase 3	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Completed
[NCT01211561]	Early Phase 1	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Pilot Clinical Trial to Estimate the Safety and Efficacy of Selenium in the Treatment of Complicated Lymphatic Malformations in Adolescents and Young Adults [NCT01212965]	Phase 1	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to The investigators chose to terminate the study due to participant attrition. Of the limited data evaluable, none of the patients experienced adverse events.)
Effect of Selenium Deficiency on Thyroid Function [NCT03448588]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-04-01	Recruiting
Correction of Selenium Deficiency Has Effect on Thyroid Function [NCT03445078]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-09-01	Not yet recruiting
Safety and Efficacy of Iodine Supplementation During Pregnancy With and Without Selenium Co-administration: Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03377218]		300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-01-05	Recruiting
The Effect of Selenium Supplementation on Musculoskeletal Health in Older Women Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT02832648]	Phase 3	123 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Completed
Selenium Supplementation Treatment in Euthyroid Pregnant Women With Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Effects on Obstetrical Complications [NCT01465867]		56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Completed
Phase I/II Study of Seleno-L Methionine (SLM) in Sequential Combination With Fixed Doses and Schedules of Axitinib and Pembrolizumab (SAP) in Locally Advanced and Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) [NCT05363631]	Phase 1/Phase 2	55 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-19	Recruiting
A Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Selenium for the Prevention of Chemotherapy-induced Mucositis During Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation. [NCT04080622]	Phase 3	110 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-31	Not yet recruiting
A Phase II Study of Capecitabine, Oxaliplatin and Selenomethionine and Radiation Therapy in Patients With Stage II and III Rectal Adenocarcinoma [NCT00625183]	Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Terminated(stopped due to Withdrawn due to poor/low accrual)
Selenium Treatment and Chagasic Cardiopathy (STCC): A Prospective Randomized Trial in Patients With Chagas Disease [NCT00875173]	Phase 3	130 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Recruiting
The proBNPage Reduction (PBAR) Randomized Trial: a Pilot Study to Define the Characteristics of Future Randomized Trials Aimed at Evaluating the Effects of Anti-aging Treatments on a Surrogate of Biological Age in Healthy Older Adults [NCT05500742]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-07-22	Active, not recruiting
Evaluation of the Antidandruff Effect of a Shampoo on Subjects With Dandruff and Slight Itching. Single-blind, Monocentric Study Realized Under Dermatological Control [NCT05503706]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-30	Not yet recruiting
Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation, Mitochondrial Biogenesis, and Immunoinflammatory Response After Oral Coenzyme Q10 Plus Selenium Supplementation in Individuals With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome [NCT05128292]		42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-01	Completed
Effects of a Cocktail XXS-2A/Omega-3 on Insulin Sensitivity and Oxidative Stress During a 20-day Period of Physical Inactivity: a Controlled, Randomized Pilot Study on 20 Healthy Men [NCT03313869]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Completed
Selenium - ITEDS: A North American Study [NCT02112643]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funding)
Effects of Brazil Nuts Consumption on Selenium Status and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial [NCT02121457]		31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-31	Completed
Phase III Randomized Chemoprevention Study of Selenium on the Recurrence of Non-invasive Bladder Cancer [NCT00729287]	Phase 3	276 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-09-30	Completed
Determine the Effects of Selenium and Melatonin on Ocular Ischemic Syndrome [NCT04005222]	Early Phase 1	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-05-31	Completed
Predicting Dietary Selenium Needs to Achieve Target Blood Selenium Levels [NCT00803699]		262 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-11-30	Completed
Distribution of Selenium in Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma and Effect of Selenium Supplement on Prognosis of Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma. [NCT04683575]	Phase 4	5,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-30	Not yet recruiting
Randomized Open Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Selenium Plus Methimazole for Treatment of Graves' Hyperthyroidism [NCT02727738]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
L-selenomethionine Supplementation in Children and Adolescents With Autoimmune Thyroiditis: a Randomized Blind Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial [NCT02644707]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Completed
Concurrent Carboplatin, Paclitaxel and Selenomethionine in Combination With Radiation for Patients With Unresectable Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Phase II, Multi-Center Trial [NCT00526890]	Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Terminated(stopped due to lack of efficacy)
Optimization of Selenoprotein P in Chinese Subjects [NCT00428649]		98 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
Prevention Of Cancer By Intervention With Selenium [NCT00022165]		501 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1999-10-31	Completed
Phase II Chemoprevention Trial of Selenium and Prostate Cancer (Watchful Waiting With Selenium Trial) [NCT00752739]	Phase 2	220 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2002-08-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Combination Vitamin E, Selenium and Lycopene vs. Placebo in Men Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer [NCT00844792]	Phase 2	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial of Supplementation of L-Selenomethionine in Patients With Prostate Cancer Prior to Prostatectomy or Brachytherapy (Se Pre-Prostatectomy/Pre-Brachytherapy Trial) [NCT00736164]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to No accrual)
The Respiratory Ancillary Study (RAS) to SELECT [NCT00063453]	Phase 3	2,920 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-08-31	Completed
A Phase I Study of a Combination of High Selenium Brassica Juncea With Irinotecan and Capecitabine [NCT00547547]	Phase 1	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-04-30	Completed
Bladder Cancer Prognosis Programme (Incorporating SELENIB Trial) [NCT00553124]	Phase 3	3,400 participants	Interventional	2005-12-31	Recruiting
Phase III Trial of Selenium for Prostate Cancer Prevention [NCT00978718]	Phase 3	700 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2001-08-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial of L-SeMet Supplementation and Finasteride Treatment of Patients With Prostate Cancer Prior to Robotic Prostatectomy/Brachytherapy [NCT00736645]	Phase 2	55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
Effect of Selenium Supplementation on Immunity Responses to Influenza Vaccination [NCT04188483]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-10-15	Completed
The Effects of Anti-oxidants on Clinical Outcomes and Radiological Features of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study [NCT01904591]		4 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-31	Completed
Selenium and Immune Function [NCT00279812]		133 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-04-30	Completed
Partnership on Nutrition and HIV/AIDS Research in Tanzania: Exploratory Research Study on Selenium and HIV Infection [NCT00197561]	Phase 3	915 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-09-30	Completed
Prevention of Cancer by Intervention With Selenium - A Pilot Study in a Danish Population [NCT01819649]		491 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1998-11-30	Completed
SodiUm SeleniTe Adminstration IN Cardiac Surgery (SUSTAIN CSX®-Trial). A Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial of High Dose Sodium-selenite Administration in High Risk Cardiac Surgical Patients [NCT02002247]	Phase 3	1,400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Supplementary Vitamins on Oxidant Gene Expression in the Lungs of Healthy Smokers [NCT00565214]		46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-09-30	Completed
Phase I/II Trial of Niraparib/Selenium Combination Treatment in Patients With BRCA1/2-Wild Type Recurrent Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer [NCT05672095]	Phase 1/Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-08-18	Withdrawn(stopped due to Abandoned)
The Impact of Antioxidants on MRI Markers of Cell Proliferation and Hypoxia Among Men on Active Surveillance With Early Stage Prostate Cancer [NCT00744549]	Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-05-31	Completed
A Phase II Trial of a Combination Herbal Therapy for Men With Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Initial Local Therapy [NCT00669656]	Phase 2	43 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-06	Completed
A Pilot Study to Determine the Effect of Dietary Intervention on Novel Biomarkers of Breast Cancer Risk. [NCT00555386]		27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Completed
Bladder Cancer Prognosis Programme (Incorporating SELENIB Trial) [TREATMENT] [NCT00553345]	Phase 3	515 participants	Interventional	2005-12-31	Recruiting
Effect of a Dietary Supplement With Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties on the Intestinal Microbiota in Patients With Colon Cancer. Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. TERATROPHO Study. [NCT05472753]		75 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-16	Recruiting
Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Pilot Study to Evaluate the Use of Selenium as an Augmentation Treatment for Sertraline Resistant Major Depression [NCT02890212]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2005-08-31	Suspended(stopped due to due to COVID19 pandemic)
Biochemical and Echosonographic Impacts Using Siliphos-Selenium-Methionine-Alpha Lipoic Acid + Metformin Versus Metformin in Patients With Fatty Liver and Steatohepatitis [NCT01650181]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
Selenium and Prostate Cancer: Clinical Trial on Availability to Prostate Tissue and Effects on Gene Expression [NCT00446901]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-06-30	Completed
Influence Of Early Antioxidant Supplements On Clinical Evolution And Organ Function In Critically Ill Cardiac Surgery, Major Trauma And Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients [NCT00515736]	Phase 3	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-01-31	Terminated(stopped due to enrollment was completed)
A Therapeutic Trial for Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of the Combination of Axitinib and Seleniomethionine (SLM) for Adult Patients With Advanced Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (CCRCC) [NCT02535533]	Phase 1/Phase 2	46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Active, not recruiting
The Effect of Selenium Supplementation Among Pediatric Patients With Burns [NCT00860379]	Phase 4	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Terminated(stopped due to Due to a shift in primary responsibilities, the PI was not longer able to enroll subjects.)
Association of Methimazole With L-carnitine and Selenium in Patients With Hyperthyroidism [NCT04946123]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-07-05	Recruiting
[NCT00378456]		0 participants	Interventional		Completed
Trace Element Replenishment Study in Hemodialysis Patients [NCT01473914]	Phase 3	150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
The SU.VI.MAX Study. A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Prevention Trial of the Health Effects of Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals. [NCT00272428]	Phase 3	13,000 participants	Interventional	1994-10-31	Completed
Dietary Intervention in Stage III/IV Follicular Lymphoma. Impact on Markers of Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, Host Immune Cell Infiltrate and Oxidative Stress. [NCT00455416]	Phase 2	45 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Recruiting
A Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of Selenomethionine With Fixed Dose Irinotecan in Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT00112892]	Phase 1	36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2004-08-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study Observing the Efficacy of Selenium Sulfide 1% Shampoo, Ketoconazole 2% Shampoo, and Ciclopirox 1% Shampoo as Adjunctive Treatments for Tinea Capitis in Children [NCT00127868]		47 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
Neuropsychologic and Immunological Evaluation in Treatment of Thyroid Diseases. Is Selenium Efficient? [NCT01247077]	Phase 2	44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
Prevention of Females Malignancies in Families With Hereditary Breast Cancer by Personalized Optimization of Se Levels in the Organism. [NCT04014283]		7,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Active, not recruiting
[NCT00212186]		48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1998-10-31	Completed
Effect of Zinc and Selenium Supplementation in Patients With Atherosclerosis Treated With Statins [NCT01547377]		76 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
Assessment of Preventive Effect of Vitamin E +Selenium on Acute Kidney Injury Through NGAL in Patients Undergoing Controlled Hypotension During Neurosurgery Operations [NCT01554345]	Phase 2	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-06-30	Recruiting
Natural Antioxidants in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis [NCT00010842]	Phase 1/Phase 2	0 participants	Interventional	1999-09-30	Completed
Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease by Vitamin E and Selenium (PREADVISE) [NCT00040378]		4,246 participants (Actual)	Observational	2002-05-31	Completed
Bangladesh Vitamin E and Selenium Trial [NCT00392561]		7,000 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-04-01	Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Study Of Combination Vitamin E, Selenium And Soy Protein Product In Subjects With High Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia [NCT00064194]	Phase 3	310 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2001-11-28	Completed
Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating Efficacy and Safety of a Therapeutic Administration of Selenium, as Selenite, in Septic Shock Patients. [NCT00207844]	Phase 2	60 participants	Interventional	2002-01-31	Completed
Human Selenium Nutritional Requirement and Biomarkers in Health and Disease [NCT00212212]		99 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-03-31	Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient funds to complete study.)
Supplementation of L-Selenomethionine in Patients With Prostate Cancer Prior to Brachytherapy. Selenium Brachytherapy Trial: Phase I/Pilot Study [NCT00217516]	Phase 1	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
HIV Disease, Drug Abuse, and Nutrient Therapy in Botswana [NCT00149656]		878 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-06-30	Completed
Nutrition, Immunology, and Epidemiology of Tuberculosis [NCT00170404]	Phase 3	887 participants	Interventional	2000-06-30	Completed
The Effect of Selenium Supplementation on Anti-Oxidant Levels in COPD Patients: A 12-Week, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT00186706]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
The Critical Illness Stress-induced Immune Suppression Prevention Trial [NCT00395161]	Phase 3	293 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Terminated(stopped due to Terminated for futility on 11/30/09 based on the recommendation of the DSMB)
S0000D: A Study of the Effect of Vitamin E and/or Selenium on Adenomatous Colorectal Polyps (ACP) in Participants Enrolled in SELECT [NCT00706121]	Phase 3	8,094 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-06-30	Completed
S0000B: Prevention of Cataract and Age-Related Macular Degeneration With Vitamin E and Selenium - SELECT Eye Endpoints (SEE) [NCT00784225]	Phase 3	13,475 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-07-31	Completed
Investigating Flavour-nutrient Learning in Humans Using Selenium-enriched Parsnips [NCT03219853]		52 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-03-22	Recruiting
Effect of Enriched QUARTET® Hen Eggs on Cardiovascular Function in Cardiovascular Patients and Healthy Individuals [NCT04564690]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-10-01	Not yet recruiting
Selenium Supplementation of Patients With Cirrhosis [NCT00271245]		99 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-02-28	Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient funds to complete study.)
Effects of Selenium Replacement on Prognosis of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Patients and Their Initial Serum Selenium Level: a Randomized, Double-blind Placebo Controlled Phase 2 Study [NCT01601938]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to We failed to obtain study drugs from the company)
Selenium Treatment in Autoimmune Thyroiditis: Long Term Follow-Up With Variable Doses [NCT00271427]		100 participants	Interventional	2004-12-31	Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial for Evaluating Protective Effects of Antioxidants (Selenium and Vitamins A, C and E), Calcium Channel Blocker (Verapamil) and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (Losartan) Against Extracorporeal Shockwaves Lithotripsy Induced Renal [NCT01675362]	Phase 4	160 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Completed
Phase I Multiple Dose Study of 12-Week Treatment by Se-Methyl-L-Cysteine(MSC) and L SeMet in Adult Males [NCT01497431]	Phase 1	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
Mitigating Arsenic Toxicity in Bangladeshi People by Supplementing Their Diets With High Selenium Lentils [NCT02429921]		400 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Completed
Effects of Inclusion of Sunflower Oil, Vitamin E and Selenium in the Diet of Dairy Cows on Milk Composition and Its Influence on Nutrition and Health of Elderly [NCT02980094]		132 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
Human Intervention Study on the Improvement of the Selenium Supply in a Vegan Diet by Different Selenium Sources [NCT05814874]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-30	Recruiting
A Randomized Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Oral Selenium Therapy for the Prevention of Mucositis in Patients Undergoing High Dose Chemotherapy With Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation [NCT01432873]	Phase 1/Phase 2	76 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-06-30	Recruiting
Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Combination of Micronutrients (Vitamin A, C, E, Selenium and Zinc) in Reducing the Incidence of Colorectal Metachronous Adenomas. A Double Blind, Phase III, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT01437826]	Phase 3	411 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1988-03-31	Terminated(stopped due to 50% of eligible patients refused to enter the study)
Selenite in the Detoxification of Arsenic and the Prevention of Arsenical Melanosis and Cancers Amongst Bangladeshi Arsenicosis Patients: A 48-week, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Phase III Trial [NCT01442727]	Phase 3	819 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-12-31	Completed
Kisel-10- a Prospective Randomized Double-blind Placebo Controlled Study of the Results of Intervention With Selenium and Coenzyme Q10 Combined, Regarding Effect With Emphasis on Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity. [NCT01443780]		443 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-01-31	Completed
Evaluation of Serum Selenium and Zinc Levels in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients [NCT04834063]		80 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-03-15	Completed
GRAves Selenium Supplementation Trial (GRASS) - an Investigator-initiated Randomised, Blinded, Multicentre Clinical Trial of Selenium Supplementation Versus Placebo in Patients With Graves' Hyperthyroidism [NCT01611896]		431 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Active, not recruiting
A Novel Role of Alpha Lipoic Acid in Comparison With Selenium in Mitochondrial Resuscitation and miRNA-126 Expression in Hemodialysis Patients Randomized, Prospective, Controlled Study [NCT05266794]	Phase 4	68 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-22	Completed
Effect of Zinc and Selenium Supplementation on Clinical and Immunological Parameters on HIV+ Individuals on Antiretroviral Treatment. [NCT03421314]		37 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-09-01	Recruiting
Comparative Analysis of the Effects of UNICLA-A2 Against Conventional Dairy Products Administered Daily in Patients at High-risk Colorectal Cancer Development Who Have Undergone Polypectomy [NCT04824053]		34 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-28	Recruiting
Evaluation of the Relationship Between Serum Selenium Level and Glycemic Control in Pregnant Patients* [NCT05823337]		220 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-01	Not yet recruiting
The Prognostic Impact of Selenium On Critical Surgical Patients [NCT04662242]	Phase 4	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-01	Completed
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy in Nigeria (PEACE) A Registry to Study the Demographics, Social and Clinical Characteristics, Pathophysiology and Outcomes of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy in Nigeria [NCT03081949]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-12	Completed
Selenium as a Potential Treatment for Moderately-ill, Severely-ill, and Critically-ill COVID-19 Patients [NCT04869579]	Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-15	Not yet recruiting
Micronutrient Status Involved in Immunity in Elderly Patients With COVID-19 [NCT04877509]		229 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-03-01	Completed
Efficacy of a Combination of Topical Antioxidants in Tretment of Photoaged Skin:A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04835259]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-30	Not yet recruiting
DERCOS DS DANDRUFF TREATMENT OBSERVATIONAL STUDY 2022 [NCT05989633]		5,131 participants (Actual)	Observational	2022-07-04	Completed
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center, Phase II Trial of Selenomethionine as a Modulator of Efficacy and Toxicity of Chemoradiation in Locally-Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck [NCT01682031]	Phase 2	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to Due to a lack of funding)
REducing Deaths Due to OXidative Stress The REDOXS© Study [NCT00133978]		1,223 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-04-30	Completed
Study on the Effect of Selenium Supplementation on the Structure and Function of Autoimmune Thyroiditis [NCT04942769]		30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-12-20	Recruiting
Impact of Cilostazol Versus Cilostazol and Selenium Combination on the Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06117436]	Phase 2/Phase 3	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-19	Recruiting
Evaluation of Selenium Supplementation in Ischemic Stroke Outcome [NCT02505295]		44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Completed
Phase III Study of the Effects of Selenium on Adenomatous Polyp Recurrence [NCT00078897]	Phase 3	1,621 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-20	Terminated(stopped due to Concluded - Terminated by PI)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT00006392 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Lung Cancer
NCT00006392 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Any Diagnosis of Cancer
NCT00006392 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Colorectal Cancer
NCT00006392 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Prostate Cancer
NCT00006392 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Serious Cardiovascular Events
NCT00006392 (6) [back to overview]	Prostate Cancer Free Survival; Lung Cancer-free Survival, Colorectal Cancer-free Survival, Cancer-free Survival, Overall Survival
NCT00008385 (3) [back to overview]	5-year Progression-free Survival Rate
NCT00008385 (3) [back to overview]	Incidence Rate of Second Primary Lung Tumor
NCT00008385 (3) [back to overview]	5-year Overall Survival Rate
NCT00030901 (2) [back to overview]	Presence of Carcinoma of the Prostate as Measured by Biopsy
NCT00030901 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Grade 3 Through Grade 5 Adverse Events That Are Related to Study Drug
NCT00078897 (2) [back to overview]	Median Selenium Blood Levels at One Year.
NCT00078897 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Recurrent Adenomas at Surveillance Colonoscopy
NCT00133978 (4) [back to overview]	ICU Length of Stay
NCT00133978 (4) [back to overview]	ICU Acquired Infection
NCT00133978 (4) [back to overview]	28-day Mortality
NCT00133978 (4) [back to overview]	Hospital Length of Stay
NCT00279812 (3) [back to overview]	Selenoproteins and Se-biomarkers
NCT00279812 (3) [back to overview]	Selenium Status
NCT00279812 (3) [back to overview]	Cellular and Humoral Immune Response
NCT00395161 (5) [back to overview]	Incidence of Prolonged Lymphopenia (Absolute Lymphocyte Count Less Than or Equal to 1,000/mm³ for > or Equal to 7 Days)
NCT00395161 (5) [back to overview]	The Primary Endpoint of This Study is the Median Time Between Admission to the PICU and Occurrence of Nosocomial Infection or Clinical Sepsis in PICU Patients Who Have Endotracheal Tubes, Central Venous Catheters, or Urinary Catheters.
NCT00395161 (5) [back to overview]	Rate of Nosocomial Infection or Clinical Sepsis Per 100 Study Days
NCT00395161 (5) [back to overview]	All-cause 28-day Mortality Rate.
NCT00395161 (5) [back to overview]	Antibiotic-free Days
NCT00526890 (7) [back to overview]	Failure-free Survival
NCT00526890 (7) [back to overview]	Incidence of Grade 3-4 Esophagitis
NCT00526890 (7) [back to overview]	Incidence of Grade 3-4 Myelosuppression
NCT00526890 (7) [back to overview]	Incidence of Grade 3-4 Pneumonitis
NCT00526890 (7) [back to overview]	Overall Survival
NCT00526890 (7) [back to overview]	Response Rate
NCT00526890 (7) [back to overview]	Selenium Level by Incidence of SAE
NCT00625183 (1) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability as Assessed by NCI CTCAE Version 3.0
NCT00706121 (9) [back to overview]	Effect of Selenium and/or Vitamin E on Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Incidence
NCT00706121 (9) [back to overview]	Effect of Selenium on Advanced Neoplasia, Analyzed by Active Selenium vs. Selenium Placebo
NCT00706121 (9) [back to overview]	Effect of Selenium on Colorectal Adenoma (CRA) Occurrence, Analyzed by Active Selenium vs. Selenium Placebo
NCT00706121 (9) [back to overview]	Effect of Selenium on Occurrences of Multiple (>2) Adenomas
NCT00706121 (9) [back to overview]	Effect of Vitamin E on CRA Occurrence, Analyzed by Active Vitamin E vs. Vitamin E Placebo
NCT00706121 (9) [back to overview]	Effect Modification of Selenium by Body Mass Index on CRA Occurrence, Analyzed by Active Selenium vs. Selenium Placebo
NCT00706121 (9) [back to overview]	Effect Modification of Vitamin E by Aspirin on CRA Occurrence, Analyzed by Active Vitamin e vs. Vitamin e Placebo
NCT00706121 (9) [back to overview]	Effect Modification of Vitamin E by Body Mass Index on CRA Occurence, Analyzed by Active Vitamin e vs. Vitamin e Placebo
NCT00706121 (9) [back to overview]	Effect Modification of Selenium by Aspirin on CRA Occurrence, Analyzed by Active Selenium vs. Selenium Placebo
NCT00736645 (2) [back to overview]	Effects of Selenium and Finasteride and Their Combination on Apoptosis Induction
NCT00736645 (2) [back to overview]	Effects of Selenium and Finasteride and Their Combination on PSA Level
NCT00860379 (1) [back to overview]	Plasma Selenium
NCT01682031 (1) [back to overview]	Incidence of Grade 3 or 4 Treatment-related Toxicities, Including Xerostomia

Intervention	participants (Number)
Vitamin E	67
Selenium	75
Combination	78
Placebo	67

Intervention	participants (Number)
Vitamin E	856
Selenium	837
Combination	846
Placebo	824

Intervention	participants (Number)
Vitamin E	66
Selenium	63
Combination	77
Placebo	60

Intervention	participants (Number)
Vitamin E	473
Selenium	432
Combination	437
Placebo	416

Intervention	participants (Number)
Vitamin E	1034
Selenium	1080
Combination	1041
Placebo	1050

Intervention	participants (Number)
	All deaths	All cancer deaths	Prostate cancer deaths	Lung cancer deaths	Colorectal cancer deaths
Combination	359	117	0	39	15
Placebo	382	125	0	41	10
Selenium	378	128	1	45	10
Vitamin E	358	106	0	38	13

Intervention	proportion of participants (Number)
Arm I (Placebo)	0.796
Arm II (Selenium)	0.744

Intervention	cases/100 person years (Number)
Arm I (Placebo)	1.30
Arm II (Selenium)	1.62

Intervention	proportion of participants (Number)
Arm I (Placebo)	0.799
Arm II (Selenium)	0.768

Intervention	participants (Number)
Selenium	48
Placebo	49

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Cardiac ischemia/infarction	GI-other	Rash/desquamation	Urinary frequency/urgency
Placebo	1	1	0	1
Selenium	0	0	1	0

Intervention	ng/mL (Median)
Selenium	205.4
Placebo	140.0

Intervention	Adenomas (Number)
Selenium	302
Placebo	295

Intervention	days (Median)
Glutamine	8.9
Antioxidants	8.9
Glutamine + Antioxidants	8.9
Placebo	8.3

Intervention	participants (Number)
	All Infections	Infections classified as 'definite' or 'probable'	Microbiological Confirmed
Antioxidants	168	110	83
Glutamine	183	118	92
No Antioxidants	181	128	96
No Glutamine	166	120	87

Intervention	participants (Number)
Glutamine	97
Antioxidants	89
Glutamine + Antioxidants	101
Placebo	76

Intervention	days (Median)
Glutamine	17.1
Antioxidants	16.0
Glutamine + Antioxidants	16.9
Placebo	16.5

Intervention	ug/mL (Mean)
Placebo	4.96
50ug Selenium Enriched Yeast	6.17
100ug Selenium Enriched Yeast	6.73
200ug Selenium Enriched Yeast	6.59
Control Onion	4.80
Enriched Onion	5.72

Intervention	ng/mL (Mean)
Placebo	93.7
50ug Selenium Enriched Yeast	118.3
100ug Selenium Enriched Yeast	152.0
200ug Selenium Enriched Yeast	177.4
Control Onion	94.2
Enriched Onion	106.0

Intervention	umol/min (Mean)
Placebo	0.29
50ug Selenium Enriched Yeast	0.34
100ug Selenium Enriched Yeast	0.34
200ug Selenium Enriched Yeast	0.29
Control Onion	0.35
Enriched Onion	0.35

Intervention	participants (Number)
Enteral Zinc, Selenium, Glutamine, and IV Metoclopramide	5
Enteral Whey Protein, IV Saline	12

Intervention	Days (Median)
Daily Nutriceutical Supplementation	12.1
Whey Protein	13.2

Intervention	Mean number of events per 100 study days (Mean)
Daily Nutriceutical Supplementation	4.99
Whey Protein	4.83

Intervention	participants (Number)
Enteral Zinc, Selenium, Glutamine, and IV Metoclopramide	15
Enteral Whey Protein, IV Saline	8

Intervention	Days (Median)
Enteral Zinc, Selenium, Glutamine, and IV Metoclopramide	1
Enteral Whey Protein, IV Saline	2

Intervention	months (Median)
CPSR	9.0

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
CPSR	18.75

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
CPSR	12.50

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
CPSR	0

Intervention	months (Median)
CPSR	14.5

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
CPSR	50

Intervention	ng/mL (Median)
	No SAE	SAE
CPSR	1435.0	1803.6

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Capecitabine, Oxaliplatin, Selenomethionine, Radiation Therapy	5

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Vitamin E	10
Selenium	11
Combination	9
Placebo	6

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Active Selenium	269
Selenium Placebo	282

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	6.01	3	2	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	3.24	6	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	1.97	1	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.15	1	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.	2.38	2	0	3-oxo fatty acid; ketone body	metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.9	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.96	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.89	4	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	1.98	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	7.99	4	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.21	17	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.37	2	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	7.08	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	3.34	7	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	3.37	7	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	5.56	3	2	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	8.95	22	3	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
arsenic acid arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	3.82	11	0	arsenic oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.36	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.02	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	4.67	11	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.68	3	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	3.52	8	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	8.75	11	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.	2	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.25	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	3.28	6	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	3.77	11	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	10.21	9	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	8.56	8	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	1.96	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	11.71	39	3	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	12.87	32	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	8.87	40	2	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.98	4	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	7.89	61	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	9.35	20	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.06	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
2-cresol 2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	2.06	1	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	6.88	26	3	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	3.17	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	7.94	4	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	6.56	16	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
dihydrolipoic acid dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.	1.97	1	0	thio-fatty acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.42	2	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	3.54	2	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	1.96	1	0	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.42	2	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	5.64	3	2	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.7	3	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
hydrogen selenide hydrogen selenide: RN given refers to parent cpd	11.51	14	0	mononuclear parent hydride; selenium hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
arsenous acid arsenous acid : An arsenic oxoacid consisting of three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.	6.93	1	0	arsenic oxoacid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	3.5	8	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
creatine [no description available]	10.29	13	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	7.91	4	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.8	20	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
diethyl phosphate diethyl phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethyl hydrogen phosphate : A dialkyl phosphate having ethyl as the alkyl group.	2.11	1	0	dialkyl phosphate	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	7.34	20	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	3.81	3	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	9.4	6	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	7.07	35	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	5.64	18	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	4.1	16	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	4.97	9	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	5.21	48	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	4.05	4	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	1.97	1	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.06	1	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.66	2	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.47	2	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	18.9	388	16	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	1.94	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
racepinephrine Racepinephrine: A racemic mixture of d-epinephrine and l-epinephrine.. 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol : A catecholamine in which the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted at C-1 and methylated on nitrogen.	2.6	1	0	catecholamine
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	8.58	22	2	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.03	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
racemethionine Racemethionine: A preparation of METHIONINE that includes a mixture of D-methionine and L-methionine isomers.	2.9	2	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; sulfur-containing amino acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylmercaptan methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	alkanethiol	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.56	8	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	6.56	24	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	5.51	8	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	8.47	15	2	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	9.95	34	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	2.63	3	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
naphthalene [no description available]	3.29	6	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	11.35	194	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	3.71	10	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	12.28	32	9	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	11.36	85	3	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	9.37	20	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	8.12	5	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	9.59	43	2	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	2.72	3	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	7.88	4	0	dimethylaniline; tertiary amine
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.05	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.88	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	3.06	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	1.96	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.78	3	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	8.28	6	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	7.8	3	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.6	1	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	1.95	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.	1.96	1	0	phosphoethanolamine; primary amino compound	algal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.13	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.41	2	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen [no description available]	2.51	2	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.66	3	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	4.48	5	1	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	4.02	4	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	8.22	6	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	3.35	7	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.1	1	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	3.13	5	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	3.51	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	5.02	13	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine phosphate pyridoxamine phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate : A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine.	2.37	2	0	aminoalkylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	8.17	21	1	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.37	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	3.25	6	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.72	3	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	1.97	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	5.85	32	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	1.96	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	15.89	392	10	selenium oxoacid
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	15.82	718	6	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	4.98	40	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	8.08	5	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	3.4	7	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	5	7	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	7.85	24	1	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	9.59	29	1	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	3.25	6	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	8.96	4	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	1.96	1	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylsulfonium [no description available]	1.97	1	0	sulfonium compound	animal metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	3.95	13	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	7.17	34	3	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	8.43	59	2	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.41	2	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	1.98	1	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	4.12	16	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	4.94	12	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	3.09	5	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.37	2	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	3.04	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	4.03	4	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	3.37	7	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	6.96	1	0
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	9.31	20	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	1.97	1	0	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.01	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	3.08	5	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.	1.98	1	0	monomethoxybenzene; phenols; phenylethylamine; primary amino compound	biomarker; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	5.66	15	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	7.25	1	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	1.98	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.39	7	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	2.11	1	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	6.99	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	1.98	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.69	3	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	3.12	5	0	monoazo compound
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	7.19	17	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetochlor acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	2.65	3	0
ag-1296 6,7-dimethoxy-3-phenylquinoxaline: ATP-competitive inhibitor of receptor kinase	2	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
albendazole [no description available]	4.07	2	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	3.83	2	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	8.98	4	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	5.12	8	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	6.97	1	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.71	3	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
theophylline [no description available]	1.97	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.52	2	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
anastrozole [no description available]	7.08	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	3.4	1	1	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	2.38	2	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	2.11	1	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	8.46	25	2	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atrazine [no description available]	7.17	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	7.39	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	3.8	3	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	7.06	1	0	azobenzenes
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	6.03	22	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
berberine [no description available]	3.14	4	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	1.96	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
propiolactone Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.	1.95	1	0	propan-3-olide
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	3.51	1	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	3.1	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	4.31	2	2	biphenyls; imidazoles
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.03	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	3.63	9	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	5.03	13	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	8.53	1	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	1.95	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	2.47	2	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.04	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.07	5	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	5.85	7	1	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	6.98	7	4	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.92	4	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chloral hydrate [no description available]	6.94	1	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	5.18	3	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.88	4	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.9	2	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
cilostamide cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure	2.13	1	0	quinolines
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	1.97	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofibrate [no description available]	6.97	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	4.73	6	1	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
platinum tetrachloride platinum chloride: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF; structure in first source: K2PtCl; see also platinum tetrachloride. platinum dichloride : A platinum coordination entity consisting of platinum(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.	2.02	1	0	platinum coordination entity	catalyst; reagent
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.38	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	7.39	2	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	7.9	4	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clotrimazole [no description available]	1.97	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	3.06	4	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cystamine [no description available]	5.72	16	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.1	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	1.96	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	3.8	1	1	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	8.86	12	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	1.96	1	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	6.26	10	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.03	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	3.18	5	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	2.17	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.75	3	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	3.89	12	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	9.78	10	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.38	2	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.38	2	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	1.97	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	4.43	7	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	3.19	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	4.9	1	1	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
disulfiram [no description available]	11.06	10	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.35	2	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	5.14	8	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	1.99	1	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	9.14	101	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	9.05	3	1	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.02	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	7.41	2	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	4.66	5	0
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.96	4	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethoxyquin Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.. ethoxyquin : A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.	5.78	12	0	aromatic ether; quinolines	antifungal agrochemical; food antioxidant; genotoxin; geroprotector; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activator
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.45	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	2.41	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
brl 42810 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	1.97	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	3.37	1	1	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	2.02	1	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
fenvalerate fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; monochlorobenzenes	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.82	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	5.22	9	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.48	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	2.66	3	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	1.97	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	1.96	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.61	9	0
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	7.03	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.57	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	3.04	3	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	8.48	2	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.02	1	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.37	2	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	1.97	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	7.68	3	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.35	2	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	3.05	5	0	barbiturates
hexylresorcinol [no description available]	3.04	1	0	resorcinols
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.46	2	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	8.74	2	1	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	3.7	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	4.15	5	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.71	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	2.37	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
idebenone [no description available]	2	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.15	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	8.45	1	1	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	5.89	24	1	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	3.1	5	0
iopanoic acid Iopanoic Acid: Radiopaque medium used as diagnostic aid.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
iodipamide Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.	2.35	2	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound; secondary carboxamide	radioopaque medium
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	1.98	1	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.02	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	7.25	1	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.35	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	3.87	12	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	2.13	1	0	alkylbenzene
juglone juglone: structure. juglone : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.	7.41	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	geroprotector; herbicide; reactive oxygen species generator
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.04	1	0
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	7.69	3	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	9.98	7	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	6.94	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.03	1	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
mimosine Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.	3.26	6	0	alpha-amino acid
lamotrigine [no description available]	3.61	2	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	2.1	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.1	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
letrozole [no description available]	2.91	3	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
tetramisole 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole : An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.. tetramisole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levamisole and dexamisole.	6.95	1	0	imidazothiazole	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	8.53	1	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	4.42	4	1	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
edaravone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	1.94	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.48	2	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	4.8	8	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	1.98	1	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	1.95	1	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	2.46	2	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	1.95	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	5.65	3	2	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	5	2	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	7.37	2	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	4.08	3	1	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	2.21	1	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	1.99	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.98	14	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nalidixic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.1	1	0
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.34	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	3.38	1	1	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	3.86	2	1	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	5	3	3	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.42	2	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	7.43	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pamidronate [no description available]	7.11	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	7.35	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene	insecticide
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	3.79	3	0	aromatic amine
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.41	1	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 153035 4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.	2	1	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.88	4	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	12.58	9	1	oxopurine
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	6.37	32	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	7.6	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.05	1	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	3.05	5	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.25	1	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	7.41	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	1.96	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure	8.35	1	1	aromatic ether
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.24	6	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	8.1	5	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	3.06	1	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	2.36	2	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	3.78	3	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	6.98	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.35	2	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	1.93	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	1.95	1	0	xanthenes
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.46	2	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.36	2	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	2.87	4	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	1.97	1	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.36	2	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	7.45	2	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
roxarsone Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.	1.93	1	0	2-nitrophenols; organoarsonic acid	agrochemical; animal growth promotant; antibacterial drug; coccidiostat
carbamylhydrazine carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	carbohydrazide; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound; ureas
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	7.02	1	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	3.82	11	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
fluoroacetic acid fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.	2.08	1	0	haloacetic acid; organofluorine compound	EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	2.43	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	3.09	5	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	2.15	1	0	pyridines
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.03	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	10.18	4	1	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	7.08	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	4.63	3	2
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	3.35	1	1	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.88	4	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	8.17	18	1	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
tegafur [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	2.86	3	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	3.74	3	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	2.35	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	1.97	1	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	1.99	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	5.77	20	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	8.73	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
urethane [no description available]	8.57	9	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate: structure given in first source; inhibits DMBA-induced carcinogenesis by inhibiting DMBA-DNA adduct formation	3.51	8	0
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	4.34	6	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	2.91	4	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	4.36	20	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	4.61	8	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	7.69	3	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	7.37	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	6.99	1	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	4.31	6	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	9.54	25	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	2.47	2	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	8.49	8	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	15.79	185	23	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2	1	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone [no description available]	9.01	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	9.22	18	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	7.38	2	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.7	3	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	3.06	5	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.39	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyacetylaminofluorene Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.	8.2	6	0	2-acetamidofluorenes
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	5	13	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
idoxuridine [no description available]	2.86	4	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	3.51	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	3.48	7	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	15.33	161	18	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	4.26	18	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
methyldimethylaminoazobenzene Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene: A very potent liver carcinogen.. 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene : A member of the class of azobenzenes that is azobenzene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group, while the other is substituted at position 4 by a dimethylamino group. It is a potent liver carcinogen.	3.97	4	0
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	4.48	4	0	dialkyl phosphate
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	4.74	30	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	12.03	25	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	7.29	44	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.91	4	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.2	6	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	4.76	10	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	12.69	32	7	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	4.94	38	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	6.7	32	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.34	2	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	6.18	25	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.89	4	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.03	1	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	7.68	3	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.35	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	8.39	81	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	1.95	1	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	4.44	7	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	2.67	3	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	6.48	14	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine [no description available]	9.49	23	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	4.45	2	2	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.25	1	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.15	5	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	4.34	19	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.72	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.42	2	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	3.77	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	4.61	27	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tributyrin tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.	3.44	1	1	butyrate ester; triglyceride	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug; protective agent
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	2.65	3	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	3.99	3	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	10.84	18	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	4.56	8	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
monomethylhydrazine Monomethylhydrazine: Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.	1.99	1	0
phlorhizin [no description available]	1.94	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	8.38	7	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	6.97	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.85	12	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	8.57	40	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	1.97	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	7.65	3	0	anilines; primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	4.85	13	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	1.97	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	3.99	14	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	17.03	639	11	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.15	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	12.13	27	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	1.95	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	8.36	7	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-hexanal [no description available]	1.98	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.98	14	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.37	2	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	2.1	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.83	4	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone [no description available]	4.97	2	1	sulfone
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	1.94	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	1.95	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	3.68	10	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	3.68	10	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
phenacyl bromide phenacyl bromide: structure. phenacyl bromide : An alpha-bromoketone that is acetophenone substituted by a bromo group at position 2.	1.97	1	0	acetophenones; alpha-bromoketone	metabolite
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	3.47	2	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.36	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-thiomalic acid [no description available]	3.59	2	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	5.35	18	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2.5	2	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	3.08	5	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.92	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
cordycepin [no description available]	7.87	3	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	5.23	16	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.46	8	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.	2.36	2	0	N-substituted diamine; secondary amino compound	antioxidant
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	11.3	41	5	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	3.67	10	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	3.35	6	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	2.37	2	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.74	3	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	2.15	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
ethyl chloride Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.	2.05	1	0	chloroethanes	antipruritic drug; inhalation anaesthetic; local anaesthetic
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.57	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.05	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	1.94	1	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	2.69	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion
bromotrichloromethane Bromotrichloromethane: A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride.	1.97	1	0
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	9.7	29	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.86	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	7.01	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	2.36	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	5.8	17	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	2.25	1	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.1	1	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	1.99	1	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	1.94	1	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	7.55	2	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.1	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
methyl chloroformate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2.87	4	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
tetrabromobisphenol a tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.	2.6	1	0	brominated flame retardant; bromobisphenol
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	4.29	13	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	4.11	16	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	1.98	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	1.94	1	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	5.92	25	1	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.51	2	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
skatole [no description available]	1.97	1	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	7.69	3	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.7	3	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	2.59	2	0	anthraquinone
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	5.22	19	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
phthalimide phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.	2.13	1	0	phthalimides
methylmercury ii [no description available]	2.4	2	0	methylmercury compound
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	3.25	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	2.11	1	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	3.24	6	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
guaiene guaiene: RN given refers to (1S-cis)-isomer	6.95	1	0	sesquiterpene
dinoseb dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	dinitrophenol
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.31	1	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	1.96	1	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	3.28	5	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	4.06	15	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	7.46	2	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	3.34	7	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	1.94	1	0	xanthene
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	3.1	1	0	carbonyl compound
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	2.1	1	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiophene [no description available]	2.06	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.	2.05	1	0	phenylenediamine	hydrogen donor
4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene 4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd	6.95	1	0	monochlorobenzenes
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.73	3	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
lactobionic acid [no description available]	7.41	1	0	disaccharide	antioxidant
sulfosalicylic acid 5-sulfosalicylic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy at position C-2 and a sulfo group at C-5.	7.41	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; benzoic acids; phenols	metabolite
arsanilic acid Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.	6.93	1	0	organoarsonic acid
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	7.6	1	0	phenols	allergen
4-tert-butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	alkylbenzene
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.39	2	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.07	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	7.42	2	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-nitroaniline [no description available]	2.03	1	0	nitroaniline	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.42	2	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
4-vinylpyridine 4-vinylpyridine: reagent for blocking cysteine function in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.43	2	0
phenylmercuric chloride [no description available]	2.38	2	0
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.21	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
cyclamic acid Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.	1.95	1	0	sulfamic acids	environmental contaminant; human xenobiotic metabolite
triphenyl phosphite [no description available]	1.95	1	0
boric acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	boric acids	astringent
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.1	1	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.	3.18	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	3.01	1	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	7.43	2	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
acrylonitrile [no description available]	7.48	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.04	1	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
propargyl alcohol propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.52	2	0	propynol; terminal acetylenic compound; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	2.39	2	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
ethylmercuric chloride Ethylmercuric Chloride: A highly toxic compound used as a fungicide for treating seeds.. ethylmercuric chloride : A highly toxic organomercury compound which is used as a fungicide for treating seeds.	3.06	5	0	chlorine molecular entity; organomercury compound	fungicide
dimethyldioctadecylammonium dimethyldioctadecylammonium: a cationic lipid analog; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.67	3	0	alkane
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.89	3	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene [no description available]	7.66	3	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2.41	2	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2.06	1	0	aryl thiol
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	4.31	6	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
methyl cellosolve methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	glycol ether	protic solvent; solvent
diethylamine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	secondary aliphatic amine
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	6.65	16	1	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.02	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.33	2	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	4.19	17	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	1.93	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	1.95	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
diethylenetriamine diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.75	3	0	polyazaalkane; triamine
nonane iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.	2.54	2	0	alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dodecanol Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.	2.36	2	0	dodecanol; primary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; cosmetic; insect attractant; insecticide; pheromone; plant metabolite
1-octadecene octadec-1-ene : An octadecene with unsaturation at C-1.. octadecene : An alkene that is octadecane containing one double bond at unspecified position.	2.06	1	0	octadecene
n(1)-acetylphenylhydrazine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
dicofol Dicofol: An organochlorine insecticide.. dicofol : A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine acaricide; tertiary alcohol
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.93	12	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	2.51	2	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.36	2	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	4.02	3	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.02	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
dimethyl phthalate dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure	1.96	1	0	diester; methyl ester; phthalate ester
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.54	2	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.	2.64	3	0	benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.92	4	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
n-(hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid N-(hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
n,n'-dinitrosopiperazine N,N'-dinitrosopiperazine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.98	1	0
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.07	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
monomethylarsonic acid monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source	3.13	5	0	arsonic acids; one-carbon compound; organoarsonic acid
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	7.06	15	1	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.44	2	0	organic molecular entity
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.9	4	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	6.93	28	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	2.35	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.04	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	5.63	5	1	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.96	4	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2.05	1	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	7.31	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
triethylenediamine triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.	1.96	1	0	bridged compound; diamine; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent; tertiary amino compound	antioxidant; catalyst; reagent
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	4.22	5	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	1.96	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.07	5	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	5.8	29	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	7.52	2	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.5	2	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
o,o-diethyl dithiophosphate O,O-diethyl dithiophosphate: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	organic thiophosphate
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	3.22	6	0	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.05	1	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	1.96	1	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
allylisopropylacetamide Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.	1.96	1	0
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	3.57	9	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	3.52	8	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
paraoxon [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.41	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	7.41	2	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	1.96	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	6.98	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
perfluorodecanoic acid perfluorodecanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.	2.38	2	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
methylthioinosine Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.	1.96	1	0	purine ribonucleoside; thiopurine
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	3.54	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride 4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride: inhibitor of peptide hydrolases; structure in second source	2.04	1	0
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	4.17	5	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
homocystine [no description available]	3.35	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocystines	human metabolite
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	1.98	1	0	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	3.51	8	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	6.43	18	0
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	2.25	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.. 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.	1.97	1	0	acyl sulfate; adenosine bisphosphate; purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	7.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
adenosine phosphosulfate Adenosine Phosphosulfate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS.. 5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine 5'-phosphate having a sulfo group attached to one the phosphate OH groups.	2.38	2	0	acyl monophosphate; acyl sulfate; adenosine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
salicylurate salicylurate: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicyluric acid : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as 2-hydroxybenzoyl.. salicylurate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of salicyluric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	1.97	1	0	N-acylglycine; secondary carboxamide	human xenobiotic metabolite; uremic toxin
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	7.44	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
melarsoprol Melarsoprol: Arsenical used in trypanosomiases. It may cause fatal encephalopathy and other undesirable side effects.	1.98	1	0	triazines
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	2.13	1	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	7.73	3	0	butenolide
isomaltose [no description available]	2.41	1	0
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	7.82	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
3-pyridinaldehyde pyridine-3-carbaldehyde : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine substituted by a formyl group at position 3.	2.37	2	0	pyridinecarbaldehyde
azomethane azomethane: structure	1.97	1	0
phorone phorone: an industrial solvent; structure	3.22	6	0	dialkenyl ketone
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.01	1	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.39	2	0	thiazolidine
iberin [no description available]	2.45	2	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	8.37	7	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	7.45	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.6	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.82	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	10.24	6	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	4.08	3	1
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	3.37	1	1	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	3.37	1	1	organic molecular entity
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.	1.98	1	0
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	2.41	1	0	cellobiose	epitope
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	2.03	1	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.91	4	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	2.65	3	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
muscone muscone: structure in first source	3.1	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	16.88	441	46	dialdehyde	biomarker
cadmium acetate cadmium acetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
magnesium carbonate magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.	2.48	2	0	carbonate salt; magnesium salt; one-carbon compound; organic magnesium salt	antacid; fertilizer
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	7.41	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.5	2	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
violacein [no description available]	8.66	2	0
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.36	2	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2	1	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	7.37	2	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	1.99	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.53	2	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
glycidol glycidol: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	epoxide; primary alcohol
siderite ferrous carbonate : A carbonate salt in which the counter-ion is iron in the +2 oxidation state.	2.05	1	0	carbonate mineral; carbonate salt; iron molecular entity; one-carbon compound
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2.42	2	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.06	1	0	naphthalenediol	mouse metabolite
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	1.97	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
2-benzoquinone 2-benzoquinone: reacts with methionines of RNAase at pH 1; reagent for determining conformational differences in related proteins. 1,2-benzoquinone : A benzoquinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol.	1.96	1	0	1,2-benzoquinones; benzoquinone
potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.	2.13	1	0	carbonate salt; potassium salt	catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant
butylurea butylurea: CNS depressant	2.02	1	0
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	3.99	4	0	organic sulfide
fluoromethane fluoromethane: RN given refers to parent cpd. fluorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.. fluoromethane : A member of the class of fluoromethanes that is methane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a fluorine atom.	2.08	1	0	fluorohydrocarbon; fluoromethanes; methyl halides	refrigerant
dimethyl mercury [no description available]	3.17	5	0	methylmercury compound
dimethylselenide dimethylselenide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. dimethylselenide : An organoselenium compound of two methyl groups covalently bound to a selenium.	9.65	28	0	organoselenium compound	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
manganese carbonate [no description available]	2.21	1	0
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.43	2	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
galactitol [no description available]	2.37	2	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-anthramine 2-anthramine: structure	1.96	1	0	anthracenamine
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	11.71	66	9	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
tetraphenylmethane [no description available]	2.05	1	0
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.03	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester	hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.7	3	0
brilliant green brilliant green: RN given refers to sulfate; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1378. brilliant green : An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.	2.37	2	0	organic hydrogensulfate salt	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; poison
n-phenylpyrrole N-phenylpyrrole: structure in first source	1.93	1	0
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	3.25	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2.52	2	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	2.67	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	6.07	23	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2	1	0
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	7.66	3	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	1.96	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.	1.97	1	0
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.11	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
n-methylpyrrolidone 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.	2.31	1	0	lactam; N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones	polar aprotic solvent
nitrosobenzylmethylamine nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure	4.41	8	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	4.13	3	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.11	1	0
benzyl viologen Benzyl Viologen: 1,1'-Bis(phenylmethyl)4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride. Oxidation-reduction indicator.	1.96	1	0	bipyridines
methylmercury hydroxide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
citiolone citiolone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.97	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
gallium arsenide [no description available]	7.42	2	0
arsenic pentoxide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
beryllium oxide beryllium oxide : A beryllium molecular entity consisting of beryllium (+2 oxidation state) and oxide in the ratio 1:1. In the solid state, BeO adopts the hexagonal wurtzite structure form while in the vapour phase, it is present as discrete diatomic covalent molecules.	1.96	1	0	beryllium molecular entity; metal oxide	carcinogenic agent
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	4.51	20	0
cadmium oxide cadmium oxide: causes severe lung damage; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.69	3	0
cadmium sulfide [no description available]	3.77	10	0	cadmium molecular entity
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	2.11	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	8.62	9	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
molybdenum trioxide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	molybdenum oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	6.92	22	1	zinc molecular entity
molybdenum disulfide [no description available]	2.49	2	0	sulfide salt
ferrous sulfide ferrous sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-S; mackinawite & troilite both have MF Fe-S	3.44	7	0
cupric sulfide copper(II) sulfide : A copper sulfide in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	3.19	1	0
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	8.52	8	0
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	2.03	1	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	8.57	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	31.17	1,907	205	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	12.21	65	6
selenomethionine [no description available]	19.84	715	40	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
selenocystine selenocystine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	7.32	81	0	diselenide; selenoamino acid
2,4-dinitrothiocyanatobenzene 2,4-dinitro-1-thiocyanatobenzene : A thiocyanate compound having a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; thiocyanates	hapten; tolerogen
vincamine Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid ester; hemiaminal; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; vinca alkaloid	antihypertensive agent; metabolite; vasodilator agent
diphenyldiselenide diphenyldiselenide: structure given in first source	5.25	15	0
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	2.4	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
5-chlorouracil 5-chlorouracil : An organochlorine compound consisting of uracil having an chloro substituent at the 5-position.	1.97	1	0	organochlorine compound
dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea: used in cotton or cotton-polyester blend fabric	2.02	1	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	7.07	26	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
pristane pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.	2.02	1	0	long-chain alkane; norterpene	biomarker; immunological adjuvant
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.82	2	0	tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.96	4	0	quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	3.82	3	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	4.17	17	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	8.77	2	1	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	3.81	2	1	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	3.55	2	0	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
octachloronaphthalene Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.	2.55	2	0
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	1.99	1	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
oxyclozanide Oxyclozanide: Anthelmintic used in grazing animals for fasciola and cestode infestations.	1.97	1	0
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.94	4	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.77	3	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
n-butyltin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organotin compound
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.15	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzyltriethylammonium benzyltriethylammonium: a surface-active agent	2.11	1	0
7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
victoria blue b victoria blue: no other info available 7/84. victoria blue B : An iminium salt composed of 4-{(4-anilinonaphthalen-1-yl)[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methylidene}-N,N-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. It binds to nucleic acids and can be used in standardised staining techniques suitable for automated cell-pattern recognition.	1.97	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
benzyl thiocyanate benzyl thiocyanate: increases activities of anhydrotetracycline oxygenase	2.66	3	0	thiocyanates
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	2.83	3	0	primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.72	3	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	3.43	7	0	thujene	plant metabolite
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole 2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)phenol : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 1,3-benzothiazole substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group at position 2.	2.17	1	0	benzothiazoles; phenols	geroprotector
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	7.92	4	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	9.61	27	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
zinc carbonate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organooxygen compound
ecdysone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
nafenopin Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.	7.39	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid
streptomycin [no description available]	2.64	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
chloric acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	chlorine oxoacid
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	5.31	17	0	carbon oxoanion
cocamidopropyl betaine cocamidopropyl betaine: structure given in first source; Genagen CAB, Tego Betain, Rewoteric AMB 14 usually contain 30% cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB). cocamidopropyl betaine : A mixture of carboxamidopropyl betaines derived from fatty acids of varying chain lengths. The principal component is lauramidopropyl betaine.. lauramidopropyl betaine : An ammonium betaine in which the the ammonium nitrogen is substituted by two methyl groups and a lauramidopropyl group. It is the major (>50%) component of cocamidopropyl betaine.	7.41	1	0	ammonium betaine	surfactant
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	7.7	3	0	phthalic acid monoester
(3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane [no description available]	2.11	1	0
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	2.44	2	0
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	2.21	1	0
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	9.38	21	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	1.95	1	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
n-nitroso-n-methylcyclohexylamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.	1.94	1	0
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	3.08	1	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.41	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.	2.03	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic molecular entity; inorganic nitrate salt	explosive; fertilizer; oxidising agent
2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2	1	0
dimethyldiselenide dimethyldiselenide: volatile selenium metabolite. dimethyl diselenide : An organoselenium compound that is diselane covalently bound to two methyl groups. It has been detected in onion-family vegetables and soft-necked garlics. It induces ER stress and toxic protein aggregation in the budding yeast, S. cerevisiae and used as a reagent to identify distonic radical cations.	2.39	2	0	organoselenium compound	bacterial metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite
dimethylpropiothetin dimethylpropiothetin: has antineoplastic activity; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt. S,S-dimethyl-beta-propiothetin : A sulfonium betaine obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionic acid.	2.05	1	0	sulfonium betaine	marine metabolite; osmolyte
hepes [no description available]	1.96	1	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	3.06	5	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	8.37	7	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	17.21	497	4	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	17.9	1,169	5	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	15.22	275	3	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	3.83	11	0	vanadium group element atom
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	2.35	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	5.99	26	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	10.05	31	2	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
plutonium Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.	2.02	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
praseodymium Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.	2.39	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	3.65	9	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	3.71	10	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	5.52	20	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
scandium Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.	3.76	11	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	10.66	151	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	2.47	2	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	13.66	96	0	manganese group element atom
thorium Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.	2.43	2	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	7.53	53	0	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	8.19	43	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
americium Americium: A completely man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Am, and atomic number 95. Its valence can range from +3 to +6. Because of its nonmagnetic ground state, it is an excellent superconductor. It is also used in bone mineral analysis and as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	1.99	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	3.36	7	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
arsine arsine: structure. arsine : Arsane (AsH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. A specific arsine is preferably named as a substituted arsane.	1.92	1	0	arsanes; arsine; mononuclear parent hydride
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	18.48	1,036	6	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	3.54	8	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	16.83	391	5	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	3.18	5	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	3.06	4	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.85	10	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	8.74	108	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
hafnium Hafnium: A metal element of atomic number 72 and atomic weight 178.49, symbol Hf.	2.46	2	0	titanium group element atom
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	8.24	6	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	6.88	27	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	11	110	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	4.31	6	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	3.22	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	7.81	3	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	3.72	10	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	7.99	4	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.92	4	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.66	3	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	6.77	47	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
selenium disulfide [no description available]	10.78	60	8	sulfide salt
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.42	2	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
meladrazine nitrosoproline: RN given refers to 1-nitroso-L-proline	1.99	1	0
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	3.53	8	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
titanium tetrachloride titanium tetrachloride: RN given refers to TiCl4	2.13	1	0
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.47	2	0	sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.5	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	8.9	11	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	4.2	5	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.68	3	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.9	4	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	2.67	3	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.47	2	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	2	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	6.92	39	0	diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	3.21	6	0	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
s-methylcysteine S-methylcysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. S-methylcysteine : A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.	1.93	1	0	S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion; S-alkyl-L-cysteine	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	8.89	12	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	5.58	5	1	inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite [no description available]	2.91	4	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	2.37	2	0	calcium phosphate
bromic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	bromine oxoacid
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	2.37	2	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	8.96	13	0	calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd	6.96	1	0	iron coordination entity
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	4.04	15	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	3.09	5	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
tungstate [no description available]	2.7	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	3.36	7	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.64	3	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
sodium chromate(vi) sodium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with (MF) CR-H2-O4.Na. sodium chromate : An inorganic sodium salt consisting of sodium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.97	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	carcinogenic agent; diagnostic agent; oxidising agent; poison
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	3.38	6	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	3.05	4	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	5.56	17	1	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	8.9	49	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	6.2	14	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	2.03	1	0	metal sulfate	allergen
beryllium chloride beryllium chloride: RN given refers to BeCl2. beryllium dichloride : A compound of beryllium (+2 oxidation state) and chloride in the ratio 1:2.	7.04	1	0	beryllium molecular entity; inorganic chloride	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin
cesium iodide cesium iodide: X-ray image intensifier	3.74	10	0
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	3.7	10	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate Calcium Pyrophosphate: An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS).	1.97	1	0	calcium phosphate
thallium chloride thallium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	1.96	1	0	inorganic chloride; thallium molecular entity
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	3.44	2	0
barium nitrate barium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt of barium.	3.37	1	1	inorganic barium salt; inorganic nitrate salt
sulfur monochloride [no description available]	7.11	1	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	5.31	10	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	2.4	2	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
hydroiodic acid hydrogen iodide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and iodine atoms.	2	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
strontium nitrate [no description available]	7	1	0
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.94	3	0	aluminium sulfate
radon Radon: A naturally radioactive element with atomic symbol Rn, and atomic number 86. It is a member of the noble gas family found in soil, and is released during the decay of RADIUM.. radon(0) : A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.	3.78	2	1	monoatomic radon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	7.49	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
palladium nitrate [no description available]	3.78	2	1
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	19.48	691	51	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
tellurous acid tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd	5.34	18	0	tellurium oxoacid
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	11.33	20	2	cadmium coordination entity
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.95	4	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
chlormerodrin Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.	3.45	2	0	organomercury compound; ureas	diagnostic agent; diuretic
magnesium nitrate magnesium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of magnesium.	4.28	4	1	inorganic nitrate salt; magnesium salt	fertilizer
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	5.09	8	0
rhamnose [no description available]	2.17	1	0	L-rhamnose
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.87	4	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	10.9	20	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
nickel nitrate nickel nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-(HNO3)2	2.42	2	0
n-amyl-n-methylnitrosamine N-methyl-N-pentylnitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has methyl and pentyl substituents. It is a potent oesophageal carcinogen.	1.97	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
n-nitrososarcosine N-nitrososarcosine : A nitrosamine that is sarcosine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group.	1.97	1	0	nitrosamine; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative	carcinogenic agent
2',3-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl 2',3-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.68	3	0
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	7.13	25	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	1.96	1	0
4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	2	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	phenoxy herbicide
tetrathionic acid Tetrathionic Acid: A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.	4.16	17	0	sulfur oxoacid
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	3.09	1	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
urobilinogen Urobilinogen: A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. Some is reabsorbed and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin.. urobilinogen : A member of the class of bilanes that is a colourless product formed in the intestine by the reduction of bilirubin.	1.95	1	0	bilanes	human metabolite
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	4.84	6	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	6.64	20	1	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
nickel sulfide nickel sulfide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-S; see also nickel subsulfide: 12035-72-2	1.96	1	0
fluorides [no description available]	8.56	67	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
stilbene oxide stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	6.99	1	0	epoxide
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2	1	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.47	2	0	tin oxide
chromium chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen	6.12	14	2	chromium cation; monoatomic hexacation
mecysteine mecysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer. methyl L-cysteinate : An L-cysteinyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of L-cysteine with methanol. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough.	2.37	2	0	L-cysteinyl ester; primary amino compound; thiol	mucolytic
iodine [no description available]	7.28	42	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
osmium tetroxide Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.	1.96	1	0	osmium coordination entity	fixative; histological dye; oxidising agent; poison
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	1.97	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
aluminum phosphide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.02	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	1.99	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
mercuric oxide mercuric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Hg-O	1.97	1	0
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	7.71	3	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	7.15	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
zingerone zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.	3.31	1	0	methyl ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antiemetic; antioxidant; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	7.35	35	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	9.13	28	1	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
pyrrolidine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.07	1	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
chloroprene Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.	2.59	2	0	chloroolefin
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.66	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	2.86	4	0
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	2.67	3	0
du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.	1.95	1	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	2.69	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
pronamide pronamide: structure. propyzamide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-amine. It is used as a systemic post-emergent herbicide for the control grass and broadleaf weeds in a wide range of in a wide variety of fruit and root crops.	1.97	1	0	benzamides; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound	agrochemical; herbicide
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	7.07	127	0
alkenes [no description available]	5.34	17	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	3.59	8	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	3.89	12	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	4.24	18	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	3.1	5	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	5.2	16	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2.07	1	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	5.41	5	3	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	7.41	1	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
vanadyl sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	metal sulfate; vanadium coordination entity
s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.55	2	0	sulfonium betaine	human metabolite
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	4.4	4	1	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	2.42	2	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.	2.73	3	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	6.34	6	2	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	3.32	6	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	1.96	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
promegestone Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.	1.97	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	antineoplastic agent; progesterone receptor agonist; progestin
2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	2.75	3	0	hexachlorobiphenyl
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	10.46	21	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
lentinan [no description available]	3.06	4	0
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	4.9	1	1	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	1.97	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2	1	0	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.75	3	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.71	3	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	6.58	14	1	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
moniliformin moniliformin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with plant product, moniliformin	8.09	5	0
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).	3.39	7	0
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.87	3	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	3.17	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	3.71	10	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
oxfendazole [no description available]	2.67	3	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; sulfoxide	antinematodal drug
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.11	1	0
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	7.31	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	7.17	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	4.67	4	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	5.78	11	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	4.64	6	1	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	2.92	4	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
azimexon [no description available]	3.06	1	0
oltipraz oltipraz : A 1,2-dithiole that is 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione substituted at positions 4 and 5 by methyl and pyrazin-2-yl groups respectively.	1.99	1	0	1,2-dithiole; pyrazines	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimutagen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; protective agent; schistosomicide drug
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
arsenobetaine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	organic salt
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	1.97	1	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	1.97	1	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.72	3	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
triclabendazole [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.65	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
swainsonine Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.. swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.	8.49	2	0	indolizidine alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.41	2	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
dimethylcycleanine dimethylcycleanine: isolated from Stephania epigeae Lu; RN given refers to dibromide	1.96	1	0
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	7.69	7	4	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	1.99	1	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	4.32	3	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	3.71	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
ractopamine ractopamine: veterinary growth stimulant. ractopamine : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible diastereoisomers of 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol. A beta-adrenergic agonist, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) as a feed additive for use in pigs and other livestock to promote protein deposition, resulting in leaner meat. The R,R diastereoisomer, butopamine, is responsible for most of the leanness-enhancing effects. While use of ractopamine has been banned in over 120 countries including throughout the EU, in the US it used in an estimated 80% of all beef, pork and turkey production.. 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl group.	7.31	1	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.41	2	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	14.26	20	1	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	7.76	2	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
atorvastatin [no description available]	4.46	4	1	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	3.48	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
irinotecan [no description available]	3.15	5	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.	1.96	1	0	organoiodine compound
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	3.48	1	1	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	10.07	13	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
propyltrimethoxysilane [no description available]	7.11	1	0
ferric citrate ferric citrate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[1:1] salt. iron(III) citrate : An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).	2.03	1	0	iron chelate	anti-anaemic agent; nutraceutical
sodium molybdate(vi) sodium molybdate(VI): RN given refers to molybdic acid, di-Na salt. sodium molybdate (anhydrous) : An inorganic sodium salt having molybdate as the counterion.	2.13	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	poison
tellurium tetrachloride [no description available]	2.44	2	0
lead selenide [no description available]	7.67	3	0
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	4.22	5	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	5.28	21	0
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	7.93	4	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.07	1	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	3.62	2	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
cuprous chloride cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.	2.05	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	agrochemical; molluscicide
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.03	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	7.31	1	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	12.61	176	5	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.	7.95	4	0	pentachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.48	1	1	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.7	10	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	2.37	2	0
ursolic acid [no description available]	3.86	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	2.58	2	0
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.5	8	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.	2.49	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
betulinic acid [no description available]	3.35	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.58	2	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
allicin [no description available]	4.59	4	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	2.7	3	0
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	11.48	17	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
alpha-terthienyl [no description available]	6.96	1	0	terthiophene
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
gallocatechol gallocatechol: structure give in first source; RN given for (trans-(+-))-omer; inhibits DNA-dependent DNA & RNA polymerases. (+)-gallocatechin : A gallocatechin that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.. gallocatechin : A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from Acacia mearnsii.	2.01	1	0	gallocatechin	antioxidant; metabolite; radical scavenger
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	1.98	1	0
chlorin chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.	3.46	1	1
phosphoramidic acid phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds	2.77	3	0	phosphoric acid derivative
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.89	4	0	iodine oxoacid
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.68	3	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name	2.39	2	0
o-(6)-methylguanine O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.	2.41	2	0	methylguanine	mutagen
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.86	3	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	2.91	4	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	12.73	34	2	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
trioctyl phosphine oxide [no description available]	2.96	4	0
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.48	2	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
silver bromide [no description available]	7.37	2	0
selenium tetrachloride [no description available]	2.67	3	0
boron nitride [no description available]	2.06	1	0	nitride
cetiedil cetiedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	azepanes
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	7.55	2	0
anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate: structure in first source. anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid : A member of the class of anthraquinones that is 9,10-anthraquinone substituted at positions 2 and 6 by sulfo groups.	2.73	3	0	anthraquinone; arenesulfonic acid
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.6	1	0	boronic acids
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	1.97	1	0	phenanthroline
piaselenole piaselenole: for determination of traces of selenium; structure given in first source	3.26	6	0
1h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 1H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: structure given in first source. 4-azabenzimidazole : The [4,5-b]-fused isomer of imidazopyridine.	2.21	1	0	imidazopyridine
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole [no description available]	2.07	1	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	8.91	12	0	1,2,3-triazole
djenkolic acid djenkolic acid: amino acid isolated from djenkol bean; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure. L-djenkolic acid : A dithioacetal consisting of two molecules of L-cysteine joined via their sulfanyl groups to methylene.	7.1	1	0	dithioacetal; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	plant metabolite; toxin
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	7.21	1	0	benzodioxoles
1,2-dithiol-3-thione 1,2-dithiol-3-thione: has antioxidant activity; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	1,2-dithiole
artemisia ketone artemisia ketone: structure in first source	2.41	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	2.05	1	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	7.17	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	3.48	2	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
2-phenylimidazole [no description available]	2.21	1	0
2,3-diaminonaphthalene [no description available]	3.93	13	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	7.48	2	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	1.98	1	0
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	2.05	1	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.38	2	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	2.41	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
avilamycin avilamycin: similar to Hygromycin B but lacking amino groups	6.98	1	0
adosterol Adosterol: A sterol usually substituted with radioactive iodine. It is an adrenal cortex scanning agent with demonstrated high adrenal concentration and superior adrenal imaging.	2.36	2	0
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	3.06	1	0
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	2.45	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
o(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine O(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. O(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having O(6)-methylguanine as the nucleobase.	2.38	2	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
glycyl-histidyl-lysine glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence.	2.38	2	0	tripeptide	chelator; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; vulnerary
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.41	2	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	2.72	2	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
sodium selenide [no description available]	3.68	10	0	inorganic sodium salt	poison; reducing agent
cupric selenide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
2-cresolphthalexon 2-cresolphthalexon: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
butyl isocyanide [no description available]	2.01	1	0
1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene: inhibitor of indolamine-N-methyltransferase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0	pyrrolopyrimidine
rosiglitazone [no description available]	2.41	1	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
erucin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	isothiocyanate
1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid: used in urinary test for smoking	2.05	1	0
tricine N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.15 at 20 degreeC.	2	1	0	tricine
1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene [no description available]	2.02	1	0
fluorescein dilaurate fluorescein dilaurate: used in pancreatic function test	3.06	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	2.59	2	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
propagermanium propagermanium: inhibits the calcium inward currents & the potassium outward currents	2.39	2	0	organogermanium compound
4-phenylbutylamine 4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	3.07	3	0	benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound
hypobromous acid [no description available]	2.31	1	0	bromine oxoacid
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	4.9	1	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.74	3	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	2.13	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
methanesulfinic acid methanesulfinic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. methanesulfinic acid : An organosulfinic acid that is methane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a sulfino group.	2.07	1	0	organosulfinic acid
coenzyme a [no description available]	3.2	6	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
va 061 VA 061: a water-soluble radical initiator; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
mebeverine gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol	1.97	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	4.71	9	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	2.05	1	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	13.93	42	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	7.01	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	4.76	9	0
goethite [no description available]	2.98	4	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	10.5	49	2	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
trimethylselenonium trimethylselenonium: product of selenite metabolism in rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethylselenonium : An organic cation consisting of three methyl groups covalently bound to a central selenium atom.	6.55	47	1	organic cation	human xenobiotic metabolite
1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene [no description available]	1.98	1	0	secondary alcohol
penconazole penconazole: structure given in first source. penconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-penconazole. A fungicide used to control powdery mildew, scab and other pathogenic Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the classof triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pentyl group.	7.13	1	0	dichlorobenzene; triazoles
mefenacet mefenacet: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	benzothiazoles; tertiary carboxamide	antimitotic; herbicide
n-(3-pyrene)maleimide N-(3-pyrene)maleimide: structure in first source	1.97	1	0
mci 9038 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	peptide
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	4.38	6	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
propionyl-coenzyme a propionyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	acyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
triptycene triptycene: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	anthracenes
arginine methyl ester arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.15	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	2.38	2	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	4.55	7	0
4-methylumbelliferyl-galactopyranoside 4-methylumbelliferyl-galactopyranoside: fluorogenic substrate; RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer. 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.	1.99	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; coumarins; monosaccharide derivative	chromogenic compound
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2.01	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.79	3	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
1-phenazinecarboxylic acid 1-phenazinecarboxylic acid: from Streptomyces cinnamonensis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. phenazine-1-carboxylic acid : An aromatic carboxylic acid that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carboxy group.	2.54	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; phenazines	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
prolamins Prolamins: A group of seed storage proteins restricted to the POACEAE family. They are rich in GLUTAMINE and PROLINE.	2.17	1	0
s-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.	1.98	1	0	glutathione conjugate
tetrathiafulvalene tetrathiafulvalene: used in carbon paste amperometric enzyme electrode for the determination of glucose in flowing systems. tetrathiafulvalene : A member of the class of fulvalenes that is ethene substituted by 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.41	2	0	fulvalenes; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
poly-o-acetylserine O-acetylserine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. O-acetyl-L-serine : An acetyl-L-serine where the acetyl group is attached to the side-chain oxygen. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the amino acid cysteine in bacteria.	2.43	2	0	acetate ester; acetyl-L-serine; amino acid zwitterion	bacterial metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
s-2-aminoethyl cysteine S-2-aminoethyl cysteine: inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. L-thialysine : A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects.	3.76	11	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor; metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	3.14	5	0
combretastatin combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN	2.49	2	0
selenazofurin selenazofurin: selenazole analog of tiazofurin	4.21	18	0
benzyl selenocyanate benzyl selenocyanate: prevents colon carcinogenesis	3.07	5	0
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	3.31	1	0	methyladenosine
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	14.5	230	4	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	3.75	3	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.63	2	0	oligopeptide
eudragit rl [no description available]	2.05	1	0
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)	2.17	1	0	calcium salt; hydrate
wr 1065 WR-1065 : An alkanethiol that is the N-3-aminopropyl derivative of cysteamine. Used as the S-phosphorylated prodrug, amifostine, for cytoprotection in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	1.99	1	0	alkanethiol; diamine	antioxidant; drug metabolite; radiation protective agent
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	7.32	16	0
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	1.98	1	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
u 74006f tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox	3.1	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
eudragit rs Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules	2.05	1	0
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	4.41	22	0
4-(methylnitrosoamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol: tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	2	1	0
beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine: glutamate agonist. L-BMAA : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.	3.25	1	0	diamino acid; L-alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	bacterial metabolite; neurotoxin
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	7.6	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
fluorocitrate fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	carbonyl compound
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	4.2	2	0	proanthocyanidin
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	2.01	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	3.48	2	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	2.31	1	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
n-nitroso-n(2)-fluorenylacetamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
selenodiglutathione selenodiglutathione : A thioselenide in which a selenium atom is attached to the sulfur atoms of two molecules of glutathione. It is an initial metabolite of selenite, SeO3(2-).	8.78	11	0	glutathione derivative; thioselenide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.08	5	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
bifendate 7,7'-dimethoxy-(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source	3.4	1	1
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.88	4	0
prolinamide prolinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-prolinamide : The carboxamide derivative of L-proline.	2.02	1	0	amino acid amide; L-proline derivative; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
cholesterol 7-hydroperoxide cholesterol 7-hydroperoxide: RN given refers to (3beta,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	2.64	3	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
selenomethylselenocysteine selenomethylselenocysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd	9.01	75	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; selenocysteines	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	5.16	3	1
s-sulphocysteine S-sulphocysteine: residues in physiologically significant proteins treated with sulfite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. S-sulfo-L-cysteine : An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as a sulfo group.	3.11	1	0	organic thiosulfate; S-substituted L-cysteine	human metabolite; plant metabolite
selenocystamine selenocystamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.69	10	0	organoselenium compound
fe(ii)-edta Fe(II)-EDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0	iron coordination entity
icrf 193 4,4'-(1,2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-2,6-piperazinedione: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. ICRF-193 : An N-alkylpiperazine that is butane which is substituted by a 3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl group at positions 2 and 3. The meso isomer.	2.01	1	0
dihydro-dids [no description available]	1.97	1	0
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	3.43	6	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
gallium nitride [no description available]	2.04	1	0
linustatin linustatin: cyanogenic glucoside from linseed oil; structure	1.95	1	0	cyanogenic glycoside
n-gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester [no description available]	2	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	1.98	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
neolinustatin neolinustatin: cyanogenic glucoside from linseed oil; related to amygdalin; structure	1.95	1	0	cyanogenic glycoside
n,n,n'-trimethyl-n'-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl)-1,3-propanediamine N,N,N'-trimethyl-N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl)-1,3-propanediamine: brain perfusion imaging agent; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
alliin alliin: nutritional supplement in diet; possible therapeutic use in anemia and splenic hypertrophy; structure. alliin : An L-alanine derivative in which one of the methyl hydrogens of L-alanine has been replaced by an (S)-allylsulfinyl group.	3.51	2	0	alpha-amino acid
selenonorcholesterol selenonorcholesterol: adrenal radioisotope scanning agents	3.9	13	0
n-bromoacetyl-3,3',5-triiodothyronine N-bromoacetyl-3,3',5-triiodothyronine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.67	3	0
ribavirin 5'-triphosphate ribavirin 5'-triphosphate: structure given in first source. ribavirin 5'-triphosphate : A 1-ribosyltriazole that is ribavirin in which the hydroxy group at the 5'-position is replaced by a triphosphate group. It is the active metabolite of the antiviral agent ribavirin.	1.96	1	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide; ribose triphosphate	antiviral agent; drug metabolite; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; eukaryotic initiation factor 4F inhibitor; human blood serum metabolite
celastrol [no description available]	2.72	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
trichloromethyl free radical trichloromethyl free radical: able to react with amino acid esters	2.06	1	0	organic radical
benzyne benzyne: structure in first source. benzyne : 1,2-didehydrobenzene and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.11	1	0	aryne; benzyne
stannane [no description available]	7.04	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; tin hydride
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	3.78	7	0	carbene; methanediyl
phosphoramide phosphoramide: RN given refers to triamide. phosphoramide : A compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).	2.05	1	0
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	6.98	13	1	nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	7.44	2	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.49	2	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	3.17	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	10.54	4	1	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	2.07	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
23-seleno-25-homotaurocholic acid [no description available]	4.41	22	0	corticosteroid hormone
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	5.64	3	2	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
cyclic adp-ribose Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.	2.06	1	0	cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleotide-sugar	metabolite; ryanodine receptor agonist
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
gamma-glutamylcysteine L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.	2.1	1	0	gamma-glutamylcysteine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	2.38	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
dehydroalanine 2-ammonioprop-2-enoate : An amino acid zwitterion resulting from a transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of 2-aminoacrylic acid.. 2-aminoacrylic acid : A 2,3-dehydroamino acid that is alanine which has been dehydrogenated to introduce a double bond between positions 2 and 3.	7.01	1	0	2,3-dehydroamino acid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; enamine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	alkylating agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-deazaguanosine 3-deazaguanosine: structure	1.96	1	0
hypothiocyanite ion hypothiocyanous acid : A sulfur oxoacid that is sulfenic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur has been replaced by a cyano group.	2.07	1	0	one-carbon compound; sulfur oxoacid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiviral agent; human metabolite; oxidising agent; rat metabolite
n-bromoacetylthyroxine [no description available]	2.38	2	0
methotrexate [no description available]	6.78	11	1	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
n-(3-oxo-octanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone N-(beta-oxooctan-1-oyl)homoserine lactone: involved in conjugation and tra gene regulation in Agrobacterium tumefaciens; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
dicyclohexyl 2,3-epoxysuccinate dicyclohexyl 2,3-epoxysuccinate: thiol protease inhibitor; RN given refers to (trans)-isomer	2.41	1	0
tamsulosin [no description available]	8.48	1	1	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
bis(2-(n-phenylcarboxamido)phenyl)diselenide bis(2-(N-phenylcarboxamido)phenyl)diselenide: selenoorganic cpd which has mitogenic activity in human peripheral leukocytes	2.38	2	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
zinquin zinquin: zinquin is an ethyl ester in second source; specific chelator for zinc(II)	2.02	1	0
zm 230487 ZM 230487: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor	1.99	1	0
phenyl-2-aminoethylselenide phenyl-2-aminoethylselenide: structure given in first source	3.51	2	0
carbapenems [no description available]	4.9	1	1
di-beta-(morpholinoethyl)selenide di-beta-(morpholinoethyl)selenide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.66	3	0
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	1.99	1	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
alpha-ergocryptine ergocryptine: a component of the ergotoxine complex; it is the main ergot alkaloid of Japanese & South American wid grasses; minor descriptor (76-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (76-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). alpha-ergocryptine : Ergotaman bearing hydroxy, isopropyl, and 2-methylpropyl groups at the 12', 2' and 5' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid. Ergocryptine discussed in the literature prior to 1967, when beta-ergocryptine was separated from alpha-ergocryptine, is now referred to as alpha-ergocryptine.	1.97	1	0	ergot alkaloid
dimethylselenoxide [no description available]	2.7	3	0
aspartame [no description available]	7.41	1	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
barium selenate barium selenate: long-acting parenteral selenium supplement for sheep; RN given refers to [1:1]salt	3.86	12	0
lanthanum hydroxide lanthanum hydroxide: RN given refers to unspecified lanthanum hydroxide	2.05	1	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	8.35	7	0	D-xylose
dithiane dithiane: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	dithiane
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	8.83	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	8.44	43	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.96	3	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.59	7	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
patellamide d patellamide D: from marine invertebrate Lissoclinum patella; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	cyclic peptide
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	8.51	1	1	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
methylmercury cysteine methylmercury cysteine: degradation product of methylmercury glutathione; RN given refers to (L-cysteinato)-isomer	2.43	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	1.96	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	4.9	1	1	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	9.54	23	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	3.48	1	1	organic sulfate salt
gallium oxide gallium oxide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.21	1	0
dialuminum magnesium tetraoxide spinell: mineral that can be colored to match dentin	2.21	1	0
yttria yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3	2.25	1	0
indium trichloride indium trichloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
silver tetrafluoroborate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	5.57	12	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
silver phosphate silver phosphate: for chloride analysis in cystic fibrosis patch test	7.1	1	0
peroxymonosulfate peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)	7.31	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
ukrain ukrain: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; semisynthetic product from alkaloids of Chelidonium majus L. & thiophosphoric triaciridide acid	7.21	1	0
2-(phenylmethyl)-1-naphthol 2-(phenylmethyl)-1-naphthol: structure in UD	1.98	1	0
methylselenic acid methylseleninic acid : An organoselenium compound that is seleninic acid in which the hydrogen attached to selenium is replaced by a methyl group.	8.8	33	1	one-carbon compound; organoselenium compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite
potassium ferrate potassium ferrate: oxidizing agent	2.25	1	0
bactenecin bactenecin: from bovine neutrophils	2.21	1	0
org 31710 Org 31710: structure given in first source; progestational hormone antagonist	2	1	0
rs 8359 RS 8359: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89	2.05	1	0
monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate monoisoamyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate: monoisoamyl ester of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid	3.13	1	0
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	2.37	2	0
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	2.08	1	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
2-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazol-3-(2h)-one 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisothiazol-3-(2H)-one: structure given in first source; sulfur analog of ebselen	2.89	4	0
3,3',5-triiodothyronamine 3,3',5-triiodothyronamine: potential metabolite of T3; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	3.35	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	2.41	2	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
thiophosphoric acid thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.48	2	0	phosphorothioic acid
threitol threitol: RN given refers to (R,R)-isomer. D-threitol : The D-enantiomer of threitol.	2	1	0	threitol	human metabolite
bathocuproine disulfonate bathocuproine sulfonate: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd. bathocuproine disulfonic acid : A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.. copper chelator : A chelator that is any compound containing a ligand (typically organic) which is able to form a bond to a central copper atom at two or more points.	1.97	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; phenanthrolines	chelator
molybdenum blue molybdenum blue: spray reagent prepared by dissolving molybdenum trioxide in H2SO4 & adding powdered molybdenum; for staining phospholipids in thin layer chromatography	1.93	1	0
3-(cystein-s-yl)paracetamol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	S-conjugate
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	6.94	18	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.04	5	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	6.17	8	1
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.72	3	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	2.41	1	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.39	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
agelastatin a agelastatin A: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).	3.23	1	0	pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
nickel monoxide [no description available]	2.53	2	0
propargylglycine propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.03	1	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	8.38	41	1	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
2,2'-dipyridyl diselenide [no description available]	1.95	1	0
carboxyebselen carboxyebselen: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor	2.06	1	0
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	1.95	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
etravirine [no description available]	2.76	2	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
cucurbit(6)uril cucurbit(6)uril: a macrocyclic cavitand comprising six GLYCOLURIL units; can be used for creating ROTAXANES. cucurbituril : A macrocycle consisting of repeating 2,5-dioxodihydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-1,3,4,6-tetrayl (glycoluril) units linked by methylene groups. The number of glycoluril units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in cucurbit[n]uril name.	2.11	1	0
cadmium metallothionein cadmium-binding protein: metallothionein which serves in a metal-sequestering mechanism	2.89	4	0
sorafenib [no description available]	3.47	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.37	2	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	2.87	4	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.65	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	2.86	4	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.41	2	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	8.25	6	0
lupeol [no description available]	3.14	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
calendula Calendula: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CAROTENOIDS, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE), flavonoids, mucilage, SAPONINS, and STEROLS. The plants are used both topically and internally. The common name of Marigold is also used for TAGETES.	2.31	1	0
acivicin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
wortmannin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.6	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2.03	1	0
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	4.79	32	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	1.97	1	0
carboplatin [no description available]	5.7	3	2
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	8.73	10	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	4.19	16	0
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	8.44	7	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	8.97	4	0	peptide
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	10.71	11	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.	2.17	1	0	D-galacturonic acid
elastin [no description available]	2.72	3	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	3.41	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.44	2	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
lichenin [no description available]	2.6	1	0
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	2.6	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	4.41	6	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	3.75	11	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
dithioerythritol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol	reducing agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.9	4	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	2.74	3	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	3.67	10	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	3.74	11	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	1.97	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
protochlorophyllide Protochlorophyllide: A photo-active pigment localized in prolamellar bodies occurring within the proplastids of dark-grown bean leaves. In the process of photoconversion, the highly fluorescent protochlorophyllide is converted to chlorophyll.. protochlorophyllide : An analogue of chlorophyll that lacks the phytol side-chain. The parent of the protochlorophyllide class.	7.41	1	0
dehydroascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.	2.67	3	0	dehydroascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; mouse metabolite
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	1.96	1	0	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nivalenol nivalenol: RN given refers to 3alpha,4beta,7alpha-isomer	7.47	2	0	trichothecene
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	8.06	4	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.74	3	0	cellotriose
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	4.9	1	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	4.16	5	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	5.61	18	1	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	1.95	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	3.45	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
linezolid [no description available]	2.31	1	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
beta-hederin beta-hederin: derived from beta-amyrin; other hederigenin based saponins are available	1.98	1	0	triterpenoid
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	6.15	8	1	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.67	3	0	tripeptide
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	8.64	9	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
sultamicillin sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam	4.9	1	1	penicillanic acid ester
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3.29	6	0	cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	1.95	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	5.03	13	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	9.84	43	4	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.43	2	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.	2.38	2	0	olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.	2.11	1	0	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	9.76	21	3	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	21.05	405	43	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.71	10	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	3.79	2	1	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	7.42	2	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	5.12	11	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.07	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.96	4	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	15.7	30	5	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.55	2	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	4.22	5	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	7.25	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lycopene [no description available]	14.6	71	9	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	2.04	1	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
stigmatellin stigmatellin: isolated from myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca; structure in first source. stigmatellin A : A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; chromones; olefinic compound; phenols	bacterial metabolite; quinol oxidation site inhibitor
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	4.41	6	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	3.45	2	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	3.1	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime: structure in first source. 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin substituted at position 6 by a bromo group and in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.	2.31	1	0
decitabine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.31	1	0
laminaran laminaran: beta-1,3-glucan	2.21	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	5.13	15	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.38	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	8.76	11	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	7.88	4	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	4.9	2	1	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	13.1	50	9	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.	2.03	1	0	potassium salt
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	2.74	3	0
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.52	2	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	7.6	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.47	2	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
bis(2,3,3,3-tetrachloropropyl) ether bis(2,3,3,3-tetrachloropropyl) ether: structure	2.11	1	0
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	metallophthalocyanine; zinc tetrapyrrole	fluorochrome
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	2.68	3	0	inorganic sodium salt
oxazolidine oxazolidine: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	oxazolidine
cholestane-3,5,6-triol cholestane-3,5,6-triol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.42	2	0
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	3.24	6	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
glycosides [no description available]	4.84	34	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.6	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	10.42	84	0	isomethyleugenol
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	1.95	1	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
retinol acetate retinol acetate: structure given in first source	3.37	7	0	acetate ester
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.42	2	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	8.56	14	2	stilbene
cardamonin cardamonin: found in Zingiberaceae; structure in first source	7.13	1	0	chalcones
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	6.95	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	3.26	6	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	7.54	2	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	2.37	2	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	1.96	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	3.75	11	0	diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	1.98	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amygdalin [no description available]	3.48	2	0
glucobrassicin glucobrassicin: isolated from Brussels sprouts; structure given in first source. glucobrassicin : An indolylmethylglucosinolic acid that is 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-N-(sulfooxy)ethanimidoyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	3.45	1	1	indolyl carbohydrate; indolylmethylglucosinolic acid
tiamulin tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.	6.97	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antibacterial drug
dithizone Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.	2.37	2	0
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	3.86	12	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	4.86	6	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	2.05	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2.86	4	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methisazone Methisazone: An antiviral agent effective against pox viruses.	3.05	1	0
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	6.93	1	0	pyrimidone
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	1.94	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.17	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
urocanic acid Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.	3.1	1	0	urocanic acid	human metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	3.56	8	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	7.39	2	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	9.1	28	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	3.05	1	0	thiazolidinone
5-methoxyuridine 5-methoxyuridine : A derivative of uridine, bearing an additional methoxy substituent at position 5 on the uracil ring.	2.07	1	0	uridines
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.86	4	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	3.51	2	0
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	6.85	14	5	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	7.43	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	7.49	2	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	3.53	1	1
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.02	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.58	2	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	2.88	4	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	12.49	14	4	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
ethylenethiourea Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.	1.96	1	0	imidazolidines
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	4.03	15	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.	2.15	1	0	organic sodium salt	antifungal drug; food preservative
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	5.94	19	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	3.28	6	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	4.79	7	1
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	2.6	1	0
tungsten carbide tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF	2.41	2	0
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	4.22	5	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
6-thioguanosine 6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	purine nucleoside
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	2.46	2	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
tamoxifen [no description available]	12.27	8	1	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate: structure in first source	2.57	2	0
nadp [no description available]	7.08	65	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	4.6	23	0
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester [no description available]	2.11	1	0
krn 7000 KRN 7000: has an alpha-galactosylceramide structure; structure given in first source. alpha-galactosylceramide : A galactosylceramide in which the galactosyl residue has alpha anomeric conofiguration.. 1-O-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine : A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.53	2	0	glycophytoceramide; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine	allergen; antigen; antineoplastic agent; epitope; immunological adjuvant
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	1.97	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	1.97	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	7.21	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	4.05	2	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
2'-deoxy-2'-methylenecytidine [no description available]	2	1	0
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	7.48	2	0
pica Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.	2.42	2	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	7.6	40	0	alkali metal atom
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	1.97	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
goitrin goitrin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. (R)-goitrin : A 5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione that has R-configuration. It is a constituent of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Radix isatidis.	1.98	1	0	5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione	antiviral agent; plant metabolite
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.07	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	7.67	3	0	nitrogen oxide
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	7.44	2	0
thiouridine Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.	1.97	1	0	nucleoside analogue; thiouridine	affinity label; antimetabolite
hydroxylysine Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.02	1	0	5-hydroxylysine; hydroxy-L-lysine	human metabolite
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source	2	1	0
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.04	1	0
2'-cyano-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosylcytosine 2'-cyano-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosylcytosine: structure given in first source; RN given is for mono HCl	2	1	0
bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(iv) bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV): a hypoglycemic agentt; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
cystine [no description available]	9.19	183	0
2-methylselenobenzanilide 2-methylselenobenzanilide: metabolite of ebselen	2.38	2	0
selenaproline selenaproline: structure	2.89	4	0
glutaryl-coenzyme a [no description available]	2.05	1	0	glutaryl-CoAs	mouse metabolite
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.98	4	0
sulfoenolpyruvate sulfoenolpyruvate: RN & structure given in first source	3.16	3	0
dipyrromethene dipyrromethene: structure in first source. dipyrrin : A dipyrrin that consists of pyrrole bearing a pyrrol-2-ylidenemethyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	dipyrrins
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	3.05	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.38	2	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	7.43	2	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.76	2	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	5.37	14	1
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	3.06	5	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	7.41	1	0	oligosaccharide
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.46	2	0
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	9.43	7	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	3.45	2	0
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.86	12	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
alpha-carotene alpha-carotene: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer; see also related record beta-carotene. alpha-carotene : A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively.	6.83	7	1	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	plant metabolite; provitamin A
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.79	3	0	long-chain fatty acid
reductone [no description available]	1.93	1	0	carbonyl compound
sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(n-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.69	3	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene 1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene: reagent for determination of selenium in milk with gas chromatograph. 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine : The primary amino compound that is 1,2-phenylenediamine (o-phenylenediamine) substituted at the 4- (para-) position by a nitro group.	7.37	2	0	C-nitro compound; primary amino compound
isoselenocyanic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
tetrathiomolybdate tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure	8.68	2	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	3.47	8	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
ku 55933 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.06	1	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	5.43	18	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2 Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.69	3	0	ubiquinones
bilirubin [no description available]	14.26	23	3	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	6.57	25	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	7.39	24	2	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	7.79	3	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	7.07	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
leukotriene a4 Leukotriene A4: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta(1E,3E,5Z,8Z)))-3-(1,3,5,8-Tetradecatetraenyl)oxiranebutanoic acid. An unstable allylic epoxide, formed from the immediate precursor 5-HPETE via the stereospecific removal of a proton at C-10 and dehydration. Its biological actions are determined primarily by its metabolites, i.e., LEUKOTRIENE B4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Alternatively, leukotriene A4 is converted into LEUKOTRIENE C4 by glutathione-S-transferase or into 5,6-di-HETE by the epoxide-hydrolase. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene A4 : A leukotriene that is the (5S,6S)-epoxy derivative of (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid.	1.96	1	0	epoxy fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid; oxylipin; polyunsaturated fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	7.49	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	7.41	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	7.56	25	1	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.9	4	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ubiquinone 9 ubiquinone 9: a form of coenzyme Q found in many foods; RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.68	3	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; human metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	7.79	17	1
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	24.83	247	55	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	5.09	17	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	3.69	10	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.	7.51	6	1	all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	1.99	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	2	1	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
furylfuramide Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.	1.97	1	0	acrylamides; C-nitro compound; nitrofuran antibiotic; primary carboxamide
alprostadil [no description available]	2.38	2	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	2.88	4	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	2.37	2	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	12.48	12	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	6.39	11	1	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
prostaglandin g2 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	prostaglandins G	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin d2 9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin D2: has potent antineoplastic & weak smooth muscle contracting activities; structure given in first source. prostaglandin J2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins J that consists of prosta-5,9,13-trien-1-oic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 11 and a hydroxy group at position 15 (the 5Z,13E,15S stereoisomer).	2.15	1	0	prostaglandins J	human metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	5.44	15	1	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	3.42	1	1	thromboxane	human metabolite
arachidonic acid omega-9 hydroperoxide 12-HPETE: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; 12-HPETE may be used inconsistently in literature as synonym for cpds with various tetraene-locants; caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries. 12(S)-HPETE : The (S)-enantiomer of 12-HPETE.	2.39	2	0	HPETE	mouse metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	4.54	7	0	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	5.75	6	1	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.91	4	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
genistein [no description available]	10.87	12	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	6.08	5	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	2.5	2	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	3.01	4	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.	2.9	4	0	carotenone	biological pigment; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fungal metabolite
cryptoxanthins Cryptoxanthins: Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors.. beta-cryptoxanthin : A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.	6.13	9	1	carotenol	antioxidant; biomarker; plant metabolite; provitamin A
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	7.48	14	3	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
cucurbitacin b [no description available]	7.41	1	0	cucurbitacin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	7.07	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
mezerein mezerein: toxic component of plant Daphne mezereum with anti-leukemic activity against P-388 & P-1210 in mice; can act as a tumor promoter; RN given refers to (12beta(E,E))-isomer; structure	1.97	1	0	diterpenoid
esculin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	6.1	5	1	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	7.31	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	5.4	10	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	2.55	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmin [no description available]	7.41	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	2.02	1	0	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	7.01	1	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	7.61	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	3.31	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	1.96	1	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	15.32	61	28	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
plaunotol plaunotol: RN refers to (Z,E,E)-isomer. plaunotol : A diterpenoid that is geranylgeraniol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 18.	2.02	1	0	diterpenoid; primary alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	2.88	4	0	stilbenoid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	5.69	10	2	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	phosphatidylglycerol
11-ketotestosterone 11-ketotestosterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 11-oxotestosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is testosterone carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 11.	2.04	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	8.77	3	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	3.5	2	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.42	2	0
9,11-linoleic acid 9,11-linoleic acid: a conjugated dienoic linoleate (CLA); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline. (9E,11E)-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid having 9-trans,11-trans-stereochemistry.	2.21	1	0	octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antiatherogenic agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human metabolite
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.	2.02	1	0	ketone; prostaglandins Falpha	metabolite
2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin f1alpha 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha: formed from 6-keto-PGF1alpha by Mycobacterium rhodochrous; RN given refers to (1R-(1alph,2beta(1E,3S*)))-isomer; structure given in first source. 2,3-dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin F1alpha lacking two methylenes in the carboxyalkyl chain and bearing an oxo group at the 6-position.	3.42	1	1	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	6.18	18	2	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide: 5-HPETE is used inconsistently in literature as syn for cpds with various tetraene locants; RN given refers to (6,8,11,14)-isomer; RN in CA Vol 91 Form Index for (E,Z,Z,Z)-isomer: 70968-82-0; RN for (5,8,11,13)-isomer: 71133-12-5; in Merck, arachidonic acid is the (5,8,11,14)-isomer. 5-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 5.	1.96	1	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	6.01	8	1	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	4.35	5	0
codeine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.15	1	0	hydrochloride
tetrachlorvinphos Tetrachlorvinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. It has low mammalian toxicity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.03	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
3-amino-1-methyl-5h-pyrido(4,3-b)indole 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole: structure	1.96	1	0	pyridoindole
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	7.06	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	2.82	2	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.69	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	2.76	3	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	7.01	1	0	cyclodextrin
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	4.14	4	0	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cerium cholesteryl linoleate: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. cholesteryl linoleate : The (9Z,12Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadeca-9,12-dienoate.	1.97	1	0	CE(18:2); cholesteryl octadeca-9,12-dienoate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	3.48	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	8.34	7	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.	2.03	1	0	prostaglandins J	electrophilic reagent; insulin-sensitizing drug; metabolite
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	1.99	1	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	1.98	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	2.31	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.21	1	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
su 11248 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	10.39	3	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	15.52	487	3	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	10.61	62	2	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	3.07	5	0
13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z)-isomer; RN for unspecified isomer not in Chemline 8/12/83. 13-HPODE : An HPODE (hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroperoxy group is at position 13.	2	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	2.02	1	0	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.38	2	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	8.9	88	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	5.73	27	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	7.64	44	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
triphenyltin triphenyltin: triphenyltin derivatives widely used as pesticides; all of first source is triphenyltin cpds	2.41	1	0
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	6.87	53	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	11.29	85	3	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
ethylmorphine Ethylmorphine: A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function.	2.65	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	7.71	54	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	8.81	48	1	metal atom; pnictogen
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	6.74	25	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	18.65	859	7	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
manganite [no description available]	2.17	1	0
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	8.38	89	0	boron group element atom
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	13.88	68	1	boron group element atom
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	7.13	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	14.46	462	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	3.35	7	0	azoxy compound
methyl oleate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester
plastoquinone [no description available]	6.93	1	0	plastoquinone
ajoene ajoene: major antiplatelet compound in methanol extract of garlic; also inhibits trypanothione reductase.	2.17	1	0	sulfoxide
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	4.76	2	1	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	7.36	2	0
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.43	2	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	9.24	25	1	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
seleninic acid [no description available]	2.88	4	0	selenium oxoacid
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	14.27	360	2	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	2.72	3	0	thyronine
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	10.33	64	1	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	13.46	142	3	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	9.67	54	1	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	2.71	3	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	5.98	8	1
4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone 4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone: from Streptomyces sp OH-1049; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	isoflavones
sarcodictyin a sarcodictyin A: structure in first source	3.1	1	0
monodehydroascorbate semidehydroascorbic acid: structure	3.56	2	0	organic radical	mouse metabolite
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	4.44	7	0
cyanine dye 1 cyanine dye 1: RN given refers to iodide; structure	2.1	1	0
oxyfedrine Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	3.05	5	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	3.16	3	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
phenyldehydroalanine [no description available]	2.6	1	0
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.14	5	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
4,4'-dibenzamido-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-dibenzamido-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: anion transport inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.6	1	0
cinidon-ethyl Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.	2.15	1	0	ethyl ester; isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes	herbicide
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	3.46	8	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2.88	4	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	1.96	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	6.59	38	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.	15.54	449	2
methaneselenol methaneselenol: RN given refers to (75)Se-labeled cpd. methylselenol : An organoselenium compound that is a selenium analogue of methanol, comprising a methyl group covalently bound to a selenol group.	5.97	13	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	10.63	218	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
selenourea [no description available]	8.41	7	0
benzeneselenol benzeneselenol: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.67	10	0
polonium Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).	2.65	3	0	chalcogen; metal atom
radium Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.	4	3	0	alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	4.02	4	0
6-selenoguanosine 6-selenoguanosine: potential antineoplastic agent; analog of 6-thioguanosine with slightly superior therapeutic index; structure	3.05	5	0
3,3'-(1,4-naphthylidene)diproprionate 3,3'-(1,4-naphthylidene)diproprionate: RN given refers to the disodium salt	2.02	1	0
bis(methylmercuric)selenide bis(methylmercuric)selenide: formed by interaction of methylmercury & selenite	2.36	2	0
2-selenylbenzanilide 2-selenylbenzanilide: structure given in first source; metabolite of ebselen	1.98	1	0
5-((methylamino)methyl)-2-selenouridine 5-((methylamino)methyl)-2-selenouridine: naturally occurring nucleotide in bacterial tRNAs; structure given in first source	3.36	7	0
6-selenoguanine 6-selenoguanine: analog of 6-thioguanine with superior therapeutic index & lower toxicity; structure	7.39	2	0
selenocyanic acid [no description available]	3.64	9	0	organic radical
mevalonolactone mevalonolactone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. mevalonolactone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-mevalonolactone and (S)-mevalonolactone.	2.07	1	0	4-hydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-one	fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.11	1	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.9	4	0	amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol [no description available]	1.94	1	0
ferrous fumarate ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt	1.97	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	7.68	3	0	azoxy compound
bambermycins Bambermycins: Antibiotic complex obtained from Streptomyces bambergiensis containing mainly Moenomycins A and C. They are used as feed additives and growth promoters for poultry, swine, and cattle.	3.59	1	1
dolichol monophosphate mannose Dolichol Monophosphate Mannose: A lipophilic glycosyl carrier of the monosaccharide mannose in the biosynthesis of oligosaccharide phospholipids and glycoproteins.	1.96	1	0
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.11	1	0
citreoviridin citreoviridin: formed from Penicillium toxicarium, Penicillium citeoviride; Penicillium ochrosalmoneum on rice during storage	7.21	1	0	2-pyranones
vitamin a2 vitamin A2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinol : A retinoid derived from 3,4-desaturation of the beta-ionone ring of all-trans-retinol.	2.6	1	0	retinoid; vitamin A	human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.	3.5	8	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
myxothiazol myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.	2.05	1	0
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.21	1	0	phosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine 1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylserine: RN given in first source; RN given refers to (R-(Z,Z))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/90. 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl L-serine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.. phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1) : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are octadecenoyl groups.	2.21	1	0	phosphatidylserine(18:1/18:1)	mouse metabolite
13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid: RN given refers to (Z,Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/91	1.98	1	0
isopentenol isopentenol : An enol that is 3-methylbut-1-ene in which one of the terminal hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	enol
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	7.25	1	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
ubichromenol [no description available]	6.93	1	0
salacinol salacinol: a sulfated thiosugar from Salacia reticulata (CELASTRACEAE); structure in first source	7.03	1	0
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	1.95	1	0
manganese phosphate manganese phosphate: a reddish-white fine crystalline powder relatively insoluble in water	7.6	1	0
glucoerucin glucoerucin: structure in first source. glucoerucin : A thia-alkylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 5-(methylsulfanyl)-N-(sulfooxy)pentanimidoyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	2.6	1	0	organic sulfide; thia-alkylglucosinolic acid
beta-escin [no description available]	4.36	7	0
glucoraphanin glucoraphanin: precursor of sulforaphane. glucoraphanin : A thia-glucosinolic acid that is glucoerucin in which the sulfur atom of the methyl thioether group has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide.	7.99	4	0	sulfoxide; thia-alkylglucosinolic acid
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.21	1	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	7.88	4	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
lactacystin [no description available]	2	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	1.97	1	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	5.87	6	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.82	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
bentiromide bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.	3.06	1	0	dipeptide	diagnostic agent; indicator; reagent
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.21	1	0	borneol
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.02	1	0	ammonium ion derivative
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	7.41	1	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	1.95	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bacteriochlorin bacteriochlorin: structure in first source. bacteriochlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of two pyrrole and two reduced pyrrole units connected by methine linkages, where the two reduced pyrroles are located diagonally opposite one another.	2.21	1	0
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.37	2	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.46	2	0
ferrihydrite ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O	8.03	4	0
gw 501516 GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source. GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	carcinogenic agent; PPARbeta/delta agonist
pachastrissamine pachastrissamine: a cytotoxic anhydrophytosphingosine from a marine sponge, Pachastrissa sp. ; structure in first source	7.06	1	0
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	4.9	1	1	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.6	1	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
knk 437 KNK 437: inhibits thermotolerance acquisition and heat shock protein induction in colon carcinoma cells; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
ytterbium trichloride ytterbium trichloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. ytterbium(III) chloride : The trichloride salt of ytterbium(III).	1.96	1	0	inorganic chloride	NMR shift reagent
nu 7026 2-(morpholin-4-yl)benzo(h)chromen-4-one: a radiosensitizing agent that inhibits DNA-dependent protein kinase; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	8.41	54	2	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	7.41	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	2.07	1	0	diterpenoid
zeolites [no description available]	2.42	2	0
3-iodothyronamine 3-iodothyronamine: a thyroid hormone derivative that may be involved in a fast response signaling pathway; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether
ubiquinol ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.	4.67	3	2	polyprenylhydroquinone; ubiquinol	biomarker; metabolite
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	3.79	10	0
selenobetaine selenobetaine: structure given in first source	2.89	4	0
methionine sulfoxide methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.	9.37	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-methionine S-oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	4.08	4	0
cystathionine Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.	3.21	6	0	cysteine derivative
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	2.05	1	0
vitamin u Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.47	2	0	methyl-L-methionine; sulfonium betaine
pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid) pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid): structure in first source	7.03	1	0
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate: has antiparasitic activity; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
trans-sodium crocetinate trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma	2.07	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	8.02	4	0
telluromethionine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	1.94	1	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.89	4	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	3.04	1	0	nystatins
marizomib marizomib: a proteasome inhibitor from a marine bacterium Salinospora; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	beta-lactone; gamma-lactam; organic heterobicyclic compound; organochlorine compound; salinosporamide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
mitoquinone mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity	3.25	1	0
penthiopyrad penthiopyrad: a fungicide. penthiopyrad : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-penthiopyrad. Used to control rust and Rhizoctonia diseases and also shows activity against grey mould, powdery mildew and apple scab.. 1-methyl-N-[2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-thienyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)thiophen-3-amine.	7.41	1	0	aromatic amide; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; thiophenes
sodium selenosulfate [no description available]	7.91	4	0
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	2.31	1	0
chlorophyll b [no description available]	2.77	3	0	chlorophyll	cofactor
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	1.97	1	0
ponkoranol ponkoranol: isolated from the plant Salacia reticulata; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	5.33	7	2
granite granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite	2.9	3	0	triazolopyrimidines
n-acetylmannosamine N-acetylmannosamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. N-acetylmannosamine : Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent	1.98	1	0
doramectin [no description available]	7.25	1	0	macrolide
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	3.23	1	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.24	6	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	6.07	8	1
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate: (L)-isomer is the biologically active form; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.25	1	0	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.96	4	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.72	3	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2.91	4	0
n-monoacetylcystine N-monoacetylcystine: antidote for paracetamol poisoning	3.17	1	0
arabinofuranosyluracil Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.	1.95	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	3.06	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	3.05	1	0
neanthine neanthine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.36	2	0
vpm chloride VPM chloride: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.48	2	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	4.31	20	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	3.04	4	0
m-trifluoromethyl-diphenyl diselenide m-trifluoromethyl-diphenyl diselenide: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
o-methylthymidine O-methylthymidine: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer	1.97	1	0
aflatoxin g1 aflatoxin G1: RN given refers to (7aR-cis)-isomer & is from 9th CI Form Index	2.03	1	0
ptaquiloside ptaquiloside: a norsesquiterpene from bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum); not a pteridine; can be activated to alkylate DNA	7.77	3	0
curcumol [no description available]	4.9	1	1	sesquiterpenoid
diphenylmethyl selenocyanate diphenylmethyl selenocyanate: an anticarcinogenenic agent; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
jaw [no description available]	8.22	6	0	indolecarboxamide
adriamycin aglycone adriamycin aglycone: RN given refers to (8S-cis)-isomer	6.98	1	0
arsenopyrite arsenopyrite: structure given in first source. arsenopyrite : A sulfide mineral with formula AsFeS. It is the most abundant and widespread arsenic mineral.	2.44	2	0
s-adenosylethionine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	13.44	28	1	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-biotinoyl-n'-iodoacetylethylenediamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	5.39	17	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	6.6	29	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.37	2	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	4.9	1	1	tannin
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.6	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	4.24	3	0
cobrotoxin Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins: Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.	2	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	4.94	12	0	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	6.98	1	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2.42	2	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	5.29	3	1
oligonucleotides [no description available]	4.11	15	0
anticodon Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.	4.17	5	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	2.42	2	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	5.36	17	0	glycoside
perovskite calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.	2.15	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	7.55	2	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.93	13	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	1.99	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	11.96	51	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	3.41	1	1	organotin acaricide
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	1.96	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.36	2	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	16.57	101	32
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	5.09	8	0
19-iodocholesterol 19-Iodocholesterol: 19-Iodocholest-5-en-3 beta-ol. A cholesterol derivative usually substituted with radioactive iodine in the 19 position. The compound is an adrenal cortex scanning agent used in the assessment of patients suspected of having Cushing's syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma and adrenal remnants following total adrenalectomy.	7.37	2	0
6-iodomethylcholesterol 6-iodomethylcholesterol: RN given refers to (123)I-labeled cpd (3 beta,6 beta)-isomer	1.96	1	0
2-selenouridine [no description available]	3.03	4	0
chitosan [no description available]	9.79	78	3
technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.	3.23	1	0
zinc methionine [no description available]	3.97	2	1
potassium borohydride [no description available]	2.43	2	0
2,6-bis(4-aminophenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)thiopyrylium 2,6-bis(4-aminophenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)thiopyrylium: structure given in first source; RN given refers to chloride	2.7	3	0
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2 15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2	2.54	2	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	1.97	1	0	organosulfonic acid
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.88	4	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
wr 77913 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
sodium tetradecyl sulfate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	7.67	3	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	7.02	1	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	2.52	2	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
merocyanine dye merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure	2.9	4	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.6	1	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	3.5	2	0
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	1.94	1	0
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	1.98	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.11	1	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.82	2	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	9.08	30	2	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4'-selenouridine 4'-selenouridine: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
arabinogalactan [no description available]	4.46	4	1
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	1.95	1	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	7.1	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	4.11	16	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	3.28	5	0	BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	2.4	2	0
mannans [no description available]	8.54	7	0
emd1214063 tepotinib: MET inhibitor	2.6	1	0
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	7.99	4	0
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.86	4	0
adenosine diphosphate glucose Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose: Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.. ADP alpha-D-glucoside(2-) : A nucleotide-sugar oxoanion resutling from the deprotonation of both free OH groups of the diphosphate group of ADP alpha-D-glucoside.	2	1	0	NDP-alpha-D-glucose(2-); ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate-alpha-D-glucose(2-)	human metabolite
triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.	5.18	6	2	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
glycolipids [no description available]	4.06	4	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.4	2	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	9.02	13	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	10.45	4	1
tylosin [no description available]	6.98	1	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.8	3	0
endrin Endrin: An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the United States. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). endrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of isodrin. It is the endo, endo stereoisomer of dieldrin. It is an insecticide mainly used on field crops such as cotton and grains and has also been used as a rodenticide to control mice and voles. The product is banned in many countries since it is a persistent organic pollutant.	1.97	1	0
opium oxychlordane: metabolite of chlordan more toxic to mammals than parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	oxanes
methylmalonyl-coenzyme a [no description available]	1.96	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	1.95	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	2.44	2	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	7.31	6	4	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	7.41	22	1
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.76	10	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	2.37	2	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	22.48	586	89	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
coumermycin coumermycin: RN given refers to coumermycin A1; structure. coumermycin A1 : A hydroxycoumarin antibiotic that is obtained from Streptomyces rishiriensis and exhibits potent antibacterial and anticancer activity.	1.97	1	0	aromatic amide; coumarins; glycoside; heteroarenecarboxylate ester; pyrroles	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	1.97	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	4.76	10	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	7.68	3	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	4.97	9	1	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.36	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	7.75	3	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	10.04	13	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0	fatty acid ester
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	3.34	1	1
chrome azurol s chrome azurol S: reagent for beryllium determination spectrophotometrically	7.15	1	0
copper indium diselenide [no description available]	5.64	23	0
betalains Betalains: Compounds derived from TYROSINE via betalamic acid, including BETAXANTHINS and BETACYANINS. They are found in the Caryophyllales order of PLANTS and some BASIDIOMYCETES.	2.6	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	7.63	27	1
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	3.45	1	1
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.41	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	3.85	11	0
lead radioisotopes Lead Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.	1.97	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	12.29	18	1
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	6.57	10	0
phosphatidylethanol phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.	2.01	1	0
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	9.33	4	1
pyrethrins [no description available]	3.93	11	0
globotriaosylceramide globotriaosylceramide: receptor for Shigella. alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide : A glycotriaosylceramide having alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl component attached to the primary hydroxy function of a ceramide with undefined sphingoid base.	7.13	1	0
macranthoidin b [no description available]	2.6	1	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	2.6	1	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	9.26	19	0
arsenic trisulfide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
glutaminase [no description available]	2.21	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	8.64	8	0
chromium dioxide chromium dioxide: magnetic particles used as solid support in immunoassay	2	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	4.82	34	0
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.	1.95	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.64	3	0
tetraphenylporphine tetraphenylporphyrin: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
selenoneine selenoneine: isolated from the blood of bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis; structure in first source. selenoneine : A histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine substituted by a selenoxo group at position 2 on the imidazole ring. A selenium-containing antioxidant found in tuna blood.	3.86	10	0
carubicin Carubicin: A very toxic anthracycline-type antineoplastic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata.. carminomycin(1+) : An anthracyline cation that is the conjugate acid of carminomycin, obtained by protonation of the amino group.	1.97	1	0	anthracycline cation
2-hydroxy-4-methylselenobutanoic acid 2-hydroxy-4-methylselenobutanoic acid: structure in first source	5.45	7	2
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.87	4	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	4.44	20	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
aqua regia aqua regia: mixture of hydrochloric & nitric acids	7.48	2	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	2.08	1	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	1.97	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
ferric oxide, saccharated Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.	3.51	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.65	3	0
alpha-cobratoxin alpha-cobratoxin: fron Naja nigricollis	2	1	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	2.08	1	0
feldspar feldspar: structure	2.05	1	0
oridonin [no description available]	7.15	1	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	7.07	38	0
ht-2 toxin HT-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin.	7.15	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	14.27	85	5
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.67	3	0
ecallantide ecallantide: an NSAID and analgesic	2.02	1	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	2.37	2	0
sermorelin Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).	2.21	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.73	3	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	6.62	9	1
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	4.97	4	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	6.34	6	1
ettringite ettringite: synthesis of ettringite from acid wastewaters of the aluminium anodising industry is a possible route of reducing the emissions to the environment, recovering at the same time resource materials as a useful marketable mineral	2.42	2	0
n-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosan N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosan: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	3.11	4	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	7.36	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	5.52	16	1
nedaplatin nedaplatin: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.58	2	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	3.71	10	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	3.16	5	0
lupane lupane: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.	1.96	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	3.89	2	1	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	2.01	1	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	3.08	5	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	7.55	37	4	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.5	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	1.97	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.38	7	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	3.84	12	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	3.97	14	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	3.61	9	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.41	2	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	3.77	3	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2.25	1	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	16.76	126	16	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
7-methylguanine 7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.	1.96	1	0	7-methylguanine
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	3.93	11	0
neopterin [no description available]	2.71	3	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	5.72	3	1	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	5.6	5	1	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.07	1	0	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	3.48	1	1	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	2.13	1	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	11.27	28	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
9-methylguanine 9-methylguanine: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	1.94	1	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	7.41	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.66	2	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.9	4	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	3.99	14	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
5,10,15,20-tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin: structure in first source; tumor localizer; do not confuse with THPP	2.08	1	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	12.48	34	4	guanosines	biomarker
clozapine n-oxide clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	dibenzodiazepine
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	2.76	2	0
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	2.06	1	0
alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-n-tert-butylnitrone alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone: structure given in first source	2	1	0
carthamine carthamine: composed of two chalcones; from Carthamus tinctorius; the conjugated bonds cause a red color; derived from precarthamin by a decarboxylase; do not confuse with carthamidin	2.05	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
molybdenum cofactor molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.	4.02	4	0	Mo-molybdopterin cofactor; organophosphate oxoanion
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	2.37	2	0
eye [no description available]	6.79	19	0
fructooligosaccharide [no description available]	3.41	1	1	oligosaccharide
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	2.03	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.88	12	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	10.22	95	0
factor 420 factor 420: isolated from Methanobacterium strain MOH; mol Wt. about 630; can serve as electron carrier; involved in NADP-linked hydrogenase system	1.96	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.38	2	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	3.22	6	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	6.15	11	1
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.48	8	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.38	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	4.09	10	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	4.09	10	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	11.21	24	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	12.67	74	5
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	6.21	24	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	12.67	74	5
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	13.98	97	5
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	7.48	48	1
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	7.48	48	1
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	17.13	137	1
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	9.05	26	10
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	19.25	284	22
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	9.6	20	6
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	19.25	284	22
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	9.6	20	6
Equine Diseases [description not available]	9.63	65	1
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	6.35	10	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	7.19	20	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	11.79	45	4
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	16.11	113	14
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	21.11	113	14
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	12.19	20	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	11.79	45	4
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	23.02	398	99
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	23.02	398	99
Astheno Teratozoospermia [description not available]	5.07	4	2
Sterility, Male [description not available]	11.08	54	5
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	11.08	54	5
Preterm Birth [description not available]	7.24	10	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	22.04	1,082	75
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	7.24	10	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	16.28	210	6
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	16.28	210	6
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	5.66	10	2
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	12.91	124	8
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	4.28	4	0
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	2.72	2	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	3.53	8	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	3.53	8	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	5.84	21	1
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	5.84	21	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	9.69	24	2
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	13.81	86	7
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	13.81	86	7
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	9.69	24	2
HPV Infection [description not available]	4.1	5	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	4.1	5	0
Muscle Pain [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	4.62	1	1
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	9.62	1	1
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	3.79	3	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	14.44	22	2
ADDH [description not available]	7.99	14	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	10.51	66	3
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	7.99	14	1
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	8.79	3	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	23.05	657	40
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	10.96	33	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	23.05	657	40
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	19.4	188	36
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	4.49	4	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	5.47	15	1
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	9.57	26	1
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	7.34	39	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	9.57	26	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	9.23	98	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	9.23	98	1
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	3.03	4	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	10.23	130	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	6.33	38	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	5.23	18	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	6.33	38	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	5.23	18	0
Diathesis [description not available]	12.72	61	2
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	10.8	25	3
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	5.24	6	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	10.8	25	3
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	14.63	287	5
Weight Reduction [description not available]	5.89	12	2
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	10.99	47	6
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	10.89	12	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	15.68	134	16
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	10.01	74	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	20.68	134	16
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	10.01	74	1
High T4 Syndrome [description not available]	7.05	11	1
Euthyroid Sick Syndromes Conditions of abnormal THYROID HORMONES release in patients with apparently normal THYROID GLAND during severe systemic illness, physical TRAUMA, and psychiatric disturbances. It can be caused by the loss of endogenous hypothalamic input or by exogenous drug effects. The most common abnormality results in low T3 THYROID HORMONE with progressive decrease in THYROXINE; (T4) and TSH. Elevated T4 with normal T3 may be seen in diseases in which THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN synthesis and release are increased.	7.05	11	1
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	10.1	10	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	16.48	271	12
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	15.64	97	17
Malnourishment [description not available]	13.9	90	5
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	18.9	90	5
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	5.07	15	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	5.07	15	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	10.31	28	4
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	3.96	10	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	3.8	9	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	3.8	9	0
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.	2.41	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	8.51	62	0
Kashin-Beck Disease Disabling osteochondrodysplasia with OSTEOSCLEROSIS, cone-shaped METAPHYSIS, and shortening of the DIAPHYSIS. It is endemic in parts of Siberia and northern China. Mineral deficiencies (e.g., selenium, iodine), fungal cereal contamination, and water contamination may be contributing factors in its etiology.	11.01	79	1
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	8.58	24	3
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	8.58	24	3
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	6.15	8	4
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	6.15	8	4
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	5.51	11	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	5.51	11	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	7.74	35	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	12.74	35	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	10.86	35	7
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	10.86	35	7
Dermatoses [description not available]	14.04	28	2
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	9.04	28	2
Cirrhosis [description not available]	14.05	29	2
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	9.05	29	2
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	16.39	593	25
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	6.71	19	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	10.78	14	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	9.5	22	1
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	9.14	33	4
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	9.14	33	4
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	11.63	57	3
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	11.63	57	3
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System Injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. Two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD) and adults (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ADULT). In children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. In adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy.	2.41	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	10.18	57	7
Debility [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	5.62	5	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	12.07	62	7
Cancer of Head [description not available]	8.4	16	3
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	5.62	5	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	12.07	62	7
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	8.4	16	3
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	12.68	76	3
Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumors [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	10.95	94	2
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	5.34	6	2
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	4.78	11	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	10.95	94	2
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	5.34	6	2
Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous The most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. It is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade.	2.31	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	13.47	98	7
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	15.37	92	14
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	13.47	98	7
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	20.37	92	14
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	13	74	8
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	7.63	13	2
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	13	74	8
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	7.63	13	2
Sterility, Female [description not available]	11	35	4
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	11	35	4
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	10.34	3	1
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	10.34	3	1
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	7.93	4	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	6.95	105	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	3.21	6	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	2.93	4	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	12.04	51	4
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	12.04	51	4
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	4.04	13	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	4.04	13	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	8.25	6	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	3.25	6	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.59	2	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	15.45	90	13
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	11.24	68	7
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	15.45	90	13
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	11.24	68	7
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	12.43	99	2
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	14.86	180	6
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	12.43	99	2
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	14.86	180	6
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	7.44	20	1
Kahler Disease [description not available]	5.4	10	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	7.44	20	1
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	5.4	10	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	4.48	8	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	11.29	62	3
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	4.48	8	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	7.7	10	3
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	7.7	10	3
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	13.12	70	7
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	17.63	49	4
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	13.12	70	7
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	17.63	49	4
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	8.79	33	1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	8.79	33	1
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	5.2	49	0
Hemorrhagic Stroke Stroke due to rupture of a weakened blood vessel in the brain (e.g., CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES; CEREBELLUM; SUBARACHNOID SPACE).	3.33	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	7.81	3	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.59	2	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	9.79	21	7
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	2.47	2	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	10.09	31	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	10.09	31	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	11.44	60	4
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	9.71	39	4
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	11.36	135	2
chronic COVID syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	10.2	24	3
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	10.2	24	3
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	9	29	4
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	17.51	115	26
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	12.32	47	5
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	9	29	4
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	17.51	115	26
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	4.64	9	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	9.64	9	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.76	10	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	14.17	42	9
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	14.17	42	9
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	13.46	78	9
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	5.2	11	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	13.46	78	9
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	5.2	11	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	9.3	27	4
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	9.3	27	4
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	8.51	20	1
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	8.51	20	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	14.66	24	3
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	9.66	24	3
Generalized Resistance to Thyroid Hormone [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	4.35	3	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	11.39	55	1
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	4.35	3	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	10.29	46	3
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	10.72	55	2
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	10.29	46	3
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	15.89	25	2
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	15.89	25	2
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	5.47	5	1
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	5.47	5	1
Hair Diseases Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.	3.22	6	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	6.18	12	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	6.18	12	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	8.08	37	1
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	8.08	37	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	5.68	30	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	5.68	30	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	7.59	48	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	7.59	48	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	11.99	35	6
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	5.11	18	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	11.99	35	6
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	12.65	59	6
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	12.65	59	6
Autism [description not available]	6.14	10	1
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	6.14	10	1
Bruise [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	2.41	1	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	6.75	7	1
Acrania [description not available]	4.46	8	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	4.46	8	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	9.67	150	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	9.67	150	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	2.69	2	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	4.18	6	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	4.18	6	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	3.38	6	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	3.38	6	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	8.81	15	3
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	4.25	5	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	14.45	54	10
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	14.45	54	10
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	7.03	18	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	7.03	18	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	4.6	24	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	4.6	24	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	7.01	9	1
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	7.01	9	1
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	9.52	43	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	9.08	30	1
Atheroma [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	9.08	30	1
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	2.89	4	0
Avian Flu [description not available]	3.2	4	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	3.2	4	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	9.75	47	2
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	9.75	47	2
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	10.41	25	6
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	17.09	94	16
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	10.41	25	6
Hansen Disease [description not available]	3.6	2	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	8.6	2	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	8.56	22	3
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	8.53	21	2
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	8.53	21	2
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.41	1	0
Manganese Poisoning Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)	5.87	9	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	11.8	54	3
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	11.8	54	3
Latent Tuberculosis The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.	2.6	1	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	12.38	17	1
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	7.38	17	1
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	7.64	18	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	7.64	18	1
Aura [description not available]	7.46	27	1
Lassitude [description not available]	8.23	14	5
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	7.46	27	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	8.23	14	5
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	6.17	21	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	6.17	21	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	2.96	3	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	6.25	7	2
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	2.96	3	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	6.25	7	2
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	11.76	36	5
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	11.76	36	5
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	7.76	37	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	7.76	37	1
Microphthalmia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	13.16	83	6
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	8.7	21	1
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	8.7	21	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	13.38	204	7
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	3.08	5	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	6.29	9	1
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	6.29	9	1
Bunyaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BUNYAVIRIDAE.	2.41	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	10.23	15	7
Thrombopenia [description not available]	6.77	17	0
Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome A tick-borne infection with SEVERE FEVER WITH THROMBOCYTOPENIA SYNDROME BUNYAVIRUS of the genus Phlebovirus. It is associated with fever, THROMBOCYTOPENIA; LEUKOCYTOPENIA, and multiorgan dysfunction. It is found in parts of Asia including China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam and can be transmitted from infected domestic animals and humans.	7.41	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	10.23	15	7
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	6.77	17	0
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	5.12	2	1
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	5.88	10	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	13.04	65	6
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	13.04	65	6
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	13.15	62	1
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	4.15	5	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	4.15	5	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	6.19	11	3
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	6.19	11	3
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	15.75	63	15
Kidney Stones [description not available]	8.43	7	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	3.43	7	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	4.3	3	1
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	4.3	3	1
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	7.89	38	0
Heavy Metal Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.	6.04	47	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	12.89	38	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	6.42	29	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	4.61	10	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	4.61	10	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	4.14	13	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	4.14	13	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	10.36	30	8
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	10.36	30	8
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	8.73	3	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	3.04	4	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	2.55	2	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	7.25	22	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	7.25	22	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	8.73	22	4
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	8.73	22	4
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	9.29	9	1
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	9.29	9	1
Astrocytosis [description not available]	3.68	2	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	5.45	5	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	5.45	5	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	5.36	10	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	2.41	1	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	2.41	1	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	7.3	20	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	7.3	20	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	3.16	5	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	3.1	5	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	12.81	79	10
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	12.81	79	10
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	11.89	26	7
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	11.89	26	7
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	8.89	4	0
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome [description not available]	3.8	1	1
Lennox Gastaut Syndrome A childhood-onset epilepsy syndrome.	3.8	1	1
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	4.61	27	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	8.03	22	1
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	7.48	15	2
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	15.26	158	8
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	7.48	15	2
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	15.26	158	8
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	8.49	18	1
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	8.49	18	1
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	5.23	5	2
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	2.93	3	0
Maternal Obesity [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Ache [description not available]	8.05	20	5
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	8.05	20	5
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	2.6	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	5.12	2	1
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	10.06	27	4
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	7.43	15	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	12.16	147	3
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	7.43	15	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	5.86	12	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	10.86	12	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	14.02	117	4
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	14.02	117	4
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	10.77	33	7
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	10.77	33	7
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	7.36	17	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	7.36	17	0
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	9.91	84	0
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	2.71	3	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	9.91	84	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	11.94	10	3
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	6.99	6	2
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	6.99	6	2
Pericementitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	12.4	64	10
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	12.4	64	10
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	13.97	186	2
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	13.97	186	2
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	8.21	4	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	3.21	4	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	5.37	14	0
Aspiration, Meconium [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Acute Q Fever [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	5.37	13	1
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.	2.41	1	0
Orchitis Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	2.39	2	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	8.3	3	0
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	3.3	3	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	4.33	6	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	2.73	3	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	5.05	6	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	5.05	6	0
Disseminated Fungal Infection [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	6.07	18	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	4.19	6	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	4.19	6	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	9.01	54	1
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	9.01	54	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	11.93	185	2
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	11.93	185	2
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	6.46	7	2
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	7.17	30	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	6.38	14	1
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	6.38	14	1
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	5.47	4	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	5.84	6	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	5.46	8	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	5.84	6	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	5.46	8	0
Body-Weight Trajectory A general pattern of body weight gain or loss over many years. Weight change trajectory is influenced by several determinants in children and adults.	3.33	4	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	5.21	7	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	5.21	7	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	11.22	66	6
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	11.22	66	6
Post-Natal Depression [description not available]	6.52	9	1
Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)	6.52	9	1
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	2.5	2	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	2.41	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	6.68	7	3
Bleb [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	6.47	5	3
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	4.73	2	1
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	4.72	2	1
Paratyphoid Fever A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.	4.71	2	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	9.21	27	3
Low Back Ache [description not available]	4.72	1	1
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	7.67	12	3
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	4.72	1	1
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	6.47	5	3
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	4.72	1	1
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	4.73	2	1
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	9.21	27	3
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	4.72	1	1
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	6.68	7	3
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	4.72	1	1
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	2.93	3	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.49	2	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	4.13	4	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	4.13	4	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	5.35	12	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	5.35	12	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	5.21	12	1
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	5.21	12	1
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	4.62	5	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	4.62	5	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	8.06	18	1
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	8.06	18	1
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	3.69	10	0
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	2.59	2	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	6.08	21	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	6.08	21	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	2.59	2	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	10.28	35	7
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	10.28	35	7
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.6	1	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	5.39	10	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	8.19	58	2
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	8.19	58	2
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	5.33	12	1
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	5.92	17	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	5.92	17	0
Tetraploid [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	5.3	9	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	8.49	8	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	5.3	9	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	3.49	8	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	3.99	1	1
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	3.99	1	1
Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral An autosomal dominant degenerative muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm, and shoulder girdle. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. Affected individuals usually present with impairment of upper extremity elevation. This tends to be followed by facial weakness, primarily involving the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (Neuromuscul Disord 1997;7(1):55-62; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1420)	2.6	1	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	3.55	2	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	3.55	2	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	6.28	13	1
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.28	13	1
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	3.1	5	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	7.74	3	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	10.88	24	5
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	10.88	24	5
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	10.88	29	6
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	10.88	29	6
Severe Acute Malnutrition Acute form of MALNUTRITION which usually affects children, characterized by a very low weight for height (below -3z scores of the median World Health Organization standards), visible severe wasting, or occurrence of nutritional EDEMA. It can be a direct or indirect cause of fatality in children suffering from DIARRHEA and PNEUMONIA. Do not confuse with starvation, a condition in which the body is not getting enough food, usually for extended periods of time.	7.6	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.72	2	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	3.24	6	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	4.16	3	1
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	9.16	3	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	7.65	25	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	10.74	24	7
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	7.65	25	1
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	7.16	21	1
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	7.16	21	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	5.11	17	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	5.11	17	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	2.6	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	4.08	3	1
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	4.18	3	1
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	4.18	3	1
Joint Pain [description not available]	8.99	1	1
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	3.99	1	1
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	5.19	8	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	5.19	8	0
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	9.9	4	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	6.67	30	2
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	5.4	5	1
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	11.67	30	2
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	10.4	5	1
Dental Fluoroses [description not available]	4.98	8	0
Fluorosis, Dental A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)	4.98	8	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	6.3	27	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	2.6	1	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	2.46	2	0
Deficiency, IgA [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	6.31	5	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	6.31	5	1
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.39	2	0
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	7.39	2	0
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	7.6	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	9.04	10	2
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	9.04	10	2
Blue-Eared Pig Disease [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	8.81	27	1
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	8.81	27	1
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	2.6	1	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	4.11	3	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	4.45	3	1
Arthritis, Spinal [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Chloasma [description not available]	4.09	3	1
Melanosis Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease.	4.09	3	1
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	7.27	16	1
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	7.27	16	1
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	7.92	14	2
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	7.92	14	2
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	6.92	27	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	3.72	3	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	6.92	27	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	3.72	3	0
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	2.6	1	0
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	4.64	5	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	5.28	12	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	5.28	12	1
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	4.19	5	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	4.19	5	0
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	2.6	1	0
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	2.6	1	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	4.78	6	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	4.51	9	0
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	2.83	3	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	12.19	16	1
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.43	8	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	11.11	83	11
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	8.08	5	0
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	3.97	5	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	6.96	15	1
Canine Diseases [description not available]	7.66	33	2
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	5.02	9	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	5.02	9	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	17.86	270	14
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.9	3	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	7.1	10	1
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	12.1	10	1
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	9.83	116	0
MODS [description not available]	11.3	21	4
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	11.3	21	4
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	2.21	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	4.14	6	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	4.14	6	0
Albinism General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.	7.42	2	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	2.92	4	0
Anasarca [description not available]	5.91	24	1
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	10.91	24	1
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.59	2	0
Equine Strongyle Infections [description not available]	2.4	2	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	7.42	10	1
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Infection [description not available]	12.59	24	3
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	17.59	24	3
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	12.69	74	10
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	4.81	5	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	4.39	21	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	4.39	21	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	3.89	4	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	8.63	9	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	10.48	37	1
Anaplasma Infection [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	4.78	7	1
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	9.78	7	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	15.98	159	13
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	15.98	159	13
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	7.66	2	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	5.76	4	1
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	3.95	13	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	3.95	13	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	10.8	29	2
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	10.8	29	2
Harelip [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	2.72	3	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	3.09	5	0
Uterine Atony [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Dystocia Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.	7.49	2	0
Uterine Inertia Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.	7.25	1	0
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	3.64	1	1
Action Tremor [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	7.47	11	1
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	2.43	2	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	7.47	11	1
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	12.62	21	3
Infection, Wound [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	8.49	20	5
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	4.91	14	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	4.91	14	0
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	3.86	3	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	12.89	111	10
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	12.89	111	10
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	8.42	16	2
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	13.65	40	3
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	13.65	40	3
Dry Eye [description not available]	3.71	3	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	3.71	3	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	4.13	5	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	9.13	5	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	6.74	12	0
Alexia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.12	4	0
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	4.81	7	1
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	5.37	7	0
Lipedema Disorder of adipose tissue characterized by symmetric and bilateral enlargement of the lower extremities due to abnormal deposition of SUBCUTANEOUS FAT often in obese women. It is associated with HEMATOMA, pain and may progress to secondary LYMPHEDEMA which is known as lipolymphedema.	7.25	1	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	5.37	7	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	3.38	7	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	13.28	158	6
Stunted Growth [description not available]	8.58	22	1
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	8.58	22	1
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	5.58	5	1
Black Death [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	2.39	2	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	5.45	10	0
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	9.53	2	2
Corridor Disease [description not available]	3.7	1	1
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	6.08	11	3
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	6.08	11	3
Xeroderma [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Child Malnutrition Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	3.45	7	0
Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.	2.31	1	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	2.74	3	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	8.1	10	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	5.1	5	2
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	5.1	5	2
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	7.59	2	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.59	2	0
White Muscle Disease A myodegeneration most frequent in calves and lambs whose dams have been fed during gestation or longer on feeds, especially legumes (FABACEAE), grown in certain areas where selenium is either deficient or unavailable in the soil. It has been recorded in many countries. It has been produced experimentally in several species of animals on low-selenium intake. A similar myopathy occurs naturally in goats, deer, foals, and dogs but proof of the etiology is lacking. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed)	7.26	46	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	4.43	8	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	4.43	8	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	10.39	5	1
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	6.54	10	2
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	5.39	5	1
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	6.54	10	2
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	3.17	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	14.25	482	1
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	10.44	8	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	10.44	8	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	3.21	5	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.21	5	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	12.19	12	1
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	7.19	12	1
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	5.74	14	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	10.11	28	4
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	10.11	28	4
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	3.3	6	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	6.03	3	3
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	6.03	3	3
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	4.02	2	1
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	4.49	9	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	4.49	9	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	8.51	87	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	2.57	2	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.31	1	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.26	7	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	2.31	1	0
Infections, Rhabdoviridae [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	4.36	4	1
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	4.36	4	1
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.31	1	0
Cretinism [description not available]	8.69	27	0
Endemic Goiter [description not available]	6.1	21	0
Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.	13.69	27	0
Autolysis, Dental Pulp [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Periodontitis, Acute Nonsuppurative [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Periapical Periodontitis Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.	2.31	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	4.84	7	1
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	2.61	2	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	7.31	1	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	10.52	8	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	12.09	12	1
Marasmus [description not available]	9.34	26	1
Acute Yellow Atrophy [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	9.34	26	1
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	3.94	2	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	8.94	2	1
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.25	1	0
DDPAC [description not available]	4.24	3	1
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	4.24	3	1
Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 Infection [description not available]	2.31	1	0
HTLV-I Infections Diseases caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.	2.31	1	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.25	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	5.11	3	1
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	5.11	3	1
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	3.17	1	0
Black Fever [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	8.11	12	1
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.7	3	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	8.11	12	1
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	8.11	4	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	5.57	9	2
Aortitis Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.	2.31	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	6.27	20	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	10.68	14	5
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	4.81	5	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	4.81	5	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	8.3	14	4
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	8.3	14	4
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	3.99	5	0
Gestational Weight Gain Increase in body weight of the mother during the course of her PREGNANCY.	2.66	2	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	4	5	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	4.48	5	1
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	4	5	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	9.48	5	1
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Ataxia Telangiectasia An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).	2.53	2	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	7.71	3	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	4.59	9	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	4.59	9	0
Metastase [description not available]	10.61	49	4
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	10.61	49	4
Genome Instability [description not available]	5.98	6	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	2.83	3	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.57	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.41	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.37	7	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	8.57	36	2
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	3.16	5	0
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.	7.72	2	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	4.23	6	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	4.23	6	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	5.2	4	1
Schistosoma japonicum Infection [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	6.49	7	1
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	6.49	7	1
Birnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.	2.44	2	0
Piscirickettsiaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family PISCIRICKETTSIACEAE, causing septicemic disease of salmonid fish (SALMONIDAE). Piscirickettsia-like bacteria are also associated with disease syndromes in non-salmonid fish.	2.31	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	8.41	7	0
Stomatitis, Denture Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.	2.6	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.31	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	6.87	5	2
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	6.87	5	2
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	4.83	2	1
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	9.83	2	1
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	4.54	5	0
Acute Mesenteric Arterial Embolus [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Pityriasis A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.26	7	0
Mumps An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)	3.17	1	0
Argyria A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.68	11	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	3.76	3	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	3.76	3	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	8.85	43	2
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	8.85	43	2
Bleeding [description not available]	3.91	13	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	3.94	13	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	3.91	13	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	6.06	13	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.79	3	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	6.85	30	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	7.55	23	1
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	7.55	23	1
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	4.74	7	0
Enteropathy, Exudative [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	4.74	7	0
Protein-Losing Enteropathies Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.39	2	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	4.45	3	0
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	4.45	3	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.06	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	4.45	3	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	8.01	14	1
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	8.01	14	1
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.57	2	0
Prodromal Characteristics [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	4.41	22	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	2.5	2	0
Abnormal Spermatozoa [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	10.17	64	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	8.12	111	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	10.17	64	0
Encephalopathy, Mercury [description not available]	4.59	9	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	5.21	4	1
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	5.21	4	1
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Aganglionic Megacolon [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hirschsprung Disease Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.	7.15	1	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.52	2	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	5.08	17	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	12.95	179	9
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	2.15	1	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	5.78	22	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	4.3	7	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	4.3	7	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	10.43	32	1
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	10.43	32	1
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	11.3	51	12
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	11.3	51	12
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	4.48	5	1
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	4.48	5	1
Breast Pain [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	4.29	4	1
Mastodynia Pain in the breast generally classified as cyclical (associated with menstrual periods), or noncyclical, i.e. originating from the breast or nearby muscles or joints, ranging from minor discomfort to severely incapacitating.	3.56	1	1
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	6.17	31	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	2.15	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	9.79	12	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	4.79	12	0
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	8.98	6	5
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	8.98	6	5
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	3.99	5	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	4.18	6	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	4.18	6	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	11.39	24	3
Metabolically Benign Obesity [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Congenital Hypocupremia [description not available]	5.37	6	0
Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome An inherited disorder of copper metabolism transmitted as an X-linked trait and characterized by the infantile onset of HYPOTHERMIA, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, SEIZURES, bony deformities, pili torti (twisted hair), and severely impaired intellectual development. Defective copper transport across plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes results in copper being unavailable for the synthesis of several copper containing enzymes, including PROTEIN-LYSINE 6-OXIDASE; CERULOPLASMIN; and SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. Pathologic changes include defects in arterial elastin, neuronal loss, and gliosis. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p125)	5.37	6	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	8.09	13	5
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	8.09	13	5
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	3.21	6	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	2.41	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	9.13	36	3
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	9.13	36	3
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	2.77	3	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	8.17	12	4
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	8.17	12	4
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	17.13	110	4
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	12.13	110	4
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	7.15	35	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	9.59	82	2
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	9.59	82	2
Asystole [description not available]	3.43	7	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	3.43	7	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	2.44	2	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.7	3	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	10.41	5	1
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	10.41	5	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	8.82	35	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	8.82	35	1
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	5.19	11	1
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	5.19	11	1
Thyroid Nodule A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).	9.53	5	1
Adenomatous Polyps Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	4.88	4	2
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	11	3	3
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	6.87	9	1
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	6.87	9	1
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	4.85	2	1
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.17	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	7.17	1	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	2.44	2	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	8.27	6	0
Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction A myocardial infarction that does not produce elevations in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. ST segment elevation of the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction).	2.17	1	0
CACH Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Anton Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	11.38	18	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	11.38	18	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	9.38	17	4
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	9.38	17	4
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	2.17	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	10.35	37	4
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY.	3.56	1	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	10.35	37	4
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.	3.56	1	1
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	2.5	2	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	3.75	11	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	3.75	11	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	3.56	9	0
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy [description not available]	8.36	7	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.21	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	7.73	3	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	7.21	1	0
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	2.17	1	0
Furcation Defects Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption.	2.17	1	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	2.21	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	2.21	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	5.13	18	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	3.32	2	0
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	3.8	2	1
Boils [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	3.86	4	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	3.28	6	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	2.44	2	0
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	2.21	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	11.82	28	4
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	13.06	64	8
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	18.06	64	8
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	7.33	9	1
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	7.33	9	1
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	8.48	8	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	2.21	1	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	5.3	4	1
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	10.3	4	1
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	4.16	3	1
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	4.16	3	1
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	3.85	12	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	4	2	1
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Placenta Increta Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.	2.41	2	0
Placenta Praevia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Placenta Accreta Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.	2.41	2	0
Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.	2.21	1	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.21	1	0
Non-communicable Chronic Diseases [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	4.91	4	2
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	9.91	4	2
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	2.48	2	0
Grippe [description not available]	8	6	2
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	8	6	2
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.4	2	0
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	2.42	2	0
Granulomas [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	7.65	3	0
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	3.38	2	0
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	2.39	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	8.28	6	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	13.09	40	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	8.09	40	1
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	2.1	1	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	3.7	10	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	8.43	8	4
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	8.43	8	4
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	7.68	3	0
Adenomatosis, Ovine Pulmonary [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	9.05	39	2
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Aphthae [description not available]	5.22	4	1
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	5.22	4	1
Achromatopsia Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.	2.08	1	0
Color Vision Defects Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.	2.08	1	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	2.11	1	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	3.14	5	0
ACL Injuries [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	4.51	5	1
Nodular Goiter [description not available]	9.3	7	0
Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.	4.3	7	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	2.42	2	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	7.55	11	2
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	7.55	11	2
Indigestion [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	3.83	2	1
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	7.47	2	0
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Fibroadenoma An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.08	1	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	9.48	5	0
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	5.88	4	2
Post-partum Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	2.91	4	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.52	2	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	5.29	9	0
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.26	6	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	9.29	27	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	4.68	4	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	4.68	4	0
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	3.27	6	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	7.44	2	0
Foot Rot A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. It is usually caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes or Bacteroides nodosus (see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS). It is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 18th ed)	2.48	2	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	2.76	3	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.08	1	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.52	8	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	3.79	4	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	4.19	3	1
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	3.5	1	1
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	4.19	3	1
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	3.84	4	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	4.01	5	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	2.1	1	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	6.56	6	2
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	2.1	1	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	3.3	2	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2.45	2	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	5.01	5	2
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	3.8	2	1
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	8.09	17	2
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	8.09	17	2
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	5.85	14	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	4.1	3	1
Frostbite Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.	7.4	2	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	2.1	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	7.1	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	8	29	2
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	8	29	2
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	6.24	13	3
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	6.24	13	3
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.59	3	0
Actinobacillus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.	2.1	1	0
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	2.92	4	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2.45	2	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	9.11	48	1
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	2.1	1	0
Milk Fever, Animal [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	9.14	3	1
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	2.11	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	4.4	8	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	4.4	8	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	4.05	5	0
Gallbladder Dyskinesia [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Biliary Dyskinesia A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.	2.47	2	0
Co-infection [description not available]	4.06	3	1
Bradykinesia [description not available]	7.47	2	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	8.11	5	0
Infections, Hantavirus [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hantavirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.	2.11	1	0
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	4.12	3	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	9.12	3	0
Night Blindness Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.11	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	7.94	4	0
Circoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.	2.47	2	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	2.38	2	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	6.41	23	0
Congenital Lipomatosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome An inherited syndrome characterized by EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; hematologic abnormalities (e.g., bone marrow hypoplasia), and skeletal abnormalities (e.g., metaphyseal chondroplasia). GERMLINE MUTATIONS in the SBDS gene are associated with Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome.	2.11	1	0
Lipomatosis A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.	2.11	1	0
Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available]	5.95	5	2
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	3.5	1	1
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia [description not available]	10.45	13	6
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.	10.45	13	6
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Neonatal Sepsis Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.	2.11	1	0
Aspiration, Respiratory [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	5.98	10	1
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	5.88	9	1
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.47	2	0
Electron Transfer Flavoprotein Alpha Subunit Deficiency [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	3.58	3	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	3.58	3	0
Audiogenic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Epilepsy, Reflex A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)	2.11	1	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	2.53	2	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.11	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	3.47	2	0
Balkan Endemic Nephropathy [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	2.46	2	0
Leanness [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	3.04	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	3.33	2	0
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	7.78	3	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	5.32	9	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	5.32	9	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	2.13	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.51	2	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	2.15	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	8.43	8	6
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	7.46	2	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	2.46	2	0
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.41	2	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	4.61	4	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	4.61	4	0
Angiitis [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	8.87	4	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	4.75	2	1
Steatitis A disease of cats and mink characterized by a marked inflammation of adipose tissue and the deposition of ceroid pigment in the interstices of the adipose cells. It is believed to be caused by feeding diets containing too much unsaturated fatty acid and too little vitamin E. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	3.1	5	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	4.84	13	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	4.84	13	0
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	2.15	1	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	7.15	1	0
Poisoning, Fluoride [description not available]	5.02	9	0
Fluoride Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.	5.02	9	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	3.89	2	1
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	3.1	5	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	4.43	1	1
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	4.08	3	1
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	4.08	3	1
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	4.08	3	1
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	3.57	9	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	5.03	3	1
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Koehler Disease [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	4.22	6	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	4.22	6	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	2.15	1	0
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever [description not available]	2.04	1	0
West Nile Fever A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)	2.04	1	0
Epulides [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	2.9	4	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	7.1	11	2
Tuberculosis, Bovine An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.	2.04	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	7.45	2	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.45	2	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.45	2	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	2.46	2	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	4.05	3	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	2.35	2	0
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	3.28	6	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	7.59	12	1
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	7.67	3	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	6.84	19	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	11.84	19	0
Adenitis [description not available]	3.82	2	0
Lymphangitis A lymphatic disease characterized by INFLAMMATION of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	3.82	2	0
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	2.04	1	0
Johne Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.05	1	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	3.51	8	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	3.51	8	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	2.05	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.41	2	0
Ambulation Difficulty [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	3.82	2	0
Hypoascorbemia [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Scurvy An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.	2.38	2	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2.7	3	0
Bejel [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fasciola Infection [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Fascioliasis Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.	2.38	2	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	6.65	9	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	6.65	9	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	5.07	10	1
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	6.29	14	1
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	6.29	14	1
Bone Diseases, Developmental Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.	2.05	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	7.46	2	0
Cot Death [description not available]	5.66	31	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	2.46	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	7.34	12	4
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	2.39	2	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.75	3	0
Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	5.1	7	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	5.1	7	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	4.3	7	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	4.3	7	0
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Rachitis [description not available]	4.97	3	0
Deficiency, Vitamin K [description not available]	5.29	3	0
Vitamin K Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)	5.29	3	0
Acalculous Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall in the absence of GALLSTONES.	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	2.05	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	7.12	34	0
Emesis [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	2.05	1	0
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	2.9	4	0
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.	3.44	1	1
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Amylo-1,6-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.	2.05	1	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	7.62	22	1
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	2.05	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	7.62	22	1
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	2.47	2	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	4.1	3	1
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	7.41	2	0
Palsy [description not available]	3.77	11	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	3.77	11	0
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	2.05	1	0
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	8.44	1	1
Chronic Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.4	2	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	7.9	18	1
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	4.98	9	1
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	4.98	9	1
Acantholysis Bullosa [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.	2.97	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	8.03	22	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	8.03	22	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	7.31	12	4
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	3.85	4	0
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.	2.97	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	3.85	4	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.47	5	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.41	3	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	3.57	3	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	3.36	2	0
Hydrothorax A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.06	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.84	13	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	9.84	13	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	2.05	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	3.65	3	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	9.41	8	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.97	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	7.96	4	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.96	4	0
Exfoliation Glaucoma [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Exfoliation Syndrome The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)	7.44	2	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	2.05	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	2.05	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	5.36	14	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	5.36	14	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	7.47	2	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	2.47	2	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	4.75	7	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	4.75	7	0
Mange, Sarcoptic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Scabies A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite SARCOPTES SCABIEI. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body.	2.06	1	0
Hypercalciuria Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.	2.06	1	0
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.39	2	0
Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	4.97	3	1
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	2.06	1	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	2.98	1	0
Kaposi Disease [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Xeroderma Pigmentosum A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.	3.58	3	0
Cockayne-Touraine Disease [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.	3.84	4	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	4.13	3	1
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	2.06	1	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia with Myopathy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	2.06	1	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.42	2	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	2.38	2	0
Common Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumor or cancer of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.	3.81	2	1
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	2.06	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	4.58	10	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	9.58	10	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	3.25	6	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	4.45	5	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	4.45	5	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	8.83	2	1
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	3.83	2	1
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	2.38	2	0
Shingles [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	3.79	2	1
DNA Virus Infections Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.	3.46	1	1
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.46	1	1
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	3.79	2	1
Exanthem [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	2.07	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	4.52	3	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	4.86	8	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	4.86	8	0
Uterine Prolapse Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.	2.44	2	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	3.22	6	0
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.07	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	4.89	4	2
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	2.07	1	0
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	2.99	1	0
Ageusia Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by OLFACTION DISORDERS.	2.07	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	8.84	2	1
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	7.4	2	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.07	1	0
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	5.62	18	1
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.08	1	0
Lordosis The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).	3.83	2	1
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.08	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	4.15	6	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.15	6	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	4.97	3	1
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	4.97	3	1
Affective Disorders [description not available]	7.35	5	2
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	7.35	5	2
Kerion Celsi An inflammatory manifestation of tinea capitis with a pronounced swelling that develops into suppurative central and indurated peripheral area called kerion.	3.47	8	0
Tinea Capitis Ringworm of the scalp and associated hair mainly caused by species of MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON, which may occasionally involve the eyebrows and eyelashes.	8.47	8	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	8.47	32	1
Glycogenosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.	2.01	1	0
AIDS, Murine [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	3.33	2	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	2.01	1	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	7.66	3	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	8.34	13	4
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	2.92	1	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	2.92	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.66	3	0
Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative A form of panniculitis characterized by recurrent episodes of fever accompanied by the eruption of single or multiple erythematous subcutaneous nodules on the lower extremities. They normally resolve, but tend to leave depressions in the skin. The condition is most often seen in women, alone or in association with other disorders.	2.01	1	0
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	2.01	1	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	3.76	2	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	3.76	2	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	2.01	1	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	4.62	6	1
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	4.62	6	1
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	5.67	7	3
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.4	1	1
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	4.95	15	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	4.95	15	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	5.02	16	0
Breast Cancer, Male [description not available]	4.08	3	0
Breast Neoplasms, Male Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.	4.08	3	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.01	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	3.8	4	0
Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.	7.01	1	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	5.88	5	1
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	9.86	4	2
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	3.46	8	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	3.22	6	0
Scurf [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Dandruff Excessive shedding of dry scaly material from the scalp in humans.	7.33	2	0
Sebaceous Gland Diseases Diseases of the sebaceous glands such as sebaceous hyperplasia and sebaceous cell carcinoma (SEBACEOUS GLAND NEOPLASMS).	3.18	6	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	3.18	6	0
Cyst [description not available]	4.65	11	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	7.35	2	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	10.04	10	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	2.34	2	0
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	1.93	1	0
Icterus [description not available]	4.12	6	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	4.12	6	0
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	2.64	3	0
Ear Infection [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Spider Veins [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	1.93	1	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	6.08	4	1
EHS Tumor [description not available]	4.12	6	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	2.34	2	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	6.08	4	1
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	2.63	3	0
Malassezia furfur Infection [description not available]	7.25	20	6
Tinea Versicolor A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).	7.25	20	6
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	3.34	7	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	2.35	2	0
Aminoaciduria, Renal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	9.9	141	1
Itching [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	4.03	3	1
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	4.77	32	0
Lichen Simplex Chronicus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Neurodermatitis An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	7.27	58	0
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Abscess, Subdiaphragmatic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	7.26	47	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	7.27	58	0
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.	3.04	5	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	6.15	18	2
Cerebromalacia [description not available]	5.35	14	0
Chondroma A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.04	5	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	8.2	6	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	2.87	4	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	3.2	6	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	1.93	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	3.77	4	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	3.77	4	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	6.79	5	1
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.79	5	1
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	2.87	4	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	2.65	3	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	7.4	2	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Environmental Hypersensitivities [description not available]	4.72	2	1
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	3.33	2	0
Pus [description not available]	7.02	1	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	7.35	2	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.35	2	0
Lathyrism A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.	3.77	4	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	9.06	3	1
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	2.39	2	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	3.85	1	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	3.85	1	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	2.02	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	7.67	3	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	2.67	3	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	10.44	3	1
Asbestosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers which elicit potent inflammatory responses in the parenchyma of the lung. The disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis of the lung, varying from scattered sites to extensive scarring of the alveolar interstitium.	2.02	1	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	4.72	2	1
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	4.72	2	1
Leg Length Inequality A condition in which one of a pair of legs fails to grow as long as the other, which could result from injury or surgery.	2.42	2	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.4	1	1
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	2.66	3	0
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	7.39	2	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	2.02	1	0
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	2.4	2	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	7.45	4	4
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	7.45	4	4
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	2.02	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	3.08	5	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	4.28	4	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	4.28	4	0
Hypotrichosis Presence of less than the normal amount of hair. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.02	1	0
Alcoholic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	3.06	5	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	3.06	5	0
Infections, Taenia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Taeniasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.	2.02	1	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	2.02	1	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	4.04	3	1
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	2.03	1	0
Halitosis An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.	2.67	3	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	3.41	1	1
Colicky Pain [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	3.82	2	1
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	2.03	1	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	5.14	11	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	5.14	11	0
Adipocere [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Pallor A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin.	2.03	1	0
Cancrum Oris [description not available]	3.76	2	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	2.41	2	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	7.37	2	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	2.38	2	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	8.41	1	1
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	2.88	4	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.67	3	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	2.4	2	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	3.22	6	0
Asthmatic Crisis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Status Asthmaticus A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.	2.4	2	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	2.95	1	0
BCKD Deficiency [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Maple Syrup Urine Disease An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)	3.57	9	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	2.03	1	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	6.15	12	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.03	1	0
Giardia duodenalis Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Enterobiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ENTEROBIUS; E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification.	2.03	1	0
Giardiasis An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.	2.03	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	9.46	5	1
Placenta, Retained A placenta that fails to be expelled after BIRTH of the FETUS. A PLACENTA is retained when the UTERUS fails to contract after the delivery of its content, or when the placenta is abnormally attached to the MYOMETRIUM.	3.79	2	1
Ascaridiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ASCARIDIA. This condition usually occurs in fowl, often manifesting diarrhea.	2.41	2	0
Keratoacanthoma A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.	2.04	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	7.41	2	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Parathyroid Disorders [description not available]	4.58	6	0
Parathyroid Diseases Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.	4.58	6	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	3.45	8	0
Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.	2.64	3	0
Duhring Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	6.96	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	4.39	8	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	4.1	16	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	4.67	2	1
Acne [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	2.65	3	0
Bites [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Anhidrosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	4.12	6	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	4.13	6	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	4.13	6	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	6.11	14	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	9.67	11	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	4.67	11	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	1.96	1	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	2.88	1	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	3.79	4	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	4.04	3	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	4.04	3	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	2.37	2	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	1.96	1	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	2.65	3	0
Paronychia An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)	1.95	1	0
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Nail Fungus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	1.95	1	0
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	1.95	1	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	1.96	1	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	4.6	6	1
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	3.35	1	1
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	1.96	1	0
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	4.27	7	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	4.27	7	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	3.79	4	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	4.27	4	0
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	4.27	4	0
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	2.37	2	0
Trichostrongyloidiasis Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.	3.34	7	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.86	4	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	1.96	1	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	2.37	2	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	3.05	5	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	2.38	2	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	3.57	3	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	1.96	1	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Mixed Pineocytoma-Pineoblastoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Craniopharyngioma A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)	1.96	1	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	2.65	3	0
Pinealoma Neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. The two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. Pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. Pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. These tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS or Parinaud's syndrome. GERMINOMA; CARCINOMA, EMBRYONAL; GLIOMA; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2064; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p670)	1.96	1	0
Ergot Poisoning [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	5.54	17	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	1.96	1	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in Japan, China, the Philippines, India, and other countries of southeast Asia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.37	2	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	3.21	6	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	2.88	4	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	5.01	5	2
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	5.01	5	2
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.27	2	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	4.38	8	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	4.38	8	0
Focal Infection An infection at a specific location that may spread to another region of the body.	1.96	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	3.21	6	0
Acrodermatitis Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome.	5	5	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	2.37	2	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	4.97	3	1
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	3.65	10	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.65	10	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	6.6	12	1
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	6.6	12	1
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	1.96	1	0
Adenofibroma A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.79	4	0
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.	2.37	2	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	2.36	2	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.37	2	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	3.56	9	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	4.26	4	1
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	3.46	8	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	1.96	1	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	1.96	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Emphysema, Subcutaneous [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Emphysema, Mediastinal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	2.38	2	0
Acatalasemia [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	4.12	6	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	4.12	6	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	2.66	3	0
Bezoars Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.	1.95	1	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	4.26	4	1
Echinostomiasis Infection by flukes of the genus Echinostoma.	1.95	1	0
Pancreatic Cyst A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)	4.39	22	0
ARC [description not available]	3.81	1	0
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	3.81	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bronchiolitis, Viral An acute inflammatory disease of the lower RESPIRATORY TRACT, caused by paramyxoviruses, occurring primarily in infants and young children; the viruses most commonly implicated are PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE 3; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN; and METAPNEUMOVIRUS.	1.98	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	1.98	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	2.67	3	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	2.39	2	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	4.27	4	1
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	4.27	4	1
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	3.37	1	1
Atresia, Biliary [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Biliary Atresia Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.	1.98	1	0
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	1.98	1	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	1.98	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	1.98	1	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	2.67	3	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	6.98	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	1.98	1	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	3.31	2	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	2.4	2	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Dysgeusia A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.	1.98	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.39	2	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	3.56	3	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	2.67	3	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.39	2	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	3.37	1	1
Neoplasms, Trophoblastic [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	1.98	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	1.98	1	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	1.98	1	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	2.37	2	0
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.	1.98	1	0
Allergy, Milk [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Milk Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.	1.99	1	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Thoracic Diseases Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.	3.78	2	1
Maxillary Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.	1.99	1	0
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	7.88	4	0
Maternal Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pleural Diseases Diseases involving the PLEURA.	6.99	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	4.88	14	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	4.88	14	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	1.99	1	0
Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.	1.99	1	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.99	1	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	1.99	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	2.67	3	0
Acrodynia A condition seen primarily in childhood, most often resulting from chronic exposure to MERCURY COMPOUNDS which may result in encephalopathy and POLYNEUROPATHY. Clinical features include pain, swelling and pinkish discoloration of the fingers and toes, weakness in the extremities, extreme irritability, HYPERESTHESIA, and alterations in level of consciousness. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p603)	2.91	1	0
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cholangitis, Sclerosing Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.	1.98	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	2.37	2	0
Myoglobinuria The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.	3.97	5	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by sudden onset, fever, headache, generalized myalgia, backache, conjunctivitis, and severe prostration, followed by various hemorrhagic symptoms. Hemorrhagic fever with kidney involvement is HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME.	2.91	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	2.91	1	0
Infections, Hepadnaviridae [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Hepadnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the HEPADNAVIRIDAE.	3.38	1	1
Labor, Premature [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Mediastinal Diseases Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.	2.65	3	0
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	2.91	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	1.99	1	0
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	3.34	7	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	6.99	1	0
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	6.99	1	0
Luft Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Mitochondrial Myopathies A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.	1.99	1	0
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	7.39	2	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	7.39	2	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	1.99	1	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	1.99	1	0
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	1.99	1	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	1.99	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	3.3	2	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.91	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	1.99	1	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	7.65	3	0
Abortion, Missed The retention in the UTERUS of a dead FETUS two months or more after its DEATH.	1.99	1	0
Pleuropneumonia Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with PLEURISY, inflammation of the PLEURA.	2	1	0
Clubbed Fingers [description not available]	2	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.38	2	0
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets [description not available]	2	1	0
HELLP Syndrome A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.	2	1	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	3.78	2	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	8.78	2	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	2	1	0
Ornithosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Psittacosis Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.	2	1	0
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	2	1	0
Far East Scarlet-like Fever [description not available]	2	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	2	1	0
Hyaline Membrane Disease A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).	3.39	1	1
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	4.77	5	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Rida [description not available]	2	1	0
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [description not available]	2	1	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	2	1	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	2.41	2	0
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	2	1	0
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	2	1	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	2.4	2	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	2	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	2	1	0
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	2	1	0
Back Ache [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	2.68	3	0
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	2	1	0
Shoulder Pain Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.	2	1	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	2	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	2	1	0
Angiomatosis Retinae [description not available]	2	1	0
von Hippel-Lindau Disease An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.	2	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	2	1	0
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	1.99	1	0
Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.37	2	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	2	1	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	2	1	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	2	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.01	1	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	9.62	9	9
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	9.62	9	9
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	2.39	2	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	2	1	0
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	2	1	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	2	1	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	2.37	2	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	2.86	4	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	2.65	3	0
Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.64	3	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Fibromatosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Infections, Reoviridae [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Fibroma A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.	1.95	1	0
Abscess, Amebic, Hepatic [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	3.28	2	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	3.79	4	0
Teeth, Unerupted [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	4.67	2	1
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.	2.87	1	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	4.67	2	1
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	4.95	9	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	4.95	9	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	3.2	6	0
Tracheal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.	1.95	1	0
Anguilluliasis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Strongyloidiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.	2.65	3	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	4.84	8	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	4.84	8	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	2.36	2	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	2.86	4	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	2.64	3	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Uveal Diseases Diseases of the uvea.	1.95	1	0
Choroid Neoplasms Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce A transplantable EPITHELIAL CELL neoplasm of rabbits.	1.95	1	0
Biliary Fistula Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.	1.95	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	1.95	1	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Abnormalities, Urogenital [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Trichostrongylosis Infestation with nematode worms of the genus TRICHOSTRONGYLUS. Man and animals become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.	2.36	2	0
Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM.	1.95	1	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2.64	3	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	1.95	1	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	1.95	1	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	5.26	9	0
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	5.26	9	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	3.27	2	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.64	3	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	2.35	2	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	1.95	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	1.95	1	0
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	2.35	2	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	1.98	1	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	1.98	1	0
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Adenoma, Villous An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.98	1	0
Mesonephroma A rare tumor of the female genital tract, most often the ovary, formerly considered to be derived from mesonephric rests. Two varieties are recognized: (1) clear cell carcinoma, so called because of its histologic resemblance to renal cell carcinoma, and now considered to be of muellerian duct derivation and (2) an embryonal tumor (called also ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOR and yolk sac tumor), occurring chiefly in children. The latter variety may also arise in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.38	2	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Adenosis of Breast [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Fibrocystic Breast Disease A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.	2.88	4	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	2.36	2	0
A-alphalipoprotein Neuropathy [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cholangioma [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Adenoma, Bile Duct A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.	2.64	3	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Extra-Mammary Paget Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	1.97	1	0
Paget Disease, Extramammary A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478)	1.97	1	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	2.89	1	0
Chromosome Inversion An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.	1.97	1	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	1.97	1	0
Dermoid [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	1.97	1	0
Dysgammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by selective deficiencies of one or more, but not all, classes of immunoglobulins.	1.97	1	0
Bang Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Glandular Fever [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	2.89	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	1.97	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	2.64	3	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	1.97	1	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	7.37	2	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	7.37	2	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.37	2	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	2.38	2	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	6.96	1	0
Disgerminoma [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)	2.86	4	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	1.97	1	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.36	2	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	1.97	1	0
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	3.76	2	1
Ostertagiasis A disease of herbivorous mammals, particularly cattle and sheep, caused by stomach worms of the genus OSTERTAGIA.	1.97	1	0
Absence of Brain, Congenital [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Dermal Sinus [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	1.97	1	0
Ephemeral Fever An Ephemerovirus infection of cattle caused by bovine ephemeral fever virus (EPHEMERAL FEVER VIRUS, BOVINE). It is characterized by respiratory symptoms, increased oropharyngeal secretions and lacrimation, joint pains, tremor, and stiffness.	6.97	1	0
Cancer of ILEUM [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.88	1	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	1.97	1	0
Amyotrophic Neuralgia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Brachial Plexus Neuritis A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)	1.97	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	2.37	2	0
Vulvar Diseases Pathological processes of the VULVA.	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	6.97	1	0
Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	3.29	2	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	2.36	2	0
Toxocariasis Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.	1.97	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	1.97	1	0
Drooling [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	1.97	1	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	1.97	1	0
Acantholysis Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.	1.97	1	0
Bile Reflux Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.	1.97	1	0
Duodenal Reflux [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	3.27	2	0
Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.	1.96	1	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Paranoia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Neuroses [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	1.96	1	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	1.96	1	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	2.37	2	0
Keratosis, Oral [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Leukoplakia, Oral A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	1.96	1	0
African Swine Fever A sometimes fatal ASFIVIRUS infection of pigs, characterized by fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhagic lymph nodes, and edema of the gallbladder. It is transmitted between domestic swine by direct contact, ingestion of infected meat, or fomites, or mechanically by biting flies or soft ticks (genus Ornithodoros).	1.96	1	0
Sycosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	1.96	1	0
Beryllium Disease Disease resulting from exposure to beryllium. Entry into the body is not limited to the inhalation route.	2.36	2	0
Berylliosis A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal BERYLLIUM or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. Berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to BRONCHIOLITIS; PULMONARY EDEMA; and pneumonia.	2.36	2	0
Infarct [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	1.96	1	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	6.96	1	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	1.96	1	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.36	2	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	1.96	1	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	1.96	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	1.96	1	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	1.96	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	1.96	1	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	7.35	2	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cancer of the Tonsil [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Tonsillar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.	2.86	1	0
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica A fibrous degeneration, cyst formation, and the presence of fibrous nodules in bone, usually due to HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.	3.26	2	0
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Afibrinogenemia A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.	3.27	2	0
Epiphyses, Slipped A complete or partial separation of the EPIPHYSES from the DIAPHYSES.	1.95	1	0
Island Cell Tumor [description not available]	3.81	12	0
Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	3.81	12	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	2.35	2	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	2.35	2	0
Arachnidism [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Epidermal Cyst Intradermal or subcutaneous saclike structure, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules.	1.95	1	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Habronemiasis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	1.95	1	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	1.95	1	0
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	2.35	2	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	2.35	2	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	3.33	7	0
Chemodectoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Carotid Body Tumor Benign paraganglioma at the bifurcation of the COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES. It can encroach on the parapharyngeal space and produce dysphagia, pain, and cranial nerve palsies.	2.35	2	0
Pediculosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	1.95	1	0
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	1.95	1	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	1.95	1	0
Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.	1.95	1	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	1.95	1	0
Empyema Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.	1.95	1	0
Adenolymphoma A benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid.	1.95	1	0
Cystadenoma A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Adenoma, Pleomorphic A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	1.95	1	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	2.35	2	0
Abscess, Hepatic [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	2.35	2	0
Liver Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.64	3	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	1.95	1	0
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	1.95	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	3.27	2	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	1.95	1	0
Tooth Discoloration Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)	2.35	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	1.94	1	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Oral Manifestations Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury.	2.86	1	0
Christmas Disease [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Deficiency, Factor 7 [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Deficiency, Factor II [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Deficiency, Factor 11 [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Hemophilia B A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)	2.86	1	0
Factor VII Deficiency An autosomal recessive characteristic or a coagulation disorder acquired in association with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY. FACTOR VII is a Vitamin K dependent glycoprotein essential to the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.	2.86	1	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	3.27	2	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	2.86	1	0
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	3.27	2	0
Anemia, Splenic [description not available]	3.74	2	0
Favism Hemolytic anemia due to the ingestion of fava beans or after inhalation of pollen from the Vicia fava plant by persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes.	2.86	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	2.86	1	0
Cyst, Pulmonary Hydatid [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Tuberculoma A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.	1.94	1	0
Psychoses [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	1.94	1	0
Malaria, Avian Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.	1.95	1	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	1.95	1	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	1.95	1	0
Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.	1.95	1	0
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hyperkyphosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Amyoplasia Congenita [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	1.94	1	0
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Abetalipoproteinemia An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.	2.86	1	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	2.86	1	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	2.86	1	0
Nanism [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	2.86	1	0
Feminization Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.	1.94	1	0
Congenital Dysplasia Of The Hip [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Spondylitis Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.	1.94	1	0
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	1.94	1	0
Abscess, Periapical [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	2.35	2	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	1.94	1	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	1.94	1	0
Placental Abruption [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Abruptio Placentae Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.	1.94	1	0
Pancreatic Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.	1.94	1	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Brucella Infection [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	2.34	2	0
Tooth Mobility Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)	1.94	1	0
Abrasion, Dental [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	1.94	1	0
Myosarcoma A general term for a malignant neoplasm derived from muscular tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Pregnancy, Prolonged A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.	1.94	1	0
Peptic Ulcer Perforation Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.	1.94	1	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	1.94	1	0

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1079931	Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID1079947	Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1079942	Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1079938	Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1079944	Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1079934	Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079945	Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1079937	Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1079939	Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1079933	Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID1079949	Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1079940	Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1079941	Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1079943	Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID1079935	Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1079936	Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1079946	Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1079932	Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1079948	Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Intervention	ercentage of participants in subgroup (Number)
	Users	Non-users
Active Vitamin E	34.5	36.5
Vitamin E Placebo	35.3	33.3

Intervention	ercentage of participants in subgroup (Number)
	Normal	Overweight	Obese
Active Vitamin E	30.2	36.8	36.5
Vitamin E Placebo	31.4	34.9	35.7

Intervention	ercentage of participants in subgroup (Number)
	Users	Non-users
Active Selenium	33.5	34.9
Selenium Placebo	36.4	34.9

Intervention	percentage of apoptotic cells (Median)
Arm A: Finasteride + Selenium Placebo	0.1
Arm B: Finasteride + Selenium	0
Arm C: Finasteride Placebo + Selenium Placebo	0
Arm D: Finasteride Placebo + Selenium	0

Intervention	number of xerostomia events (Number)
Arm I (Placebo, Cisplatin, and Radiotherapy)	1
Arm II (Selenomethionine, Cisplatin, and Radiotherapy)	0

selenium

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (117)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (2)

Pathways (15)

Bioassays (19)

Research

Studies (22,663)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (133)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants With Lung Cancer

Number of Participants With Any Diagnosis of Cancer

Number of Participants With Colorectal Cancer

Number of Participants With Prostate Cancer

Number of Participants With Serious Cardiovascular Events

Prostate Cancer Free Survival; Lung Cancer-free Survival, Colorectal Cancer-free Survival, Cancer-free Survival, Overall Survival

5-year Progression-free Survival Rate

Incidence Rate of Second Primary Lung Tumor

5-year Overall Survival Rate

Presence of Carcinoma of the Prostate as Measured by Biopsy

Number of Patients With Grade 3 Through Grade 5 Adverse Events That Are Related to Study Drug

Median Selenium Blood Levels at One Year.

Number of Recurrent Adenomas at Surveillance Colonoscopy

ICU Length of Stay

ICU Acquired Infection

28-day Mortality

Hospital Length of Stay

Selenoproteins and Se-biomarkers

Selenium Status

Cellular and Humoral Immune Response

Incidence of Prolonged Lymphopenia (Absolute Lymphocyte Count Less Than or Equal to 1,000/mm³ for > or Equal to 7 Days)

The Primary Endpoint of This Study is the Median Time Between Admission to the PICU and Occurrence of Nosocomial Infection or Clinical Sepsis in PICU Patients Who Have Endotracheal Tubes, Central Venous Catheters, or Urinary Catheters.

Rate of Nosocomial Infection or Clinical Sepsis Per 100 Study Days

All-cause 28-day Mortality Rate.

Antibiotic-free Days

Failure-free Survival

Incidence of Grade 3-4 Esophagitis

Incidence of Grade 3-4 Myelosuppression

Incidence of Grade 3-4 Pneumonitis

Overall Survival

Response Rate

Selenium Level by Incidence of SAE

Safety and Tolerability as Assessed by NCI CTCAE Version 3.0

Effect of Selenium and/or Vitamin E on Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Incidence

Effect of Selenium on Advanced Neoplasia, Analyzed by Active Selenium vs. Selenium Placebo

Effect of Selenium on Colorectal Adenoma (CRA) Occurrence, Analyzed by Active Selenium vs. Selenium Placebo

Effect of Selenium on Occurrences of Multiple (>2) Adenomas

Effect of Vitamin E on CRA Occurrence, Analyzed by Active Vitamin E vs. Vitamin E Placebo

Effect Modification of Selenium by Body Mass Index on CRA Occurrence, Analyzed by Active Selenium vs. Selenium Placebo

Effect Modification of Vitamin E by Aspirin on CRA Occurrence, Analyzed by Active Vitamin e vs. Vitamin e Placebo

Effect Modification of Vitamin E by Body Mass Index on CRA Occurence, Analyzed by Active Vitamin e vs. Vitamin e Placebo

Effect Modification of Selenium by Aspirin on CRA Occurrence, Analyzed by Active Selenium vs. Selenium Placebo

Effects of Selenium and Finasteride and Their Combination on Apoptosis Induction

Effects of Selenium and Finasteride and Their Combination on PSA Level

Plasma Selenium

Incidence of Grade 3 or 4 Treatment-related Toxicities, Including Xerostomia

Related Drugs (1,998)

Related Conditions (2,238)