piperidines profile

Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	44237242
MeSH ID	M0016885

Synonym
piperidines

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Piperidines are a relatively novel class of calcium channel blockers which act at a unique receptor site associated with the calcium channel alpha1 subunit. "	( Cytoplasmic determinants of piperidine blocking affinity for N-type calcium channels. Zamponi, GW, 1999)	1.75

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Sufentanil (R 30 730), N-[4-methoxymethyl)-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide, is a chemically novel, highly potent and extremely safe intravenous morphine-like agent in laboratory animals."	( Sufentanil, a very potent and extremely safe intravenous morphine-like compound in mice, rats and dogs. Janssen, PA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schellekens, KH; Van Bever, WF, 1976)	0.26
"3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (domperidone), which in contrast to available anti-emetics does not provoke extrapyramidal or adrenolytic adverse effects, also enhances gastric emptying motility."	( Domperidone, a novel and safe gastrokinetic anti-nauseant for the treatment of dyspepsia and vomiting. Broekaert, A; Heykants, J; Jageneau, A; Janssen, PA; Laduron, P; Marsboom, R; Niemegeers, CJ; Reyntjens, AJ; Schellekens, KH; Van Nueten, JM, 1978)	0.26
" There were no major adverse reactions associated with risperidone use, but it was noted to reduce the signs of tardive dyskinesia."	( Risperidone: clinical safety and efficacy in schizophrenia. Borison, RL; Diamond, BI; Meibach, RC; Pathiraja, AP, 1992)	0.28
" Nausea and constipation occurred significantly more often with paroxetine, but only 9% of paroxetine patients dropped out of the study due either in whole or in part to an adverse effect."	( The safety and efficacy of paroxetine compared with placebo in a double-blind trial of depressed outpatients. Claghorn, JL, 1992)	0.28
" Furthermore, paroxetine is relatively safe in overdose and has very little anticholinergic activity."	( The safety profile of paroxetine. Blumhardt, CL; Boyer, WF, 1992)	0.28
"Compared to traditional neuroleptics, most of the new antipsychotics are characterized by a low extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) liability and varying antipsychotic efficacy."	( New antipsychotics: classification, efficacy, and adverse effects. Gerlach, J, 1991)	0.28
" In Purkinje fibers exposed to toxic concentrations of ouabain, R 56865 (1 microM) reduced the delayed after depolarization (DAD) amplitude and inhibited triggered activity."	( Investigation of electrophysiologic mechanisms for the antiarrhythmic actions of R 56865 in cardiac glycoside toxicity. Damiano, BP; Stump, GL; Yagel, SK, 1991)	0.28
" Mild adverse reactions were reported in 6 out of 23 cisapride-treated patients and in 10 out of 20 clebopride-treated patients who completed the study."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of cisapride and clebopride in the management of chronic functional dyspepsia: a double-blind, randomized study. D'Angelo, V; Manzi, G; Mazzacca, G; Minieri, M; Piai, G; Sabbatini, F, 1991)	0.28
"3 microM and 9 microM, respectively, against the toxic action of 100 microM glutamate."	( Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in cultured neurons: protection by SKF 10,047. Feuerstein, G; Lysko, PG, 1990)	0.28
"Loperamide is a safe and effective antidiarrheal for the treatment of acute diarrhea."	( Safety and efficacy of loperamide. Ericsson, CD; Johnson, PC, 1990)	0.28
" However, a comparison of the relative toxic effects of MDMA and MBDB indicates that MBDB may be slightly less neurotoxic."	( Neurotoxic effects of the alpha-ethyl homologue of MDMA following subacute administration. Johnson, MP; Nichols, DE, 1989)	0.28
" The central monoamine stores of rats were significantly decreased with reserpine (5 mg/kg) prior to toxic injections of MDMA."	( Reserpine does not prevent 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in the rat. Hekmatpanah, CR; McKenna, DJ; Peroutka, SJ, 1989)	0.28
"Cisapride has not been found to have a significant frequency of adverse reactions, except for diarrhoea which occurs in about 4% of individuals taking the drug."	( How safe and acceptable is cisapride? Bennett, JR, 1989)	0.28
"Drug-induced hematological disorders appear as a rare but serious side effect of the drugs use."	( [Hematologic toxicity of antidepressive agents]. Galbaud du Fort, G, )	0.13
" Treatment effects on vital signs, laboratory tests, a mood evaluation test, electrocardiograms (ECGs), and reported adverse experiences were monitored."	( Safety evaluation of ritanserin--an investigational serotonin antagonist. Barone, JA; Bierman, RH; Colaizzi, JL; Cornish, JW; Drake, ND; Hsuan, A, 1986)	0.27
"N-Chloropiperidine (NCP) has been reported to be both toxic and mutagenic in a wide range of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays, however, few experimental details or numerical data have been presented to support these claims."	( N-chloropiperidine and calcium hypochlorite: possible examples of toxicity-dependent clastogenicity in vitro. Ashby, J; Callander, RD; Mohammed, R, 1987)	0.27
" However, at this dose level vadocaine is apparently safe and its antitussive properties seem promising enough for further evaluation."	( First human studies on the safety and antitussive activity of vadocaine hydrochloride. Karttunen, P; Männistö, PT; Tukiainen, H; Uusitupa, M, 1988)	0.27
" On the basis of these results, a 300 mg dose of vadocaine appears to be safe in man in all respects."	( Assessment of the safety margin of vadocaine hydrochloride in man. Helin, M; Karttunen, P; Silvasti, M; Tukiainen, H; Uusitupa, M, 1988)	0.27
" This dual action negates most of the toxic effects of the compound in vivo."	( Neurotoxicity of dipiperidinoethane due to in vivo conversion to a selective cholinesterase inhibitor. Baron, BM; Kashman, Y; Sokolovsky, M, 1985)	0.27
" These results emphasize the need for pilot toxicity studies, especially when components of the test system are varied, to assess the effect of drug concentration on the toxic response."	( Alterations of drug-induced toxicity in the mouse lymphoma assay by a rat hepatic microsomal metabolizing system (S-9). Oldham, JW; Paulson, JD; Preston, RF; Pritchard, JF, 1984)	0.27
" The most frequently reported extracardiac adverse experiences were dizziness (30%) and visual disturbances (28%), often occurring in tandem."	( Extracardiac adverse effects of flecainide. Gentzkow, GD; Sullivan, JY, 1984)	0.27
" Chronic administration of flecainide did not produce chronic toxic changes in either species."	( Chronic oral toxicity and oncogenicity studies of flecainide, an antiarrhythmic, in rats and mice. Case, MT; Sibinski, LJ; Steffen, GR, 1984)	0.27
"Piperine is acutely toxic to mice, rats and hamsters."	( Acute and subacute toxicity of piperine in mice, rats and hamsters. Glinsukon, T; Piyachaturawat, P; Toskulkao, C, 1983)	0.27
" Other adverse effects were assessed using the UKU Side Effects Scale."	( Extrapyramidal side effects and tolerability of risperidone: a review. Owens, DG, 1994)	0.29
" Orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, and somnolence were the most commonly reported adverse events."	( Safety, tolerability, and effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of iloperidone (HP 873), a potential atypical antipsychotic. Brecher, MB; Chi, E; Grasing, K; Hubbard, JW; Sainati, SM, 1995)	0.29
" We found no major difference between non-elderly and elderly depressed patients as concerns efficacy, total incidence of adverse findings or safety parameters such as laboratory values and heart rate."	( Are there any differences in the safety and efficacy of brofaromine and imipramine between non-elderly and elderly patients with major depression? Möller, HJ; Müller, H; Volz, HP, 1995)	0.29
" Piperine itself was not toxic to the cells up to a concentration of almost 100 microM."	( Piperine, a major ingredient of black and long peppers, protects against AFB1-induced cytotoxicity and micronuclei formation in H4IIEC3 rat hepatoma cells. Reen, RK; Singh, J; Wiebel, FJ, 1994)	0.29
" Using a potent and selective ligand of sigma binding sites, 6-[6-(4-hydroxypiperidinyl)hexyloxy]-3-methylflavone (NPC 16377), we further investigated the influence of sigma ligands on additional behavioral and toxic effects of cocaine in mice."	( Effects of the selective sigma receptor ligand, 6-[6-(4-hydroxypiperidinyl)hexyloxy]-3-methylflavone (NPC 16377), on behavioral and toxic effects of cocaine. Ferkany, J; Hickey, P; Katz, JL; Menkel, M; Pontecorvo, M; Terry, P; Witkin, JM, 1993)	0.29
" Using inhibition of D-amphetamine-stimulated locomotion in mice as a measure of potential antipsychotic efficacy, MDL 100,907 showed a superior CNS safety index relative to the reference compounds, haloperidol, clozapine, risperidone, ritanserin, and amperozide, in each of five tests for side effect potential, including measures of ataxia, general depressant effects, alpha 1-adrenergic antagonism, striatal D2 receptor antagonism, and muscle relaxation."	( Preclinical characterization of the potential of the putative atypical antipsychotic MDL 100,907 as a potent 5-HT2A antagonist with a favorable CNS safety profile. Baron, BM; Carr, AA; Chaney, SF; Elands, J; Feldman, DJ; Frank, RA; Johnson, MP; Kehne, JH; McCarty, DR; McCloskey, TC; Poirot, M; Senyah, Y; Siegel, BW; van Giersbergen, PL; Widmaier, C, 1996)	0.29
" This column will review the mechanism of action of cisapride, the drug's metabolism and reported cardiac adverse effects with intravenous cisapride."	( Cardiac toxicity with cisapride. Farrington, E, )	0.13
" The popularity of the newer H1 antihistamines is due to their ability to provide relief from allergic symptoms without the undesirable side effect of sedation commonly associated with first generation H1 receptor antagonists such as diphenhydramine and promethazine."	( Comparative analysis of the cardiotoxicity proclivities of second generation antihistamines in an experimental model predictive of adverse clinical ECG effects. del Prado, M; Egan, RW; Hey, JA; Kreutner, W; Sherwood, J, 1996)	0.29
" The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events with all three dosages of donepezil (64-68%) was comparable to that observed with placebo (65%)."	( The efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a US Multicentre, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. The Donepezil Study Group. Friedhoff, LT; Rogers, SL, )	0.13
"The clinical study population showed a significantly younger age profile than the PEM population and excluded patients with serious disease; however, both studies showed similar patterns of adverse events."	( A comparison of two cohort studies evaluating the safety of cisapride: Prescription-Event Monitoring and a large phase IV study. Mann, RD; Pearce, GL; Tooley, PJ; Wager, E; Wilton, LV, 1997)	0.3
"Both studies showed cisapride to be generally safe and well tolerated."	( A comparison of two cohort studies evaluating the safety of cisapride: Prescription-Event Monitoring and a large phase IV study. Mann, RD; Pearce, GL; Tooley, PJ; Wager, E; Wilton, LV, 1997)	0.3
" Putrescine was moderately toxic but only at 500 microM concentration."	( Neurotoxicity of polyamines and pharmacological neuroprotection in cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells. Ciani, E; Contestabile, A; Dall'Olio, R; Gandolfi, O; Sparapani, M, 1997)	0.3
" Adverse experiences, predominantly lightheadedness and dizziness, were reported by subjects receiving doses of lubeluzole greater than or equal to 10 mg."	( The safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of lubeluzole (Prosynap) in healthy volunteers. Crabbé, R; Gheuens, J; Hantson, L; Tritsmans, L; Van Rooy, P, 1997)	0.3
" Piperine at 60 microM completely counteracted cytotoxicity and formation of MN by 10 microM AFB1 and reduced the toxic effects of 20 microM AFB1 by > 50%."	( Piperine inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in V79 Chinese hamster cells genetically engineered to express rat cytochrome P4502B1. Reen, RK; Singh, J; Wiebel, FJ, 1997)	0.3
" The majority of adverse experiences were mild to moderate and resolved during treatment."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of the neuroprotective drug lubeluzole in patients with ischemic stroke. De Keyser, J; Franke, CL; Gheuens, J; Hantson, L; Schellens, RL; Tritsmans, L; Van de Velde, V; van Gorp, J; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, )	0.13
" Adverse experiences were similar in all three treatment groups except that superficial thrombophlebitis was more frequent in the lubeluzole 10-mg group."	( Cardiovascular safety of lubeluzole (Prosynap(R)) in patients with ischemic stroke. Diener, HC; Haan, J; Hacke, W; Hantson, L; Hennerici, M; Lees, KR; Timmerhuis, T, )	0.13
" Because the catechol was generally less toxic than the O-methylated product, species that eliminate zamifenacin primarily as the catechol or its conjugate may be less affected by the potential hepatotoxicity of the methylated product."	( In vitro toxicity of zamifenacin (UK-76,654) and metabolites in primary hepatocyte cultures. Amacher, DE; Beaumont, K; Charuel, C; Comby, P; Fasulo, LM, 1998)	0.3
" Overall, the incidence of adverse events was similar for both treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of levocabastine nasal spray for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Dolen, J; Hampel, FC; Holton, D; Karcher, K; Martin, BG; Travers, S, )	0.13
"To assess the incidence of adverse events in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene compared with placebo, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), or unopposed estrogen."	( Adverse events reported by postmenopausal women in controlled trials with raloxifene. Davies, GC; Huster, WJ; Lakshmanan, M; Lu, Y; Plouffe, L, 1999)	0.3
" Incidence and severity of all treatment-emergent adverse events, defined as events that first occurred or worsened during treatment, were compared among groups in each of the databases."	( Adverse events reported by postmenopausal women in controlled trials with raloxifene. Davies, GC; Huster, WJ; Lakshmanan, M; Lu, Y; Plouffe, L, 1999)	0.3
"Discontinuation rates overall, and those related to adverse events, were not significantly different between treatment groups in any database."	( Adverse events reported by postmenopausal women in controlled trials with raloxifene. Davies, GC; Huster, WJ; Lakshmanan, M; Lu, Y; Plouffe, L, 1999)	0.3
"Raloxifene had an adverse event profile distinct from HRT and unopposed estrogen and was well tolerated by postmenopausal women."	( Adverse events reported by postmenopausal women in controlled trials with raloxifene. Davies, GC; Huster, WJ; Lakshmanan, M; Lu, Y; Plouffe, L, 1999)	0.3
" No serious adverse events occurred, and study treatments were well tolerated with a low incidence of central nervous system-related adverse events and headache."	( A 12-week, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of ebastine, 10 and 20 mg once daily, in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Multicentre Study Group. Bousquet, J; Gaudaño, EM; Palma Carlos, AG; Staudinger, H, 1999)	0.3
" The most common adverse event in the phase II studies was hypoglycaemia."	( Preclinical and clinical studies on safety and tolerability of repaglinide. Schatz, H, 1999)	0.3
"In light of our previous SAR studies on nitroxides acting as less toxic anticancer agents, antioxidants and radioprotectors, we designed and tested, in vivo an in vitro, a new triradical spin trap -N,N',N"-tris-(l-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-4-yl)-1,3, 5-tnazine-2,4,6-triamine (TTT)."	( TTT, a novel free radical spin trap, induces apoptosis in sarcoma Yoshida cells in vivo: comparative investigations of its cytotoxicity in vitro. Koceva-Chyła, A; Kochman, A; Metodiewa, D; Skolimowski, J, )	0.13
" The most common adverse events were related to the nervous and digestive systems, and were generally mild and transient, resolving without the need for dose modifications."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: final analysis of a US multicentre open-label study. Doody, RS; Ieni, JR; Pratt, RD; Rogers, SL, 2000)	0.31
"We report the safe use of remifentanil as part of the anaesthetic technique in a patient undergoing major head and neck surgery who was being treated for depressive illness with the non-specific monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) phenelzine."	( Safe use of remifentanil in a patient treated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine. Gillies, MA; James, KS; Ure, DS, 2000)	0.31
" Results from the present study suggest a better therapeutic index for the nimesulide-piperine combination indicating that this combination would further reduce the frequency of adverse effects associated with nimesulide alone."	( Comparative anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and toxicity profile of nimesulide vs nimesulide and piperine combination. Bansal, P; Bhardwaj, RK; Gupta, SK; Velpandian, T, 2000)	0.31
"5% ophthalmic solution instilled four times daily is effective and safe in reducing the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis."	( Efficacy and safety of ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% and levocabastine 0.05%: a multicenter comparison in patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Donshik, PC; Pearlman, D; Pinnas, J; Raizman, MB; Tauber, J; Tinkelman, D; Walters, TR, )	0.13
" The incidence of drug-related adverse events was 10% (14/136) in the donepezil and 8% (10/131) in the placebo group; no significant difference was seen between the two groups."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of donepezil on cognitive and global function in patients with Alzheimer's disease. A 24-week, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Japan. E2020 Study Group. Hasegawa, K; Homma, A; Imai, Y; Kameyama, M; Nishimura, T; Takeda, M; Udaka, F, )	0.13
" In conclusion, Rf appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of acute pain in the very young child submitted to craniosynostosis repair."	( Safety and efficacy of remifentanil in craniosynostosis repair in children less than 1 year old. Chiaretti, A; Ciano, F; Di Rocco, C; Piastra, M; Pietrini, D; Polidori, G; Savioli, A; Velardi, F, 2000)	0.31
" It is reported to have a relatively favourable side-effect profile."	( Adverse effects associated with the use of donepezil in general practice in England. Dunn, NR; Pearce, GL; Shakir, SA, 2000)	0.31
" The results clearly confirmed that the toxic effect could result either from the presence or structure of substituent(s) at position 4 of the free radical piperidine moiety."	( Tempicol-3, a novel piperidine-N-oxide stable radical and antioxidant, with low toxicity acts as apoptosis inducer and cell proliferation modifier of Yoshida Sarcoma cells in vivo. Gwoździnski, K; Głebska, J; Jóźwiak, Z; Koceva-Chyła, A; Kochman, A; Metodiewa, D, )	0.13
" The most common adverse events were associated with the nervous and digestive systems and were generally mild and transient; 17% of patient discontinuations were associated with adverse events."	( Open-label, multicenter, phase 3 extension study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer disease. Doody, RS; Geldmacher, DS; Gordon, B; Perdomo, CA; Pratt, RD, 2001)	0.31
"Donepezil is an effective and safe drug for the long-term symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe AD for up to 144 weeks (2."	( Open-label, multicenter, phase 3 extension study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer disease. Doody, RS; Geldmacher, DS; Gordon, B; Perdomo, CA; Pratt, RD, 2001)	0.31
" No clinically important adverse events were observed."	( Effect of a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist, E5880, on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage--open clinical trial to investigate efficacy and safety. Endo, S; Hirashima, Y; Kobayashi, N; Nukui, H; Takaku, A, 2001)	0.31
" No serious adverse events were reported, all adverse events were related to nasal symptoms."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of azelastine and levocabastine nasal sprays in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Baehre, M; Falser, N; Rahlfs, VW; Wober, W, 2001)	0.31
" Both remifentanil and fentanyl were well-tolerated, with reported adverse events typical of mu-opioid agonists."	( Remifentanil and fentanyl during anaesthesia for major abdominal and gynaecological surgery. An open, comparative study of safety and efficacy. Appelgren, L; Camu, F; Doenicke, A; Helmers, JH; Holgersen, O; Mann, C; Noronha, D; Sneyd, JR; Upadhyaya, BK, 2001)	0.31
" ERA-923 was well tolerated, and adverse events were mild and reversible."	( Multiple-dose, safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a new selective estrogen receptor modulator, ERA-923, in healthy postmenopausal women. Burghart, PH; Cotreau, MM; Dykstra, KH; Gandhi, T; Gutierrez, M; Park, Y; Schwertschlag, US; Stonis, L; Xu, J, 2002)	0.31
" Safety was monitored by physical examinations, vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, electrocardiograms (ECGs), and treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs)."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the nursing home setting. Cummings, JL; Katz, IR; Mintzer, J; Perdomo, CA; Schwam, EM; Tariot, PN; Whalen, E, 2001)	0.31
" Overall, the incidence of adverse events was similar but greater in the remifentanil group with respect to shivering (P<0."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of remifentanil and fentanyl in 'fast track' coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized, double-blind study. Blake, D; Demeyere, R; Dybvik, T; Herregods, L; Kirnö, K; MacAdams, C; Moerman, A; Möllhoff, T; Shaikh, S, 2001)	0.31
" The antitumor and toxic effects are mediated in part by different mechanisms, thus, permitting a selective inhibition of certain side effects."	( BGP-15 - a novel poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor - protects against nephrotoxicity of cisplatin without compromising its antitumor activity. Berente, Z; Bernath, S; Gallyas, F; Jaszlits, L; Literati-Nagy, P; Osz, E; Rabloczky, G; Racz, I; Sumegi, B; Tory, K, 2002)	0.31
" brasiliensis alkaloids have a potent toxic activity."	( Antibacterial activity against resistant bacteria and cytotoxicity of four alkaloid toxins isolated from the marine sponge Arenosclera brasiliensis. Berlinck, RG; de Moraes, MO; Fortier, SC; Nascimento, GG; Pessoa, C; Torres, YR, 2002)	0.31
" Rivastigmine was generally well tolerated, the most common adverse events being nausea and vomiting, consistent with reports from previous clinical studies."	( Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease who failed to benefit from treatment with donepezil. Auriacombe, S; Loria-Kanza, Y; Pere, JJ; Vellas, B, 2002)	0.31
"The correlates of dropout, efficacy, and adverse events in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) are unclear."	( Correlates of dropout, efficacy, and adverse events in treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Korean patients with Alzheimer's disease. Kim, JM; Shin, IS; Yoon, JS, 2002)	0.31
" There were also no significant differences in the percentages of patients experiencing adverse events between the ebastine with and without food groups."	( A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of ebastine 20 mg once daily given with and without food in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Frank, H; George, G; Gillen, M; Lim, J; Rohatagi, SS, 2002)	0.31
" Adverse events, physical examinations and clinical laboratory tests were assessed."	( Donepezil: tolerability and safety in Alzheimer's disease. Ieni, JR; Perdomo, CA; Pratt, RD; Surick, IW, 2002)	0.31
"To compare the frequency of adverse effects of remifentanil and fentanyl in a large and diverse patient population."	( A comparison of the remifentanil and fentanyl adverse effect profile in a multicenter phase IV study. Fleisher, LA; Joshi, GP; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2002)	0.31
", opioid-related) adverse effects were recorded."	( A comparison of the remifentanil and fentanyl adverse effect profile in a multicenter phase IV study. Fleisher, LA; Joshi, GP; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2002)	0.31
" There were no significant differences between the two drugs with respect to other adverse events (i."	( A comparison of the remifentanil and fentanyl adverse effect profile in a multicenter phase IV study. Fleisher, LA; Joshi, GP; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2002)	0.31
"In the doses used, both remifentanil and fentanyl have a similar frequency of adverse effects except for the higher frequency of hypotension associated with the use of remifentanil."	( A comparison of the remifentanil and fentanyl adverse effect profile in a multicenter phase IV study. Fleisher, LA; Joshi, GP; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2002)	0.31
" Quaternary piperidine derivatives IIIf and IIIg and also non-quaternary piperidine derivatives IIIb, IIIe, IIIc and IIId were more toxic than 5-fluorouracil in brine shrimp bioassay."	( Toxicity of some bis Mannich bases and corresponding piperidinols in the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay. Erciyas, E; Gul, HI; Gul, M, )	0.13
" No serious or severe adverse events were reported."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ReN1869: a first human dose study in healthy subjects after single-dose administration. Gerrits, M; Ingwersen, SH; Skrumsager, BK, 2003)	0.32
"The type and severity of adverse events during repaglinide treatment were similar to the run-in period."	( Safety and efficacy of repaglinide in type 2 diabetic patients with and without impaired renal function. Hasslacher, C, 2003)	0.32
" Adverse events (predominantly headache, nervousness, and somnolence) were minor and comparable for all treatment groups."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of concurrent administration of risperidone and donepezil. Jia, X; Parier, JL; Pesco-Koplowitz, L; Xie, C; Zhao, Q, 2003)	0.32
"We conducted a comparative retrospective study of the tolerance and the adverse events (AE) of two AChEI in a group of patients with very slight and mild probable AD over a 6 month period."	( [Tolerance and adverse events of treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in a clinical sample of patients with very slight and mild Alzheimer s disease over a six-month period]. Fajardo-Tibau, C; Garre-Olmo, J; Gelada-Batlle, E; Hernández-Ferràndiz, M; López-Pousa, S; Lozano-Gallego, M; Morante-Muñoz, V; Turon-Estrada, A; Vilalta-Franch, J, )	0.13
" 2 Delta(9)-and Delta(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were toxic when added directly to SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells."	( Reduction of human monocytic cell neurotoxicity and cytokine secretion by ligands of the cannabinoid-type CB2 receptor. Bissonnette, CJ; Klegeris, A; McGeer, PL, 2003)	0.32
" In all five studies, most adverse events were related to hypoglycemia, as expected in a normal population given a blood glucose regulator."	( Influence of drugs interacting with CYP3A4 on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of the prandial glucose regulator repaglinide. Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2003)	0.32
" Histamine was applied at 10(-9),10(-8), 10(-7),10(-6), and 10(-5) M for 16 h into the cultures and the highest dose was found to be the most toxic one."	( Contribution of the histaminergic receptor subtypes to histamine-induced cerebellar granular neurotoxicity. Buyukokuroglu, ME; Gepdiremen, A; Hacimuftuoglu, A; Suleyman, H, )	0.13
" The type and frequency of adverse events were similar across treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of ketotifen eye drops in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Cooper, C; Kidd, M; Lanz, R; McKenzie, SH; Steven, I, 2003)	0.32
" Our previous experiments have proved the toxic effects of Tinuvin 770 on isolated rat cardiomyocytes."	( Comparative study on cardiotoxic effect of Tinuvin 770: a light stabilizer of medical plastics in rat model. Hubay, M; Járay, J; Kovács, A; Merkely, B; Soós, P; Sótonyi, P; Szentmáriay, I; Zima, E, 2004)	0.32
" Tolerability and safety were assessed by monitoring adverse events, physical examinations, vital signs, clinical laboratory test abnormalities and ECG findings throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a global, multinational, clinical experience study. Bahra, R; Baloyannis, S; Boada-Rovira, M; Brodaty, H; Cras, P; Emre, M; Zhang, R, 2004)	0.32
"9%) patients completed the study; 59 (5%) patients discontinued because of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a global, multinational, clinical experience study. Bahra, R; Baloyannis, S; Boada-Rovira, M; Brodaty, H; Cras, P; Emre, M; Zhang, R, 2004)	0.32
" Finally, no apparent difference was noted in the safety of ebastine between patients with hepatic insufficiency and healthy subjects as assessed by evaluation of adverse events, vital signs and laboratory parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of ebastine in patients with impaired hepatic function compared with healthy volunteers: a phase I open-label study. Dilzer, SC; Lasseter, KC; Noveck, RJ; Vargas, R; Waldman, S, 2004)	0.32
"Bolus injection could potentially be a safe and effective means of administering remifentanil in clinical situations requiring a brief period of intense analgesia."	( Remifentanil by bolus injection: a safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and age effect investigation in human volunteers. Egan, TD; Kern, SE; Muir, KT; White, J, 2004)	0.32
" Safety and tolerability were assessed using telemetry, Holter monitoring, surface ECG, vital signs, safety laboratories, and adverse event reports."	( Single oral dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of PNU-96391 in healthy volunteers. Adams, G; Azie, NE; Bombardt, PA; Donaldson, K; Francom, SF; Rodríguez, CA; Staton, BA, 2004)	0.32
" There were no statistically significant differences between the renal function groups in the incidence of adverse events, and no deaths were attributable to remifentanil use."	( Offset of pharmacodynamic effects and safety of remifentanil in intensive care unit patients with various degrees of renal impairment. Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Kessler, P; Shaikh, S; Wilmer, A, 2004)	0.32
" Overall, all treatments were safe and well tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of ebastine 20 mg compared to loratadine 10 mg once daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hampel, F; Howland, W; Ratner, P; Van Bavel, J, 2004)	0.32
" There was no significant difference among all groups in the number of patients who reported adverse events."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of ebastine (20 mg and 10 mg) to loratadine 10 mg once daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Hampel, F; Howland, W; Ratner, P; Van Bavel, J, 2004)	0.32
"6 %)treatment was withdrawn because of mostly gastrointestinal adverse events."	( Effectiveness and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in elderly subjects with Alzheimer's disease: a "real world" study. Bardelli, F; Bencini, F; Biagini, CA; Caleri, V; Cantini, C; Cavallini, MC; Marini, M; Masotti, G; Mecacci, R; Mossello, E; Razzi, E; Sarcone, E; Tilli, S; Tonon, E, 2004)	0.32
" Analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil was very effective, well tolerated and had a similar adverse event and haemodynamic profile to those of hypnotic-based regimens when used in critically ill neuro-intensive care unit patients for up to 5 days."	( Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]. Karabinis, A; Kirkham, AJ; Komnos, A; Mandragos, K; Soukup, J; Speelberg, B; Stergiopoulos, S, 2004)	0.32
" Data both from clinical trials and studies in routine clinical practice have shown that donepezil is associated with a low incidence of GI adverse events (AEs) that is comparable with placebo."	( The safety and tolerability of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ham, RJ; Jackson, S; Wilkinson, D, 2004)	0.32
" Safety was evaluated by physical and laboratory evaluations and the monitoring of adverse events (AEs)."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and sertraline HCl in healthy volunteers: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following single and multiple oral doses. Cullen, EI; Kumar, D; Nagy, CF; Perdomo, CA; Pratt, RD; Wason, S, 2004)	0.32
" Safety assessments included monitoring adverse events, and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor examination."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and levodopa/carbidopa in patients with Parkinson's disease: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following multiple oral doses. Cullen, EI; Hahne, WA; Kirby, L; Kumar, D; Okereke, CS; Pratt, RD, 2004)	0.32
" The number of PD patients who experienced at least one adverse event during the study (13/25) was higher when they received donepezil HCl than when they received placebo (5/25), but was the same as healthy subjects who received donepezil HCl only (13/26)."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and levodopa/carbidopa in patients with Parkinson's disease: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following multiple oral doses. Cullen, EI; Hahne, WA; Kirby, L; Kumar, D; Okereke, CS; Pratt, RD, 2004)	0.32
" Co-administration of the two drugs led to a small increase in adverse events compared with administration of levodopa/carbidopa alone in PD patients."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and levodopa/carbidopa in patients with Parkinson's disease: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following multiple oral doses. Cullen, EI; Hahne, WA; Kirby, L; Kumar, D; Okereke, CS; Pratt, RD, 2004)	0.32
" The most common adverse event in both treatment groups was diarrhoea (6/16 risperidone + donepezil HCl patients and 9/16 donepezil HCl only subjects)."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following multiple oral doses. Cullen, EI; Khan, A; Kumar, D; Perdomo, CA; Pratt, RD; Preskorn, SH; Reyes, JF, 2004)	0.32
" elegans strain PC72 (lacZ, heat shock protein-16 [hsp-16] construct) was used as a report organism for toxic effects."	( Caenorhabditis elegans as model system for rapid toxicity assessment of pharmaceutical compounds. Dengg, M; van Meel, JC, )	0.13
" These results suggest that donepezil exerts a neuroprotective effect by reducing the amount of the toxic form of Abeta fibrils in septal neuron cultures."	( Protective effect of donepezil against Abeta(1-40) neurotoxicity in rat septal neurons. Akasofu, S; Kimura, M; Ogura, H; Sawada, K, 2005)	0.33
" The LD50 of (+)-D-ammodendrine in mice was determined to be 94."	( Ammodendrine and N-methylammodendrine enantiomers: isolation, optical rotation, and toxicity. Chang, CW; Gardner, DR; Garrossian, M; Lee, ST; Molyneux, RJ; Panter, KE; Pfister, JA, 2005)	0.33
" This review will concentrate on the adverse effects of remifentanil given by bolus injection, either alone or in the context of a background infusion."	( The safety of remifentanil by bolus injection. Egan, TD; Richardson, SP, 2005)	0.33
" Their use is frequently associated with dose-limiting adverse effects."	( Simple pharmacological test battery to assess efficacy and side effect profile of centrally acting muscle relaxant drugs. Berzsenyi, P; Farkas, S; Kárpáti, E; Kocsis, P; Tarnawa, I, )	0.13
" For detecting side effect liability (ataxia, sedation, impairment of voluntary motor functions), (1) the rota-rod test, (2) measurement of spontaneous motility, (3) the weight-lifting test and (4) the thiopental sleep test were used."	( Simple pharmacological test battery to assess efficacy and side effect profile of centrally acting muscle relaxant drugs. Berzsenyi, P; Farkas, S; Kárpáti, E; Kocsis, P; Tarnawa, I, )	0.13
"Therapeutic indices calculated from the results of these in vivo experiments for the clinically used muscle relaxants are in agreement with their adverse effect profiles in humans."	( Simple pharmacological test battery to assess efficacy and side effect profile of centrally acting muscle relaxant drugs. Berzsenyi, P; Farkas, S; Kárpáti, E; Kocsis, P; Tarnawa, I, )	0.13
"To provide a systematic review of the best quality evidence of the effects of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine on cognition, quality of life and adverse events in people with mild to moderately-severe AD."	( A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine on cognition, quality of life and adverse events in Alzheimer's disease. Clegg, A; Green, C; Kirby, J; Loveman, E; Payne, E; Picot, J; Takeda, A, 2006)	0.33
" Adverse events were generally related to the gastrointestinal system, with a tendency for these to be more common in the treatment arms."	( A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine on cognition, quality of life and adverse events in Alzheimer's disease. Clegg, A; Green, C; Kirby, J; Loveman, E; Payne, E; Picot, J; Takeda, A, 2006)	0.33
" Twenty-four drug-related adverse events were recorded of which four were regarded as serious."	( Efficacy and safety of high-dose cabergoline in Parkinson's disease. Ludolph, A; Odin, P; Oehlwein, C; Polzer, U; Renner, R; Schüler, P; Shing, M; Storch, A; Werner, G, 2006)	0.33
" Moreover, NMDAR involvement causes the fatal activation of calpain, which, in turn, degrades tau protein into a 17-kDa peptide and possibly other highly toxic N-terminal peptides."	( NMDA receptor mediates tau-induced neurotoxicity by calpain and ERK/MAPK activation. Amadoro, G; Calissano, P; Canu, N; Cestari, V; Ciotti, MT; Costanzi, M, 2006)	0.33
" After providing evidence that the cardiovascular liabilities were not a function of MCHr1 antagonism, continued screening identified the chromone-substituted aminopiperidine amides as a class of MCHr1 antagonists that demonstrated a safe cardiovascular profile at high drug concentrations in both plasma and brain."	( Screening for cardiovascular safety: a structure-activity approach for guiding lead selection of melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists. Brodjian, S; Campbell, TJ; Collins, CA; Dayton, BD; Freeman, JC; Fryer, RM; Gao, J; Hernandez, L; Iyengar, R; Judd, AS; Kym, PR; Lynch, JK; Marsh, KC; Mulhern, M; Napier, JJ; Polakowski, JS; Preusser, LC; Reilly, RM; Reinhart, GA; Segreti, JA; Sham, HL; Souers, AJ; Vasudevan, A; Wagaw, SH; Wodka, D; Zhao, G, 2006)	0.33
" Donepezil is expected to be therapeutically useful and safe in treating DLB patients, indicating marked improvements in behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) rather than in cognitive deficit, without deteriorating parkinsonism."	( Efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: preliminary findings from an open-label study. Iseki, E; Kosaka, K; Mori, E; Mori, S, 2006)	0.33
" Adverse events were monitored up to 30 days after the last dose of study drug was administered."	( A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study of the safety of alvimopan in patients who undergo simple total abdominal hysterectomy. Coleman, RL; Du, W; Fort, JG; Gabriel, K; Guerrieri, JP; Herzog, TJ; Techner, L; Wallin, B, 2006)	0.33
"Overall, the most common adverse events were nausea, vomiting, and constipation; < 5% of patients discontinued use because of adverse events."	( A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study of the safety of alvimopan in patients who undergo simple total abdominal hysterectomy. Coleman, RL; Du, W; Fort, JG; Gabriel, K; Guerrieri, JP; Herzog, TJ; Techner, L; Wallin, B, 2006)	0.33
" One hundred and thirteen adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported, with the most frequently specified being diarrhoea (10), abdominal pain (10) and nausea/vomiting (9)."	( Safety profile of repaglinide as used in general practice in England: results of a prescription-event monitoring study. Marshall, V; Shakir, S; Wilton, L, 2006)	0.33
" Mild and transient adverse events were observed in 6% of akatinol memantine group."	( [Clinical efficacy and safety of akatinol memantine in treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a donepezil-controlled, randomized trial]. Hu, HT; Ji, CJ; Tang, HC; Wang, YH; Xu, T; Yao, JL; Yu, HZ; Zhang, ZX, 2006)	0.33
"As a safe and effective medicine, akatinol memantine, which has a similar effect as donepezil for AD, can remarkably improve the cognition, behavior, and mood of AD patients."	( [Clinical efficacy and safety of akatinol memantine in treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a donepezil-controlled, randomized trial]. Hu, HT; Ji, CJ; Tang, HC; Wang, YH; Xu, T; Yao, JL; Yu, HZ; Zhang, ZX, 2006)	0.33
"0 mug per intravenous injection, based on the combined no observable adverse effect levels (NOAEL, mg/m(2)) measured in these species."	( Preclinical acute toxicity studies and dosimetry estimates of the novel sigma-1 receptor radiotracer, [18F]SFE. Chang, RC; Mirsalis, JC; Ng, H; Schindler-Horvat, J; Stabin, MG; Waterhouse, RN; Zhao, J, )	0.13
" Donepezil was well tolerated; 51% of patients experienced adverse events, most commonly diarrhea (5."	( Safety and efficacy of donepezil in African Americans with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Goldman, R; Griffith, P; Lichtenberg, P; Payne-Parrish, J, 2006)	0.33
"These results suggest that donepezil is effective and safe in treating African Americans with mild-to-moderate AD, and support the value of FOME in assessing efficacy in AD trials in diverse populations."	( Safety and efficacy of donepezil in African Americans with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. Goldman, R; Griffith, P; Lichtenberg, P; Payne-Parrish, J, 2006)	0.33
" Overall, 85% of patients experienced at least one adverse event (AE)."	( Efficacy and safety of donepezil over 3 years: an open-label, multicentre study in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Burns, A; Gauthier, S; Perdomo, C, 2007)	0.34
"These results support the conclusion that donepezil is safe and effective for the long-term treatment of patients with mild to moderate AD."	( Efficacy and safety of donepezil over 3 years: an open-label, multicentre study in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Burns, A; Gauthier, S; Perdomo, C, 2007)	0.34
" The cytotoxicity of FC-TEMPO in the high metastatic lung carcinoma cells (95-D) showed that it markedly inhibited the viability of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, while it was less toxic to a normal human cell line."	( Cytotoxicity of a newly synthesized nitroxide derivative of 4-ferrocenecarboxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl in high metastatic lung tumor cells. Han, J; Lan, MB; Li, CL; Liu, JW; Miao, LD; Tang, W; Wu, Y, 2006)	0.33
" Patients were treated every 21 days until progression or intolerable adverse events (AEs)."	( A phase II study of the safety and efficacy of the multidrug resistance inhibitor VX-710 combined with doxorubicin and vincristine in patients with recurrent small cell lung cancer. Gandhi, L; Harding, MW; Johnson, BE; Langer, CJ; Lynch, TJ; Moore, M; Neubauer, M; Ross, HJ, 2007)	0.34
" The incidence of adverse events was comparable in both groups."	( Fast-track cardiac anesthesia: efficacy and safety of remifentanil versus sufentanil. Conzen, P; Lison, S; Schill, M, 2007)	0.34
"Remifentanil for fast-track cardiac anesthesia provided safe and stable operating conditions and facilitated earlier tracheal extubation."	( Fast-track cardiac anesthesia: efficacy and safety of remifentanil versus sufentanil. Conzen, P; Lison, S; Schill, M, 2007)	0.34
"Cardiovascular disorders are the most frequently reported adverse effects of drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease."	( Anti-Alzheimer drugs: life-threatening adverse effects. , 2007)	0.34
" In addition, no differences were observed in the safety of ebastine between patients with renal impairment and healthy subjects when assessing adverse events, vital signs, laboratory parameters or ECGs."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of ebastine in healthy subjects and patients with renal impairment. Noveck, RJ; Preston, RA; Swan, SK, 2007)	0.34
" The side effects were mild, transient, and consistent with the adverse events noted with cholinesterase inhibitors."	( Preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil hydrochloride in children with Down syndrome: a clinical report series. Crissman, BG; Dawson, D; Eells, R; Heller, JH; Kishnani, PS; Li, J; Spiridigliozzi, GA; Sullivan-Saarela, JA, 2007)	0.34
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were observed for 54."	( Efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: significant placebo/practice effects in a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Buchanan, RW; Goldman, R; Kane, JM; Keefe, RS; Li, C; Malhotra, AK; Meltzer, HY; Murthy, A; Sovel, M, 2008)	0.35
" Trial methods, clinical characteristics, outcomes, and adverse events were extracted and checked."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Kavirajan, H; Schneider, LS, 2007)	0.34
" Compared with placebo, more dropouts and adverse events (anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and insomnia) occurred with the cholinesterase inhibitors, but not with memantine."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Kavirajan, H; Schneider, LS, 2007)	0.34
"The combination of repaglinide, metformin and bedtime NPH is safe and effective and it provides better postprandial blood glucose control."	( Safety and efficacy of repaglinide in combination with metformin and bedtime NPH insulin as an insulin treatment regimen in type 2 diabetes. Civera, M; Martínez, I; Merchante, A; Salvador, M; Sanz, J, 2008)	0.35
"Ebastine is safe and effective in preventing the symptoms of ACU."	( Acquired cold urticaria symptoms can be safely prevented by ebastine. Magerl, M; Maurer, M; Metz, M; Schmolke, J; Siebenhaar, F; Zuberbier, T, 2007)	0.34
" Thus, developing safe NMDAR antagonists is of high therapeutic interest."	( Comparison of the pharmacological properties of GK11 and MK801, two NMDA receptor antagonists: towards an explanation for the lack of intrinsic neurotoxicity of GK11. Becerril Ortega, J; Buisson, A; Crouzin, N; Desmadryl, G; Hirbec, H; Privat, A; Teigell, M; Vandame, D, 2007)	0.34
"Since the prevalence of obesity continues to increase, there is a demand for effective and safe anti-obesity agents that can produce and maintain weight loss and improve comorbidity."	( Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Astrup, A; Bartels, EM; Bliddal, H; Christensen, R; Kristensen, PK, 2007)	0.34
" Rimonabant caused significantly more adverse events than did placebo (OR=1."	( Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Astrup, A; Bartels, EM; Bliddal, H; Christensen, R; Kristensen, PK, 2007)	0.34
"Our findings suggest that 20 mg per day rimonabant increases the risk of psychiatric adverse events--ie, depressed mood disorders and anxiety-despite depressed mood being an exclusion criterion in these trials."	( Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Astrup, A; Bartels, EM; Bliddal, H; Christensen, R; Kristensen, PK, 2007)	0.34
" Generally, rimonabant has been well tolerated, with a primary side effect of nausea."	( Cannabinoid-1 receptor blockade in cardiometabolic risk reduction: safety, tolerability, and therapeutic potential. Cannon, CP; Steinberg, BA, 2007)	0.34
" At 1 year, adverse events more frequently reported with rimonabant were gastrointestinal, neurological, and psychiatric in nature."	( Efficacy and safety of rimonabant for improvement of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese patients: pooled 1-year data from the Rimonabant in Obesity (RIO) program. Després, JP; McCarthy, C; Pi-Sunyer, X; Scheen, A; Van Gaal, L, 2008)	0.35
" Rimonabant was generally well tolerated, with more frequently reported adverse events being gastrointestinal, neurological, and psychiatric in nature."	( Efficacy and safety of rimonabant for improvement of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese patients: pooled 1-year data from the Rimonabant in Obesity (RIO) program. Després, JP; McCarthy, C; Pi-Sunyer, X; Scheen, A; Van Gaal, L, 2008)	0.35
" Higher doses of donepezil, if safe and well tolerated, might provide further benefits for patients with AD."	( Safety and tolerability of donepezil at doses up to 20 mg/day: results from a pilot study in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Corey-Bloom, J; Doody, RS; Ieni, J; Li, H; Schindler, R; Zhang, R, 2008)	0.35
" Primary outcome measures were tolerability (as determined by monitoring of discontinuations, dose modifications and adverse events) and safety (as determined by adverse event monitoring, physical examinations, clinical laboratory tests and ECGs)."	( Safety and tolerability of donepezil at doses up to 20 mg/day: results from a pilot study in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Corey-Bloom, J; Doody, RS; Ieni, J; Li, H; Schindler, R; Zhang, R, 2008)	0.35
"No patients withdrew from the study and there were no serious adverse events or deaths."	( Safety and tolerability of donepezil at doses up to 20 mg/day: results from a pilot study in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Corey-Bloom, J; Doody, RS; Ieni, J; Li, H; Schindler, R; Zhang, R, 2008)	0.35
"In this small pilot study of patients with mild-to-moderate AD already stabilized on donepezil 10 mg/day, doses of 15 and 20 mg/day of donepezil appeared safe and well tolerated."	( Safety and tolerability of donepezil at doses up to 20 mg/day: results from a pilot study in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Corey-Bloom, J; Doody, RS; Ieni, J; Li, H; Schindler, R; Zhang, R, 2008)	0.35
" Patients exposed to 3 dose ranges of iloperidone, another antipsychotic, or placebo were compared on rates of serious adverse events (SAEs), adverse events (AEs), extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, prolactin, weight and metabolic parameters, QTc, and other standard safety parameters."	( Safety profile of iloperidone: a pooled analysis of 6-week acute-phase pivotal trials. Cutler, AJ; Polymeropoulos, MH; Weiden, PJ; Wolfgang, CD, 2008)	0.35
" The most common adverse events were insomnia (18."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of iloperidone: results from 3 clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. Di Marino, M; Kane, JM; Laska, E; Lauriello, J; Wolfgang, CD, 2008)	0.35
" The most frequent adverse events were infections and gastrointestinal (abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and vomiting)."	( Phase 1 dose-escalation study of CP-690 550 in stable renal allograft recipients: preliminary findings of safety, tolerability, effects on lymphocyte subsets and pharmacokinetics. Brennan, D; Chan, G; Chow, V; Gaston, R; Krishnaswami, S; Mendez, R; Ni, G; Pescovitz, MD; Pirsch, J; Swan, S; van Gurp, E; Wang, C; Weimar, W, 2008)	0.35
" Across trials, the incidence of adverse events was generally lowest for donepezil and highest for rivastigmine."	( Efficacy and safety of donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gartlehner, G; Hansen, RA; Jonas, DE; Moore, CG; Morgan, LC; Webb, AP, 2008)	0.35
" Overall, incidences of adverse events (67."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. DeFronzo, RA; Fleck, PR; Mekki, Q; Wilson, CA, 2008)	0.35
" Masitinib was generally well tolerated, with mild (grade I) or moderate (grade II) diarrhea or vomiting as the most common adverse events."	( Masitinib is safe and effective for the treatment of canine mast cell tumors. Devauchelle, P; Dubreuil, P; Hahn, KA; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Leblanc, A; Legendre, A; Leventhal, PS; Moussy, A; Ogilvie, G; Oglivie, G; Palmerini, F; Powers, B; Rusk, T, )	0.13
"Masitinib is safe and effective at delaying tumor progression in dogs presenting with recurrent or nonresectable grade II or III nonmetastatic MCT."	( Masitinib is safe and effective for the treatment of canine mast cell tumors. Devauchelle, P; Dubreuil, P; Hahn, KA; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Leblanc, A; Legendre, A; Leventhal, PS; Moussy, A; Ogilvie, G; Oglivie, G; Palmerini, F; Powers, B; Rusk, T, )	0.13
" plus single-dose insulin glargine regimen was safe for low-risk type 2 diabetic patients who insisted on fasting during Ramadan."	( Repaglinide plus single-dose insulin glargine: a safe regimen for low-risk type 2 diabetic patients who insist on fasting in Ramadan. Bakiner, O; Bozkirli, E; Demirag, NG; Ertorer, ME; Tutuncu, NB, 2009)	0.35
" Most patients tolerated the treatment well, with only 2 discontinuing because of adverse events."	( Effectiveness and safety of donepezil in Hispanic patients with Alzheimer's disease: a 12-week open-label study. Kassalow, LM; Li, H; Lopez, OL; Mackell, JA; McRae, T; Sun, Y; Xu, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Overall, adverse events (AEs) observed with alogliptin were not substantially different from those observed with placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of adding the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin to metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ellis, GC; Fleck, PR; Mekki, Q; Nauck, MA; Wilson, CA, 2009)	0.35
"Alogliptin is an effective and safe treatment for type 2 diabetes when added to metformin for patients not sufficiently controlled on metformin monotherapy."	( Efficacy and safety of adding the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin to metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ellis, GC; Fleck, PR; Mekki, Q; Nauck, MA; Wilson, CA, 2009)	0.35
" The incidence of treatment emergent adverse events was similar for bilastine (20."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mg vs desloratadine 5 mg in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients. Bachert, C; Dimitrov, V; Gorina, MM; Ivan, P; Kuna, P; Loureiro, A; Sanquer, F; van de Heyning, P, 2009)	0.35
"Bilastine 20 mg once daily was efficacious, safe and not different from desloratadine 5 mg once daily in the treatment of SAR symptoms."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mg vs desloratadine 5 mg in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients. Bachert, C; Dimitrov, V; Gorina, MM; Ivan, P; Kuna, P; Loureiro, A; Sanquer, F; van de Heyning, P, 2009)	0.35
"Biochemically validated 4-week continuous abstinence at end-of-treatment (weeks 6-9; primary end-point); 7-day point prevalence abstinence at weeks 9 and 24; sustained abstinence (weeks 6-24); change in body weight; and adverse events."	( A randomized controlled trial of adding the nicotine patch to rimonabant for smoking cessation: efficacy, safety and weight gain. Chang, Y; Dale, LC; Gonzales, D; Lawrence, D; Rigotti, NA, 2009)	0.35
" Serious adverse event rates did not differ between groups."	( A randomized controlled trial of adding the nicotine patch to rimonabant for smoking cessation: efficacy, safety and weight gain. Chang, Y; Dale, LC; Gonzales, D; Lawrence, D; Rigotti, NA, 2009)	0.35
"The Leipzig fast-track protocol for cardio-anesthesia including the central elements of switching opiate therapy to remifentanil and switching patient recovery to a special post-anesthesia recovery and care unit, shortened therapy times, is safe and economically effective."	( [Leipzig fast-track protocol for cardio-anesthesia. Effective, safe and economical]. Ender, J; Fassl, J; Funkat, AK; Häntschel, D; Scholz, M; Sommer, M; Wittmann, M, 2009)	0.35
" Adverse events were consistent with the known donepezil safety profile."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with severe Alzheimer's disease: results from a 52-week, open-label, multicenter, extension study in Japan. Arimoto, I; Asada, T; Homma, A; Imai, Y; Iwamoto, T; Koma, H; Ohbayashi, T; Shigeta, M; Tago, H; Takase, T; Takita, M, 2009)	0.35
"Donepezil is effective and safe for symptomatic treatment of severe AD for at least 1 year."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with severe Alzheimer's disease: results from a 52-week, open-label, multicenter, extension study in Japan. Arimoto, I; Asada, T; Homma, A; Imai, Y; Iwamoto, T; Koma, H; Ohbayashi, T; Shigeta, M; Tago, H; Takase, T; Takita, M, 2009)	0.35
"To investigate spontaneous reports of TdP present in the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) in the light of what is already known on their TdP-liability."	( Drug-induced torsades de pointes: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). De Ponti, F; Moretti, U; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E, 2009)	0.35
" Cases were represented by TdP reports, whereas non-cases were all reports of adverse drug reactions other than TdP."	( Drug-induced torsades de pointes: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). De Ponti, F; Moretti, U; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E, 2009)	0.35
"Large spontaneous reporting databases represent an important source for signal detection of rare adverse drug reactions (ADR), such as TdP."	( Drug-induced torsades de pointes: data mining of the public version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). De Ponti, F; Moretti, U; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E, 2009)	0.35
"Remifentanil is safe and highly effective for pain control during percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage."	( Safety and effectiveness of analgesia with remifentanil for percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Bae, JI; Lee, HS; Park, AW; Park, NS; Won, JH, 2009)	0.35
" Adverse events occurred in 205 (77%) patients in the single-dose oral casopitant mesylate group and 203 (75%) patients in the 3-day intravenous and oral casopitant mesylate group compared with 194 (73%) of patients in the control group."	( Efficacy and safety of casopitant mesylate, a neurokinin 1 (NK1)-receptor antagonist, in prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients receiving cisplatin-based highly emetogenic chemotherapy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-contr Aziz, Z; Grunberg, SM; Guckert, M; Herrstedt, J; Lane, S; Rolski, J; Russo, MW; Strausz, J; Wissel, P; Wright, O, 2009)	0.35
" Safety was assessed according to adverse events (AEs), laboratory tests and electrocardiograms."	( Efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mg compared with cetirizine 10 mg and placebo for the symptomatic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Agache, I; Bachert, C; Fouquert, L; Kuna, P; Nowacki, Z; Roger, A; Sologuren, A; Valiente, R; van Cauwenberge, P, 2009)	0.35
"The objective of this article was to estimate the risk of discontinuation due to adverse events in trials of orlistat, sibutramine and rimonabant."	( Discontinuation due to adverse events in randomized trials of orlistat, sibutramine and rimonabant: a meta-analysis. DeSantis, SM; Johansson, K; Neovius, K; Neovius, M; Rössner, S, 2009)	0.35
" Multiple mechanisms concur in generating the damage, but activation of oxidative stress may contribute to the final toxic effect."	( The non-peptidyl low molecular weight radical scavenger IAC protects human pancreatic islets from lipotoxicity. Boggi, U; Bonamassa, B; Canistro, D; D'Aleo, V; Del Guerra, S; Del Prato, S; Filipponi, F; Lupi, R; Martano, M; Paolini, M; Soleti, A; Valgimigli, L, 2009)	0.35
" It may potentially have a lower incidence of adverse events than other antipsychotic agents."	( The efficacy and safety of blonanserin compared with haloperidol in acute-phase schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Garcia, E; Nakamura, H; Peris, F; Robert, M; Sato, N; Terazawa, Y, 2009)	0.35
" Patients were assessed weekly for clinical efficacy, adverse events, extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and drug compliance, and were assessed biweekly for other safety variables."	( The efficacy and safety of blonanserin compared with haloperidol in acute-phase schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Garcia, E; Nakamura, H; Peris, F; Robert, M; Sato, N; Terazawa, Y, 2009)	0.35
"To determine the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of 3 different dosages of CP-690,550, a potent, orally active JAK inhibitor, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in whom methotrexate, etanercept, infliximab, or adalimumab caused an inadequate or toxic response."	( The safety and efficacy of a JAK inhibitor in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa trial of three dosage levels of CP-690,550 versus placebo. Bloom, BJ; Breedveld, FC; Burgos-Vargas, R; Coombs, JH; Fletcher, MP; Gruben, D; Kremer, JM; Krishnaswami, S; Wilkinson, B; Zerbini, CA; Zwillich, SH, 2009)	0.35
" The most common adverse events reported were headache and nausea."	( The safety and efficacy of a JAK inhibitor in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa trial of three dosage levels of CP-690,550 versus placebo. Bloom, BJ; Breedveld, FC; Burgos-Vargas, R; Coombs, JH; Fletcher, MP; Gruben, D; Kremer, JM; Krishnaswami, S; Wilkinson, B; Zerbini, CA; Zwillich, SH, 2009)	0.35
"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChIs) are widely used in the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their cholinergic effects could generate adverse side effects in the cardiovascular system."	( Donepezil-induced adverse side effects of cardiac rhythm: 2 cases report of atrioventricular block and Torsade de Pointes. Hiramatsu, Y; Koga, S; Tanaka, A, 2009)	0.35
" Adverse event rates were comparable to AD studies."	( The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of donepezil for the treatment of young adults with Down syndrome. Capone, GT; Handen, BL; Heller, JH; Kishnani, PS; McRae, T; Richardson, S; Seltzer, B; Sommer, BR; Spiridigliozzi, GA, 2009)	0.35
" There appears to be a dose relationship for adverse events such as dizziness, somnolence and dry mouth; for example NNH vs."	( Iloperidone for schizophrenia: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly commercialised second-generation antipsychotic. Citrome, L, 2009)	0.35
" Although, the response to bronchoconstriction in dogs and rats was different from humans, the two species presented ventilatory changes that highlight the potential adverse effect of test articles."	( Respiratory safety pharmacology: positive control drug responses in Sprague-Dawley rats, Beagle dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. Authier, S; Gauvin, D; Legaspi, M; Troncy, E, 2009)	0.35
" The incidences of overall adverse events and hypoglycemia were similar across treatment groups, but cardiac events occurred more often with active treatment than placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin added to pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Fleck, PR; Mekki, Q; Pratley, RE; Reusch, JE; Wilson, CA, 2009)	0.35
"Galantamine, a centrally acting cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor and a nicotinic allosteric potentiating ligand used to treat Alzheimer's disease, is an effective and safe antidote against poisoning with nerve agents, including soman."	( Effectiveness of donepezil, rivastigmine, and (+/-)huperzine A in counteracting the acute toxicity of organophosphorus nerve agents: comparison with galantamine. Adler, M; Akkerman, M; Albuquerque, EX; Aracava, Y; Pereira, EF, 2009)	0.35
" Adverse event reporting with arzoxifene was similar to that with raloxifene, as were hot flush and night sweat reporting."	( Effects of arzoxifene on bone, lipid markers, and safety parameters in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Cox, DA; Downs, RW; Dowsett, SA; Ghosh, A; Harper, K; Moffett, AM, 2010)	0.36
" Relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence interval for relevant adverse events and number needed to harm was calculated."	( Systematic review and meta-analysis on the adverse events of rimonabant treatment: considerations for its potential use in hepatology. Bedogni, G; Chavez-Tapia, NC; Crocè, LS; Masutti, F; Tellez-Avila, FI; Tiribelli, C, 2009)	0.35
"Rimonabant is associated with an increased risk of adverse events."	( Systematic review and meta-analysis on the adverse events of rimonabant treatment: considerations for its potential use in hepatology. Bedogni, G; Chavez-Tapia, NC; Crocè, LS; Masutti, F; Tellez-Avila, FI; Tiribelli, C, 2009)	0.35
" Safety was assessed according to adverse events, laboratory tests and electrocardiograms."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mg vs levocetirizine 5 mg for the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a multi-centre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Antépara, I; Bogacka, E; Jáuregui, I; Medina, I; Oanta, A; Uhl, P; Valiente, R; Wesel, F; Zuberbier, T, 2010)	0.36
" Comparison with levocetirizine indicated both treatments to be equally efficacious as well as equally safe and well tolerated as compared with placebo."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mg vs levocetirizine 5 mg for the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a multi-centre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Antépara, I; Bogacka, E; Jáuregui, I; Medina, I; Oanta, A; Uhl, P; Valiente, R; Wesel, F; Zuberbier, T, 2010)	0.36
"Bilastine 20 mg is a novel effective and safe treatment option for the management of CU."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mg vs levocetirizine 5 mg for the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a multi-centre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Antépara, I; Bogacka, E; Jáuregui, I; Medina, I; Oanta, A; Uhl, P; Valiente, R; Wesel, F; Zuberbier, T, 2010)	0.36
" Fewer donepezil-treated subjects withdrew due to adverse events (AEs) compared with rivastigmine and galantamine-treated subjects."	( Safety and tolerability of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine for patients with Alzheimer's disease: systematic review of the 'real-world' evidence. Kelly, S; Lockhart, IA; Mitchell, SA, 2009)	0.35
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded throughout."	( Safety and tolerability of donepezil in mild cognitive impairment: open-label extension study. Doody, RS; Ferris, S; Gao, J; Goldman, R; Murthy, AK; Salloway, S, 2010)	0.36
"The objective was to investigate the frequency of adverse events (AE) as a cause for discontinuation of donepezil treatment for Alzheimer's dementia (DAT) in a geriatric memory unit."	( [Adverse events causing discontinuation of donepezil for Alzheimer's dementia]. Carøe, TK; Moe, C, 2009)	0.35
" Safety outcomes included adverse events (AEs), discontinuations caused by AEs and serious AEs (SAEs)."	( Safety and tolerability of rivastigmine transdermal patch compared with rivastigmine capsules in patients switched from donepezil: data from three clinical trials. Farlow, MR; Meng, X; Olin, JT; Sadowsky, CH, 2010)	0.36
"A synopsis of the unique pharmacokinetic properties of remifentanil and its action on major organ systems will provide insight on the safe and effective use of the drug in a variety of clinical settings."	( Remifentanil, a different opioid: potential clinical applications and safety aspects. Manolaraki, M; Paspatis, GA; Stroumpos, C, 2010)	0.36
" The most common suspected adverse events were nausea, vomiting, rash, diarrhoea, peripheral oedema, anaemia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, pyrexia, neutropenia, asthenia, leucopenia, and abdominal pain, and most were of grades 1-2 severity."	( Safety and activity of masitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Deplanque, G; Hammel, P; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Levy, P; Mitry, E; Mornex, F; Moussy, A; Raymond, E; Rougier, P; Seitz, JF, 2010)	0.36
"Repaglinide is considered a safe drug; adverse events are mild to moderate which includes hypoglycemia, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and dyspepsia as similar to sulphonylureas."	( Repaglinide induced acute hepototoxicity. Jaiswal, S; McNamee, W; Mehta, R; Musuku, M; Tran, L, )	0.13
"The authors aimed to test the hypothesis that xenon anesthesia limits adverse hypotensive effects of losartan during acute hemorrhage."	( Xenon/remifentanil anesthesia protects against adverse effects of losartan on hemodynamic challenges induced by anesthesia and acute blood loss. Boemke, W; Francis, RC; Klein, A; Philippi-Höhne, C; Pickerodt, PA; Reyle-Hahn, MS, 2010)	0.36
" All active doses seemed to be well tolerated; headache, dizziness, and constipation were the most frequently reported adverse events."	( Phase II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the oral neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist casopitant (GW679769) administered with ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative and postdischarge nausea and vomiting in high-risk patients. Blackburn, L; Chung, F; Johnson, B; Kutsogiannis, DJ; Lane, SR; Levin, J; Pergolizzi, JV; Singla, NK; Singla, SK, 2010)	0.36
" Information regarding safety of triptans while breastfeeding is limited but also reassuring, as the minimal amounts excreted into the milk are insufficient to cause any adverse effects on the breastfeeding infant."	( Safety of triptans for migraine headaches during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Bozzo, P; Duong, S; Einarson, A; Nordeng, H, 2010)	0.36
" Safety was assessed by adverse events (AEs) and laboratory tests."	( Efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease in assisted living facilities. Gao, J; Mackell, J; Richardson, S; Rosenblatt, A, 2010)	0.36
" While initial attempts to target this system using the cannabinoid receptor inverse agonist rimonabant were successful in producing modest weight loss and improving obesity-related metabolic complications in humans, adverse central nervous system side effects precluded introduction of this drug into clinical practice."	( Rehashing endocannabinoid antagonists: can we selectively target the periphery to safely treat obesity and type 2 diabetes? Patti, ME, 2010)	0.36
" Bepotastine has negligible affinity for receptors associated with undesirable adverse effects, including histamine H(3), α(1)-, α(2)-, and β-adrenergic, serotonin (5-HT(2)), muscarinic, and benzodiazepine receptors."	( Non-clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety findings for the antihistamine bepotastine besilate. Gow, JA; Klier, SM; McCue, SL; McNamara, TR; Salapatek, AM; Williams, JI, 2010)	0.36
"Due to psychiatric adverse effects, 50% of subjects in the rimonabant group withdrew, and the study was terminated early (N=10) for safety concerns."	( Psychiatric adverse effects of rimonobant in adults with Prader Willi syndrome. Angulo, MA; Christos, PJ; Hogg, JE; Lipman, EG; Motaghedi, R; Vogiatzi, MG, )	0.13
" The tolerability profile of iloperidone is noteworthy in terms of modest weight gain, no medically important changes in lipid and glucose, little in the way of prolactin elevation, and an absence of extrapyramidal adverse effects, including akathisia."	( Iloperidone: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability, regulatory affairs, and an opinion. Citrome, L, 2010)	0.36
" The present study investigates the molecular etiology of haloperidol neurotoxicity and the role of curcumin, a well-known anti-oxidant, in ameliorating these adverse effects."	( Protective effect of curcumin and its combination with piperine (bioavailability enhancer) against haloperidol-associated neurotoxicity: cellular and neurochemical evidence. Bishnoi, M; Chopra, K; Kulkarni, SK; Rongzhu, L, 2011)	0.37
" The most frequent adverse events (AEs) for CP-945,598 were: diarrhea, nausea, nasopharyngitis, and headache."	( Efficacy and safety of CP-945,598, a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, on weight loss and maintenance. Aronne, LJ; Chew, RD; England, RD; Finer, N; Fountaine, RJ; Hollander, PA; Klioze, SS; Obourn, JD; Powell, CM, 2011)	0.37
" Finally, we demonstrated that slices from mice heterozygous for NR2B receptor) in the forebrain are not susceptible to the toxic effects of Aβ(1-42) oligomers but express normal LTP (138 ± 6%)."	( Therapeutic significance of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors and mGluR5 metabotropic glutamate receptors in mediating the synaptotoxic effects of β-amyloid oligomers on long-term potentiation (LTP) in murine hippocampal slices. Deussing, JM; Hasenjäger, A; Parsons, CG; Rammes, G; Sroka-Saidi, K, 2011)	0.37
"The objective of this study was to determine if healthy cats can tolerate administration of masitinib without clinically relevant adverse effects."	( Safety of masitinib mesylate in healthy cats. Cohen, N; Daly, M; Hermine, O; Moussy, A; Nabity, M; Sheppard, S; Wilson, H, )	0.13
" An increase in serum creatinine concentration and adverse gastrointestinal effects were noted in some cats."	( Safety of masitinib mesylate in healthy cats. Cohen, N; Daly, M; Hermine, O; Moussy, A; Nabity, M; Sheppard, S; Wilson, H, )	0.13
" The proportion of women reporting ≥ 1 adverse event did not differ between treatment groups, nor did vaginal bleeding."	( Arzoxifene versus raloxifene: effect on bone and safety parameters in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Alam, J; Cox, DA; Dowsett, SA; Kendler, DL; Palacios, S; Stock, J; Zanchetta, J, 2012)	0.38
" The primary outcome measure was the incidence of adverse events."	( Safety and effectiveness of donepezil on behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease. Agüera, L; Carrasco, MM; Gil, P; Leon, T; Moríñigo, A, )	0.13
"In the present study, AC927 (1-(2-phenethyl)piperidine oxalate), a selective sigma receptor ligand, was tested against the behavioral and toxic effects of cocaine in laboratory animals."	( Effects of the selective sigma receptor ligand, 1-(2-phenethyl)piperidine oxalate (AC927), on the behavioral and toxic effects of cocaine. Coop, A; Fantegrossi, WE; Katz, JL; Li, SM; Matsumoto, RR, 2011)	0.37
" In this review, we argue that identification of high-risk individuals by a combination of genomic screening, previous risk phenotype, and environmental risk factors offers a promising method for the safe use of centrally acting CB₁ receptor antagonists."	( Personalized medicine can pave the way for the safe use of CB₁ receptor antagonists. Bagdy, G; Hunyady, L; Juhasz, G; Lazary, J, 2011)	0.37
"Safety analyses comprised examination of the incidence, severity, and timing of treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) and their relationship to treatment initiation; changes in weight, electrocardiogram, vital signs, and laboratory parameters; and the incidence of premature study discontinuation."	( Safety and tolerability of donepezil 23 mg in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Bibbiani, F; Brand-Schieber, E; Farlow, M; Hsu, T; Moline, M; Satlin, A; Veloso, F; Yardley, J; Zou, H, 2011)	0.37
" Their known adverse effects include bradycardia."	( Bradycardia due to cholinesterase inhibitors: identify adverse effects and take them into account. , 2011)	0.37
" Safety endpoints were the occurrence of adverse events, vital sign measurements, physical examination and ECG findings, and laboratory test results recorded over the entire 52-week period."	( Efficacy and safety of alogliptin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging comparison with placebo, followed by a long-term extension study. Fujita, T; Hirayama, M; Hiroi, S; Kaku, K; Seino, Y, 2011)	0.37
" The incidence of adverse events with alogliptin over 52 weeks was not dose-dependent and was lower than with voglibose."	( Efficacy and safety of alogliptin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging comparison with placebo, followed by a long-term extension study. Fujita, T; Hirayama, M; Hiroi, S; Kaku, K; Seino, Y, 2011)	0.37
" The present paper summarizes the occurrence of alkaloids in the food chain, their mode of action and possible adverse effects including a safety assessment."	( Alkaloids in the human food chain--natural occurrence and possible adverse effects. Dusemund, B; Koleva, II; Rietjens, IM; Soffers, AE; van Beek, TA, 2012)	0.38
"While new anticancer angiogenesis inhibitors present a well-tolerated safety profile, they are not without adverse events."	( [Dermatologic side effects induced by new angiogenesis inhibitors]. Chevreau, C; Cottura, E; Garrido-Stowhas, I; Sibaud, V, 2011)	0.37
" In addition, bilastine was shown to be safe and well-tolerated over a 1-year treatment period."	( Efficacy and safety of bilastine 20 mg compared with cetirizine 10 mg and placebo in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Mullol, J; Sastre, J; Valero, A; Valiente, R, 2012)	0.38
"In randomized clinical trials, adverse events (AEs) are reported for the drug under evaluation and compared with the placebo group."	( A systematic review of adverse events in the placebo arm of donepezil trials: the role of cognitive impairment. Amanzio, M; Benedetti, F; Vase, L, 2012)	0.38
" Vandetanib was associated with more frequent adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of vandetanib, a dual VEGFR and EGFR inhibitor, in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bai, C; He, J; Li, H; Qin, Y; Song, H; Wang, C; Wei, L; Wu, C; Wu, M; Xu, J; Zhang, X; Zhu, T, 2011)	0.37
"Donepezil is a widely used cholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), however its cholinergic adverse side effects on the cardiovascular system are still unclear."	( Cardiac safety of donepezil in elderly patients with Alzheimer disease. Aydemir, E; Bozoglu, E; Isik, AT; Yay, A; Yildiz, GB, 2012)	0.38
" The safety evaluation included adverse events, visual acuity, intra-ocular pressure and study drug drop sensation."	( [Safety and efficacy of a new preservative-free levocabastine ophthalmic solution (Levofree®) using the conjunctival provocation test]. Allaire, C; Bassols, A; Siou-Mermet, R, 2012)	0.38
" The incidence of adverse events was lower with the preservative-free solution than with the preserved suspension."	( [Safety and efficacy of a new preservative-free levocabastine ophthalmic solution (Levofree®) using the conjunctival provocation test]. Allaire, C; Bassols, A; Siou-Mermet, R, 2012)	0.38
" Rates of treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were higher for donepezil 23 mg/day with memantine (80."	( Efficacy and safety of donepezil 23 mg versus donepezil 10 mg for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease: a subgroup analysis in patients already taking or not taking concomitant memantine. Doody, RS; Farlow, MR; Geldmacher, DS; Mackell, J; Moline, M; Sun, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Donepezil 23 mg was generally safe and well tolerated among patients receiving donepezil alone and among patients receiving a combination of donepezil and memantine therapy."	( Efficacy and safety of donepezil 23 mg versus donepezil 10 mg for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease: a subgroup analysis in patients already taking or not taking concomitant memantine. Doody, RS; Farlow, MR; Geldmacher, DS; Mackell, J; Moline, M; Sun, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The primary endpoint during the long-term extension phase was adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to metformin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label, long-term extension study. Hirayama, M; Hiroi, S; Kaku, K; Miyata, Y; Seino, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Incidences of adverse effects were comparable between groups, with no increases in hypoglycaemia."	( Efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to metformin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label, long-term extension study. Hirayama, M; Hiroi, S; Kaku, K; Miyata, Y; Seino, Y, 2012)	0.38
"5 and 25 mg once daily was safe and effective when added to metformin (500 or 750 mg/day) in Japanese patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes on metformin alone."	( Efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to metformin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label, long-term extension study. Hirayama, M; Hiroi, S; Kaku, K; Miyata, Y; Seino, Y, 2012)	0.38
" With respect to effects on embryofoetal development in rabbits, bilastine at 400 mg/kg/day (the highest dose evaluated) was assessed to be the no observed adverse effects level."	( Preclinical toxicity profile of oral bilastine. Arteche, JK; Casadesus, A; Lucero, ML; Sommer, EW, 2012)	0.38
" Safety analyses comprised examination of the incidence, severity, and timing of treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs); changes in weight, electrocardiogram, vital signs, and laboratory parameters; and discontinuation due to AEs."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of donepezil 23 mg in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Mackell, J; Moline, M; Salloway, S; Tariot, P; Yardley, J, 2012)	0.38
" However, donepezil appeared to be safe and well tolerated."	( Effectiveness and safety of donepezil in boys with fragile x syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, controlled pilot study. Arya, R; Chauhan, S; Chowdhury, MR; Dwivedi, SN; Gulati, S; Gupta, N; Gupta, YK; Kabra, M; Kalra, V; Sahu, JK; Sapra, S, 2013)	0.39
" In this context, newer SGAs were developed to further improve the adverse effect burden of available agents."	( Body weight and metabolic adverse effects of asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone and paliperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. Correll, CU; De Hert, M; Detraux, J; Sweers, K; van Winkel, R; Yu, W, 2012)	0.38
" Adverse events were more common with donepezil but mostly mild/moderate in severity."	( Donepezil in Parkinson's disease dementia: a randomized, double-blind efficacy and safety study. Dubois, B; Emre, M; Gray, J; Hsu, T; Katzenschlager, R; Lees, AJ; Moline, ML; Pourcher, E; Schumann, G; Swartz, J; Thomas, G; Tolosa, E, 2012)	0.38
" The most frequently reported adverse events (AEs) were infections and infestations: 22·4% (2 mg twice daily), 20·4% (5 mg twice daily), 36·7% (15 mg twice daily) and 32·0% (placebo)."	( Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in the treatment of psoriasis: a Phase 2b randomized placebo-controlled dose-ranging study. Buonanno, M; Gupta, P; Harness, JA; Krishnaswami, S; Langley, RG; Menter, A; Papp, KA; Strober, B; Tan, H; Wolk, R, 2012)	0.38
" The absorption of bilastine is fast, linear and dose-proportional; it appears to be safe and well tolerated at all doses levels in healthy population."	( Safety profile of bilastine: 2nd generation H1-antihistamines. Scaglione, F, 2012)	0.38
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), most mild to moderate in severity, included headache (13."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of iloperidone: results from a 25-week, open-label extension trial. Cutler, AJ; Kalali, AH; Kunovac, J; Mattingly, GW; Meng, X, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse event (AE) occurrence was similar across treatment groups."	( A randomized phase 2a efficacy and safety trial of the topical Janus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. Bissonnette, R; Bolduc, C; Khan, S; Lamba, M; Lan, S; Papp, K; Ports, WC, 2013)	0.39
" Any adverse events (AEs) were recorded."	( One-year safety and tolerability profile of pridopidine in patients with Huntington disease. Bright, J; de Yebenes, JG; Ivkovic, J; Landwehrmeyer, B; Prang, A; Reilmann, R; Rembratt, A; Rosser, A; Squitieri, F, 2013)	0.39
"This study provides Class IV evidence that pridopidine (≤90 mg/day) is generally safe and well-tolerated in patients with Huntington disease for up to 1 year."	( One-year safety and tolerability profile of pridopidine in patients with Huntington disease. Bright, J; de Yebenes, JG; Ivkovic, J; Landwehrmeyer, B; Prang, A; Reilmann, R; Rembratt, A; Rosser, A; Squitieri, F, 2013)	0.39
" Serious adverse events (AEs) occurring in 20/37 patients included neutropenia (n = 5), diarrhea (n = 4), pulmonary embolism (n = 3), and simultaneous dehydration, acute renal failure, and febrile neutropenia (n = 2)."	( A phase I trial to determine the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of intercalated BMS-690514 with paclitaxel/carboplatin (PC) in advanced or metastatic solid malignancies. Adjei, AA; Belani, CP; Chow, LQ; Dy, GK; Fortin, C; Gupta, A; Jonker, DI; Laurie, SA; Nicholas, G; Park, JS; Patricia, D; Sbar, EI; Zhang, S, 2013)	0.39
"We evaluated the incidence of CV events in patients treated with alogliptin, placebo or comparator antihyperglycaemic drugs in the clinical trial database for alogliptin using the composite major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) endpoints of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal stroke."	( Cardiovascular safety of the dipetidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fleck, P; Hisada, M; Menon, V; Munsaka, M; Pratley, R; White, WB; Wilson, C, 2013)	0.39
" Our results suggest that GluN2B antagonists may represent valuable alternatives to unspecific NMDAR antagonists with robust antidepressant efficacy and a more favorable side-effect profile."	( Pharmacological blockade of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors induces antidepressant-like effects lacking psychotomimetic action and neurotoxicity in the perinatal and adult rodent brain. Dormann, C; Gass, P; Inta, D; Köhr, G; Lima-Ojeda, JM; Pfeiffer, N; Sprengel, R; Vogt, MA, 2013)	0.39
" In Aβ42-induced toxic conditions, each PP2A and GSK-3β activity measured at different times showed time-dependent reverse pattern toward the direction of accelerating neuronal deaths with the passage of time."	( Neuroprotective effects of donepezil against Aβ42-induced neuronal toxicity are mediated through not only enhancing PP2A activity but also regulating GSK-3β and nAChRs activity. Kim, SH; Kim, SM; Koh, SH; Ku, SK; Maurice, T; Noh, MY, 2013)	0.39
" There was no significant imbalance in the incidence of adverse events (AEs) by onset time, and delayed AE onset induced by the long-term administration of donepezil was unlikely to appear."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of donepezil in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: results from a 52-week, open-label, multicenter extension study. Hashimoto, M; Ikeda, M; Iseki, E; Kosaka, K; Matsukawa, N; Matsuo, K; Mori, E; Nakagawa, M, 2013)	0.39
" Outcomes of interest include 20% and 50% improvement in the American College of Rheumatology Scale (ACR20 and ACR50) response rates, rates of infection, the number of immunological/haematological adverse events (AEs), deranged laboratory results (hepatic, renal, haematological tests and lipoprotein level) and the incidence of drug withdrawal."	( Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chan, EW; Chui, CS; He, Y; Lau, WC; Man, KK; Wong, AY; Wong, IC; Worsley, AJ, 2013)	0.39
" Given the potential for long-term vandetanib therapy in this setting, in addition to treatment for disease-related symptoms, effective management of related adverse events (AEs) is vital to ensure patient compliance and maximize clinical benefit with vandetanib therapy."	( Vandetanib in advanced medullary thyroid cancer: review of adverse event management strategies. Capdevila, J; Filetti, S; Grande, E; Kreissl, MC; Newbold, K; Reinisch, W; Robert, C; Schlumberger, M; Tolstrup, LK; Zamorano, JL, 2013)	0.39
" Presently only Memantine is considered a safe NMDAR antagonist and is used clinically."	( Development of NMDAR antagonists with reduced neurotoxic side effects: a study on GK11. Hirbec, H; Nesic, O; Perez-Polo, R; Prieto-Cappellini, M; Privat, A; Teigell, M; Ulmann, L; Vandame, D; Vignon, J, 2013)	0.39
"As life expectancy increases, it is imperative that health care providers recognize the importance of safe medication use within an aging geriatric population."	( Donepezil 23 mg: a brief insight on efficacy and safety concerns. Nguyen, MD; Salbu, RL, 2013)	0.39
" The drug was safe and well tolerated in healthy Chinese males."	( The pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of blonanserin in healthy Chinese volunteers after single fasting doses and single and multiple postprandial doses. Chen, R; Chen, X; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Liu, H; Wang, H; Zhong, W; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Overall incidence of adverse events was similar among treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety evaluation of HSD-1 inhibitor ABT-384 in Alzheimer's disease. Greco, N; Katz, DA; Lenz, RA; Liu, W; Marek, GJ; Meier, A; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.4
" The safety endpoints consisted of the incidence of hypoglycemia and other adverse events."	( [The design and baseline characteristics of a phase III study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of alogliptin versus placebo in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mainland China]. Bu, RF; Gu, W; Han, P; Ji, QH; Jiang, ZS; Lei, MX; Li, CJ; Li, L; Li, WH; Li, XF; Li, XJ; Li, ZF; Liu, JD; Liu, XM; Liu, Y; Liu, ZM; Lu, JM; Lü, XF; Pan, CY; Peng, YD; Qu, S; Shi, BY; Song, QH; Xu, XJ; Xue, YM; Yan, L; Yang, JK; Zeng, JE; Zheng, BZ, 2013)	0.39
"To assess the effects of tofacitinib on T lymphocytes in RA patients with a special focus on efficacy and infectious adverse events (iAEs)."	( Effects of tofacitinib on lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: relation to efficacy and infectious adverse events. Fukuyo, S; Hirata, S; Kubo, S; Maeshima, K; Saito, K; Sonomoto, K; Suzuki, K; Tanaka, Y; Yamaoka, K, 2014)	0.4
" Alogliptin appears to be weight neutral and is relatively well tolerated with few adverse effects."	( Alogliptin: safety, efficacy, and clinical implications. Cole, SW; Marino, AB, 2015)	0.42
"Alogliptin alone or in combination with other antidiabetic agents has shown a significant reduction in HbA1c while remaining safe and tolerable."	( Alogliptin: safety, efficacy, and clinical implications. Cole, SW; Marino, AB, 2015)	0.42
" As a result, we proposed tetrahydroquinazoline-type derivative as a safe and effective antimalarial candidate."	( Synthesis of febrifugine derivatives and development of an effective and safe tetrahydroquinazoline-type antimalarial. Hariguchi, N; Horoiwa, S; Kasahara, R; Kikuchi, H; Matsumoto, M; Oshima, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Compared with placebo, more dropouts and adverse events occurred with the cholinesterase inhibitors, but not with memantine."	( Efficacy and safety of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jiang, T; Meng, XF; Tan, CC; Tan, L; Tan, MS; Wang, C; Wang, HF; Yu, JT; Zhu, XC, 2014)	0.4
" Treatment discontinuation due to adverse events was more common in Arm A compared to Arm B (42 vs."	( A randomized phase II efficacy and safety study of vandetanib (ZD6474) in combination with bicalutamide versus bicalutamide alone in patients with chemotherapy naïve castration-resistant prostate cancer. Azad, AA; Beardsley, EK; Chi, KN; Chin, J; Ellard, SL; Hotte, SJ; Klotz, L; Kollmannsberger, C; Mukherjee, SD, 2014)	0.4
" Primary endpoints were adverse events (AE) and laboratory safety data."	( Safety and efficacy of tofacitinib, an oral janus kinase inhibitor, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in open-label, longterm extension studies. Benda, B; Curtis, JR; Gruben, D; Komuro, Y; Lee, EB; Nakamura, H; Nduaka, CI; Riese, RJ; Silverfield, J; Soma, K; Wang, L; Wollenhaupt, J; Wood, SP; Zwillich, SH, 2014)	0.4
"This review considers the pharmacokinetic profile, adverse effects and drug interactions of DPP-4 inhibitors."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" However, DPP-4 inhibitors have certain differences in their pharmacokinetic properties that may be associated with different clinical effects and adverse event profiles."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" The most common adverse events were grade 1/2 and included asthenia (N = 5), constipation (N = 4), diarrhoea (N = 3), back pain (N = 3) and cancer pain (N = 3)."	( Safety, tolerability and anti-tumour activity of the androgen biosynthesis inhibitor ASP9521 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: multi-centre phase I/II study. Baron, B; Baskin-Bey, E; De Bono, JS; Fizazi, K; Heeringa, M; Holtkamp, GM; James, ND; Jones, RJ; Loriot, Y; Molife, RL; Omlin, A; Ouatas, T; Van den Brande, J, 2014)	0.4
" Visual analogue scale (VAS), requirement of fentanyl and flurbiprofen, and the incidence of remifentanil-related adverse effects (respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, pruritus) were examined at 3 hourly intervals for 12 hours."	( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)]. Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)	0.4
" No adverse events including respiratory depression occurred throughout the study in both groups."	( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)]. Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)	0.4
"02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) can safely be used without any serious adverse events, while it may not be enough for postoperative analgesia."	( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)]. Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)	0.4
" Alectinib was well tolerated, with the most common adverse events being fatigue (14 [30%]; all grade 1-2), myalgia (eight [17%]; all grade 1-2), and peripheral oedema (seven [15%] grade 1-2, one [2%] grade 3)."	( Safety and activity of alectinib against systemic disease and brain metastases in patients with crizotinib-resistant ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (AF-002JG): results from the dose-finding portion of a phase 1/2 study. Azada, MC; Boisserie, F; Chiappori, AA; Di Laurenzio, L; Gadgeel, SM; Gandhi, L; Garcia, L; Golding, S; Lee, RM; Morcos, PN; Ou, SH; Riely, GJ; Sato, J; Tanaka, T; West, HL; Yokoyama, S; Yu, L, 2014)	0.4
" Incidences of adverse effects were comparable between groups, with no relevant increases in hypoglycemia or weight gain seen."	( Efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to insulin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, 12-week, placebo-controlled trial followed by an open-label, long-term extension phase. Kaku, K; Kanoo, T; Katou, M; Mori, M; Seino, Y, 2014)	0.4
" 25 patients (seven taking placebo and 18 taking idalopirdine) discontinued treatment because of adverse events, the difference between groups being mainly due to asymptomatic transient increases in transaminase concentrations in some idalopirdine-treated patients."	( Safety and efficacy of idalopirdine, a 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, in patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease (LADDER): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Colding-Jørgensen, E; Wilkinson, D; Windfeld, K, 2014)	0.4
" Observed signs and symptoms such as tachycardia (112 bpm), hypertension (220/125 mmHg), echolalia, confusion, agitation, opisthotonus, nystagmus and amnesia were consistent with phencyclidine-induced adverse effects."	( Acute toxicity associated with the recreational use of the novel dissociative psychoactive substance methoxphenidine. Ceschi, A; Degrandi, C; Hofer, KE; Müller, DM; Rauber-Lüthy, C; Wahl, S; Zürrer-Härdi, U, 2014)	0.4
" Common adverse events (AEs) were also studied."	( Efficacy and safety of angiogenesis inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, Y; Hong, S; Luo, S; Tan, M; Wang, S; Zhang, L, 2015)	0.42
"BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) and MEK inhibitor (MEKi) frequently cause cutaneous adverse events."	( Comparative profile of cutaneous adverse events: BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination therapy versus BRAF monotherapy in melanoma. Algazi, A; Chong, K; Choudhry, A; Daud, A; Johnston, K; Meier, M; Ortiz-Urda, S; Osella-Abate, S; Posch, C; Quaglino, P; Rappersberger, K; Sanlorenzo, M; Vujic, I, 2014)	0.4
" Patient characteristics, and the occurrence and severity of cutaneous adverse events, are described."	( Comparative profile of cutaneous adverse events: BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination therapy versus BRAF monotherapy in melanoma. Algazi, A; Chong, K; Choudhry, A; Daud, A; Johnston, K; Meier, M; Ortiz-Urda, S; Osella-Abate, S; Posch, C; Quaglino, P; Rappersberger, K; Sanlorenzo, M; Vujic, I, 2014)	0.4
"The development of cutaneous adverse events was significantly less frequent (P = ."	( Comparative profile of cutaneous adverse events: BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination therapy versus BRAF monotherapy in melanoma. Algazi, A; Chong, K; Choudhry, A; Daud, A; Johnston, K; Meier, M; Ortiz-Urda, S; Osella-Abate, S; Posch, C; Quaglino, P; Rappersberger, K; Sanlorenzo, M; Vujic, I, 2014)	0.4
"Combination regimen with BRAFi and MEKi shows fewer cutaneous adverse events and longer cutaneous adverse event-free interval compared with BRAFi monotherapy."	( Comparative profile of cutaneous adverse events: BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination therapy versus BRAF monotherapy in melanoma. Algazi, A; Chong, K; Choudhry, A; Daud, A; Johnston, K; Meier, M; Ortiz-Urda, S; Osella-Abate, S; Posch, C; Quaglino, P; Rappersberger, K; Sanlorenzo, M; Vujic, I, 2014)	0.4
"No serious adverse events were recorded following any dose in either the able-bodied group or the SCI group."	( Pharmacokinetics of the ghrelin agonist capromorelin in a single ascending dose Phase-I safety trial in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied volunteers. Brown, DJ; Ellis, AG; Frauman, AG; Furness, JB; Millard, M; Zeglinski, PT, 2015)	0.42
"Capromorelin at the doses tested was safe and well tolerated in both SCI and able-bodied participants and also showed similar pharmacokinetics with dose-dependent increases in concentration and drug exposure."	( Pharmacokinetics of the ghrelin agonist capromorelin in a single ascending dose Phase-I safety trial in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied volunteers. Brown, DJ; Ellis, AG; Frauman, AG; Furness, JB; Millard, M; Zeglinski, PT, 2015)	0.42
" However, few studies focused on the risk and adverse events (AEs) of combined targeted therapy."	( Safety profile of combined therapy inhibiting EFGR and VEGF pathways in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis of 15 phase II/III randomized trials. Huang, J; Ji, LJ; Liu, H; Liu, Y; Ma, W; Qi, X; Xu, M; Zhu, Y, 2015)	0.42
"The standards of care for Alzheimer's disease, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil (Aricept®), are dose-limited due to adverse side-effects."	( Improved cognition without adverse effects: novel M1 muscarinic potentiator compares favorably to donepezil and xanomeline in rhesus monkey. Cannon, CE; Dancho, M; Koser, A; Kuduk, SD; Puri, V; Renger, JJ; Uslaner, JM; Vardigan, JD; Wittmann, M, 2015)	0.42
" Six tofacitinib patients experienced treatment-related serious adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib as monotherapy in Japanese patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a 12-week, randomized, phase 2 study. Nakamura, H; Takeuchi, T; Tanaka, Y; Toyoizumi, S; Yamanaka, H; Zwillich, S, 2015)	0.42
" Increased patient awareness about safe usage is important as well as more training with regards to traditional medicine."	( Anti-staphylococcal, anti-HIV and cytotoxicity studies of four South African medicinal plants and isolation of bioactive compounds from Cassine transvaalensis (Burtt. Davy) codd. Aiyegoro, OA; Mthethwa, NS; Obi, LC; Oyedeji, BA, 2014)	0.4
" Predose and postdose safety assessments included orthostatic vital signs; 6-lead continuous telemetry monitoring (approximately 16 h predose to 24 h postdose); 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs); clinical chemistry, hematology, coagulation, and urinalysis; psychomotor functioning (using the Wayne Saccadic Fixator (WSF)); and adverse events."	( A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single, Escalating Oral Doses of JDTic. Buda, JJ; Carroll, FI; Kosten, TR; Swearingen, D; Walters, BB, 2015)	0.42
" Mild to moderate adverse events were observed, with no evidence of exposure dependence up to 500 mg (fed)."	( Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Learnings from a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Sequential Group First-in-Human Study of the TRPV1 Antagonist, JNJ-38893777, in Healthy Men. De Meulder, M; Jun, C; Manitpisitkul, P; Mayorga, A; Moyer, JA; Romano, G; Shalayda, K, 2015)	0.42
" In contrast, the safety based on the number of withdrawals due to adverse events did not differ significantly among the seven interventions."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of tofacitinib, with or without methotrexate, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bae, SC; Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2015)	0.42
" The most frequent adverse events (any grade) were diarrhea (70%), infusion-related reaction (45%), and peripheral sensory neuropathy (44%)."	( Safety and activity of BTK inhibitor ibrutinib combined with ofatumumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a phase 1b/2 study. Andritsos, LA; Blum, KA; Byrd, JC; Flynn, JM; Grever, MR; Hall, N; Heerema, NA; Jaglowski, SM; James, DF; Johnson, AJ; Jones, JA; Lozanski, G; Maddocks, KJ; Munneke, B; Nagar, V; Neuenburg, JK; Ruppert, AS; Smucker, K; Stefanos, M; West, JS; Woyach, JA, 2015)	0.42
"To establish the mortality risk and adverse events associated with the use of atypical antipsychotic medications in people with Parkinson disease psychosis (PDP) in a clinically defined trial cohort."	( Impact of Current Antipsychotic Medications on Comparative Mortality and Adverse Events in People With Parkinson Disease Psychosis. Ballard, C; Burn, DJ; Coate, B; Corbett, A; Isaacson, S; Mills, R; Pahwa, R; Rascol, O; Williams, H, 2015)	0.42
"Safety assessments at 2 weeks; 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months; and every 6 months thereafter, including evaluation of adverse events (AEs), vital signs, weight, physical examinations, 12-lead electrocardiograms, clinical laboratory tests (serum chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis), and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Parts II and III (UPDRS-II+III, activities of daily living and motor impairment, respectively)."	( Impact of Current Antipsychotic Medications on Comparative Mortality and Adverse Events in People With Parkinson Disease Psychosis. Ballard, C; Burn, DJ; Coate, B; Corbett, A; Isaacson, S; Mills, R; Pahwa, R; Rascol, O; Williams, H, 2015)	0.42
" Efficacy endpoints and incidence rates of adverse events (AEs) of special interest were assessed."	( Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib following inadequate response to conventional synthetic or biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Bananis, E; Burmester, G; Charles-Schoeman, C; Fleischmann, R; Hendrikx, T; Kwok, K; Nash, P; Soma, K; Zerbini, CA, 2016)	0.43
" The overall incidence rates of treatment-emergent adverse events were similar among the treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone added to alogliptin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, comparative study. Igeta, M; Kaku, K; Katou, M; Ohira, T; Sano, H, 2015)	0.42
" Discontinuation of ibrutinib is rarely due to adverse events related to the drug."	( The clinical safety of ibrutinib in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Molica, S, 2015)	0.42
"Ibrutinib is associated with bleeding-related adverse events of grade ≤ 2 in severity, and infrequently with grade ≥ 3 events."	( Incidence and risk factors of bleeding-related adverse events in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with ibrutinib. Cullinane, AM; Farooqui, MZ; Herman, SE; Holland, SM; Lipsky, AH; Lozier, JN; Marti, G; Martyr, S; Nghiem, K; Niemann, CU; Saba, N; Soto, S; Sun, C; Tian, X; Uzel, G; Valdez, J; Wiestner, A, 2015)	0.42
" For adverse events of special interest, data on tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg BID or placebo were pooled from six PII and five PIII randomised studies."	( Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in US and non-US rheumatoid arthritis patients: pooled analyses of phase II and III. Cohen, SB; Fleischmann, R; Koenig, A; Kwok, K; Mebus, CA; Riese, R; Wang, L, )	0.13
" Incidence rates for adverse events of special interest were similar between the US and ROW PII/PIII populations."	( Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in US and non-US rheumatoid arthritis patients: pooled analyses of phase II and III. Cohen, SB; Fleischmann, R; Koenig, A; Kwok, K; Mebus, CA; Riese, R; Wang, L, )	0.13
" The most common (≥ 20% patients) adverse events were neutropenia, anemia, nasopharyngitis, increased bilirubin, and rash."	( Safety and tolerability of ibrutinib monotherapy in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory B cell malignancies. Aoki, T; Ishizawa, K; Morishita, T; Munakata, W; Ogura, M; Suzuki, T; Takahara, S; Tobinai, K; Uchida, T; Ushijima, Y, 2016)	0.43
" In particular, adverse events (AEs) that have been of interest for the DPP-4 class of drugs, such as the risk of major cardiovascular (CV) events and acute pancreatitis, will be investigated in detail."	( Alogliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a drug safety evaluation. Seino, Y; Yabe, D, 2016)	0.43
"This survey analyzes two national pharmacovigilance databases in order to determine the major adverse reactions observed with the use of cholinesterase inhibitors in dementia."	( Adverse Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Dementia, According to the Pharmacovigilance Databases of the United-States and Canada. Abagyan, R; Ali, TB; Chen, WY; Reilly, BM; Schleret, TR, 2015)	0.42
"Both rapamycin (RAPA) and cyclosporin A (CsA) are commonly used for immunosuppression, however their adverse side effects limit their application."	( Halofuginone Synergistically Enhances Anti-Proliferation of Rapamycin in T Cells and Reduces Cytotoxicity of Cyclosporine in Cultured Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Chu, TL; Du, C; Guan, Q; Nguan, CY, 2015)	0.42
" Withdrawals due to adverse events and number of patients experiencing nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and dizziness were examined as safety profiles."	( The comparative efficacy and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Kobayashi, H; Nakagawa, R; Ohnishi, T; Yoshizawa, K, 2016)	0.43
" In contrast, the safety based on the number of withdrawals due to adverse events did not differ significantly among the treatment options."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of tocilizumab, rituximab, abatacept and tofacitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis that inadequately responds to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled tri Bae, SC; Lee, YH, 2016)	0.43
"Tocilizumab 8 mg was the second-line non-TNF biologic with the highest performance regarding an early good response based on ACR20 response rate and acceptable safety profile, followed by rituximab, abatacept and tofacitinib in patients with RA and an inadequate response to anti-TNF therapy, and none of these treatments were associated with a significant risk of withdrawal due to adverse events."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of tocilizumab, rituximab, abatacept and tofacitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis that inadequately responds to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled tri Bae, SC; Lee, YH, 2016)	0.43
" The percentage of subjects who experienced all adverse events including hypoglycemia with alogliptin were comparable to those with placebo."	( [Efficacy and safety of alogliptin in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial in mainland China]. Bu, R; Gu, W; Han, P; Ji, Q; Jiang, Z; Lei, M; Li, C; Li, L; Li, W; Li, X; Li, Z; Liu, J; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Lu, J; Lyu, X; Pan, C; Peng, Y; Qu, S; Shi, B; Song, Q; Xu, X; Xue, Y; Yan, L; Yang, J; Zeng, J; Zheng, B, 2015)	0.42
" We report a serious side effect of ibrutinib potentially attributable to interaction with the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor verapamil."	( Adverse event potentially due to an interaction between ibrutinib and verapamil: a case report. Bilbault, P; Gourieux, B; Lambert Kuhn, E; Levêque, D; Lioure, B, 2016)	0.43
"This is the first description of a serious side effect of ibrutinib likely due to an interaction with the CYP3A4 inhibitor verapamil."	( Adverse event potentially due to an interaction between ibrutinib and verapamil: a case report. Bilbault, P; Gourieux, B; Lambert Kuhn, E; Levêque, D; Lioure, B, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events occurred in 83% of patients through Week 52, including four (4."	( Oral tofacitinib efficacy, safety and tolerability in Japanese patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study. Asahina, A; Etoh, T; Igarashi, A; Imafuku, S; Nagaoka, M; Ohtsuki, M; Saeki, H; Shibasaki, Y; Tomochika, Y; Toyoizumi, S, 2016)	0.43
" Serious adverse events and discontinuations because of adverse events were reported in less than 11% of patients over 33 months of tofacitinib exposure."	( Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: Long-term efficacy and safety results from 2 randomized phase-III studies and 1 open-label long-term extension study. Feldman, SR; Gardner, A; Gupta, P; Krueger, JG; Langley, RG; Luo, Y; Mallbris, L; Mebus, C; Papp, KA; Tan, H; Tatulych, S; Thaci, D; Torii, H; Tyring, S; Wolk, R, 2016)	0.43
" Safety evaluations included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), laboratory tests, cardiac safety (ECG recordings) and somnolence/sedation using the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ)."	( Safety and tolerability of bilastine 10 mg administered for 12 weeks in children with allergic diseases. Kiss, I; Kuna, P; Novák, Z; Tortajada-Girbés, M; Valiente, R; Yáñez, A, 2016)	0.43
"The analysis of adverse events plays an important role in the benefit assessment of drugs."	( Biometrical issues in the analysis of adverse events within the benefit assessment of drugs. Beckmann, L; Bender, R; Lange, S, 2016)	0.43
" ABT-126 was generally well tolerated; the most common adverse events were agitation, constipation, diarrhea, fall, and headache."	( Efficacy and Safety of ABT-126 in Subjects with Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease on Stable Doses of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Florian, H; Gault, LM; Gauthier, S; Lin, Y; Lipschitz, S; Meier, A; Othman, AA; Robieson, WZ; Tang, Q, 2016)	0.43
" Common adverse events in the SR 23 mg group were decreased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, and contusion."	( Efficacy and Safety of Sustained Release Donepezil High Dose versus Immediate Release Donepezil Standard Dose in Japanese Patients with Severe Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial. Atarashi, H; Homma, A; Kubota, N; Nakai, K; Takase, T, 2016)	0.43
" The rate of adverse events was 86."	( Clinical study of repaglinide efficacy and safety in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with blood glucose levels inadequately controlled by sitagliptin. Hanafusa, T; Hotta, N; Ioriya, K; Kageyama, S; Kaku, K; Kawamori, R, 2016)	0.43
" We here document the possible mechanism of tofacitinib in patiens with RA, shedding light upon a characteristic adverse event, herpes zoster."	( Relevance of involvement of tofacitinib in T cell subsets to clinical courses and adverse events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Sonomoto, K; Tanaka, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Forty-nine treatment-emergent all-causality adverse events (AEs) were observed; nausea and headache were the most frequently reported."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of tofacitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. Boy, M; Chan, G; Chow, V; Krishnaswami, S, 2015)	0.42
" All treatments were well tolerated, and adverse event incidence was similar across the treatment groups."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Once-Daily Intranasal Fluticasone Furoate and Levocabastine Administered Alone or Simultaneously as fluticasone Furoate/Levocabastine Fixed-Dose Combination. Allen, A; Bareille, P; Burns, O; Gupta, A; Hughes, S; Miller, SR; Murdoch, RD, 2016)	0.43
" A similar percentage of patients experienced drug-related, treatment-emergent adverse events in the alogliptin and placebo arms."	( Efficacy and safety of alogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A multicentre randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Phase 3 study in mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Chan, J; Han, P; Hsieh, AT; Ji, Q; Li, C; Li, W; Lu, J; Pan, C; Yang, J; Zeng, J, 2017)	0.46
" Incidence rates (IRs; patients with event/100 patient-years) of adverse events (AEs) of special interest were reported."	( Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, for the treatment of Latin American patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Pooled efficacy and safety analyses of Phase 3 and long-term extension studies. Cardiel, MH; Citera, G; García, EG; Goecke, A; Jaller, JJ; Kwok, K; Lomonte, ABV; Miranda, P; Radominski, SC; Rojo, R; Velez, P; Xibillé, D, )	0.13
" Therefore, CV adverse events (AEs), and blood pressure and lipid level changes, in tofacitinib-treated patients with RA were evaluated."	( Cardiovascular safety findings in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor. Boy, M; Charles-Schoeman, C; Geier, J; Gonzalez-Gay, MA; Kwok, K; Riese, R; Soma, K; Wicker, P; Zuckerman, A, 2016)	0.43
" CV events, including major adverse CV events (MACE: CV death and non-fatal CV events) and congestive heart failure (CHF), were assessed by a blinded adjudication committee."	( Cardiovascular safety findings in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor. Boy, M; Charles-Schoeman, C; Geier, J; Gonzalez-Gay, MA; Kwok, K; Riese, R; Soma, K; Wicker, P; Zuckerman, A, 2016)	0.43
" To characterise the relative safety profile of tofacitinib to biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), the accrued patient-years (pt-yrs) of exposure needed in an RA clinical trial programme to detect a potential increase in risk of specific adverse events (AEs) was determined."	( Use of a risk characterisation approach to contextualise the safety profile of new rheumatoid arthritis treatments: a case study using tofacitinib. Anisfeld, A; Chen, C; Chen, Y; Curtis, JR; Geier, J; Krishnaswami, S; Strengholt, S; Zhang, R, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events (AEs) were reported by 17."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of bilastine following up to 12 weeks or 52 weeks of treatment in Japanese patients with allergic rhinitis: Results of an open-label trial. Gotoh, M; Ohashi, Y; Okubo, K; Saito, A; Togawa, M, 2017)	0.46
" Monitoring by means of the bispectral index (BIS) has shown its utility in reducing the use of drugs and their adverse events in general anesthesia, but evidence in prolonged sedation is insufficient."	( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound. Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)	0.43
"A randomized cohort study of 90 patients with mediastinal lymph node involvement and/or lung or mediastinal lesions for whom EBUS was indicated, comparing the modified observer's assessment of alertness/sedation scale clinical evaluation (n = 45) versus the BIS evaluation (n = 45) of sedation with propofol-remifentanil, was conducted in order to evaluate the clinical parameters, doses used, adverse events, and tolerance of the procedure."	( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound. Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)	0.43
" Significantly fewer overall adverse events were recorded in the BIS group and included desaturation, hypotension, and bradypnea."	( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound. Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)	0.43
"BIS monitoring of sedation in EBUS makes it possible to reduce the dosage of propofol, thereby shortening the waking time and reducing adverse events."	( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound. Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)	0.43
" The bilastine treatments were safe and well tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of bilastine in Japanese patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase II/III study. Furue, M; Hide, M; Saito, A; Togawa, M; Yagami, A, 2017)	0.46
" A total of 8/16 patients (50%) had at least one grade 3 adverse event (AE), and 5 (31."	( Efficacy and safety of ibrutinib in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Choi, I; Fukuhara, N; Hatake, K; Ishikawa, T; Kinoshita, T; Kitano, T; Maruyama, D; Matsuno, Y; Nagai, H; Nishikawa, T; Nishikori, M; Shibayama, H; Takahara, S; Tobinai, K; Uchida, T, 2016)	0.43
" The most common adverse events in vandetanib-treated patients are: diarrhea, rash, folliculitis, nausea, QTc prolongation, hypertension and fatigue."	( The safety and efficacy of vandetanib in the treatment of progressive medullary thyroid cancer. Antonelli, A; Baldini, E; Biricotti, M; Fallahi, P; Ferrari, SM; Materazzi, G; Miccoli, P; Ulisse, S, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events were limited to mild emesis and loose stools in all groups and excess salivation among some dogs receiving higher capromorelin doses."	( Evaluation of the safety in dogs of long-term, daily oral administration of capromorelin, a novel drug for stimulation of appetite. Armintrout, G; Huebner, M; Rausch-Derra, LC; Rhodes, L; Zollers, B, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events were limited to grade I and II infections."	( Safety and efficacy of the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib citrate in patients with alopecia areata. Cerise, JE; Chen, JC; Christiano, AM; Craiglow, BG; Jabbari, A; Kennedy Crispin, M; King, BA; Ko, JM; Li, S; Marinkovich, MP; Oro, AE; Shankar, G; Urban, JR; Winge, MC, 2016)	0.43
"At the dose and duration studied, tofacitinib is a safe and effective treatment for severe AA, though it does not result in a durable response."	( Safety and efficacy of the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib citrate in patients with alopecia areata. Cerise, JE; Chen, JC; Christiano, AM; Craiglow, BG; Jabbari, A; Kennedy Crispin, M; King, BA; Ko, JM; Li, S; Marinkovich, MP; Oro, AE; Shankar, G; Urban, JR; Winge, MC, 2016)	0.43
" All patients experienced at least one adverse event (AE), and 7 patients (50%) experienced grade ≥3 AEs."	( SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF VANDETANIB IN JAPANESE PATIENTS WITH MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER: A PHASE I/II OPEN-LABEL STUDY. Horiuchi, K; Ito, Y; Komoda, M; Okamoto, T; Rito, K; Takahashi, S; Todo, T; Tomomatsu, J; Tsuji, A; Uchino, K, 2017)	0.46
" The overall frequency of adverse events was similar among the groups."	( Randomized, double-blind, phase III study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of once-daily treatment with alogliptin and metformin hydrochloride in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Kaku, K; Katou, M; Kinugawa, Y; Nishiyama, Y; Sumino, S, 2017)	0.46
" Safety was consistent with prior experience for each drug, with infusion reactions the most prevalent adverse event."	( Ublituximab (TG-1101), a novel glycoengineered anti-CD20 antibody, in combination with ibrutinib is safe and highly active in patients with relapsed and/or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: results of a phase 2 trial. Brooks, HD; Burke, JM; Fanning, S; Farber, CM; Greenwald, DR; Klein, L; Kolibaba, KS; Mahadevan, D; Miskin, HP; Schreeder, MT; Sharman, JP; Sportelli, P; Weiss, MS, 2017)	0.46
"To determine possible differences in serious adverse effects among the 10 currently approved biological and targeted synthetic DMARDs (b/ts-DMARDs) for RA."	( Risk of serious adverse effects of biological and targeted drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review meta-analysis. Bliddal, H; Boers, M; Brock, B; Christensen, R; Dossing, A; Eric Furst, D; Heller Asmussen, K; Luta, G; Schjødt Jørgensen, T; Tarp, S; Tarp, U; Thirstrup, S, 2017)	0.46
" Network meta-analyses using mixed-effects Poisson regression models were conducted to calculate rate ratios for serious adverse events (SAEs) and deaths between each of the 10 drugs and control (i."	( Risk of serious adverse effects of biological and targeted drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review meta-analysis. Bliddal, H; Boers, M; Brock, B; Christensen, R; Dossing, A; Eric Furst, D; Heller Asmussen, K; Luta, G; Schjødt Jørgensen, T; Tarp, S; Tarp, U; Thirstrup, S, 2017)	0.46
" In a well-matched series of 540 patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery, remifentanil was found to be a safe anesthetic adjunct."	( Safety of remifentanil in transsphenoidal surgery: A single-center analysis of 540 patients. Aglio, LS; Burke, WT; Castlen, JP; Cote, DJ; King, CH; Laws, ER; Smith, TR; Zaidi, HA, 2017)	0.46
" Incidence rates (IRs; patients with event/100 patient-years) and 95% CIs are reported for adverse events (AEs) of interest."	( Long-term safety of tofacitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis up to 8.5 years: integrated analysis of data from the global clinical trials. Charles-Schoeman, C; Cohen, SB; Curtis, JR; DeMasi, R; Geier, J; Kwok, K; Lee, EB; Mariette, X; Nash, P; Riese, R; Tanaka, Y; Thirunavukkarasu, K; Wang, L; Winthrop, KL; Wollenhaupt, J, 2017)	0.46
" IRs for discontinuation due to adverse events, serious infections, tuberculosis, all herpes zoster (HZ), serious HZ, malignancies (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) and major adverse cardiovascular events were numerically lower for LA versus RoW patients; IR for mortality was numerically higher."	( Safety of Tofacitinib in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Latin America Compared With the Rest of the World Population. Alvarez-Moreno, C; Cardiel, MH; Castañeda, OM; Castelli, G; Citera, G; García, EG; Jaller, JJ; Kwok, K; Mysler, E; Ponce de Leon, D; Radominski, SC; Rillo, O; Rojo, R; Romero, FJ; Salinas, A, 2017)	0.46
" Twenty-nine patients with serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported in donepezil (n = 11) and placebo groups (n = 18) (p = 0."	( Efficacy and Safety of Donepezil in Chinese Patients with Severe Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Doody, RS; Jia, J; Jia, L; Li, F; Liang, J; Shi, L; Tang, Y; Wei, C; Zhou, A, 2017)	0.46
" The incidences of adverse events (AEs) were 29."	( Efficacy and safety of metformin and sitagliptin based triple antihyperglycemic therapy (STRATEGY): a multicenter, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority clinical trial. Bi, Y; Engel, SS; Ji, L; Ji, Q; Jia, W; Lu, J; Mao, A; Mu, Y; Ran, X; Weng, J; Xu, W; Yang, W; Yao, B; Zeng, L; Zhao, B; Zhao, J; Zhou, Z; Zhu, D, 2017)	0.46
" Specifically, we cover cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, musculoskeletal, and respiratory adverse events."	( Safety of alectinib for the treatment of metastatic ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer. Ou, SH; Zhu, V, 2017)	0.46
" Anesthesia onset time, total number of intraoperative children movements, hemodynamics (heart rate, arterial pressure, pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate), total cumulative dose of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil, the amount of midazolam and lidocaine, time to first dose of rescue midazolam and lidocaine, postoperative recovery time, adverse events, bronchoscopist satisfaction score were recorded."	( The safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil in children undergoing flexible bronchoscopy: A retrospective dose-finding trial. Jin, S; Li, X; Li, Y; Wang, X; Zhang, D, 2017)	0.46
" Information on individual adverse events, reported by phone by the village distributors, was obtained through home visits."	( Safety of a topical insect repellent (picaridin) during community mass use for malaria control in rural Cambodia. Coosemans, M; Durnez, L; Heng, S; Mean, V; Polo, K; Sluydts, V; Tho, S; van Griensven, J, 2017)	0.46
"Of the 41 adverse events notified by phone by the village distributors, there were 22 adverse reactions, 11 cases of repellent abuse (6 accidental, 5 suicide attempts) and 8 non-related events."	( Safety of a topical insect repellent (picaridin) during community mass use for malaria control in rural Cambodia. Coosemans, M; Durnez, L; Heng, S; Mean, V; Polo, K; Sluydts, V; Tho, S; van Griensven, J, 2017)	0.46
" With remarkable efficacy, good oral bioavailability, and modest adverse events profile, ibrutinib use is likely to continue to increase."	( Ibrutinib in CLL: a focus on adverse events, resistance, and novel approaches beyond ibrutinib. Kaur, V; Swami, A, 2017)	0.46
" These toxic effects were attenuated by CB1R knockout or CB1R antagonists."	( Genetic or pharmacological depletion of cannabinoid CB1 receptor protects against dopaminergic neurotoxicity induced by methamphetamine in mice. Dang, DK; Jang, CG; Jeong, JH; Kim, HC; Ledent, C; Mai, AT; Nabeshima, T; Nah, SY; Onaivi, ES; Shin, EJ; Yamamoto, T, 2017)	0.46
" Clinical disease activity indicated by disease activity score (DAS)28-ESR, the simplified disease activity index, and the clinical disease activity index as well as adverse events (AEs) were evaluated."	( Efficacy and safety at 24 weeks of daily clinical use of tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Aramaki, T; Eguchi, K; Fukui, S; Hirai, Y; Horai, Y; Ichinose, K; Iwamoto, N; Kawakami, A; Kawashiri, SY; Koga, T; Nakamura, H; Nishino, A; Origuchi, T; Shimizu, T; Takatani, A; Tamai, M; Terada, K; Tsuji, S; Ueki, Y; Umeda, M, 2017)	0.46
" Safety, including incidence rates (IRs; patients with events/100 patient-years) for adverse events (AEs) of special interest, was assessed throughout the studies."	( Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in patients from Mexico with rheumatoid arthritis: Pooled efficacy and safety analyses from Phase 3 and LTE studies. Abud-Mendoza, C; Burgos-Vargas, R; Cardiel, M; Fan, H; García, E; Mahgoub, E; Pacheco-Tena, C; Pascual-Ramos, V; Rahman, M; Rojo, R; Santana, K; Xibillé, D, )	0.13
" Based on a previous clinical trial, body weight of less than 55 kg is a risk factor for adverse events with donepezil 23 mg/d treatment in global population."	( Adverse Events With Sustained-Release Donepezil in Alzheimer Disease: Relation to Body Mass Index. Bae, JN; Carroll, BJ; Han, C; Jung, YE; Kang, HS; Kim, BJ; Kim, BS; Kim, DK; Kim, JL; Kim, KW; Kim, SG; Kim, SY; Kim, YH; Lee, C; Lee, DW; Lee, JY; Lee, K; Lee, SY; Lee, YM; Moon, SW; Myung, W; Ryu, SH; Shin, IS; Yu, H, 2017)	0.46
" After screening, we analyzed a final cohort of 166 patients who received donepezil 23 mg/d for 24 weeks to compare the occurrence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) between patients with high versus low body mass index (BMI) based on the World Health Organization overweight criteria for Asian populations (23 kg/m)."	( Adverse Events With Sustained-Release Donepezil in Alzheimer Disease: Relation to Body Mass Index. Bae, JN; Carroll, BJ; Han, C; Jung, YE; Kang, HS; Kim, BJ; Kim, BS; Kim, DK; Kim, JL; Kim, KW; Kim, SG; Kim, SY; Kim, YH; Lee, C; Lee, DW; Lee, JY; Lee, K; Lee, SY; Lee, YM; Moon, SW; Myung, W; Ryu, SH; Shin, IS; Yu, H, 2017)	0.46
"Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported by 79."	( Adverse Events With Sustained-Release Donepezil in Alzheimer Disease: Relation to Body Mass Index. Bae, JN; Carroll, BJ; Han, C; Jung, YE; Kang, HS; Kim, BJ; Kim, BS; Kim, DK; Kim, JL; Kim, KW; Kim, SG; Kim, SY; Kim, YH; Lee, C; Lee, DW; Lee, JY; Lee, K; Lee, SY; Lee, YM; Moon, SW; Myung, W; Ryu, SH; Shin, IS; Yu, H, 2017)	0.46
" Severe adverse events (AEs) (grade ≥ 3) based on the ALK-TKI type were analysed."	( Pooled safety analyses of ALK-TKI inhibitor in ALK-positive NSCLC. Chen, CL; Hu, H; Tang, Y; Weng, DS; Xia, JC; Zhang, XF; Zhou, ZQ; Zhu, Q, 2017)	0.46
"ALK-TKIs were safe for ALK-positive patients."	( Pooled safety analyses of ALK-TKI inhibitor in ALK-positive NSCLC. Chen, CL; Hu, H; Tang, Y; Weng, DS; Xia, JC; Zhang, XF; Zhou, ZQ; Zhu, Q, 2017)	0.46
" In total, 23 (6%) of 384 patients receiving tofacitinib monotherapy, 26 (7%) of 376 patients receiving tofacitinib plus methotrexate, and 36 (9%) of 386 patients receiving adalimumab plus methotrexate discontinued due to adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib monotherapy, tofacitinib with methotrexate, and adalimumab with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ORAL Strategy): a phase 3b/4, double-blind, head-to-head, randomised controlled trial. DeMasi, R; Fleischmann, R; Hall, S; Kivitz, AJ; Krishnaswami, S; Luo, Z; Menon, S; Mojcik, C; Moots, RJ; Mysler, E; Smolen, JS; Soma, K; Takiya, L; Tatulych, S; Zhang, R, 2017)	0.46
" The spleen cells appear more susceptible to the adverse effects of DLM than thymus cells."	( Mechanism of deltamethrin induced thymic and splenic toxicity in mice and its protection by piperine and curcumin: in vivo study. Kumar, A; Sasmal, D; Sharma, N, 2018)	0.48
" It is also essential to carefully monitor patients using TKI regarding possible adverse effects, which should be properly managed when occurring."	( Medullary thyroid carcinoma - Adverse events during systemic treatment: risk-benefit ratio. Maciel, LMZ; Magalhães, PKR, )	0.13
" Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) aim to provide symptomatic benefit for cognitive decline, however these drugs are not without adverse events (AEs)."	( Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for treating dementia symptoms - a safety evaluation. Bradley, J; Chan, P; Herrmann, N; Lanctôt, K; Mohammad, D, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events (AEs) including cytokine release syndrome AEs (CytoRS-AEs) and nasal symptoms were assessed."	( Safety and pharmacodynamics of intranasal GSK2245035, a TLR7 agonist for allergic rhinitis: A randomized trial. Ellis, AK; Lee, LA; Powley, W; Quint, D; Tsitoura, DC, 2017)	0.46
" Grade 3 or higher adverse events (AEs) occurred in 40% of patients, 6% of patients had treatment withdrawn on account of AEs, and 33% had AEs leading to dose interruptions/modification."	( Pooled Systemic Efficacy and Safety Data from the Pivotal Phase II Studies (NP28673 and NP28761) of Alectinib in ALK-positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Ahn, JS; Balas, B; Barlesi, F; Bordogna, W; Crino, L; Dansin, E; De Petris, L; Dingemans, AC; Gadgeel, S; Gandhi, L; Golding, S; Govindan, R; Kim, DW; Lena, H; Morcos, PN; Ou, SI; Popat, S; Shaw, AT; Yang, JC; Zeaiter, A, 2017)	0.46
" Lasmiditan penetrates the blood-brain barrier and CNS associated adverse events are common, but mostly in mild to moderate severity."	( The safety and efficacy of the 5-HT 1F receptor agonist lasmiditan in the acute treatment of migraine. Israel, H; Neeb, L; Raffaelli, B; Reuter, U, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events (AEs), laboratory values, and electrocardiography were monitored throughout."	( Safety and Exploratory Efficacy at 36 Months in Open-HART, an Open-Label Extension Study of Pridopidine in Huntington's Disease. Abler, V; Auinger, P; Gandhi, S; Grachev, ID; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; McGarry, A; Papapetropoulos, S, 2017)	0.46
"Pridopidine 45 mg BID was generally safe and tolerable in HD subjects over 36 months."	( Safety and Exploratory Efficacy at 36 Months in Open-HART, an Open-Label Extension Study of Pridopidine in Huntington's Disease. Abler, V; Auinger, P; Gandhi, S; Grachev, ID; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; McGarry, A; Papapetropoulos, S, 2017)	0.46
" Serious adverse events occurred in 3 patients in the tofacitinib group (5."	( The Safety and Immunogenicity of Live Zoster Vaccination in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Before Starting Tofacitinib: A Randomized Phase II Trial. Biswas, P; Choy, EH; Hodge, JA; Mojcik, CF; Nduaka, CI; Needle, E; Passador, S; Rigby, WF; Soma, K; Winthrop, KL; Wouters, AG, 2017)	0.46
" Vaccination appeared to be safe in all of the patients except 1 patient who lacked preexisting VZV immunity."	( The Safety and Immunogenicity of Live Zoster Vaccination in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Before Starting Tofacitinib: A Randomized Phase II Trial. Biswas, P; Choy, EH; Hodge, JA; Mojcik, CF; Nduaka, CI; Needle, E; Passador, S; Rigby, WF; Soma, K; Winthrop, KL; Wouters, AG, 2017)	0.46
" Common adverse events were falls (21 [23%] of 90 participants in the pimavanserin group vs 21 [23%] of 91 in the placebo group), urinary tract infections (20 [22%] vs 25 [28%]), and agitation (19 [21%] vs 13 [14%])."	( Evaluation of the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of pimavanserin versus placebo in patients with Alzheimer's disease psychosis: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Ballard, C; Banister, C; Coate, B; Cummings, J; Demos, G; Khan, Z; Owen, R; Stankovic, S; Youakim, JM, 2018)	0.48
"Bilastine had a good safety profile and was well tolerated in terms of adverse events, laboratory parameters and vital signs."	( Bilastine safety in drivers who need antihistamines: new evidence from high-speed simulator driving test on allergic patients. Biffi, A; Demonte, A; Fainello, M; Fernando, F; Guanti, MB; Liberati, S; Pepe, P, 2018)	0.48
" The safety profile of bilastine in clinical trials of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis or urticaria, assessed by type and frequency of adverse events (AE), was similar to that of placebo."	( Open-label safety assessment of bilastine in elderly patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and/or urticaria. Cordón, E; Del Mar Forés, M; Fernández, S; Labeaga, L; Riesgo, SE; Ruiz-Miján, M; Senán, MR; Sologuren, A; Viñas, R, 2018)	0.48
"Vandetanib, a multi-kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of various cancers, has been reported to induce several adverse cardiac effects."	( Electrophysiological mechanisms of vandetanib-induced cardiotoxicity: Comparison of action potentials in rabbit Purkinje fibers and pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Byun, B; Chae, JH; Hyun, SA; Kim, KS; Lee, HA, 2018)	0.48
" As such, we assessed disproportionate reporting of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) among reports for DPP-4i submitted to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from 2006 to 2015."	( Cardiovascular safety signals with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: A disproportionality analysis among high-risk patients. Alexander, GC; Baksh, SN; McAdams-DeMarco, M; Segal, JB, 2018)	0.48
"3 million adverse event reports, 13."	( Cardiovascular safety signals with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: A disproportionality analysis among high-risk patients. Alexander, GC; Baksh, SN; McAdams-DeMarco, M; Segal, JB, 2018)	0.48
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 33."	( A Randomized, Single-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Multiple-Dose Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Imarikiren in Healthy Adult Nonelderly and Elderly Male Subjects. Hashimoto, T; Kagawa, T; Koumura, E; Matsuno, K; Nakamichi, H; Tanaka, S, 2018)	0.48
" The adverse drug effects and discontinuation rates were investigated with self-reported complaint after starting or increasing anti-dementia drugs."	( Safety and Efficacy of Anti-dementia Agents in the Extremely Elderly Patients with Dementia. Cho, AH; Kim, JS; Lim, EY; Yang, DW, 2018)	0.48
" The adverse drug effects were observed in 26 (33."	( Safety and Efficacy of Anti-dementia Agents in the Extremely Elderly Patients with Dementia. Cho, AH; Kim, JS; Lim, EY; Yang, DW, 2018)	0.48
"The use of anti-dementia agents in the oldest old dementia patients may be safe and effective as the younger old dementia patients."	( Safety and Efficacy of Anti-dementia Agents in the Extremely Elderly Patients with Dementia. Cho, AH; Kim, JS; Lim, EY; Yang, DW, 2018)	0.48
" DS-2969b was safe and well tolerated at all dose levels examined."	( A Phase I, Single-Ascending-Dose Study in Healthy Subjects to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of DS-2969b, a Novel GyrB Inhibitor. Dennie, J; Gajee, R; Inoue, S; Masuda, N; Pav, J; Senaldi, G; Uchiyama, M; Vandell, AG; Yamada, M; Zamora, C; Zhang, G, 2018)	0.48
" In the pivotal ENGOT-OV16/NOVA trial, the dose reduction rate due to treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) was 68."	( Safety and dose modification for patients receiving niraparib. Berek, JS; Berton-Rigaud, D; Colombo, N; Ellard, S; Ghatage, P; Gonzalez-Martin, A; Guo, W; Hazard, S; Ledermann, J; Lesoin, A; Madry, R; Mahner, S; Matulonis, UA; Mirza, MR; Peen, U; Pineda, M; Redondo, A; Reinthaller, A; Rosengarten, O; Sehouli, J; Vergote, I, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events (AEs) are reported up to month 66 and laboratory data up to month 54."	( Tofacitinib in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis: long-term safety and efficacy in an open-label extension study. Bakos, N; Bissonnette, R; Gardner, AC; Harper, MK; Korman, NJ; Ports, WC; Tallman, A; Tan, H; Tsai, TF; Valdez, H; Valenzuela, F, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs were reported in 82·5% and 13·7% of patients, respectively; 13·9% of patients discontinued owing to AEs; and 29 patients died."	( Tofacitinib in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis: long-term safety and efficacy in an open-label extension study. Bakos, N; Bissonnette, R; Gardner, AC; Harper, MK; Korman, NJ; Ports, WC; Tallman, A; Tan, H; Tsai, TF; Valdez, H; Valenzuela, F, 2018)	0.48
" Frequencies of adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, and discontinuations due to AEs were similar for tofacitinib and placebo at month 3; serious infection events were more frequent for tofacitinib."	( Tofacitinib 5 mg Twice Daily in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inadequate Response to Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: A Comprehensive Review of Phase 3 Efficacy and Safety. Bensen, W; Bird, P; El-Zorkany, B; Kaine, J; Manapat-Reyes, BH; Pascual-Ramos, V; Soma, K; Thirunavukkarasu, K; Witcombe, D; Zhang, R, 2019)	0.51
" The most common adverse events reported after MGV354 administration were conjunctival and ocular hyperemia."	( A Randomized, Controlled Phase I/II Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of MGV354 for Ocular Hypertension or Glaucoma. Adams, C; Grosskreutz, C; He, Y; Huttner, K; Kolega, R; Mogi, M; Newton, R; Ni, X; Peace, J; Prasanna, G; Sall, K; Seaman, J; Stacy, R; Wald, M; Walters, T; Watts, J; Wirta, D; Yan, JH, 2018)	0.48
" Across both study parts, the number of subjects with treatment-emergent adverse events ranged from 0 to 3 per group with no dependency on dose."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Safety of a Single Dose of Imarikiren, a Novel Renin Inhibitor, in Healthy Male Subjects. Kagawa, T; Koumura, E; Kuroda, S; Matsuno, K; Nakamichi, H; Tanaka, S, 2018)	0.48
" Higher percentages of adverse events were detected in groups 2 (31."	( Efficacy and safety of resveratrol, an oral hemoglobin F-augmenting agent, in patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia. Bordbar, M; Eshghi, P; Haghpanah, S; Hoormand, M; Karimi, M; Zarei, T; Zekavat, O, 2018)	0.48
" Piperine has been determined safe under conditions of intended use as a flavoring substance by regulatory and scientific expert bodies."	( Absence of adverse effects following administration of piperine in the diet of Sprague-Dawley rats for 90 days. Aubanel, M; Bastaki, M; Bauter, M; Cachet, T; Demyttenaere, J; Diop, MM; Harman, CL; Hayashi, SM; Krammer, G; Li, X; Llewellyn, C; Mendes, O; Renskers, KJ; Schnabel, J; Smith, BPC; Taylor, SV, 2018)	0.48
"Active inflammatory bowel disease increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes."	( Outcomes of Pregnancies With Maternal/Paternal Exposure in the Tofacitinib Safety Databases for Ulcerative Colitis. Baumgart, DC; Clowse, MEB; Dubinsky, MC; Feldman, SR; Graham, D; Jones, TV; Lawendy, N; Mahadevan, U; Marren, A; Su, C; Zhang, H, 2018)	0.48
" Outcomes from tofacitinib rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis interventional studies, and RA noninterventional postapproval safety studies, spontaneous adverse event reporting, and registry data are also reported."	( Outcomes of Pregnancies With Maternal/Paternal Exposure in the Tofacitinib Safety Databases for Ulcerative Colitis. Baumgart, DC; Clowse, MEB; Dubinsky, MC; Feldman, SR; Graham, D; Jones, TV; Lawendy, N; Mahadevan, U; Marren, A; Su, C; Zhang, H, 2018)	0.48
" Although generally well tolerated, here we describe our institutional experience of unique adverse effects encountered with the use of ibrutinib in patients with B-cell lymphomas."	( Case series of unique adverse events related to the use of ibrutinib in patients with B-cell malignancies-A single institution experience and a review of literature. Albrethsen, M; Chilkulwar, A; Faisal, MS; Fazal, S; Khattab, A; Sadashiv, S; Shaikh, H, 2019)	0.51
"This is a retrospective observational study done at a tertiary care facility, to evaluate adverse events in patients with B-cell malignancies on treatment with ibrutinib between 2014 and 2018."	( Case series of unique adverse events related to the use of ibrutinib in patients with B-cell malignancies-A single institution experience and a review of literature. Albrethsen, M; Chilkulwar, A; Faisal, MS; Fazal, S; Khattab, A; Sadashiv, S; Shaikh, H, 2019)	0.51
"We found 10 patients with unique adverse events related to ibrutinib."	( Case series of unique adverse events related to the use of ibrutinib in patients with B-cell malignancies-A single institution experience and a review of literature. Albrethsen, M; Chilkulwar, A; Faisal, MS; Fazal, S; Khattab, A; Sadashiv, S; Shaikh, H, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the data concerning the drugs' basic mechanisms and clinical trial results in order to inform clinicians about the serious and non-serious adverse events associated with JAK inhibitors."	( Adverse events, clinical considerations and management recommendations in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with JAK inhibitors. Atzeni, F; Gerratana, E; Marino, F; Masala, IF; Nucera, V; Sangari, D; Sarzi-Puttini, P; Talotta, R, 2018)	0.48
"We conducted an integrated safety analysis to characterize the frequency, severity, natural history, and outcomes of adverse events (AEs) with ibrutinib versus comparators."	( Safety Analysis of Four Randomized Controlled Studies of Ibrutinib in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma or Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Barr, PM; Burger, JA; Chang, S; Coutre, S; Cramer, P; Dilhuydy, MS; Fraser, G; Graef, T; Hess, G; Hillmen, P; Howes, A; James, DF; Liu, E; Moreno, C; O'Brien, S; Patel, K; Styles, L; Tedeschi, A; Valentino, R; Vermeulen, J, 2018)	0.48
" The most frequent class of adverse events was infections and infestations."	( Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in patients from Brazil with rheumatoid arthritis: Pooled efficacy and safety analyses. Akylbekova, EL; Brenol, CV; de Leon, DP; García, EG; Lomonte, ABV; Marcolino, FMD; Radominski, SC; Rojo, R; Zerbini, CAF, 2018)	0.48
" Data suggest that immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are associated with clinical benefit in patients treated with immunotherapy and that response to BRAF/MEK therapy may have an underlying immune mechanism."	( Possible immune adverse events as predictors of durable response to BRAF inhibitors in patients with BRAF V600-mutant metastatic melanoma. Asher, N; Baruch, EN; Ben-Betzalel, G; Boursi, B; Markel, G; Schachter, J; Shapira-Frommer, R; Steinberg-Silman, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Safety assessments included incidence rates (IRs) for serious adverse events (SAEs), discontinuations due to AEs, serious infection events, and herpes zoster (HZ), and were evaluated throughout the duration of the Phase 3 studies."	( A pooled analysis of the safety of tofacitinib as monotherapy or in combination with background conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in a Phase 3 rheumatoid arthritis population. Bananis, E; Cohen, S; Connell, CA; Fan, H; Fleischmann, R; Haraoui, B; Kaine, J; Keystone, E; Kivitz, AJ; Takiya, L; van Vollenhoven, RF, 2018)	0.48
" No significant differences were observed in the incidence of serious adverse events after treatment with tofacitinib + MTX, baricitinib + MTX, adalimumab + MTX, or placebo + MTX."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and baricitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bae, SC; Lee, YH, 2019)	0.51
"In RA patients with an inadequate response to DMARDs or biologics, tofacitinib 10 mg + MTX and baricitinib 4 mg + MTX were the most efficacious interventions and were not associated with a significant risk of serious adverse events."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and baricitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Bae, SC; Lee, YH, 2019)	0.51
" Imarikiren was safe and well-tolerated, regardless of the severity of RI or HI."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety After a Single Dose of Imarikiren in Subjects with Renal or Hepatic Impairment. Aso, M; Itou, M; Kagawa, T; Kobayashi, T; Koumura, E; Kuroda, S; Matsuno, K; Saiki, T; Sakaki, M; Sano, Y; Shimasaki, Y; Shimizu, K, 2018)	0.48
" Although memantine monotherapy and combination therapy are associated with a few individual adverse events such as somnolence, it is well-tolerated and its safety (all-cause discontinuation) is comparable or superior to that of the placebo (agitation)."	( The efficacy and safety of memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Ikuta, T; Iwata, N; Kishi, T; Matsunaga, S; Nomura, I; Okuya, M; Sakuma, K, 2018)	0.48
" The discontinuation rate due to adverse events (AEs) was pooled to evaluate their safety."	( The efficacy and safety of ALK inhibitors in the treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer: A network meta-analysis. Fan, J; Fong, T; Luo, P; Xia, Z; Zhang, J, 2018)	0.48
" This study employs bioactive surfactants in the common safe doses to improve PIP targeting to the brain."	( Oral Brain-Targeted Microemulsion for Enhanced Piperine Delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy: In Vitro Appraisal, In Vivo Activity, and Nanotoxicity. Abdallah, OY; Abdelmonsif, DA; Elnaggar, YSR; Etman, SM, 2018)	0.48
"This case emphasizes the uncommon adverse effect of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase-targeted therapy alectinib causing acute renal failure manifesting as acute tubular necrosis."	( Alectinib (Alecensa)-induced reversible grade IV nephrotoxicity: a case report and review of the literature. Morcus, R; Onukogu, I; Ramachandran, P; Spinowitz, B; Tahir, M; Wang, JC, 2018)	0.48
" TKIs also act systemically causing various adverse events (AEs)."	( Pazopanib, Cabozantinib, and Vandetanib in the Treatment of Progressive Medullary Thyroid Cancer with a Special Focus on the Adverse Effects on Hypertension. Bauer, J; Grimm, D; Grosse, J; Infanger, M; Kopp, S; Krüger, M; Milling, RV; Wehland, M, 2018)	0.48
"The signal is defined as "reported information on a possible causal relationship between an adverse event and a drug, of which the relationship is unknown or incompletely documented previously"."	( Novel Adverse Events of Iloperidone: A Disproportionality Analysis in US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database. Beulah, TE; Maheswari, E; Singh, H; Subeesh, V; Swaroop, AM, 2019)	0.51
"To detect novel adverse events of iloperidone by disproportionality analysis in FDA database of Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) using Data Mining Algorithms (DMAs)."	( Novel Adverse Events of Iloperidone: A Disproportionality Analysis in US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database. Beulah, TE; Maheswari, E; Singh, H; Subeesh, V; Swaroop, AM, 2019)	0.51
" We consider DECs for disproportionality analysis only if a minimum of ten reports are present in database for the given adverse event and which were not detected earlier (in clinical trials)."	( Novel Adverse Events of Iloperidone: A Disproportionality Analysis in US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database. Beulah, TE; Maheswari, E; Singh, H; Subeesh, V; Swaroop, AM, 2019)	0.51
" The result requires an integration of further clinical surveillance for the quantification and validation of possible risks for the adverse events reported of iloperidone."	( Novel Adverse Events of Iloperidone: A Disproportionality Analysis in US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database. Beulah, TE; Maheswari, E; Singh, H; Subeesh, V; Swaroop, AM, 2019)	0.51
" The network meta-analysis is applied to compare the efficacies and adverse events of five targeted agents (erlotinib, gefitinib, vandetanib, dacomitinib, and icotinib) for advanced or metastatic NSCLC."	( Efficacy and adverse events of five targeted agents in the treatment of advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: A network meta-analysis of nine eligible randomized controlled trials involving 5,059 patients. Li, XF; Liu, GF; Miao, YY; Yu, SN; Zhang, SH, 2019)	0.51
" Incidence rates for adverse events of special interest in tofacitinib-treated patients were similar to the global population."	( Efficacy and Safety of Tofacitinib in Chinese Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. An, Y; Bao, CD; Chen, ZW; Gu, JR; Hwang, LJ; Kremer, J; Li, ZG; Liu, Y; Wang, L; Wu, QZ; Xu, HJ; Zhao, DB, 2018)	0.48
" Incidence rates (IRs; patients with events per 100 patient-years of exposure) were evaluated for select adverse events."	( Safety of Tofacitinib for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis, Based on 4.4 Years of Data From Global Clinical Trials. Chan, G; D'Haens, GR; Friedman, GS; Jones, T; Lawendy, N; Moscariello, M; Panés, J; Pedersen, R; Sandborn, WJ; Sands, BE; Su, C, 2019)	0.51
"In the maintenance cohort, IRs for select adverse events were similar among treatment groups, except for a numerically higher IR of herpes zoster infection among patients who received tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily (2."	( Safety of Tofacitinib for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis, Based on 4.4 Years of Data From Global Clinical Trials. Chan, G; D'Haens, GR; Friedman, GS; Jones, T; Lawendy, N; Moscariello, M; Panés, J; Pedersen, R; Sandborn, WJ; Sands, BE; Su, C, 2019)	0.51
" In comparison to systemic application, metformin displayed the most adverse effects in vitro in nearly all analyses, interestingly at serum equivalent concentrations."	( Side effects of frequently used oral antidiabetics on wound healing in vitro. Bachmann, HS; Besser, M; Koester, V; Severing, AL; Stuermer, EK; Terberger, N, 2019)	0.51
"8% of patients treated with a combination of a sulfonylurea and insulin knew this side effect of the OAD."	( Hypoglycemic side effects of sulfonylureas and repaglinide in ageing patients - knowledge and self-management. Harsch, IA; Kaestner, RH; Konturek, PC, 2018)	0.48
" The most common adverse events (AEs) included diarrhea, hypocalcemia, asthenia, QTc prolongation, hypokalemia and keratopathy, all at generally higher incidence with 300 vs 150 mg (Part A)."	( Safety and efficacy of two starting doses of vandetanib in advanced medullary thyroid cancer. Dedecjus, M; Druce, M; Elisei, R; Gagel, RF; Hu, MI; Kapiteijn, E; Krajewska, J; Locati, L; Pacini, F; Popovtzer, A; Weiss, R, 2019)	0.51
" The most frequent adverse events across all groups were diarrhoea, vomiting, nasopharyngitis, falls, headache, insomnia, and anxiety."	( Safety and efficacy of pridopidine in patients with Huntington's disease (PRIDE-HD): a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre, dose-ranging study. Borowsky, B; Eyal, E; Grachev, ID; Gross, N; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; Landwehrmeyer, GB; Langbehn, D; McGarry, A; Papapetropoulos, S; Reilmann, R; Savola, JM; Schubert, R; Squitieri, F; Wickenberg, AT, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse events (AEs) of special interest were based on the known safety profile of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors."	( Efficacy and safety of niraparib as maintenance treatment in older patients (≥ 70 years) with recurrent ovarian cancer: Results from the ENGOT-OV16/NOVA trial. Banerjee, S; Bover, I; Dørum, A; Fabbro, M; Follana, P; Goffin, F; Harter, P; Hazard, SJ; Hellman, K; Mahner, S; Matulonis, UA; Mirza, MR; Moore, KN; Pineda, MJ; Provencher, D; Shapira-Frommer, R; Tinker, AV; Tognon, G; Vázquez, IP; Wenham, RM, 2019)	0.51
" The most common all-grade adverse events were diarrhoea (47 [33%] of 141 patients), neutropenia (44 [31%]), and fatigue (37 [26%])."	( Safety and activity of ibrutinib in combination with nivolumab in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a phase 1/2a study. Alvarez, J; Avivi, I; Balasubramanian, S; Ben-Yehuda, D; Bosch, F; Brody, J; Buglio, D; Caballero Barrigón, MD; Carpio, C; Ceulemans, R; Cordoba, R; de Jong, J; Demirkan, F; Ferhanoglu, B; Fourneau, N; Hellmann, A; Hodkinson, BP; Horowitz, NA; Jurczak, W; Kuss, B; Lopez-Guillermo, A; Ma, DDF; Marlton, P; Nagler, A; Ozcan, M; Schaffer, M; Streit, M; Wang, SS; Wrobel, T; Yağci, M; Younes, A, 2019)	0.51
" Both groups had similar rates of adverse events and serious infections."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of oral tofacitinib in patients with Crohn's disease: results from a phase 2, open-label, 48-week extension study. Chan, G; D'Haens, GR; Higgins, PDR; Maller, E; Mele, L; Moscariello, M; Niezychowski, W; Panés, J; Su, C; Wang, W, 2019)	0.51
" Clinical efficacy, structural progression, and treatment-emergent adverse events were evaluated."	( Tofacitinib in Combination With Methotrexate in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Clinical Efficacy, Radiographic, and Safety Outcomes From a Twenty-Four-Month, Phase III Study. Cardiel, MH; Cohen, S; Connell, CA; Fleischmann, R; Gruben, D; Keystone, E; Kremer, J; Nash, P; Song, YW; Strand, V; Tanaka, Y; Tegzová, D; van der Heijde, D; Wallenstein, G; Zerbini, CAF, 2019)	0.51
"Vemurafenib and cobimetinib are extremely effective in treating V600E-mutated metastatic melanoma, but their use is associated with toxic cardiac effects."	( Cardiac toxicity of combined vemurafenib and cobimetinib administration . Eleftheriou, G; Fiocchi, R; Gallo, M; Gori, M; Taddei, F; Trevisani, L, 2019)	0.51
"This study aimed to evaluate the impact of early adverse events on overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response within a pooled secondary analysis of participants treated with first-line vemurafenib or vemurafenib plus cobimetinib in the clinical trials BRIM3 and coBRIM."	( Effect of early adverse events on response and survival outcomes of advanced melanoma patients treated with vemurafenib or vemurafenib plus cobimetinib: A pooled analysis of clinical trial data. Hopkins, AM; Rowland, A; Sorich, MJ; Van Dyk, M, 2019)	0.51
" The primary endpoint was the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADR), which are important identified risks for alectinib in Japanese patients."	( Safety and effectiveness of alectinib in a real-world surveillance study in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer in Japan. Gemma, A; Ishii, T; Kusumoto, M; Masuda, N; Ohe, Y; Yamada, I; Yamamoto, N, 2019)	0.51
" We observed no significant differences in the incidence of serious adverse events after treatment with tofacitinib 10 mg, apremilast 30 mg, tofacitinib 5 mg, apremilast 20 mg, or placebo."	( Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Tofacitinib and Apremilast in Patients with Active Psoriatic Arthritis: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2019)	0.51
"In patients with active psoriatic arthritis, tofacitinib 10 mg and apremilast 30 mg were the most efficacious interventions and were not associated with a significant risk of serious adverse events."	( Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Tofacitinib and Apremilast in Patients with Active Psoriatic Arthritis: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2019)	0.51
" Here side effects of ibrutinib have been summarized and important considerations in the management of these adverse events have been reviewed."	( Management of adverse effects/toxicity of ibrutinib. Paydas, S, 2019)	0.51
" Safety data pooled over 92 months from one P1, four P2, six P3, and two LTE studies for all tofacitinib doses (N = 1464) included incidence rates (IRs) (patients with events/100 patient-years) for adverse events (AEs) of special interest."	( Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in patients from the Asia-Pacific region: Post-hoc analyses of pooled clinical study data. Chen, C; Kwok, K; Lee, EB; Liu, Y; Llamado, LJ; Luo, Y; Sugiyama, N; Tanaka, Y; Tsai, WC; Wang, L; Yamanaka, H; Yoo, HJ, 2019)	0.51
" Overall, 52% of patients discontinued (24% due to adverse events [AEs] and 4% due to insufficient clinical response); the safety profile remained consistent with that observed in prior phase 1, 2, 3, or LTE studies."	( Safety and efficacy of tofacitinib for up to 9.5 years in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: final results of a global, open-label, long-term extension study. Cohen, S; Curtis, JR; DeMasi, R; Kwok, K; Lazariciu, I; Lee, EB; Mojcik, C; Silverfield, J; Soma, K; Strengholt, S; Terry, K; Wang, L; Wollenhaupt, J, 2019)	0.51
" 19 and 37%, 50 and 40%, and 0 and 0% of patients in groups A and B, treated with crizotinib, ceritinib, and alectinib, respectively, developed high-grade adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of ALK Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Elderly Patients with Advanced ALK-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Findings from the Real-Life Cohort. Allen, AM; Bar, J; Bedas, A; Dudnik, E; Maimon Rabinovich, N; Mishaeli, M; Peled, N; Rotem, O; Shochat, T; Zer, A, 2019)	0.51
"In the elderly, crizotinib, ceritinib, and alectinib treatments are associated with similar efficacy but different safety profiles; alectinib is associated with a lower rate of high-grade adverse events and a lower treatment discontinuation rate."	( Efficacy and Safety of ALK Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Elderly Patients with Advanced ALK-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Findings from the Real-Life Cohort. Allen, AM; Bar, J; Bedas, A; Dudnik, E; Maimon Rabinovich, N; Mishaeli, M; Peled, N; Rotem, O; Shochat, T; Zer, A, 2019)	0.51
" In clinical trials, the most common digestive adverse events were nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea."	( Severe gastrointestinal toxicity of MEK inhibitors. Allayous, C; Allez, M; Ballon, A; Baroudjian, B; Bertheau, P; Delyon, J; Eftekhari, P; Lebbé, C; Lourenço, N; Mourad, N; Pagès, C, 2019)	0.51
" For safety, the incidence of adverse reactions was statistically significantly higher for tofacitinib compared with placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, Z; Tian, F; Xu, T, 2019)	0.51
"Treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis with tofacitinib is effective, but there may be more adverse reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, Z; Tian, F; Xu, T, 2019)	0.51
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (occurring within 48 hours of first dose) were considered in the analyses."	( Safety findings from Phase 3 lasmiditan studies for acute treatment of migraine: Results from SAMURAI and SPARTAN. Buchanan, AS; Doty, EG; Dowsett, SA; Krege, JH; Liffick, E; Rizzoli, PB; Wang, J, 2019)	0.51
" There were no deaths; serious adverse events were reported for seven patients (placebo, n = 2 [0."	( Safety findings from Phase 3 lasmiditan studies for acute treatment of migraine: Results from SAMURAI and SPARTAN. Buchanan, AS; Doty, EG; Dowsett, SA; Krege, JH; Liffick, E; Rizzoli, PB; Wang, J, 2019)	0.51
"As a centrally-penetrant drug, lasmiditan use was associated with neurologic treatment-emergent adverse events; most were mild or moderate in severity and self-limiting."	( Safety findings from Phase 3 lasmiditan studies for acute treatment of migraine: Results from SAMURAI and SPARTAN. Buchanan, AS; Doty, EG; Dowsett, SA; Krege, JH; Liffick, E; Rizzoli, PB; Wang, J, 2019)	0.51
" Emerging real-world-data shows similar response and survival, but higher discontinuation rates due to adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety and efficacy analysis of long-term follow up real-world data with ibrutinib monotherapy in 58 patients with CLL treated in a single-center in Greece. Angelopoulou, M; Bitsani, C; Dimou, M; Iliakis, T; Kalyva, S; Koudouna, A; Kyrtsonis, MC; Panayiotidis, P; Papaioannou, P; Pardalis, V; Tsaftaridis, P; Vassilakopoulos, TP, 2019)	0.51
" In the integrated analysis (ibrutinib treatment up to 43 months), the most common adverse events (AEs) were primarily grade 1/2; diarrhea (n = 173, 52% any-grade; n = 15, 5% grade 3) and fatigue (n = 119, 36% any-grade; n = 10, 3% grade 3)."	( Long-term safety of single-agent ibrutinib in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in 3 pivotal studies. Barr, PM; Barrientos, JC; Burger, JA; Byrd, JC; Chang, S; Coutre, SE; Dean, JP; Devereux, S; Furman, RR; Ghia, P; Hillmen, P; James, DF; Kipps, TJ; Moreno, C; O'Brien, SM; O'Dwyer, M; Robak, T; Schuh, A; Valentino, R, 2019)	0.51
" No significant differences were observed in the incidence of serious adverse events after treatment with tofacitinib + MTX, upadacitinib + MTX, adalimumab + MTX, or placebo + MTX."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and upadacitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Choi, SJ; Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2019)	0.51
"In RA patients with an inadequate response to cs- or b-DMARDs, upadacitinib 15 mg + MTX and upadacitinib 30 mg + MTX were the most efficacious interventions and were not associated with significant risks of serious adverse events."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and upadacitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Choi, SJ; Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2019)	0.51
"Cutaneous immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are a known consequence of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy and may exhibit a spectrum of morphologic features both clinically and histologically."	( Lichenoid dermatitis from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: An immune-related adverse event with mycosis-fungoides-like morphologic and molecular features. Aung, PP; Cabanillas, ME; Curry, JL; Duke, T; Duvic, M; Grabell, DA; Huen, A; Nagarajan, P; Prieto, VG; Tang, S; Tetzlaff, MT; Torres-Cabala, CA; Yao, JC; Zuo, Z, 2019)	0.51
" All adverse events (AEs) reported were mild to moderate in severity."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of JNJ-56136379, a Novel Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Modulator, in Healthy Subjects. Berke, JM; Biewenga, J; De Zwart, L; Jessner, W; Snoeys, J; Talloen, W; van den Boer, M; Vandenbossche, J; Yogaratnam, J, 2019)	0.51
" The frequencies of adverse events were similar between the two groups."	( Efficacy and safety of tipepidine as adjunctive therapy in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Akhondzadeh, S; Bagheri, S; Dehbozorghi, S; Mohammadi, MR; Moradi, K; Shokraee, K, 2019)	0.51
" The most common adverse events were nausea (rimegepant n=11 [2%]; placebo n=3 [<1%]) and urinary tract infection (rimegepant n=10 [1%]; placebo n=4 [1%])."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of rimegepant orally disintegrating tablet for the acute treatment of migraine: a randomised, phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Conway, CM; Coric, V; Croop, R; Forshaw, M; Goadsby, PJ; Lipton, RB; Stock, DA; Stock, EG, 2019)	0.51
" Rates of adverse events were similar for patients using and not using preventive medications."	( Efficacy and safety of lasmiditan in patients using concomitant migraine preventive medications: findings from SAMURAI and SPARTAN, two randomized phase 3 trials. Ailani, J; Baygani, S; Hundemer, HP; Krege, JH; Loo, LS; Port, M; Schim, J, 2019)	0.51
" In patients whose first dose was lasmiditan, the incidence of treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) reported after the second dose was similar whether second dose was lasmiditan or placebo."	( Effect of a rescue or recurrence dose of lasmiditan on efficacy and safety in the acute treatment of migraine: findings from the phase 3 trials (SAMURAI and SPARTAN). Case, MG; Dowsett, SA; Krege, JH; Loo, LS; Plato, BM; Raskin, J; Turner, IM, 2019)	0.51
" Overall, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were similar to those in the single-attack studies and included dizziness (18."	( Interim results of a prospective, randomized, open-label, Phase 3 study of the long-term safety and efficacy of lasmiditan for acute treatment of migraine (the GLADIATOR study). Brandes, JL; Case, M; Khanna, R; Klise, S; Krege, JH; Kudrow, D; Pearlman, EM; Raskin, J; Vasudeva, R, 2019)	0.51
" Safety assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of blonanserin transdermal patch in patients with schizophrenia: A 6-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Agarkov, A; Correll, CU; Cosca, R; Higuchi, T; Inoue, Y; Ishigooka, J; Iwata, N; Kane, JM; Kim, WH; Lin, SK; Matsui, T; Sato, T; Suchkov, Y; Sulaiman, AH; Wang, L; Watabe, K; Yoon, BH, 2020)	0.56
"There are limited data on treatment patterns, adverse events (AEs), and economic burden in younger, commercially insured patients treated for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)."	( Treatment patterns, adverse events, healthcare resource use and costs among commercially insured patients with mantle cell lymphoma in the United States. Burudpakdee, C; Kabadi, SM; Near, A; Wada, K, 2019)	0.51
" The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) in patients with FL and DLBCL, respectively, were diarrhea (16 [59%]; 16 [47%]), fatigue (12 [44%]; 16 [47%]), nausea (9 [33%]; 12 [35%]), peripheral edema (7 [26%]; 13 [38%]), decreased appetite (8 [30%]; 11 [32%]), neutropenia (6 [22%]; 11 [32%]), and vomiting (5 [19%]; 12 [35%])."	( Safety and activity of ibrutinib in combination with durvalumab in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Goy, A; Guan, S; Herrera, AF; Hill, JS; Kwei, K; Liu, EA; Mehta, A; Pagel, JM; Phillips, T; Ramchandren, R; Svoboda, J, 2020)	0.56
" Common grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) included neutropenia (13%), pneumonia (12%), hypertension (8%), anemia (7%), and hyponatremia (6%); occurrence of most events as well as discontinuations due to AEs decreased over time."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of first-line ibrutinib treatment for patients with CLL/SLL: 5 years of follow-up from the phase 3 RESONATE-2 study. Bairey, O; Barr, PM; Burger, JA; Coutre, SE; Dai, S; Dean, JP; Devereux, S; Ghia, P; Grosicki, S; Hillmen, P; Kipps, TJ; Lal, I; McCarthy, H; Moreno, C; Offner, F; Owen, C; Robak, T; Simpson, D; Tedeschi, A, 2020)	0.56
" The incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs) were meticulously recorded in each case."	( Tofacitinib in Pediatric Psoriasis: An Open-Label Trial to Study Its Safety and Efficacy in Children. AlMutairi, N; Nour, T, 2020)	0.56
" -Conclusion: The treatment with tofacitinib was safe and well tolerated, and led to significant improvement of their disease and quality of life as reflected in CDLQI scores."	( Tofacitinib in Pediatric Psoriasis: An Open-Label Trial to Study Its Safety and Efficacy in Children. AlMutairi, N; Nour, T, 2020)	0.56
" We retrieved evidence on treatment-related grade III/IV adverse events, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS)."	( A systematic literature review and network meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety outcomes in advanced melanoma. Franken, MG; Gheorghe, M; Haanen, JBAG; Leeneman, B; Uyl-de Groot, CA; van Baal, PHM, 2019)	0.51
" Outcomes assessed included overall response rate (ORR), complete response (CR) rate, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events."	( Matching-adjusted Indirect Comparisons of the Efficacy and Safety of Acalabrutinib Versus Other Targeted Therapies in Relapsed/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Abhyankar, S; Kabadi, SM; Signorovitch, J; Song, J; Telford, C; Yao, Z; Zhao, J, 2019)	0.51
" Safety was assessed through adverse event (AE) reporting."	( Pooled overall survival and safety data from the pivotal phase II studies (NP28673 and NP28761) of alectinib in ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Ahn, JS; Balas, B; Barlesi, F; Bordogna, W; Crino, L; Dansin, E; De Petris, L; Dingemans, AM; Gadgeel, SM; Govindan, R; Kim, DW; Léna, H; Mitry, E; Morcos, PN; Müller, B; Ou, SI; Popat, S; Shaw, AT; Yang, JC, 2020)	0.56
" In both ethnicities, most adverse events were mild."	( Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Tofacitinib in Japanese Healthy Volunteers. Krishnaswami, S; Miyoshi, S; Nakamura, H; Toyoizumi, S; Zwillich, SH, 2020)	0.56
" Adverse events occurred in 14 (37%) patients, including 6 severe adverse events and three herpes zoster infections."	( Real-world evidence of tofacitinib effectiveness and safety in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. Abitbol, V; Amiot, A; Bouguen, G; Bouhnik, Y; Carbonnel, F; Dib, N; Fumery, M; Laharie, D; Lair-Mehiri, L; Pariente, B; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Roblin, X; Rosa, I; Simon, M; Stefanescu, C; Treton, X; Vaysse, T; Viennot, S, 2020)	0.56
" Thus, the developed pH sensitive lipoplexes promises to be a potential tumor targeting and safe delivery system than Lipofectamine® 2000."	( Exploring the potential of novel pH sensitive lipoplexes for tumor targeted gene delivery with reduced toxicity. Banerjee, SK; Chaudhari, D; Jain, S; Katare, PB; Katiyar, SS; Kuche, K; Kumar, Y; Swami, R, 2020)	0.56
" No significant differences were observed in the incidence of serious adverse events after treatment with tofacitinib + MTX, filgotinib + MTX, adalimumab + MTX, or placebo + MTX."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and filgotinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2020)	0.56
"In patients with RA exhibiting an inadequate response to cs- or bDMARDs, tofacitinib 10 mg + MTX and filgotinib 200 mg + MTX were the most efficacious interventions and risks of serious adverse events did not differ between tofacitinib and filgotinib groups."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and filgotinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2020)	0.56
" Drug-induced IgA vasculitis has been previously described for anti-tumor necrosis factor-(TNF)α therapies, but this is the first report of this adverse effect with anti-JAK therapy."	( IgA Vasculitis Developed as an Adverse Effect of Tofacitinib Taken for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Hayashi, S; Itoh, I; Iwano, M; Kasuno, K; Kimura, H; Ojima, T; Shimizu, H; Takahashi, N; Yamamoto, C, 2020)	0.56
" Safety outcomes included adverse events and serious adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of biologic agents and tofacitinib in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis: A systematic overview of meta-analyses. Bonovas, S; Danese, S; Evripidou, D; Nikolopoulos, GK; Pantavou, K; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Piovani, D; Yiallourou, AI, 2019)	0.51
" Safety analyses indicated no increased rates of adverse events, except for infliximab."	( Efficacy and safety of biologic agents and tofacitinib in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis: A systematic overview of meta-analyses. Bonovas, S; Danese, S; Evripidou, D; Nikolopoulos, GK; Pantavou, K; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Piovani, D; Yiallourou, AI, 2019)	0.51
"Biologics and tofacitinib are efficacious and safe for treating UC."	( Efficacy and safety of biologic agents and tofacitinib in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis: A systematic overview of meta-analyses. Bonovas, S; Danese, S; Evripidou, D; Nikolopoulos, GK; Pantavou, K; Peyrin-Biroulet, L; Piovani, D; Yiallourou, AI, 2019)	0.51
" Safety endpoints included the incidence of adverse events (AEs), treatment-related AEs, extrapyramidal AEs [also assessed using the change in Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS) score], the use of any concomitant antiparkinsonian drugs, and skin-related AEs, including skin irritation."	( Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Blonanserin Transdermal Patches in Japanese Patients with Schizophrenia: A 52-Week Open-Label, Multicenter Study. Higuchi, T; Ishigooka, J; Iwata, N; Kanamori, Y; Matsumoto, M; Nakamura, H; Naoi, I, 2020)	0.56
"Blonanserin transdermal patches are safe and effective in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia."	( Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Blonanserin Transdermal Patches in Japanese Patients with Schizophrenia: A 52-Week Open-Label, Multicenter Study. Higuchi, T; Ishigooka, J; Iwata, N; Kanamori, Y; Matsumoto, M; Nakamura, H; Naoi, I, 2020)	0.56
" The primary outcome was incidence rates of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs."	( Safety of Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases or Other Immune-mediated Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bonovas, S; Danese, S; Lasa, JS; Olivera, PA; Peyrin-Biroulet, L, 2020)	0.56
"We explore factors that may have contributed to differences in treatment-emergent adverse events in the phase 2 and phase 3 lasmiditan clinical trials."	( Issues Impacting Adverse Event Frequency and Severity: Differences Between Randomized Phase 2 and Phase 3 Clinical Trials for Lasmiditan. Berg, PH; Hundemer, HP; Khanna, R; Krege, JH; Kudrow, D; Ossipov, MH; Pozo-Rosich, P, 2020)	0.56
"Our objective was to compare the incidence rates (IRs) of adverse events in tofacitinib clinical trials and real-world observational data for alternative treatments."	( An Integrated Analysis of the Safety of Tofacitinib in Psoriatic Arthritis across Phase III and Long-Term Extension Studies with Comparison to Real-World Observational Data. Azevedo, VF; Biswas, P; Burmester, GR; Curtis, JR; FitzGerald, O; Hendrikx, T; Jones, T; Kanik, KS; Menon, S; Palmetto, N; Rigby, WFC; Rojo, R; Wang, C; Winthrop, KL; Yun, H, 2020)	0.56
" IRs for serious infections (SIEs; requiring hospitalization), herpes zoster (HZ), malignancies (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer [NMSC]), NMSC, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) across cohorts were qualitatively compared."	( An Integrated Analysis of the Safety of Tofacitinib in Psoriatic Arthritis across Phase III and Long-Term Extension Studies with Comparison to Real-World Observational Data. Azevedo, VF; Biswas, P; Burmester, GR; Curtis, JR; FitzGerald, O; Hendrikx, T; Jones, T; Kanik, KS; Menon, S; Palmetto, N; Rigby, WFC; Rojo, R; Wang, C; Winthrop, KL; Yun, H, 2020)	0.56
" Moreover, no treatments were found to increase the occurrence of adverse events when compared with placebos, except infliximab."	( Comparative of the Effectiveness and Safety of Biological Agents, Tofacitinib, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Ulcerative Colitis: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Chen, LH; Guo, B; Li, BZ; Li, XM; Lufumpa, E; Meng, X; Zhou, HY, 2021)	0.62
" Safety was assessed by monitoring, laboratory and physical examinations, vital signs, and recording adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of branebrutinib (BMS-986195), a covalent, irreversible inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase: Randomised phase I, placebo-controlled trial in healthy participants. Catlett, IM; Girgis, IG; Grasela, DM; He, B; Kundu, S; Liu, A; Nowak, M; Zheng, N, 2020)	0.56
" By measuring the antinociceptive and respiratory depressant effects of these ligands, we showed that the low intrinsic efficacy of opioid ligands can explain an improved side effect profile."	( Low intrinsic efficacy for G protein activation can explain the improved side effect profiles of new opioid agonists. Alamein, C; Canals, M; Christie, MJ; Connor, M; Fritzwanker, S; Gillis, A; Gondin, AB; Grimsey, NL; Halls, ML; Kassiou, M; Katte, TA; Kellam, B; Kliewer, A; Krasel, C; Lane, JR; Lim, HD; Manandhar, P; Reekie, T; Sanchez, J; Santiago, M; Schmiedel, F; Schulz, S, 2020)	0.56
" Tofacitinib 5 mg, filgotinib 200 mg, and placebo showed a significantly lower serious adverse event rate than upadacitinib 15 mg."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, and filgotinib in active rheumatoid arthritis refractory to biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2021)	0.62
" The purpose of this study was to describe treatment patterns, adverse events (AEs), and economic burden among treated patients with CLL."	( Real-World Treatment Patterns, Adverse Events, Resource Use, and Costs Among Commercially Insured, Younger Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the USA: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Burudpakdee, C; Kabadi, SM; Near, A; Wada, K, 2020)	0.56
"Single doses of SUVN-G3031 up to 20 mg and multiple doses up to 6 mg once daily were found to be safe and well tolerated in healthy young adults."	( Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of SUVN-G3031, a Novel Histamine-3 Receptor Inverse Agonist for the Treatment of Narcolepsy, in Healthy Human Subjects Following Single and Multiple Oral Doses. Bhyrapuneni, G; Goyal, VK; Jetta, S; Mohammed, AR; Muddana, NR; Mudigonda, K; Nirogi, R; Palacharla, VRC; Pandey, SK; Ravula, J; Shinde, A, 2020)	0.56
"SUVN-G3031 was found to be safe and well tolerated in healthy human subjects without any effect of age, gender, and food on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile."	( Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of SUVN-G3031, a Novel Histamine-3 Receptor Inverse Agonist for the Treatment of Narcolepsy, in Healthy Human Subjects Following Single and Multiple Oral Doses. Bhyrapuneni, G; Goyal, VK; Jetta, S; Mohammed, AR; Muddana, NR; Mudigonda, K; Nirogi, R; Palacharla, VRC; Pandey, SK; Ravula, J; Shinde, A, 2020)	0.56
" Due to increasing use, characterization of their true adverse event profile is critical."	( Pulmonary adverse events of small molecule JAK inhibitors in autoimmune disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Barnes, H; Glaspole, IN; Key, S; Khoo, JK; Östör, AJ, 2020)	0.56
"We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all published trial data on the pulmonary and serious adverse effects of smTKIs in autoimmune disease."	( Pulmonary adverse events of small molecule JAK inhibitors in autoimmune disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Barnes, H; Glaspole, IN; Key, S; Khoo, JK; Östör, AJ, 2020)	0.56
" The risk of any serious pulmonary adverse events is low."	( Pulmonary adverse events of small molecule JAK inhibitors in autoimmune disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Barnes, H; Glaspole, IN; Key, S; Khoo, JK; Östör, AJ, 2020)	0.56
" Incidence rates (IRs; patients with events/100 patient-years) for adverse events of special interest (AESIs) were assessed throughout."	( Tofacitinib in the treatment of Indian patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A post hoc analysis of efficacy and safety in Phase 3 and long-term extension studies over 7 years. Adhav, C; Chandrashekara, S; Chopra, A; Kadel, JK; Kwok, K; Pandya, S; Rao, UR; Santos Estrella, P; Sharma, R; Shobha, V; Thorat, AV; Veeravalli, SCM; Wagh, S; Wouters, A; Yu, W, 2020)	0.56
" No significant differences were observed in the incidence of serious adverse events after treatment with tofacitinib+MTX, peficitinib+MTX, adalimumab+MTX, or placebo+MTX."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and peficitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2020)	0.56
"In patients with RA with an inadequate response to DMARDs, tofacitinib 10 mg+MTX and peficitinib 150 mg+MTX were the most efficacious interventions and were not associated with a significant risk of serious adverse events."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and peficitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lee, YH; Song, GG, 2020)	0.56
" However, the number of patients who experienced serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the JAK inhibitors, except for tofacitinib 5 mg, and placebo."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, filgotinib and peficitinib as monotherapy for active rheumatoid arthritis. Gyu Song, G; Ho Lee, Y, 2020)	0.56
" American College of Rheumatology 20%, Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index, adverse events, risk for infection, venous thromboembolic events, and malignancy were calculated."	( Efficacy and Safety of Tofacitinib, Baricitinib, and Upadacitinib for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Davis, JM; Luo, F; Matteson, EL; Murad, MH; Sun, L; Vassallo, R; Wang, F; Wang, S, 2020)	0.56
" Pain free and pain relief, global impression (very much/much better), and no/mild disability at 2 h in efficacy; total treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), dizziness, nausea, fatigue, paraesthesia and somnolence in safety were extracted from the included studies."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of lasmiditan, a novel 5-HT Chen, J; Deng, D; Hou, M; Li, C; Li, J; Wang, X; Xing, H; Zhang, P, 2020)	0.56
"This meta-analysis suggests that lasmiditan is effective for the acute treatment of migraine with a higher incidence of CNS-related adverse reactions compared with placebo."	( Short-term efficacy and safety of lasmiditan, a novel 5-HT Chen, J; Deng, D; Hou, M; Li, C; Li, J; Wang, X; Xing, H; Zhang, P, 2020)	0.56
" Adverse events, concomitant medications, vital signs, laboratory values, and ECG data were monitored."	( Additional Safety and Exploratory Efficacy Data at 48 and 60 Months from Open-HART, an Open-Label Extension Study of Pridopidine in Huntington Disease. Abler, V; Auinger, P; Gandhi, S; Geva, M; Gordon, MF; Grachev, ID; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; McGarry, A; Mehra, M; Papapetropoulos, S; Savola, JM, 2020)	0.56
" Pridopidine remained safe and well tolerated over the 60-month interval."	( Additional Safety and Exploratory Efficacy Data at 48 and 60 Months from Open-HART, an Open-Label Extension Study of Pridopidine in Huntington Disease. Abler, V; Auinger, P; Gandhi, S; Geva, M; Gordon, MF; Grachev, ID; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; McGarry, A; Mehra, M; Papapetropoulos, S; Savola, JM, 2020)	0.56
"The 45 mg BID pridopidine dosage remained safe and tolerable over 60 months."	( Additional Safety and Exploratory Efficacy Data at 48 and 60 Months from Open-HART, an Open-Label Extension Study of Pridopidine in Huntington Disease. Abler, V; Auinger, P; Gandhi, S; Geva, M; Gordon, MF; Grachev, ID; Hayden, M; Kieburtz, K; McGarry, A; Mehra, M; Papapetropoulos, S; Savola, JM, 2020)	0.56
" This study aims to evaluate the different efficacies of alectinib and crizotinib on progression-free survival (PFS), central nervous system (CNS) progression and adverse events (AEs) in NSCLC patients with ALK-positive."	( Effect of alectinib versus crizotinib on progression-free survival, central nervous system efficacy and adverse events in ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Wang, WJ; Xiang, RL; Xiang, ZJ; Yang, JH; Yang, YL, 2020)	0.56
"6 % patients experienced ≥ grade 3 adverse events and serious adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of ibrutinib in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A single-arm meta-analysis. Fang, H; Feng, Y; Hou, K; Huang, L; Jia, Y; Shao, S; Yu, Z, 2020)	0.56
" Patient characteristics, ibrutinib use and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were collected from medical records."	( Patterns of use and safety of ibrutinib in real-life practice. Allouchery, M; Delaunay, P; Delwail, V; Guidez, S; Lafay-Chebassier, C; Pérault-Pochat, MC; Salvo, F; Tomowiak, C, 2021)	0.62
" Animal studies show no evidence of adverse effects on pre- or post-natal development after administration of vedolizumab and ustekinumab."	( Safety of New Biologics (Vedolizumab and Ustekinumab) and Small Molecules (Tofacitinib) During Pregnancy: A Review. Chaparro, M; Gisbert, JP, 2020)	0.56
" Safety was assessed by recording drug-related adverse events, biochemical investigations, and electrocardiogram, along with tolerability and compliance."	( Effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of bilastine 20 mg vs levocetirizine 5 mg for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria: A double-blind, parallel group, randomized controlled trial. Biswas, D; Chowdhury, SN; Das, A; Ghosh, S; Podder, I; Sengupta, S, 2020)	0.56
"DFN-15 treatment may be effective and safe for pain control in migraine patients."	( The Efficacy and Safety of DFN-15 for the Treatment of Migraine: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies. Chen, Y; Deng, Y; Peng, Z; Yang, H, )	0.13
" Safety was evaluated from adverse events (AEs), clinical laboratory results, motor symptoms, electrocardiograms (ECG), and mortality."	( Long-term evaluation of open-label pimavanserin safety and tolerability in Parkinson's disease psychosis. Abler, V; Azulay, JP; Ballard, CG; Demos, G; Fernandez, HH; Ferreira, JJ; Ilic, TV; Isaacson, S; Kreitzman, DL; Liu, IY; Norton, JC; Stankovic, S, 2020)	0.56
" In this review, the authors briefly discuss schizophrenia and its treatment, before they discuss properties of iloperidone, its indications, approval process, and adverse effects."	( An update on the efficacy and safety of iloperidone as a schizophrenia therapy. Asamoah, AL; Gosal, R; Grossberg, GT; Nair, A; Salem, A, 2020)	0.56
"Among 66 patients who received ≥1 dose of study drug, all experienced an adverse event (AE)."	( A phase Ib open-label dose escalation study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of cobimetinib (GDC-0973) and ipatasertib (GDC-0068) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Bendell, JC; Chan, IT; Chang, I; Cho, DC; LoRusso, P; Meng, RD; Musib, L; Patel, P; Sanabria-Bohorquez, S; Shapiro, GI; Wongchenko, M; Yan, Y, 2021)	0.62
" We report here 13 additional patients with migraine who simultaneously used rimegepant and either erenumab, fremanezumab, or galcanezumab and assess the rate of on-treatment adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety of Rimegepant, an Oral CGRP Receptor Antagonist, Plus CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies for Migraine. Berman, G; Conway, CM; Coric, V; Croop, R; Halverson, P; Kudrow, D; Lipton, RB; Lovegren, M; Thiry, AC, 2020)	0.56
" Safety, including collection of adverse events and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS III) scores, was assessed in patients who received ≥1 pimavanserin dose."	( An Open-Label, 8-Week Study of Safety and Efficacy of Pimavanserin Treatment in Adults with Parkinson's Disease and Depression. Abler, V; Aldred, JL; Alva, G; Cantillon, M; Coate, B; DeKarske, D; Jacobi, L; Norton, JC; Nunez, R, 2020)	0.56
" Twenty-one of 47 patients experienced 42 treatment-emergent adverse events; the most common by system organ class were gastrointestinal (n = 7; 14."	( An Open-Label, 8-Week Study of Safety and Efficacy of Pimavanserin Treatment in Adults with Parkinson's Disease and Depression. Abler, V; Aldred, JL; Alva, G; Cantillon, M; Coate, B; DeKarske, D; Jacobi, L; Norton, JC; Nunez, R, 2020)	0.56
" The pooled incidence of partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), TKI-related adverse events (AEs), and pooled median progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI)."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chino, T; Ito, KI; Ito, T; Kanai, T; Maeno, K; Oba, T; Ono, M; Shimizu, T; Soma, A, 2020)	0.56
" Serious, related, unexpected adverse events requiring intervention had a low incidence and were largely due to predictable effects of the drugs being administered."	( The safety profile and effectiveness of propofol-remifentanil mixtures for total intravenous anesthesia in children. Bagshaw, O; Baxter, A; Brooks, P; Marriott, D; McCormack, J, 2020)	0.56

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were not found to be dose dependent in the range investigated, but it was not possible to decide whether the bioavailability was dependent on the dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of femoxetine in man. Bechgaard, E; Christensen, JA; Larsson, H; Lund, J; Molander, L, 1979)	0.26
" The pharmacokinetic studies revealed a dose dependent systemic availability, a rather slow elimination (t1-z2 = approximately 16 hrs), a good fit to one compartment open model, and an almost complete metabolism of the substance."	( Paroxetine: pharmacokinetics, tolerance and depletion of blood 5-HT in man. Bechgaard, E; Christensen, JA; Fabricius, J; Lomholt, B; Lund, J, 1979)	0.26
"A pharmacokinetic study of the antidiarrheal agent loperamide hydrochloride (Imodium) was conducted in six male subjects."	( Human pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailability of loperamide hydrochloride. Fuller, BL; Killinger, JM; Weintraub, HS, 1979)	0.26
" A comparison of the pharmacokinetic and metabolic behaviour of piprozoline in rats, dogs and humans showed that it was similar in all three species."	( [Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of piprozoline in the rat, dog and man. 1. Studies with the radioactively-labeled substance]. Bode, R; Hodenberg, AV; Poisson, A; Schauerte, E; Vollmer, KO, 1977)	0.26
" In all cases, metabolite I was eliminated from the plasma with a half-life of approx."	( [Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of piprozoline in rat, dog and man. 3rd communication: Determination of piprozoline and metabolite I in plasma and urine (author's transl)]. Ehret, I; Gladigau, V, 1977)	0.26
" There are marked pharmacokinetic differences between F and M, probably related to their physical properties."	( Pharmacokinetics of flavoxate in rats. Cova, A; Magistretti, MJ; Setnikar, I, 1975)	0.25
"This work deals with the pharmacodynamic problem of relating a drug effect E(t) to an observable pharmacokinetic (PK) predictor variable r(t), which may be a venous and/or arterial drug level, some other PK variable, or a drug infusion scheme."	( Pharmacodynamic system analysis of the biophase level predictor and the transduction function. Modi, NB; Veng-Pedersen, P, 1992)	0.28
" Based on pharmacokinetic considerations, the dosage of pirmenol is unlikely to differ in young and elderly subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of pirmenol in young and elderly subjects. Beasley, M; Bland, R; Campbell, AJ; Edwards, IR; Ferry, DG; Gazeley, L, 1992)	0.28
" These results regarding the pharmacokinetic parameters of BM 12."	( Pharmacokinetics of the organic nitrates trans-2-amino-2-methyl-N-(4- nitroxycyclohexylmethyl)-propionamide in dogs, and of 4-(2-nitroxyethyl)-piperidine in dogs and in monkeys. Bartsch, W; Neidlein, R; Pressmar, F; Strein, K, 1992)	0.28
" The plasma elimination half-life of heptacaine was 133 min and its biological availability of 52% was comparable to other agents of the class."	( Pharmacokinetics of heptacaine, a novel potent local anaesthetic agent, after rectal administration to rats. Divisová, D; Durisová, M; Faberová, V; Trnovec, T, )	0.13
"The pharmacokinetic properties of the newer specific serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors are reviewed."	( Pharmacokinetics of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. DeVane, CL, 1992)	0.28
" In nearly all extensive metabolizers the concentration-dose data were best described by a pharmacokinetic model assuming elimination by at least two kinetically distinct processes, one a high-affinity saturable process and one a low-affinity linear process."	( Pharmacokinetics of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine: nonlinearity and relation to the sparteine oxidation polymorphism. Brøsen, K; Gram, LF; Sindrup, SH, 1992)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of oral diphemanil methylsulphate have been evaluated in six healthy male volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of diphemanil methylsulphate in healthy subjects. d'Athis, P; Olive, G; Pello, JY; Pons, G; Rey, E; Vidal, AM, 1992)	0.28
" Mean pirmenol concentration-time curves and pharmacokinetic parameters, including elimination rate constant, were not significantly altered by concomitant administration of cimetidine."	( Effect of cimetidine administration on the pharmacokinetics of pirmenol. Bockbrader, HN; Cetnarowski-Cropp, AB; Chang, T; Goldfarb, AL; Lebsack, ME; Radulovic, LL; Sedman, AJ; Stringer, KA, 1992)	0.28
" The pharmacodynamic effect of cisapride was measured by means of radionuclide gastric emptying."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisapride in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Bares, R; Dakshinamurty, KV; Gladziwa, U; Ittel, TH; Klotz, U; Seiler, KU; Sieberth, HG, 1991)	0.28
" Its pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from the rabbit plasma level-time curve measured."	( [RP-HPLC determination of 1-(p-methylphenyl-2-(2-piperidinoacetyl- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride in rabbit plasma and its pharmacokinetic parameters]. Cheng, WB; Qin, ZL; Xie, XY; Zhou, ZS, 1991)	0.28
" An earlier tmax and a higher Cmax and AUC were observed in the subjects who received piperine and propranolol."	( Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Bano, G; Bedi, KL; Johri, RK; Raina, RK; Sharma, SC; Zutshi, U, 1991)	0.28
" The regular hemodialysis sessions every 2-3 days did not affect the elimination rate of ritanserin, as the terminal half-life in these patients (39 +/- 23 hr) is similar to that in healthy volunteers (41 +/- 14 hr)."	( Pharmacokinetics of ritanserin in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Heykants, J; Huang, ML; Koch, S; Kokot, F; Kuska, J; Van Peer, A; Zazgornik, J, 1991)	0.28
" The time courses of biperiden concentration in plasma, brain, and fat were simulated using a physiological pharmacokinetic model."	( Effect of fat tissue volume on the distribution kinetics of biperiden as a function of age in rats. Ichimura, F; Nakashima, E; Yokogawa, K, )	0.13
" Gastric secretion inhibition over the 90 min of IGT correlated with peak concentration exclusively for the subpopulation with peak occurrence at T 150."	( [Plasma pharmacokinetics of roxatidine in the healthy man: correlation with gastric antisecretory effect]. Bonfils, S; Chen, WW; Kolsky, H; Lewin, MJ, 1990)	0.28
" We observed great interindividual differences in the pharmacokinetic behaviour."	( [Pharmacokinetics (rats and rabbits) of N-methyl-4- piperidinylbenzilate (Po)3]. Gabrio, T; Göber, B; Höhn, H, 1990)	0.28
" Loratadine was rapidly absorbed and the decline of plasma concentrations after attainment of the Cmax was biexponential in all subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of loratadine in patients with renal insufficiency. Halstenson, CE; Hilbert, J; Matzke, GR; Opsahl, JA; Perentesis, G; Radwanski, E; Zampaglione, N, 1990)	0.28
" Also, steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters are not predictable from single-dose data."	( A review of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of paroxetine in man. Greb, WH; Haddock, RE; Kaye, CM; Langley, PF; Mellows, G; Tasker, TC; Zussman, BD, 1989)	0.28
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, and tolerability of paroxetine in elderly depressed patients, a clinical study was set up--initially at Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital in Denmark, and subsequently at the University Hospital in Linköping, Sweden."	( Paroxetine: pharmacokinetic and antidepressant effect in the elderly. Fjord-Larsen, T; Lundmark, J; Manniche, PM; Mengel, H; Møller-Nielsen, EM; Pauser, H; Scheel Thomsen, I; Wålinder, J, 1989)	0.28
" After pretreatment with cimetidine, the plasma clearances (CL) of AP and TMO were significantly lower and the elimination half-life (t1/2) of AP was significantly increased."	( The effect of roxatidine acetate and cimetidine on hepatic drug clearance assessed by simultaneous administration of three model substrates. Nakamura, K; Tanaka, E, 1989)	0.28
"The effects of a new H2-receptor antagonist, roxatidine acetate, have been investigated in both clinical and pharmacodynamic trials in Europe and the United States."	( Safety and efficacy of roxatidine acetate. Evidence from pharmacodynamic and clinical trials. Bender, W; Labs, R; Merki, HS, 1989)	0.28
"This article reviews the published and unpublished results of pharmacokinetic studies with roxatidine acetate in healthy volunteers of different ethnic origins, patients with various degrees of renal impairment, patients on maintenance hemodialysis, lactating women, and elderly patients."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of roxatidine. Bender, W; Brockmeier, D, 1989)	0.28
" The peak concentrations of vadocaine were achieved at 1 h both after the tablet and the solution and there were no statistically significant differences in serum concentrations or in pharmacokinetic parameters."	( The single dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of a vadocaine tablet in healthy human volunteers. Hänninen, U; Karttunen, P; Mykkänen, M; Silvasti, M; Tukiainen, H; Välttilä, S, 1989)	0.28
"Biotransformation and Pharmacokinetics of Bamipine in Rats/2nd Communication: Pharmacokinetic studies (Part I)."	( [Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of bamipine in rats. 2. Studies of the pharmacokinetics (1.)]. Kleiser, M; Neidlein, VR, 1987)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetics of carebastine were linear over the dose range studied and the terminal elimination half-life was 10."	( The pharmacokinetics, antihistamine and concentration-effect relationship of ebastine in healthy subjects. Liminana, R; Meredith, PA; Reid, JL; Vincent, J, 1988)	0.27
" In common with many other prodrugs, the parent substance is not detectable in either plasma or urine and therefore all pharmacokinetic studies have been evaluated using measurements of roxatidine."	( Pharmacokinetics of roxatidine in healthy volunteers. Collins, JD; Pidgen, AW, 1988)	0.27
" Plasma and urine samples were collected throughout the study for the pharmacokinetic assessment."	( The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of multiple doses of the new H2-receptor antagonist, roxatidine acetate, in healthy men. Ho, I; Lassman, HB; Puri, SK; Sabo, R; Scheffler, MR, 1988)	0.27
" During steady-state therapy the elimination half-life (24."	( Blood pressure reduction and pharmacokinetics of ketanserin in hypertensive patients. Hedner, T; Persson, B; Pettersson, A, 1986)	0.27
" Concentrations of loratadine in the disposition phase were fitted to a biexponential equation and those of descarboethoxyloratadine to either a monoexponential or biexponential equation for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( The pharmacokinetics of loratadine in normal geriatric volunteers. Hilbert, J; Moritzen, V; Parks, A; Perentesis, G; Radwanski, E; Symchowicz, S; Zampaglione, N, )	0.13
" On the other hand, the elimination half-life of antiarrhythmic agents that have a large volume of distribution and are highly cleared by the liver may be twice as long in patients with CHF compared with normal subjects."	( Effects of congestive heart failure on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiarrhythmic agents. Echt, DS; Roden, DM; Woosley, RL, 1986)	0.27
"Lorcainide, a new antiarrhythmic agent currently undergoing clinical trial, has been pentadeuterated and the usefulness of this labelled compound in pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies has been investigated in dogs."	( The use and limitations of deuterated lorcainide in metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies. Gelijkens, CF; Heykants, J; Knaeps, A; Lenoir, H; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, 1985)	0.27
" Individual plasma level-time curves fitted to an open three compartment model and a half-life of 17."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ketanserin in elderly subjects. Kurowski, M, 1985)	0.27
" The author summarizes the hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies of pirmenol noting that its effects are relatively independent of potassium concentration."	( Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of pirmenol. Reiter, MJ, 1988)	0.27
" This method was used to establish the pharmacokinetic profiles of I and PK following a single oral administration of I (100 mg) in 8 healthy volunteers."	( HPLC determination of indalpine and its major metabolite in human plasma and a pharmacokinetic application. Caillé, G; Demontigny, C; Tawashi, M; Toupin, L; Vézina, M, )	0.13
" The terminal plasma half-life of cisapride was about 1-2 h in the rat and about 4-10 h in the rabbit and dog."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the new gastrokinetic agent cisapride in rat, rabbit and dog. Geerts, R; Hendriks, R; Heykants, J; Michiels, M; Monbaliu, J; Woestenborghs, R, 1987)	0.27
" The number of compartments in the preferred pharmacokinetic model of biperiden changed from three (for normal rats) to two (for fasted rats)."	( Effects of fasting on biperiden pharmacokinetics in the rat. Hashimoto, T; Ichimura, F; Nakashima, E; Tsuji, A; Yamana, T; Yokogawa, K, 1987)	0.27
"The pharmacodynamic and kinetic profiles of two oral biperiden formulations (tablet with instant-release and sugar-coated tablet with slow-release) were studied in a total of 12 healthy subjects after the administration of a 4 mg dose and compared in part to placebo."	( Pharmacokinetic-dynamic study on different oral biperiden formulations in volunteers. Brode, E; Crema, A; Greger, G; Grimaldi, R; Hollmann, M; Müller-Peltzer, H; Perucca, E, 1987)	0.27
"After oral application pharmacokinetic parameters of N-phenyl-N-benzyl-4-amino-1-methylpiperidin (bamipine) were investigated."	( [Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of bamipine in rats. 2. Pharmacokinetics (P 2)]. Kleiser, M; Neidlein, R, 1987)	0.27
" The mean half-life of elimination was 10."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral pirmenol. Ellenbogen, KA; Kates, RE; McCarthy, EA; Pritchett, EL; Roark, SF; Sintetos, AL; Smith, MS; Smith, WM, 1987)	0.27
" An open two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was conferred to the data."	( Pharmacokinetics of the new local anaesthetic N-[2-(2-Heptyloxyphenylcarbamoyloxy)ethyl]piperidinium chloride in rats and mice. Bezek, S; Durisovă, M; Kállay, Z; Scasnár, V; Trnovec, T, 1987)	0.27
"The influence of cardiac function as measured by the left ventricular ejection fraction on the pharmacokinetic variables of a new antiarrhythmic drug, lorcainide, was investigated in 20 cardiac patients."	( Pharmacokinetic implications of lorcainide therapy in patients with normal and depressed cardiac function. Fraker, TD; Somani, P; Temesy-Armos, PN, 1987)	0.27
" It can be given either intravenously or orally and its pharmacokinetic properties allow relatively long (12 hours) dosing intervals with oral administration."	( Flecainide. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Heel, RC; Holmes, B, 1985)	0.27
" Some pharmacokinetic parameters (e."	( Pharmacokinetics of 3H-pipethiaden after single oral and intravenous administration in rats. Franc, Z; Lapka, R; Smolik, S, 1985)	0.27
" However the plasma elimination of flecainide was found to be inversely proportional to urinary pH and the volunteers' mean elimination half-life ranged between 10."	( Flecainide pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: the influence of urinary pH. Johnston, A; Turner, P; Warrington, S, 1985)	0.27
" Plasma concentration declined with a mean terminal half-life of 15."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin in man. Jähnchen, E; Kirch, W; Meinertz, T; Mosler, A; Trenk, D, )	0.13
" It can be given either intravenously or orally, and its pharmacokinetic properties allow relatively long (12 hours) dosing intervals with oral administration."	( Lorcainide. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Brogden, RN; Eiriksson, Ce, 1984)	0.27
"This article reviews clinical pharmacokinetic data on 8 new antiarrhythmic agents."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiarrhythmic agents. Gillis, AM; Kates, RE, )	0.13
"We have examined the analysis of pharmacodynamic data in normal subjects receiving propranolol, flecainide or the two together."	( Application of second-order polynomial equations to the study of pharmacodynamic interactions: the effect of flecainide acetate and propranolol on cardiac output and vascular resistance. Berry, DA; Borrell, G; Holtzman, JL; Kvam, DC; Mottonen, L, 1984)	0.27
" The elimination half-life of femoxetine was within the normal limits in most of the patients."	( Femoxetine clearance in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hansen, BA; Keiding, S; Lund, J; Mengel, H, 1984)	0.27
" The terminal elimination half-life (term."	( Pharmacokinetics of ketanserin in man. Klotz, U; Okonkwo, PO; Reimann, IW, 1983)	0.27
" Blood, plasma and free drug concentrations declined biexponentially after cessation of a 150-mg infusion (n = 4), with a terminal half-life of 7-9."	( Pirmenol, a new antiarrhythmic agent: initial study of efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics. Baker, JT; Hammill, SC; Hindman, MC; Pritchett, EL; Routledge, PA; Shand, DG, 1982)	0.26
" After a rapid initial decrease radioactivity was eliminated with a half-life of 8-10 hours."	( On the pharmacokinetics of domperidone in animals and man II. Tissue distribution, placental and milk transfer of domperidone in the Wistar rat. Hendriks, R; Heykants, J; Michiels, M, 1981)	0.26
" Following are the mean pharmacokinetics of risperidone and risperidone + 9-OH-risperidone: area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) from 0 to 96 hours; 278."	( Pharmacokinetics of risperidone in chronic schizophrenic patients. Borison, RL; Diamond, B; Meibach, RC; Pathiraja, A, 1994)	0.29
" Risperidone can be characterized as a potent D2 antagonist with predominant 5HT2 antagonistic activity and optimal pharmacokinetic properties."	( Survey on the pharmacodynamics of the new antipsychotic risperidone. Awouters, FH; Dugovic, C; Leysen, JE; Meert, TF; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schotte, A, 1994)	0.29
" Most traditional antipsychotic drugs have similar pharmacokinetic profiles that differ from the newer agents in several key respects."	( Brief comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the traditional and newer antipsychotic drugs. DeVane, CL, 1995)	0.29
" Two studies on iloperidone evaluated its safety and tolerability, made a preliminary pharmacokinetic assessment of single 3- and 5-mg doses, and determined the effect of food on its tolerability and pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers after single 3-mg doses."	( Safety, tolerability, and effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of iloperidone (HP 873), a potential atypical antipsychotic. Brecher, MB; Chi, E; Grasing, K; Hubbard, JW; Sainati, SM, 1995)	0.29
" Because of its unique metabolic pathway (among this group of drugs) and rapid clearance, remifentanil represents a new pharmacokinetic class of opioid."	( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. A preliminary appraisal. Egan, TD, 1995)	0.29
" The terminal elimination half-life ranged from 50 to 83 min."	( Dose and species dependent pharmacokinetics of a novel sigma receptor antagonist, DuP 734. Kapil, RP; Lam, GN, 1995)	0.29
" Risperidone half-life was about 3 hours in extensive metabolizers and 22 hours in poor metabolizers."	( Pharmacokinetics of the novel antipsychotic agent risperidone and the prolactin response in healthy subjects. De Coster, R; Heykants, J; Huang, ML; Jansen, AA; Jonkman, JH; Van Peer, A; Visscher, HW; Woestenborghs, R; Zylicz, Z, 1993)	0.29
" The aim of this study was to characterize in detail the pharmacokinetic profile of remifentanil in healthy male volunteers."	( The pharmacokinetics of the new short-acting opioid remifentanil (GI87084B) in healthy adult male volunteers. Egan, TD; Fiset, P; Hermann, DJ; Lemmens, HJ; Muir, KT; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR, 1993)	0.29
" The raw pharmacokinetic data were analyzed using three different parametric compartmental modeling methods (traditional two-stage, naive pooled data, and NONMEM)."	( The pharmacokinetics of the new short-acting opioid remifentanil (GI87084B) in healthy adult male volunteers. Egan, TD; Fiset, P; Hermann, DJ; Lemmens, HJ; Muir, KT; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR, 1993)	0.29
" The terminal half-life of remifentanil ranged from 10 to 21 min."	( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil (GI87084B) and its major metabolite (GI90291) in patients undergoing elective inpatient surgery. Hoke, JF; Hug, CC; Muir, KT; Sebel, PS; Westmoreland, CL, 1993)	0.29
" The decreased urinary excretion most likely contributed to the prolonged half-life (from 36 hours to 95 hours) and increased area under the plasma concentration-time curve (+56%) in the patients with renal insufficiency as compared with the healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of orally administered levocabastine in patients with renal insufficiency. Heykants, J; Huang, ML; Stephen, A; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R; Zazgornik, J, 1993)	0.29
" The Cmax of carebastine in guinea pigs (2820 ng/ml) was markedly higher than that in rats (311 ng/ml), dogs (465 ng/ml) and monkeys (1036 ng/ml)."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of the histamine H1-receptor antagonist ebastine and its active metabolite carebastine in rats, guinea pigs, dogs and monkeys. Fujii, T; Matsuda, M; Mizuki, Y; Sakashita, M; Sekine, Y; Yamaguchi, T, 1994)	0.29
" The Cmax and AUC of carebastine increased in proportion to the dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of the H1-receptor antagonist ebastine and its active metabolite carebastine in healthy subjects. Fujii, T; Hashizume, T; Matsuda, M; Nakashima, M; Sakashita, M; Sekine, Y; Uematsu, T; Yamaguchi, T, 1994)	0.29
" This assay was used for a pharmacokinetic study in five subjects after administration of a single dose of 60 mg of terfenadine."	( A preliminary pharmacokinetic study of the enantiomers of the terfenadine acid metabolite in humans. Khalil, SK; Surapaneni, S, 1994)	0.29
" Its pharmacokinetic parameters are known for adults but not for infants."	( [Pharmacokinetics of diphemanil methylsulfate in infants]. Chéron, G; d'Athis, P; Olive, G; Pons, G; Rey, E; Vidal, AM, 1994)	0.29
"The relatively long half-life of diphemanil methylsulfate allows this drug to be given every 8 hours."	( [Pharmacokinetics of diphemanil methylsulfate in infants]. Chéron, G; d'Athis, P; Olive, G; Pons, G; Rey, E; Vidal, AM, 1994)	0.29
" Mean plasma elimination half-life values of carebastine ranged from 10 to 14 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ebastine in children. Simons, FE; Simons, KJ; Watson, WT, 1993)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic analyses indicate nonlinearity of 349U85 and 661U88, suggestive of saturation of metabolism and large interindividual variability in maximum plasma drug concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new cardiotonic vasodilator agent, 349U85, in normal subjects. Brown, AR; Clifton, GD; Fleck, RJ; Harrison, MR; Long, RA; Rolleri, RL; Welch, RM; Weller, S; Wermeling, DP, 1994)	0.29
" The plasma elimination half-life of the beta-phase (t 1/2 beta) and time to maximum peak plasma concentration (tmax) were significantly longer in the elderly than in the young: t 1/2 beta, 103."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of E2020, a new compound for Alzheimer's disease, in healthy young and elderly subjects. Hasegawa, J; Kamakura, H; Mihara, M; Morishita, N; Ohnishi, A; Tanaka, T; Tomono, Y; Yamazaki, K, 1993)	0.29
" In man, the di-cationic disobutamide was slowly eliminated with a mean terminal phase half-life of 54 +/- 18 h, a value > 7 times longer than disopyramide."	( Importance of pharmacokinetic and physicochemical data in the discovery and development of novel anti-arrhythmic drugs. Cook, CS; Karim, A; McDonald, SJ, 1993)	0.29
" Three separate studies were conducted to evaluate the safety and to establish the pharmacokinetic profile of E2020 after oral administration to healthy male subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of E2020, a new compound for Alzheimer's disease, in healthy male volunteers. Hasegawa, J; Mihara, M; Morishita, N; Ohnishi, A; Shimamura, Y; Tomono, Y; Yamazaki, K, 1993)	0.29
" The mean pharmacokinetic parameters of oral diphemanil methylsulphate in infants were similar to those in adults."	( Pharmacokinetics of diphemanil methylsulphate in infants. Chéron, G; d'Athis, P; Olive, G; Pons, G; Rey, E; Vidal, AM, 1993)	0.29
"The linear and predictable pharmacokinetic properties of the histamine H1-receptor antagonist levocabastine make it particularly suitable for intranasal or ocular treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis."	( The pharmacokinetic properties of topical levocabastine. A review. Heykants, J; Meuldermans, W; Snoeck, E; Van de Velde, V; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, 1995)	0.29
" Cimetidine significantly decreased the total body clearance and extended the plasma half-life of theophylline, but did not change its volume of distribution."	( Drug interactions between theophylline and H2-antagonists, roxatidine acetate hydrochloride and cimetidine: pharmacokinetic analysis in rats in vivo. Furuhata, M; Nagai, N; Ogata, H, 1995)	0.29
" During and after the infusion, arterial blood was obtained for pharmacokinetic analyses, and the ventilatory response to a hypercarbic challenge was assessed."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil in volunteer subjects with severe liver disease. Connors, PM; Dershwitz, M; Dienstag, JL; Hoke, JF; Michałowski, P; Muir, KT; Rosow, CE, 1996)	0.29
"There were no differences in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters for remifentanil or GR90291 between the two groups."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil in volunteer subjects with severe liver disease. Connors, PM; Dershwitz, M; Dienstag, JL; Hoke, JF; Michałowski, P; Muir, KT; Rosow, CE, 1996)	0.29
" The observed half-life was used to provide an estimate of in vivo blood metabolic clearance of the compound."	( The pharmacokinetics and extra-hepatic clearance of remifentanil, a short acting opioid agonist, in male beagle dogs during constant rate infusions. Chism, JP; Rickert, DE, 1996)	0.29
" This semicompartmental solution does not require the specification of a compartmental model for the pharmacokinetic response and may offer an advantage when model misspecification is present in using standard compartmental models."	( A semicompartmental modeling approach for pharmacodynamic data assessment. Karim, A; Kowalski, KG, 1995)	0.29
" 230 l), and the half-life was slightly increased (19."	( Influence of age, frailty and liver function on the pharmacokinetics of brofaromine. Antonin, KH; Bergmann, W; Bieck, P; Degel, F; Fuchs, L; Platt, D; Zeeh, J, 1996)	0.29
" The context-sensitive half-life remains very short (3 to 4 minutes), independent of the duration of infusion."	( The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil. Hug, CC; Michelsen, LG, 1996)	0.29
" Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling was performed using the software package NONMEM."	( Influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. I. Model development. Billard, V; Egan, TD; Gambus, PL; Hermann, DJ; Hoke, JF; Lemmens, HJ; Mandema, JW; Minto, CF; Moore, KH; Muir, KT; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL; Youngs, E, 1997)	0.3
"This study identified (1) an effect of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil; (2) an effect of lean body mass on the pharmacokinetic parameters; and (3) no influence of gender on any pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameter."	( Influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. I. Model development. Billard, V; Egan, TD; Gambus, PL; Hermann, DJ; Hoke, JF; Lemmens, HJ; Mandema, JW; Minto, CF; Moore, KH; Muir, KT; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL; Youngs, E, 1997)	0.3
" In a companion article, the authors developed complex population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models that incorporated age and lean body mass (LBM) as significant covariates and characterized intersubject pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. II. Model application. Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1997)	0.3
"Based on the typical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, nomograms for bolus dose and infusion rates at each age and LBM were derived."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. II. Model application. Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1997)	0.3
" This remains true even when interindividual pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability are incorporated in the analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. II. Model application. Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1997)	0.3
" Remifentanil was rapidly eliminated, with a terminal half-life of 6 min, compared with 19 min for GR90291 and alfentanil."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil, its principle metabolite (GR90291) and alfentanil in dogs. Cunningham, F; Hoffman, WE; Hoke, JF; James, MK; Muir, KT, 1997)	0.3
" The antiarrhythmic response of coronary artery ligated dogs to pirmenol was described by a sigmoid Emax model, and no statistically significant differences were observed in the pharmacodynamic parameters [i."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pirmenol enantiomers in coronary artery ligated dogs. Chang, T; Janiczek, N; Mertz, TE; Smith, DE; Ventura, A, 1997)	0.3
" The ideal therapy for GORD will have linear pharmacokinetics, a relatively long plasma half-life (t1/2), a duration of action allowing once daily administration, and a stable effect independent of interactions with food, antacids and other drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic optimisation in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Berstad, A; Hatlebakk, JG, 1996)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters evaluated after administration of single intravenous and oral doses were very similar and the ANOVA analysis did not show any statistically significant differences for t1/2, Cmax, V or AUC (normalised)."	( A method using a liquid chromatographic-electrospray-mass spectrometric assay for the determination of antimigraine compounds: preliminary pharmacokinetics of MDL 74,721, sumatriptan and naratriptan, in rabbit. David, M; Duléry, BD; Huebert, ND; Petty, MA; Schoun, J, 1997)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic evaluation of SB 223412 in rat and dog indicated low plasma clearance, oral bioavailability and high and sustained plasma concentrations after 4 to 8 mg/kg oral dosages."	( Nonpeptide tachykinin receptor antagonists: I. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characterization of SB 223412, a novel, potent and selective neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist. Brawner, ME; Elshourbagy, NA; Foley, JJ; Giardina, GA; Griswold, DE; Hay, DW; Martin, LD; Medhurst, AD; Potts, W; Sarau, HM; Schmidt, DB; Webb, EF, 1997)	0.3
" Information on serum/plasma concentration, bioavailability and half-life can often aid the discovery process by selecting those candidates with the desired pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetic screening for the selection of new drug discovery candidates is greatly enhanced through the use of liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Bryant, MS; Korfmacher, WA; Lin, CC; Nardo, C; Nomeir, AA; Wang, S, 1997)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil were fit using a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil in persons with renal failure compared with healthy volunteers. Connors, PM; Dershwitz, M; Glass, PS; Hoke, JF; Malthouse-Dufore, S; Martel, D; Michałowski, P; Muir, KT; Rosow, CE; Rubin, N; Shlugman, D, 1997)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a modest, but significant (up to 40%) elevation in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve during 6 h of the drug administration, and a reduction in L-734,217 plasma clearance and volumes of distribution, in the anesthetized dogs."	( Effects of pentobarbital on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a potent fibrinogen receptor antagonist, L-734,217, in dogs. Cook, JJ; Ellis, JD; Hand, EL; Holahan, MA; Prueksaritanont, T; Sitko, GR; Stranieri, MT, 1997)	0.3
" We performed pharmacokinetic simulations to estimate the effect site concentrations of propofol and remifentanil as the infusion rates were modulated to meet the dynamic sedation and analgesic needs of the operation."	( Remifentanil and propofol combination for awake craniotomy: case report with pharmacokinetic simulations. Egan, TD; Johnson, KB, 1998)	0.3
" A linked sigmoid Emax PK-PD model was used and the pharmacodynamic parameters were not statistically different."	( The pharmacokinetics and electroencephalogram response of remifentanil alone and in combination with esmolol in the rat. Eddington, ND; Haidar, SH; Hoke, JF; Liang, Z; Moreton, JE; Muir, KT, 1997)	0.3
"At the doses tested, there is no pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and esmolol in the rat."	( The pharmacokinetics and electroencephalogram response of remifentanil alone and in combination with esmolol in the rat. Eddington, ND; Haidar, SH; Hoke, JF; Liang, Z; Moreton, JE; Muir, KT, 1997)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in 24 patients."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of S9788, a new multidrug-resistance reversal agent given alone and in combination with doxorubicin to patients with advanced solid tumors. Ardiet, C; Barbet, N; Bastian, G; Catimel, G; Clavel, M; Dumortier, A; Evene, E; Foy, M; Froudarakis, M; Grossin, F; Guastalla, JP; Lucas, C; Mazier, B; Négrier, S; Rebattu, P; Sarkany, M; Tranchand, B, 1998)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of doxorubicin in this study were close to those usually described and were not influenced by escalation of the S9788 dose."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of S9788, a new multidrug-resistance reversal agent given alone and in combination with doxorubicin to patients with advanced solid tumors. Ardiet, C; Barbet, N; Bastian, G; Catimel, G; Clavel, M; Dumortier, A; Evene, E; Foy, M; Froudarakis, M; Grossin, F; Guastalla, JP; Lucas, C; Mazier, B; Négrier, S; Rebattu, P; Sarkany, M; Tranchand, B, 1998)	0.3
" After intravenous administration the half-life was short in all three animal species, due to a small volume of distribution and a relatively high clearance."	( Animal pharmacokinetics of inogatran, a low-molecular-weight thrombin inhibitor with potential use as an antithrombotic drug. Bredberg, U; Eriksson, UG; Regårdh, CG; Renberg, L; Teger-Nilsson, AC, 1998)	0.3
" Drug interactions with cholinesterase inhibitors may occur by pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic mechanisms."	( Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of cholinesterase inhibitors administered in Alzheimer's disease. Crismon, ML, )	0.13
" Based on extensive assessment of the drug's pharmacokinetic profile, the currently approved initial oral dosing regimen for cisapride is 10 mg QID."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of cisapride 20 mg after once- and twice-daily dosing. Clyde, C; Herron, J; Lee, P; Mechlinski, W; Pesco-Koplowitz, L; Zhou, H, )	0.13
" Each subject's pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by fitting a two-compartment model to the concentration versus time curves."	( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in obese versus lean patients. Egan, TD; Gupta, SK; Huizinga, B; Jaarsma, RL; Muir, KT; Sperry, RJ; Yee, JB, 1998)	0.3
" The individual pharmacokinetic parameters of a two-compartment model were not significantly different between the obese versus lean cohorts (unless normalized to TBW)."	( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in obese versus lean patients. Egan, TD; Gupta, SK; Huizinga, B; Jaarsma, RL; Muir, KT; Sperry, RJ; Yee, JB, 1998)	0.3
"The essential findings of the study are that remifentanil's pharmacokinetics are not appreciably different in obese versus lean subjects and that remifentanil pharmacokinetic parameters are therefore more closely related to LBM than to TBW."	( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in obese versus lean patients. Egan, TD; Gupta, SK; Huizinga, B; Jaarsma, RL; Muir, KT; Sperry, RJ; Yee, JB, 1998)	0.3
" Following the infusion, plasma lubeluzole concentrations decayed biphasically, with a mean distribution half-life (t1/2alpha) of 30 to 65 minutes and a mean terminal half-life (t1/2beta) of 15 to 24 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics of lubeluzole (Prosynap) after single intravenous doses in healthy subjects. Crabbe, R; Hantson, L; Heykants, J; Van de Velde, V; Van Osselaer, N; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, 1998)	0.3
"The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HCl, a chemically distinct and specific acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, following administration of single oral doses."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HCl following single oral doses. Friedhoff, LT; Rogers, SL, 1998)	0.3
" Pharmacodynamic activity was determined by the radioenzymatic measurement of erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase (rbc-AChE) inhibition."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HCl following single oral doses. Friedhoff, LT; Rogers, SL, 1998)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetic disposition of donepezil was observed to be both linear and dose proportional following single-dose administration."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HCl following single oral doses. Friedhoff, LT; Rogers, SL, 1998)	0.3
" The extended half-life of donepezil makes it suitable for once-daily dosing."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HCl following single oral doses. Friedhoff, LT; Rogers, SL, 1998)	0.3
" Pharmacodynamic activity was determined by the radioenzymatic measurement of erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase (rbc-AChE) inhibition."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HCl following multiple oral doses. Cooper, NM; Friedhoff, LT; Lee, JN; Pederson, JE; Rogers, SL; Sukovaty, R, 1998)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetic disposition of donepezil was observed to be dose proportional."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HCl following multiple oral doses. Cooper, NM; Friedhoff, LT; Lee, JN; Pederson, JE; Rogers, SL; Sukovaty, R, 1998)	0.3
" The half-life of donepezil makes it suitable for once-daily dosing."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HCl following multiple oral doses. Cooper, NM; Friedhoff, LT; Lee, JN; Pederson, JE; Rogers, SL; Sukovaty, R, 1998)	0.3
" The pharmacodynamic parameters, Emin, Emax and Ess, were 62."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HCl following evening administration. Friedhoff, LT; Rogers, SL; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
"The measured pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for both 5 and 10 mg day(-1) donepezil administered in the evening are in good agreement with previous results obtained with morning administration, indicating no time of dosing effect."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HCl following evening administration. Friedhoff, LT; Rogers, SL; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic comparisons were made between groups for the day 1 and day 7 profiles."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and cimetidine: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes following single and multiple doses. Friedhoff, LT; Perdomo, CA; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
"On both day 1 and day 7, a statistically significant difference was observed between the donepezil and the donepezil + cimetidine groups in terms of the Cmax and AUC(0-24) values for donepezil."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and cimetidine: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes following single and multiple doses. Friedhoff, LT; Perdomo, CA; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
"Co-administration of donepezil HCl (5 mg) and cimetidine (800 mg) did not produce clinically significant changes in the pharmacokinetic profiles of either drug."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and cimetidine: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes following single and multiple doses. Friedhoff, LT; Perdomo, CA; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic comparisons were made between treatment groups for the day 1 and day 7 profiles."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and ketoconazole: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes following single and multiple doses. Friedhoff, LT; Perdomo, CA; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
"On both day 1 and day 7, a statistically significant difference was observed between the donepezil and the donepezil + ketoconazole treatment groups in terms of Cmax and AUC(0-24) of donepezil."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and ketoconazole: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes following single and multiple doses. Friedhoff, LT; Perdomo, CA; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
"Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl does not alter the pharmacokinetic profile of theophylline following multiple-dose administration of both drugs in healthy volunteers."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and theophylline: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes following multiple-dose administration in healthy volunteers. Foley, K; Friedhoff, LT; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
"25 mg) produced no changes in the pharmacokinetic profile of either drug."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and digoxin: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes. Friedhoff, LT; Perdomo, CA; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
"The aim of the study was to examine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of single doses of warfarin (25 mg) following administration alone, and in combination with multiple doses of donepezil HCl (10 mg day(-1)) in healthy volunteers."	( The effect of multiple doses of donepezil HCl on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of warfarin. Foley, K; Friedhoff, LT; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed for both (R)- and (S)-warfarin concentrations in plasma, and pharmacodynamic analyses utilizing prothrombin time were undertaken."	( The effect of multiple doses of donepezil HCl on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of warfarin. Foley, K; Friedhoff, LT; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
" Warfarin pharmacodynamic parameters, Rmax and AUC(PT), were also unchanged by concomitant administration ofdonepezil."	( The effect of multiple doses of donepezil HCl on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of warfarin. Foley, K; Friedhoff, LT; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
"Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl does not alter the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic profile of single doses of warfarin in healthy volunteers."	( The effect of multiple doses of donepezil HCl on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of warfarin. Foley, K; Friedhoff, LT; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of donepezil HCl (5 mg) in patients with impaired hepatic function, following the administration of single oral doses."	( An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of donepezil HCl in patients with impaired hepatic function. Friedhoff, LT; Perdomo, CA; Tiseo, PJ; Vargas, R, 1998)	0.3
"This was an open-label, non-randomized study comparing the pharmacokinetic profile of donepezil in male volunteers with chronic compensated cirrhosis of the liver (n = 10) to that in healthy age- and sex-matched controls (n = 10)."	( An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of donepezil HCl in patients with impaired hepatic function. Friedhoff, LT; Perdomo, CA; Tiseo, PJ; Vargas, R, 1998)	0.3
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic measurements were taken at specified intervals for 17 days post-dose."	( An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of donepezil HCl in patients with moderately to severely impaired renal function. Foley, K; Friedhoff, LT; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
"There were no statistical differences between the two groups for any of the pharmacokinetic parameters evaluated (ANOVA)."	( An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of donepezil HCl in patients with moderately to severely impaired renal function. Foley, K; Friedhoff, LT; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo pharmacodynamics and the pharmacodynamic interactions of remifentanil and its major metabolite, GR90291, in a rat electroencephalographic model."	( The comparative pharmacodynamics of remifentanil and its metabolite, GR90291, in a rat electroencephalographic model. Cox, EH; Danhof, M; Gubbens-Stibbe, JM; Langemeijer, MW; Muir, KT, 1999)	0.3
" The mean terminal half-life was approximately 45 and 44 hours, respectively."	( Lack of effect of erythromycin and ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of steady-state intranasal levocabastine. Grover, M; Hall, N; Hassell, A; Hunt, T; Lee, P; Mechlinski, W; Pesco-Koplowitz, L; Smith, R; Travers, S; Wiesinger, B; Zhou, H, 1999)	0.3
" No drug was administered on study day 2 because of pharmacokinetic sampling."	( Pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effect of ebastine in young versus elderly healthy subjects. Argenti, D; Garcia, J; Heald, D; Huang, MY; Wilson, J, 1998)	0.3
"The objective of this work was to assess the pharmacokinetics of napsagatran, a low molecular weight thrombin inhibitor, after intravenous administration in a variety of laboratory animals, and prospectively to help design the first pharmacokinetic studies in man."	( Interspecies pharmacokinetic comparisons and allometric scaling of napsagatran, a low molecular weight thrombin inhibitor. Gianni, A; Girometta, MA; Guenzi, A; Lavé, T; Portmann, R; Schenker, G; Schmitt, M, 1999)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic profiles, including area under the curve (AUC), log(AUC), maximal concentration (Cmax), log(Cmax), time to maximal concentration (Tmax), and half-life (T(1/2)), were determined at completion of the single- and multiple-dose regimens (days 1 and 9, respectively)."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of repaglinide in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes. Hatorp, V; Huang, WC; Strange, P, 1999)	0.3
" Particular emphasis was placed on intersubject variability of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of Ro 44-3888."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Ro 44-3888 after single ascending oral doses of sibrafiban, an oral platelet aggregation inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Goggin, T; Machin, SJ; Mackie, IJ; Timm, U; Wittke, B; Zell, M, 1999)	0.3
" Part II, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, addressed the intersubject variability of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of the active principle at a sibrafiban dose achieving an intermediate effect."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Ro 44-3888 after single ascending oral doses of sibrafiban, an oral platelet aggregation inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Goggin, T; Machin, SJ; Mackie, IJ; Timm, U; Wittke, B; Zell, M, 1999)	0.3
" The interindividual coefficients of variation of the integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters (AUC and AUE) were below 20%, thus lying well within the pre-set level of acceptance."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Ro 44-3888 after single ascending oral doses of sibrafiban, an oral platelet aggregation inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Goggin, T; Machin, SJ; Mackie, IJ; Timm, U; Wittke, B; Zell, M, 1999)	0.3
"With a low intersubject variability of its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, linear pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects closely related to its plasma concentrations, Ro 44-3888 has good pharmacological prerequisites for a well controllable therapy of secondary prevention of arterial thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Ro 44-3888 after single ascending oral doses of sibrafiban, an oral platelet aggregation inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Goggin, T; Machin, SJ; Mackie, IJ; Timm, U; Wittke, B; Zell, M, 1999)	0.3
" This difference may greatly affect the estimation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters."	( Influence of arteriovenous sampling on remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Egan, TD; Hermann, DJ; Muir, KT, 1999)	0.3
"To assess the effects of sampling site on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of remifentanil."	( Influence of arteriovenous sampling on remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Egan, TD; Hermann, DJ; Muir, KT, 1999)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated from venous and arterial data differed significantly."	( Influence of arteriovenous sampling on remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Egan, TD; Hermann, DJ; Muir, KT, 1999)	0.3
" When designing studies to measure the acute time course (ie, non-steady state) of concentration and effect, the potential effects of sampling site on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics must be carefully considered, particularly when the arteriovenous drug concentration difference is large."	( Influence of arteriovenous sampling on remifentanil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Egan, TD; Hermann, DJ; Muir, KT, 1999)	0.3
"In this open-label, single-center, pharmacokinetic study of repaglinide, 12 healthy volunteers (6 men, 6 women) were enrolled in each of 2 groups (total, 24 volunteers)."	( Repaglinide pharmacokinetics in healthy young adult and elderly subjects. Hatorp, V; Huang, WC; Strange, P, 1999)	0.3
"It has previously been reported that a 3-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)propyl)indole series of 5-HT1D receptor ligands have pharmacokinetic advantages over the corresponding 3-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl)indole series and that the reduced pKa of the piperazines compared to the piperidines may be one possible explanation for these differences."	( Fluorination of 3-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl)indoles and 3-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)propyl)indoles gives selective human 5-HT1D receptor ligands with improved pharmacokinetic profiles. Beer, MS; Broughton, HB; Castro, JL; Cheng, SK; Collins, I; Goodacre, SC; Heald, A; Locker, KL; MacLeod, AM; Morrison, D; Moyes, CR; O'Connor, D; Pike, A; Rowley, M; Russell, MG; Sohal, B; Stanton, JA; Thomas, S; van Niel, MB; Verrier, H; Watt, AP, 1999)	0.48
" Remifentanil's rapid onset-rapid offset pharmacokinetic profile enabled precise control of the level of opioid effect."	( Remifentanil for conscious sedation and analgesia during awake fiberoptic tracheal intubation: a case report with pharmacokinetic simulations. Egan, TD; Reusche, MD, 1999)	0.3
" Of the many trihalobenzocycloheptapyridine analogues prepared, we have identified several which inhibit FPT and cellular proliferation at single-digit nanomolar concentrations and which have good pharmacokinetic properties in mice."	( Identification of pharmacokinetically stable 3, 10-dibromo-8-chlorobenzocycloheptapyridine farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors with potent enzyme and cellular activities. Afonso, A; Alvarez, C; Bishop, WR; Carr, D; Chao, J; del Rosario, J; Deskus, J; Doll, RJ; Ganguly, AK; Girijavallabhan, VM; Heimark, L; James, L; Kirschmeier, P; Lalwani, T; Liu, M; Mallams, AK; Njoroge, FG; Pinto, P; Pramanik, B; Remiszewski, S; Rossman, RR; Taveras, AG; Vaccaro, CJ; Vibulbhan, B; Wang, L, 1999)	0.3
" Slight but significant differences of some pharmacokinetic parameters were observed between genders."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and bioavailability of the new anti-allergic drug BM 113. Part I: Pharmacokinetics and tissular distribution in Sprague-Dawley rats. Buzas, A; Duchêne, P; Houin, G; Ladure, P; Merour, JY; Ollivier, R; Tran, G, 1999)	0.3
" One young subject was excluded from the pharmacokinetic analyses owing to an insufficient urine collection."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics of NS-105, a novel agent for cerebrovascular disease, in elderly and young subjects. Isawa, S; Kumagai, Y; Miyatake, S; Mukai, H; Murasaki, M; Yokota, S, 1999)	0.3
" The focus was on the pharmacokinetics, the metabolism, the dose dependency and gender differences of the pharmacokinetic parameters of BM 113 and its main desacetylated metabolite, BM 212."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and bioavailability of the new anti-allergic drug BM 113. Part III: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, dose dependency and gender effect after single or repeated administration to human healthy volunteers. Buzas, A; Duchêne, P; Houin, G; Ladure, P; Laneury, JP; Merour, JY; Ollivier, R; Tran, G, 1999)	0.3
" The Cmax and AUC0-infinity of radioactivity concentration were proportional to the dose for 1-100 mg/kg of 14C-NS-105."	( Pharmacokinetics of NS-105, a novel cognition enhancer. 1st communication: absorption, metabolism and excretion in rats, dogs and monkeys after single administration of 14C-NS-105. Ago, M; Morino, A; Mukai, H; Sugimoto, T, 1999)	0.3
" Values for AUC and Cmax were significantly higher in CLD patients compared with healthy subjects, and the MRT was prolonged in CLD patients."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in subjects with chronic liver disease. Christensen, MS; Hatorp, V; Haug-Pihale, G; Walther, KH, 2000)	0.31
" There were no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters of repaglinide when given as monotherapy and when administered concurrently with cimetidine."	( Drug interaction studies with repaglinide: repaglinide on digoxin or theophylline pharmacokinetics and cimetidine on repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2000)	0.31
"We conducted a phase I, multicenter, parallel-group, pharmacokinetic comparison trial with single and multiple doses of repaglinide in subjects with various degrees of renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in subjects with renal impairment. Andersen, MP; Hatorp, V; Huang, WC; Marbury, TC; Nielsen, KK; Ruckle, JL; Strange, P, 2000)	0.31
" Using published pharmacokinetic values for remifentanil and the method of collapsing hysteresis loops, the authors estimated the effect-site equilibration rate constant (k(eo)), the effect-site concentration producing 50% respiratory depression (EC50), and the shape parameter of the concentration-response curve (gamma)."	( The pharmacodynamic effect of a remifentanil bolus on ventilatory control. Babenco, HD; Conard, PF; Gross, JB, 2000)	0.31
"The addition of ticlopidine/aspirin to sibrafiban did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of Ro 44-3888."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sibrafiban alone or in combination with ticlopidine and aspirin. Birnböck, H; Chung, J; Ensor, H; Ertel, SI; Lausecker, B; Machin, SJ; MacKie, IJ; Wittke, B, 2000)	0.31
"This study shows a significant pharmacodynamic interaction between sibrafiban and ticlopidine/aspirin."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sibrafiban alone or in combination with ticlopidine and aspirin. Birnböck, H; Chung, J; Ensor, H; Ertel, SI; Lausecker, B; Machin, SJ; MacKie, IJ; Wittke, B, 2000)	0.31
" No pharmacodynamic interaction was seen with coadministration of heparin."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sibrafiban, an orally administered GP IIb/IIIa antagonist, following coadministration of aspirin and heparin. Modi, NB; Novotny, W; Reimann, JD, 2000)	0.31
" The influence of CO on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of rocuronium in patients was evaluated using a recirculatory pharmacokinetic model."	( Recirculatory pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocuronium in patients: the influence of cardiac output. Boer, F; Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Kuipers, JA; Olofsen, E, 2001)	0.31
" For drugs with a fast onset of effect, a recirculatory model, which includes CO, can give a good description of the relation between concentration and effect, in contrast to a conventional compartmental pharmacokinetic model."	( Recirculatory pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocuronium in patients: the influence of cardiac output. Boer, F; Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Kuipers, JA; Olofsen, E, 2001)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a three-compartment model."	( Influence of hemorrhagic shock on remifentanil: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Egan, TD; Hamber, EA; Johnson, KB; Kern, SE; Kohnstamm, KM; McJames, SW, 2001)	0.31
"A single-agent dose-escalating phase I and pharmacokinetic study on the farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH 66336 was performed to determine the safety profile, maximum-tolerated dose, and recommended dose for phase II studies."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the oral farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH 66336 given twice daily to patients with advanced solid tumors. Awada, A; Cutler, DL; de Jonge, MJ; Eskens, FA; Faber, MN; Hanauske, AR; Luyten, GP; Piccart, M; Sparreboom, A; Statkevich, P; Verweij, J, 2001)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on days 1 and 15."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the oral farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH 66336 given twice daily to patients with advanced solid tumors. Awada, A; Cutler, DL; de Jonge, MJ; Eskens, FA; Faber, MN; Hanauske, AR; Luyten, GP; Piccart, M; Sparreboom, A; Statkevich, P; Verweij, J, 2001)	0.31
"The terminal half-life of sabeluzole was significantly prolonged in subjects with severe hepatic dysfunction vs healthy subjects (respectively 39."	( Pharmacokinetics of sabeluzole and dextromethorphan oxidation capacity in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction and healthy volunteers. Blin, O; Bouhours, P; Lacarelle, B; Le Moing, JP; Levron, JC; Micallef, J; Nataf, MB; Pageaux, GP, 2001)	0.31
" The pharmacodynamic data, ex vivo platelet aggregation, were described with the use of a direct effect inhibitory sigmoidal model with a baseline."	( A population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic and logistic regression analysis of lotrafiban in patients. Aluri, J; Chapelsky, M; Granett, J; Mould, D; Samuels, R; Swagzdis, J, 2001)	0.31
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of napsagatran were not significantly influenced by co-administration of warfarin."	( The effect of warfarin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of napsagatran in healthy male volunteers. Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; Faaij, RA; Goggin, T; Guenzi, A; Kroon, JM; Schoemaker, RC; van Griensven, JM, 2001)	0.31
"Warfarin has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of napsagatran, but has a marked influence on the pharmacodynamic parameters (APTT, PT) of napsagatran."	( The effect of warfarin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of napsagatran in healthy male volunteers. Burggraaf, J; Cohen, AF; Faaij, RA; Goggin, T; Guenzi, A; Kroon, JM; Schoemaker, RC; van Griensven, JM, 2001)	0.31
"Mean area under the curve and Cmax values on Day 1 and Day 5 were similar for ebastine but approximately doubled for carebastine due to its longer half-life."	( Effect of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of ebastine after single and repeated dosing in healthy subjects. Aubeneau, M; Gillen, M; Jan, C; Jensen, BK; Pandit, B; Rhodes, G; Rohatagi, S, 2001)	0.31
" Specifically, certain metabolic parameters (ie, half-life and route of metabolism/elimination) can affect a drug's tolerability and become important when a switch from one agent to another is contemplated."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of current therapies for Alzheimer's disease: implications for switching to galantamine. Farlow, MR, 2001)	0.31
" In the group of patients with severe renal dysfunction, the main pharmacokinetic finding was a longer half-life after multiple dosing."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment. Abbasi, I; Hasslacher, C; Hatorp, V; Sattler, K; Schumacher, S; Sieber, J; Weise, D, 2001)	0.31
"The dose-dependency of budipine pharmacokinetic characteristics was studied."	( Dose linearity and steady state pharmacokinetics of the new antiparkinson agent budipine after oral administration. Bethke, TH; Hauschke, D; Heinze, H; Merz, M; Seiberling, M; Wurst, W; Zech, K, 2001)	0.31
" A pharmacokinetic study was performed in rabbits and tissue distribution studies were carried out in rats."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of piperine in animals after i.v. bolus administration. Mada, SR; Sunkara, G; Vobalaboina, V, 2001)	0.31
" Relationships between pharmacokinetic variables and each parameter related to hepatic functions were also investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics of roxatidine acetate in patients with chronic liver disease. Takase, S; Tsutsumi, M; Ueshima, Y, 2001)	0.31
"There was no difference in the pharmacokinetic variables and serum levels of roxatidine between chronic hepatitis and healthy controls."	( Pharmacokinetics of roxatidine acetate in patients with chronic liver disease. Takase, S; Tsutsumi, M; Ueshima, Y, 2001)	0.31
" This study showed the absence of any pharmacokinetic difference between the two enantiomers when administered individually, and no enantiomeric inversion."	( Pharmacokinetics of gacyclidine enantiomers in plasma and spinal cord after single enantiomer administration in rats. D'Arbigny, P; Dukic, S; Hoizey, G; Kaltenbach, ML; Lamiable, D; Millart, H; Vistelle, R, 2001)	0.31
" Arterial blood samples were collected and analyzed by mass spectroscopy to determine remifentanil pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery or diagnostic procedures. Davis, PJ; Dear Gd, GL; Ginsberg, B; Henson, LG; Huffman, C; McGowan, FX; Muir, KT; Ross, AK; Stiller, RD, 2001)	0.31
" A preliminary pharmacokinetic study was carried out in mice by administering phenytoin (10 mg) orally, with or without piperine (0."	( Piperine in food: interference in the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Bhardwaj, RK; Gupta, SK; Jaiswal, J; Jasuja, R; Velpandian, T, )	0.13
" Phase I and II clinical trials demonstrated donepezil's favorable pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profile."	( Donepezil for Alzheimer's disease: pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and clinical profiles. Homma, A; Shigeta, M, 2001)	0.31
" In addition, pharmacokinetic analysis showed that a high-fat breakfast increased the extent of absorption."	( Multiple-dose, safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a new selective estrogen receptor modulator, ERA-923, in healthy postmenopausal women. Burghart, PH; Cotreau, MM; Dykstra, KH; Gandhi, T; Gutierrez, M; Park, Y; Schwertschlag, US; Stonis, L; Xu, J, 2002)	0.31
"To develop a predictive population pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for repaglinide (REP), an oral hypoglycemic agent, using artificial neural networks (ANNs)."	( Modeling the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a unique oral hypoglycemic agent using neural networks. Fossler, MJ; Haidar, SH; Hussain, AS; Johnson, SB, 2002)	0.31
"A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model provided an adequate fit for individual patient data."	( End-stage renal failure reduces central clearance and prolongs the elimination half life of remifentanil. Dahaba, AA; List, WF; Oettl, K; Reibnegger, G; von Klobucar, F, 2002)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetic profile of repaglinide and the improvements in post-prandial hyperglycaemia and overall glycaemic control make repaglinide suitable for administration preprandially, with the opportunity for flexible meal arrangements, including skipped meals, without the risk of hypoglycaemia."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide. Hatorp, V, 2002)	0.31
" This article presents the latest information on their pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic activity."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cholinesterase inhibitors. Jann, MW; Shirley, KL; Small, GW, 2002)	0.31
" The temporal profile of the effect site concentration of remifentanil, estimated from a pharmacokinetic model, was incorporated into a linear model of the fMRI data."	( Combining fMRI with a pharmacokinetic model to determine which brain areas activated by painful stimulation are specifically modulated by remifentanil. Bantick, S; Painter, D; Ploghaus, A; Rapeport, G; Rogers, R; Tracey, I; Williams, P; Wise, RG, 2002)	0.31
" We conducted a phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of flavopiridol given as a 72-h continuous intravenous infusion repeated every 2 weeks."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic trial of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol. Alberti, D; Arzoomanian, R; Bailey, HH; Binger, K; Cleary, JF; Dresen, A; Feierabend, C; Marnocha, R; Simon, K; Thomas, JP; Tutsch, KD; Wilding, G, 2002)	0.31
" Additional postinfusion pharmacokinetic sampling was done at the 40 and 50 mg/m(2)/24 h dose levels."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic trial of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol. Alberti, D; Arzoomanian, R; Bailey, HH; Binger, K; Cleary, JF; Dresen, A; Feierabend, C; Marnocha, R; Simon, K; Thomas, JP; Tutsch, KD; Wilding, G, 2002)	0.31
" The terminal half-life at the MTD was 26."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic trial of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol. Alberti, D; Arzoomanian, R; Bailey, HH; Binger, K; Cleary, JF; Dresen, A; Feierabend, C; Marnocha, R; Simon, K; Thomas, JP; Tutsch, KD; Wilding, G, 2002)	0.31
" Although they are commonly administered together for clinical anesthesia, their pharmacokinetic interaction has not been investigated so far."	( Non-steady state analysis of the pharmacokinetic interaction between propofol and remifentanil. Bertaccini, E; Bouillon, T; Bruhn, J; Park, S; Radu-Radulescu, L; Shafer, S, 2002)	0.31
" After having established the individual population models for both drugs and an exploratory analysis for hypothesis generation, pharmacokinetic interaction was identified by including an interaction term into the population model and comparing the value of the objective function in the presence and absence of the respective term."	( Non-steady state analysis of the pharmacokinetic interaction between propofol and remifentanil. Bertaccini, E; Bouillon, T; Bruhn, J; Park, S; Radu-Radulescu, L; Shafer, S, 2002)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic profiles, including area under the curve (AUC0-t), maximum serum concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), and half-life (t1/2), were determined for each dose of repaglinide."	( Pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in healthy caucasian and Japanese subjects. Chassard, D; Evène, E; Jørgensen, M; Nielsen, KK; Thomsen, MS, 2003)	0.32
" The parameters Cmax and AUC increased proportionally with dose level, whereas all other pharmacokinetic parameters were independent of the dose."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ReN1869: a first human dose study in healthy subjects after single-dose administration. Gerrits, M; Ingwersen, SH; Skrumsager, BK, 2003)	0.32
" Roxifiban has pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties believed to be more favorable than the earlier oral agents."	( Effects of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists on platelet activation: development of a transfer method to mimic peak to trough receptor occupancy. Billheimer, JT; He, B; Seiffert, D; Spitz, SM; Stern, AM, 2002)	0.31
"To investigate the enantioselective pharmacokinetic process of benproperine in healthy volunteers."	( [Enantioselective pharmacokinetics of benproperine in healthy volunteers]. Chen, XY; Du, ZM; Kang, Y; Zhong, DF, 2000)	0.31
" The treatment ratios of Cmax and associated 90% CIs for risperidone active moiety (ratio = 114."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of concurrent administration of risperidone and donepezil. Jia, X; Parier, JL; Pesco-Koplowitz, L; Xie, C; Zhao, Q, 2003)	0.32
" The improved bioavailability is reflected in various pharmacokinetic parameters viz."	( Effect of co-administration of piperine on pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats. Dhuley, JN; Hiwale, AR; Naik, SR, 2002)	0.31
"Knowledge of the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol is important to permit optimal dosage strategies."	( Modelling the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by EEG-controlled dosing. Albrecht, S; Fechner, J; Hering, W; Ihmsen, H; Palmaers, T; Schüttler, J, 2003)	0.32
"Within the studied concentration range, remifentanil and propofol showed an additive type of pharmacodynamic interaction on the electroencephalogram."	( Modelling the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by EEG-controlled dosing. Albrecht, S; Fechner, J; Hering, W; Ihmsen, H; Palmaers, T; Schüttler, J, 2003)	0.32
" Both drugs were dosed and titrated based on computer-assisted pharmacokinetic models to maintain constant plasma concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetic-based total intravenous anaesthesia using remifentanil and propofol for surgical myocardial revascularization. De Cosmo, D; De Stefani, R; Guarracino, F; Penzo, D; Vardanega, A, 2003)	0.32
" Additionally, a pharmacodynamic study was performed."	( Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lerisetron in the rat: a population pharmacokinetic model. Calvo, R; de la Fuente, L; Jauregizar, N; Quintana, A; Raczka, E; Suarez, E, )	0.13
"Both pharmacokinetic changes (decreased volume of distribution and clearance and increased elimination half-life) and pharmacodynamic alterations (decrease in total and unbound EC(50)) may be responsible for the different responses to lerisetron observed in old rats."	( Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lerisetron in the rat: a population pharmacokinetic model. Calvo, R; de la Fuente, L; Jauregizar, N; Quintana, A; Raczka, E; Suarez, E, )	0.13
" Compared to administration of repaglinide alone, concomitant ketoconazole increased mean AUC0-infinity for repaglinide by 15% and mean Cmax by 7%."	( Influence of drugs interacting with CYP3A4 on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of the prandial glucose regulator repaglinide. Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2003)	0.32
" The apparent elimination half-life (T1/2) of LOR was (6+/-4) h, and that of DCL was (13."	( Pharmacokinetics of loratadine and its active metabolite descarboethoxyloratadine in healthy Chinese subjects. Chen, XY; Dong, YM; Zhang, YF; Zhong, DF, 2003)	0.32
"To simulate the time course of drug effect, it is sometimes necessary to combine the pharmacodynamic parameters from an integrated pharmacodynamic-pharmacodynamic study (e."	( Using the time of maximum effect site concentration to combine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Gregg, KM; Henthorn, TK; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 2003)	0.32
"The naive approach to combining separate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies is to simply take the k(e0) from the pharmacodynamic study and apply it naively to the pharmacokinetic study of interest."	( Using the time of maximum effect site concentration to combine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Gregg, KM; Henthorn, TK; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 2003)	0.32
"T(peak) is a useful pharmacodynamic parameter and can be used to link separate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies."	( Using the time of maximum effect site concentration to combine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Gregg, KM; Henthorn, TK; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 2003)	0.32
"This study determined the pharmacokinetic profile of single-dose loratadine-ambroxol hydrochloride combination therapy versus each component given separately."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose loratadine and ambroxol alone and combined in tablet formulations in healthy men. Alcántar, F; Herrera, J; Morales, JM; Rodríguez, JM; Rosete, R; Villacampa, J, 2003)	0.32
" Comparison of the effective half-life of ebastine and carebastine between groups did not show relevant differences."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of ebastine in patients with impaired hepatic function compared with healthy volunteers: a phase I open-label study. Dilzer, SC; Lasseter, KC; Noveck, RJ; Vargas, R; Waldman, S, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained by simultaneous modelling of remifentanil and RA data were statistically compared between the two groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil and its major metabolite, remifentanil acid, in ICU patients with renal impairment. Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Fisher, G; Kessler, P; Kirkham, A; Pitsiu, M; Wilmer, A, 2004)	0.32
"Although RA accumulates in patients with moderate/severe renal impairment, pharmacokinetic modelling predicts that RA concentrations during a 9 microg kg(-1) h(-1) remifentanil infusion for up to 15 days would not exceed those reported in the present study, for which no associated prolongation of mu-opioid effects was observed."	( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil and its major metabolite, remifentanil acid, in ICU patients with renal impairment. Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Fisher, G; Kessler, P; Kirkham, A; Pitsiu, M; Wilmer, A, 2004)	0.32
"Although remifentanil's short-acting pharmacokinetic profile makes it well suited for procedures during which a brief period of intense analgesia is required, setting up an infusion pump for brief procedures is inconvenient."	( Remifentanil by bolus injection: a safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and age effect investigation in human volunteers. Egan, TD; Kern, SE; Muir, KT; White, J, 2004)	0.32
" A population pharmacokinetic model was constructed using non-linear, mixed-effects modelling techniques based on arterial blood samples."	( Remifentanil by bolus injection: a safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and age effect investigation in human volunteers. Egan, TD; Kern, SE; Muir, KT; White, J, 2004)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic simulations illustrated the potential utility of bolus-dose remifentanil."	( Remifentanil by bolus injection: a safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and age effect investigation in human volunteers. Egan, TD; Kern, SE; Muir, KT; White, J, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by model-independent techniques."	( Single oral dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of PNU-96391 in healthy volunteers. Adams, G; Azie, NE; Bombardt, PA; Donaldson, K; Francom, SF; Rodríguez, CA; Staton, BA, 2004)	0.32
"This open label, multicentre study was conducted to assess the times to offset of the pharmacodynamic effects and the safety of remifentanil in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment requiring intensive care."	( Offset of pharmacodynamic effects and safety of remifentanil in intensive care unit patients with various degrees of renal impairment. Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Kessler, P; Shaikh, S; Wilmer, A, 2004)	0.32
"Remifentanil was well tolerated, and the offset of pharmacodynamic effects was not prolonged either as a result of renal dysfunction or prolonged infusion up to 72 hours."	( Offset of pharmacodynamic effects and safety of remifentanil in intensive care unit patients with various degrees of renal impairment. Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Kessler, P; Shaikh, S; Wilmer, A, 2004)	0.32
" By allometric scaling of in vivo animal data, clearance of PNU-96391 in humans was over-predicted by 4-fold, half-life was under-predicted by 3-fold, and volume of distribution was accurately predicted."	( Comparison of prediction methods for in vivo clearance of (S,S)-3-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine hydrochloride, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, in humans. Black, ML; Duncan, JN; Toth, LN; Yamazaki, S, 2004)	0.32
"The purpose of this investigation was to describe the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil for probability of no response to shaking and shouting, probability of no response to laryngoscopy, Bispectral Index (BIS), and electroencephalographic approximate entropy (AE)."	( Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil regarding hypnosis, tolerance of laryngoscopy, bispectral index, and electroencephalographic approximate entropy. Andresen, C; Bouillon, TW; Bruhn, J; Cohane, C; Radulescu, L; Shafer, SL; Shafer, TJ, 2004)	0.32
" The pharmacodynamic synergy of opioids and hypnotics was investigated using a volunteer study paradigm."	( A response surface analysis of propofol-remifentanil pharmacodynamic interaction in volunteers. Egan, TD; Kern, SE; White, JL; Xie, G, 2004)	0.32
" The purpose of this study was to describe the pharmacodynamic interaction of remifentanil and propofol when used in combination for esophagogastroduodenoscopy in pediatric patients."	( Determination of the pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and remifentanil during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children. Drover, DR; Hammer, GB; Litalien, C; Shafer, SL; Wellis, V, 2004)	0.32
" Propofol was administered via a target-controlled infusion system using the STANPUMP software based on a pediatric pharmacokinetic model."	( Determination of the pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and remifentanil during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children. Drover, DR; Hammer, GB; Litalien, C; Shafer, SL; Wellis, V, 2004)	0.32
" The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) effects of administering nitroxide covalently bound to HBOCs compared to those of free nitroxide coadministered with HBOCs and (2) to elucidate the effects of differing molecular weight HBOCs on the PK of bound nitroxide in a conscious guinea pig model of 25% blood exchange transfusion."	( Polynitroxyl hemoglobin: a pharmacokinetic study of covalently bound nitroxides to hemoglobin platforms. Buehler, PW; Gulati, A; Haney, CR; Hsia, CJ; Ma, L, 2004)	0.32
"To determine whether an in vivo pharmacokinetic interaction exists between memantine and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor donepezil."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between memantine and donepezil. Abramowitz, WT; Periclou, AP; Rao, N; Sherman, T; Ventura, D, 2004)	0.32
" Assessments included pharmacokinetic as well as safety parameters."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between memantine and donepezil. Abramowitz, WT; Periclou, AP; Rao, N; Sherman, T; Ventura, D, 2004)	0.32
"Data from 19 subjects who completed the study indicated no significant pharmacokinetic interactions between a single dose of memantine and multiple doses of donepezil."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between memantine and donepezil. Abramowitz, WT; Periclou, AP; Rao, N; Sherman, T; Ventura, D, 2004)	0.32
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from this study indicated a lack of interaction between memantine and donepezil, suggesting that memantine and donepezil may be safely and effectively used in combination."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between memantine and donepezil. Abramowitz, WT; Periclou, AP; Rao, N; Sherman, T; Ventura, D, 2004)	0.32
" Bezafibrate and fenofibrate had no significant effect on the peak concentration (Cmax) of repaglinide."	( Lack of effect of bezafibrate and fenofibrate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide. Backman, JT; Kajosaari, LI; Laitila, J; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ, 2004)	0.32
"To characterize the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profiles of donepezil in subjects with moderate renal impairment and matched healthy controls during single-dose and multiple-dose phases."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and safety of donepezil HCl in subjects with moderately impaired renal function. Bolton, WK; Cullen, EI; Gutierrez, MJ; Hutman, HW; Kumar, D; Marbury, TC; Nagy, CF; Pratt, RD, 2004)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of donepezil were determined for up to 144 h after the first dose and 168 h after the last dose."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and safety of donepezil HCl in subjects with moderately impaired renal function. Bolton, WK; Cullen, EI; Gutierrez, MJ; Hutman, HW; Kumar, D; Marbury, TC; Nagy, CF; Pratt, RD, 2004)	0.32
"The co-administration of once-daily oral donepezil HCl 5 mg for 15 days and once-daily oral sertraline HCl (50 mg for 5 days increased to 100 mg for 10 days) did not result in any clinically meaningful pharmacokinetic interactions, and no unexpected AEs were observed."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and sertraline HCl in healthy volunteers: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following single and multiple oral doses. Cullen, EI; Kumar, D; Nagy, CF; Perdomo, CA; Pratt, RD; Wason, S, 2004)	0.32
" Plasma concentrations of thioridazine were measured after each dose, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."	( Repeated dosing with donepezil does not affect the safety, tolerability or pharmacokinetics of single-dose thioridazine in young volunteers. Boyce, M; Dunn, K; Johnston, A; Ravic, M; Warrington, S, 2004)	0.32
" Blood samples were collected before, during and after the 15 doses of donepezil HCl for pharmacokinetic (PK) assessments."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and levodopa/carbidopa in patients with Parkinson's disease: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following multiple oral doses. Cullen, EI; Hahne, WA; Kirby, L; Kumar, D; Okereke, CS; Pratt, RD, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (C(max), t(max) and AUC) were assessed from plasma drug concentrations measured in blood collected before, during and after administration (for 12 h after risperidone on days 0 and 7, and for 24 h after donepezil HCl on day 7)."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following multiple oral doses. Cullen, EI; Khan, A; Kumar, D; Perdomo, CA; Pratt, RD; Preskorn, SH; Reyes, JF, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for risperidone and 9-OH risperidone were not altered in patients with schizophrenia after 7 days of donepezil HCl administration (AUC(0-12 h) standardized by dose: risperidone = 59."	( Concurrent administration of donepezil HCl and risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: assessment of pharmacokinetic changes and safety following multiple oral doses. Cullen, EI; Khan, A; Kumar, D; Perdomo, CA; Pratt, RD; Preskorn, SH; Reyes, JF, 2004)	0.32
"A nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach was used to analyse pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from two Phase I studies of a platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist under development for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis."	( A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for a platelet activating factor antagonist based on data arising from Phase I studies. Aarons, L; Brearley, C; Evans, L, 2005)	0.33
"Ketoconazole altered the pharmacokinetic profiles of both ebastine and loratadine although the effect was greater for the former drug."	( Co-administration of ketoconazole with H1-antagonists ebastine and loratadine in healthy subjects: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects. Chaikin, P; Gillen, MS; Malik, M; Pentikis, H; Rhodes, GR; Roberts, DJ, 2005)	0.33
"The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity [AUC(0-infinity)] and peak concentration in plasma (Cmax) of repaglinide varied 16."	( Polymorphic organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 is a major determinant of repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Backman, JT; Daly, AK; Eichelbaum, M; Kajosaari, LI; Kivistö, KT; Leathart, JB; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M, 2005)	0.33
" The analysis was based on phase I pharmacokinetic naratriptan data, sumatriptan pharmacodynamic data, and naratriptan preclinical (animal) potency information, together with general knowledge as to how migraine affects oral absorption."	( Uncertainty analysis in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: application to naratriptan. Aarons, L; Gueorguieva, I; Nestorov, IA; Rowland, M, 2005)	0.33
"A previously developed pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) model for naratriptan disposition and effect was used."	( Uncertainty analysis in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: application to naratriptan. Aarons, L; Gueorguieva, I; Nestorov, IA; Rowland, M, 2005)	0.33
" The assay method also shows good specificity to donepezil enantiomers, and it could be successfully applied to its pharmacokinetic studies and to therapeutic drug monitoring."	( Stereoselective HPLC assay of donepezil enantiomers with UV detection and its application to pharmacokinetics in rats. Abdine, HH; Aboul-Enein, HY; Al-Quadeb, BT; Nakashima, K; Radwan, MA, 2006)	0.33
" These molecules also exhibit superior pharmacological and pharmacokinetic parameters, relative to all GlyT1 inhibitors of the spiropiperidine family, culminating in the identification of 16b with an oral bioavailability of approximately 60%."	( 4-Substituted-8-(1-phenyl-cyclohexyl)-2,8-diaza-spiro[4.5]decan-1-one as a novel class of highly selective GlyT1 inhibitors with superior pharmacological and pharmacokinetic parameters. Alberati, D; Hainzl, D; Jolidon, S; Kurt, A; Pinard, E; Thomas, AW; Zimmerli, D, 2006)	0.33
" The mean plasma drug concentrations at different time points and the pharmacokinetic parameters before and after piperine administration were compared by Student's t-test."	( Effect of piperine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy. Hota, D; Kharbanda, P; Pandhi, P; Pattanaik, S; Prabhakar, S, 2006)	0.33
" For pharmacokinetic analysis plasma sampling was performed during the first and second course and assayed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic assay with mass spectrometric detection."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of halofuginone, an oral quinazolinone derivative in patients with advanced solid tumours. de Jonge, MJ; Dumez, H; Lacombe, D; Marréaud, S; Punt, CJ; Snyder, D; van Oosterom, A; Verweij, J; Yamaguchi, T; Yarkoni, S, 2006)	0.33
" Plasma concentration, FXa activity, and coagulation parameters were used to monitor the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of PD 0313052."	( Formulation modifications of PD 0313052, a direct Factor Xa Inhibitor, alter pharmacokinetics and pharma-codynamics following subcutaneous administration to rabbits. A Perrin, L; Chi, L; Gibson, G; Janiczek, N; Juneau, P; Leadley, R; Peng, YW; Ross, D, 2006)	0.33
" The validated LC/MS/MS method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in which healthy Chinese volunteers each received a single oral dose of 5 mg donepezil hydrochloride."	( Rapid and sensitive determination of donepezil in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Liao, Q; Liu, D; Wan, J; Xie, Z; Xu, X; Yao, M, 2006)	0.33
" The developed assay method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers after oral administration of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride at a dose of 75 mg."	( Determination of roxatidine in human plasma by liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry and application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Balthasar, JP; Choi, JW; Hong, DK; Kim, JJ; Shin, BS; Yoo, SD, 2007)	0.34
"In this study, the development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for determination of repaglinide concentration in human plasma for pharmacokinetic studies is described."	( Method development and validation of repaglinide in human plasma by HPLC and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. Gan, SH; Imran, A; Ismail, Z; Ruzilawati, AB; Wahab, MS, 2007)	0.34
" grapefruit juice) may cause pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Drug-drug and food-drug pharmacokinetic interactions with new insulinotropic agents repaglinide and nateglinide. Scheen, AJ, 2007)	0.34
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict ApEn overshoot and to evaluate the predictive performance of the pharmacokinetic model, and pharmacodynamic models of ANN with respect to data used."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models of remifentanil in healthy volunteers using artificial neural network analysis. Bae, KS; Kang, SH; Kern, SE; Kim, DH; Kim, KM; Lee, H; Lee, SH; Linares, O; Noh, GJ; Poynton, MR, 2007)	0.34
" A total of 1077 measured remifentanil concentrations and ApEn data, and a total of 24 509 predicted concentrations and ApEn data were used in the pharmacodynamic model A and B of ANN, respectively."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models of remifentanil in healthy volunteers using artificial neural network analysis. Bae, KS; Kang, SH; Kern, SE; Kim, DH; Kim, KM; Lee, H; Lee, SH; Linares, O; Noh, GJ; Poynton, MR, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for these groups were calculated and compared with one another."	( Interaction study of aspirin or clopidogrel on pharmacokinetics of donepezil hydrochloride in rats by HPLC-fluorescence detection. Aboul-Enein, HY; Nakashima, K; Nishiwaki, J; Ohwaki, Y; Wada, M; Yamane, T, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was measured up to 216 hours after single oral/nasogastric doses of ACP-103 and after the last dose of once-daily oral administration of ACP-103 for 14 days."	( Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and safety of ACP-103 following single or multiple oral dose administration in healthy volunteers. Davis, RE; Mant, TG; Robbins-Weilert, D; van Kammen, DP; Vanover, KE; Weiner, DM; Wilbraham, DG, 2007)	0.34
" The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of lafutidine and famotidine following postprandial oral administration."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of lafutidine after postprandial oral administration in healthy subjects: comparison with famotidine. Hayato, S; Ikawa, K; Morikawa, N; Shimatani, T; Tazuma, S, 2007)	0.34
" Comparison of the plasma exposure and the elimination half-life of ebastine and carebastine between groups showed no significant differences."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of ebastine in healthy subjects and patients with renal impairment. Noveck, RJ; Preston, RA; Swan, SK, 2007)	0.34
" No clinically important pharmacokinetic or safety differences were observed between patients with renal impairment and healthy subjects with normal renal function."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of ebastine in healthy subjects and patients with renal impairment. Noveck, RJ; Preston, RA; Swan, SK, 2007)	0.34
"To evaluate the population pharmacokinetic characteristics of cilobradine including a covariate analysis based on six phase I trials and to assess the predictive performance of the model developed."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Data Analysis of Cilobradine, an I f Channel Blocker. Fliss, G; Kloft, C; Schaefer, HG; Staab, A; Tillmann, C; Trommeshauser, D, 2008)	0.35
" We describe an asleep-awake-asleep technique with propofol and remifentanil infusions, with pharmacokinetic simulation to predict the effect-site concentrations and to modulate the infusion rates of both drugs, and bispectral index (BIS) monitoring."	( Propofol and remifentanil effect-site concentrations estimated by pharmacokinetic simulation and bispectral index monitoring during craniotomy with intraoperative awakening for brain tumor resection. Beiras, A; Lobo, F, 2007)	0.34
"A dose-escalation phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib (SCH66336) was conducted in children with recurrent or progressive CNS tumors."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib administered twice daily to pediatric patients with advanced central nervous system tumors using a modified continuous reassessment method: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Cons Banerjee, A; Belasco, JB; Blaney, SM; Boyett, JM; Broniscer, A; Frank, E; Geyer, JR; Goldman, S; Gururangan, S; Kieran, MW; Kirschmeier, P; Kun, LE; Onar, A; Packer, RJ; Phillips, P; Pollack, IF; Statkevich, P; Turner, CD; Yver, A; Zhu, Y, 2007)	0.34
" We have investigated the replacement or the modification of this group, and we suggest that the pKa of this part of the molecules influences both the antiviral activity and the pharmacokinetic profile."	( Selection of a respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitor clinical candidate, part 1: improving the pharmacokinetic profile using the structure-property relationship. Andries, K; Arnoult, E; Bonfanti, JF; Doublet, F; Fortin, J; Gevers, T; Guillemont, J; Janssens, F; Janssens, P; Lacrampe, J; Muller, P; Queguiner, L; Sommen, C; Szel, H; Timmerman, P; Wigerinck, P; Willebrords, R; Wuyts, K, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic data suggest an increase in the plasma Css in relation to the escalation of FK866."	( The pharmacokinetics, toxicities, and biologic effects of FK866, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis inhibitor. Burk, K; Hanauske, AR; Holen, K; Hollywood, E; Saltz, LB, 2008)	0.35
" Blood samples were collected from 1 to 144 hours post-dose for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine under fasting conditions: a randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Kasibhatta, R; Naidu, MU, 2007)	0.34
" Nine of the 19 patients completed both treatment cycles and were used for pharmacokinetic assessment."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of lonafarnib (SCH 66336) following single and multiple doses. Cutler, DL; Statkevich, P; Zhu, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Intrasubject variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters was less pronounced after multiple dosing (17%) than that after single dosing (33%) of lonafarnib."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of lonafarnib (SCH 66336) following single and multiple doses. Cutler, DL; Statkevich, P; Zhu, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Css is strongly affected by weight and age with Minto's pharmacokinetic parameters of remifentanil."	( [Pharmacokinetic simulations of remifentanil]. Kazama, T; Masui, K, 2007)	0.34
"This study describes a pharmacodynamic model during general anaesthesia in children relating the bispectral index (BIS) response to the anaesthetic dosing of propofol, fentanyl, and remifentanil."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children. Ammon, C; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schmidt, J; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacodynamic parameters were estimated by non-linear regression analysis."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children. Ammon, C; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schmidt, J; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2008)	0.35
" We performed in vitro characterization of the device before developing a population pharmacokinetic model for sevoflurane administration with the AnaConDa, and retrospectively testing its performance (internal validation)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane in conjunction with the AnaConDa: toward target-controlled infusion of volatiles into the breathing system. Bouillon, T; Enlund, M; Kietzmann, D; Meineke, I; Züchner, K, 2008)	0.35
" The individual pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained and tested for covariate relationships."	( Population pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane in conjunction with the AnaConDa: toward target-controlled infusion of volatiles into the breathing system. Bouillon, T; Enlund, M; Kietzmann, D; Meineke, I; Züchner, K, 2008)	0.35
"In vitro studies assessed the contribution of the device to the pharmacokinetic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane in conjunction with the AnaConDa: toward target-controlled infusion of volatiles into the breathing system. Bouillon, T; Enlund, M; Kietzmann, D; Meineke, I; Züchner, K, 2008)	0.35
" The apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment, the apparent volume of distribution at steady state, the clearance, and the terminal half-life (median [range]) were 1,596 (1,164 to 2,111) and 567 (278 to 641) mL/kg, 7,632 (2,284 to 76,039) and 1,651 (446 to 29,229) mL/kg, 766 (408 to 1,473) and 371 (197 to 472) mL/min/kg, and 17."	( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in conscious cats and cats anesthetized with isoflurane. Brosnan, RJ; Pypendop, BH; Siao, KT; Stanley, SD, 2008)	0.35
"This study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), and tolerability profiles and explore the efficacy of multiple oral doses of alogliptin in patients with T2D."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and tolerability profiles of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study in adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Christopher, R; Covington, P; Davenport, M; Fleck, P; Karim, A; Mekki, QA; Wann, ER, 2008)	0.35
" Blood and urine were collected over 72 hours after dosing for pharmacokinetic analysis and determination of plasma DPP-4 inhibition and active glucagon-like peptide -1(GLP-1) concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of single increasing doses of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in healthy male subjects. Christopher, R; Covington, P; Davenport, M; Fleck, P; Karim, A; Mekki, QA; Wann, ER, 2008)	0.35
" Optimization of the most tractable hits gave a series of compounds showing inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis at 2mg/kg in the rat with distinct pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Design and evaluation of a novel series of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitors with low systemic exposure, relationship between pharmacokinetic properties and ocular toxicity. Bouillot, A; Boullay, AB; Coste, H; Dodic, N; Donche, F; Fouchet, MH; Issandou, M; Junot, C; Magny, SD; Martin, C; Potvain, F; Walker, M, 2008)	0.35
" This method has the lowest lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) reported to date for flavopiridol, and it allows for more accurate determination of terminal phase concentrations and improved pharmacokinetic parameter estimation in patients receiving an active dosing schedule of flavopiridol."	( Development and validation of a sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for quantitation of flavopiridol in plasma enables accurate estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters with a clinically active dosing schedule. Albanese, KA; Byrd, JC; Dalton, JT; Farley, KL; Grever, MR; Johnston, JS; Lin, TS; Phelps, MA; Rozewski, DM, 2008)	0.35
" The additional pharmacodynamic benefit of the combination dose was not because of an alteration in the pharmacokinetics of either agent but is likely the result of the complementary mechanisms of pharmacologic action of the two drugs."	( Pharmacokinetics and brain penetration of casopitant, a potent and selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, in the ferret. Bambal, R; Davis, CB; Gontarek, RR; Han, C; King, AG; Mencken, T; Minthorn, E; Rominger, D; Shu, A, 2008)	0.35
"The purpose of this study was to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution of positively charged stearylamine (LN-P-SA) and pegylated lipid nanospheres (LN-P-PEG) of piperine in BALB/c mice."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of piperine lipid nanospheres. Veerareddy, PR; Vobalaboina, V, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to construct the population pharmacokinetic model in Chinese adult patients and to characterize the factors that affect the parameters of remifentanil pharmacokinetics."	( Population pharmacokinetics study of remifentanil in Chinese adult patients determined by an LC-MS/MS method. Duan, L; Yang, L; Zhai, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2008)	0.35
" Meanwhile, population modeling was performed using the NONMEM (nonlinear mixed-effect modeling) program with a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics study of remifentanil in Chinese adult patients determined by an LC-MS/MS method. Duan, L; Yang, L; Zhai, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2008)	0.35
" The population pharmacokinetic results indicated that total bilirubin, age, alkaline phosphatase activity and gender significantly affected the parameters of remifentanil."	( Population pharmacokinetics study of remifentanil in Chinese adult patients determined by an LC-MS/MS method. Duan, L; Yang, L; Zhai, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2008)	0.35
" The population model was acceptable and would be helpful for clinicians to assess the remifentanil pharmacokinetic parameters based on patient's specific demographic characteristics."	( Population pharmacokinetics study of remifentanil in Chinese adult patients determined by an LC-MS/MS method. Duan, L; Yang, L; Zhai, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2008)	0.35
" The present method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of donepezil after oral dose of donepezil hydrochloride (10 mg tablet) to male healthy volunteers."	( Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of donepezil in human plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study of donepezil in volunteers. Ji, HY; Kim, HY; Lee, HS; Lee, HW; Lee, KC; Lee, MH; Park, EJ; Park, ES, 2008)	0.35
" Our data suggest that thioperamide, at least at 10 mg/kg, increases cocaine-induced locomotion through the combination of pharmacokinetic effects and the blockade of H3 receptors located on non-histaminergic neurons."	( Effects of the H3 receptor inverse agonist thioperamide on cocaine-induced locomotion in mice: role of the histaminergic system and potential pharmacokinetic interactions. Alleva, L; Brabant, C; Grisar, T; Jatlow, P; Lakaye, B; Lin, JS; Ohtsu, H; Picciotto, MR; Quertemont, E; Tirelli, E, 2009)	0.35
"The AUC(0-infinity) and Cmax of repaglinide were 32% (P=0."	( Effects of the SLCO1B1*1B haplotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide and nateglinide. Backman, JT; Kalliokoski, A; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M, 2008)	0.35
" We now report full pharmacokinetic (PK) data, correlations of PK with clinical outcomes, and final response and progression-free survival (PFS)."	( Clinical response and pharmacokinetics from a phase 1 study of an active dosing schedule of flavopiridol in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blum, KA; Brooker-McEldowney, M; Byrd, JC; Dalton, JT; Farley, KL; Fischer, B; Grever, MR; Heerema, NA; Hurh, E; Jarjoura, D; Johnson, AJ; Lin, TS; Mitchell, SM; Moran, ME; Phelps, MA; Rozewski, DM; Schaaf, LJ; Wu, D, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds were predicted by the physico-chemical parameters."	( [Physico-chemical profiling of centrally acting molecules for prediction of pharmacokinetic properties]. Deák, K, 2008)	0.35
" The discovery of 4,4-disubstituted piperidine inhibitors of GlyT1 which exhibit improved pharmacokinetic properties, including oral bioavailability, is discussed."	( Discovery of GlyT1 inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Gibson, C; Hartman, GD; Jacobson, MA; Kinney, GG; Leister, WH; Lemaire, W; Lindsley, CW; Ma, BK; O'Brien, J; Pettibone, DJ; Polsky-Fisher, SL; Smith, S; Sur, C; Tiller, PR; Williams, DL; Wisnoski, DD; Wolkenberg, SE; Zhao, Z, 2009)	0.35
" Log-transformed area under the curve (AUC) and Cmax were statistically analyzed by performing an analysis of variance."	( Effect of casopitant, a novel NK-1 antagonist, on the pharmacokinetics of dolasetron and granisetron. Adams, LM; Johnson, B; Kirby, LC; Lebowitz, P; Stoltz, R; Yue, L; Zhang, K, 2009)	0.35
"The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the use of stable isotope (SI)-labeled compound as an approach for pharmacokinetic analysis such as fraction absorbed, hepatic extraction ratio, and fraction metabolized from the parent drug to a metabolite."	( Application of stable isotope methodology in the evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of (S,S)-3-[3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1-propylpiperidine hydrochloride in rats. Bower, J; Heath, TG; Kimoto, E; Romero, D; Skaptason, J; Toth, LN; Yamazaki, S, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were compared by Students t-test."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of single dose of piperine with steady-state carbamazepine in epilepsy patients. Hota, D; Kharbanda, P; Pandhi, P; Pattanaik, S; Prabhakar, S, 2009)	0.35
" Cmax and C2 values tended to increase whereas C0 remained unaffected."	( Rimonabant affects cyclosporine a, but not tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients. Amundsen, R; Asberg, A; Bergan, S; Hartmann, A; Midtvedt, K; Robertsen, I; Vethe, NT, 2009)	0.35
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Bi, SS; Duan, LP; Lu, W; Yang, L; Zhai, SD; Zhang, LP; Zhang, XH, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were not influenced by age, gender, operative phase, blood temperature, rehydration volume, or blood loss volume during sampling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Bi, SS; Duan, LP; Lu, W; Yang, L; Zhai, SD; Zhang, LP; Zhang, XH, 2009)	0.35
" Here, we report the results of a preliminary pharmacokinetic study of masitinib in cats which showed a good bioavailability of ~60% in both sexes."	( Pharmacokinetics of masitinib in cats. Bader, T; Bellamy, F; Hermine, O; Moussy, A, 2009)	0.35
" Potential pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interactions of alogliptin with pioglitazone or glyburide were evaluated in healthy adults."	( Coadministration of pioglitazone or glyburide and alogliptin: pharmacokinetic drug interaction assessment in healthy participants. Fleck, P; Karim, A; Laurent, A; Mekki, Q; Munsaka, M; Wann, E, 2009)	0.35
"To model the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship of bilastine, a new histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, from single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy adult subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the antihistaminic (H1) effect of bilastine. de la Fuente, L; Jauregizar, N; Leal, N; Lucero, ML; Rodríguez, M; Sologuren, A, 2009)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic model was developed from different single-dose and multiple-dose studies."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the antihistaminic (H1) effect of bilastine. de la Fuente, L; Jauregizar, N; Leal, N; Lucero, ML; Rodríguez, M; Sologuren, A, 2009)	0.35
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships of bilastine were reliably described with the use of an indirect response pharmacodynamic model; this led to an accurate prediction of the pharmacodynamic activity of bilastine."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the antihistaminic (H1) effect of bilastine. de la Fuente, L; Jauregizar, N; Leal, N; Lucero, ML; Rodríguez, M; Sologuren, A, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that PF-00885706 has a low to moderate volume of distribution and the complete absorption in dogs."	( Pharmacological characterization and determination of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship of PF-00885706, a novel partial agonist selective for the 5-HT(4) receptor. Eda, H; Kimura, N; Komada, T; Matsuura, T; Mikami, T; Nakai, Y; Ohmi, T; Sakakibara, M; Sugimoto, H; Suzuki, K; Toga, T, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of propofol during propofol remifentanil and propofol - alfentanil anaesthesia, when monitored by SFx."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol during propofol-alfentanil and propofol-remifentanil total intravenous anaesthesia monitored by spectral frequency index. Bienert, A; Grabowski, T; Grzeskowiak, E; Kusza, K; Zaba, Z, 2009)	0.35
" The remifentanil and alfentanil groups were compared in relation to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of propofol and a t-test was used for statistical analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol during propofol-alfentanil and propofol-remifentanil total intravenous anaesthesia monitored by spectral frequency index. Bienert, A; Grabowski, T; Grzeskowiak, E; Kusza, K; Zaba, Z, 2009)	0.35
" We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach with the development of a system that synthesizes pharmacokinetic pathways."	( Synthesis of pharmacokinetic pathways through knowledge acquisition and automated reasoning. Anwar, S; Baral, C; Hakenberg, J; Liang, S; Tari, L, 2010)	0.36
" This study investigated (1) the effect of food on alogliptin pharmacokinetics and tolerability and (2) pharmacokinetic interactions between alogliptin and metformin or cimetidine and tolerability of alogliptin when administered with either drug."	( Pharmacokinetics of alogliptin when administered with food, metformin, or cimetidine: a two-phase, crossover study in healthy subjects. Christopher, R; Covington, P; Davenport, M; Fleck, P; Karim, A; Li, X; Mekki, Q; Wann, E, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after the last dose in each period."	( Pharmacokinetics of alogliptin when administered with food, metformin, or cimetidine: a two-phase, crossover study in healthy subjects. Christopher, R; Covington, P; Davenport, M; Fleck, P; Karim, A; Li, X; Mekki, Q; Wann, E, 2010)	0.36
"In a previous article, we showed that the pharmacokinetic set of remifentanil used for target-controlled infusion (TCI) might be biased in obese patients because it incorporates flawed equations for the calculation of lean body mass (LBM), which is a covariate of several pharmacokinetic parameters in this set."	( Predictive performance of the 'Minto' remifentanil pharmacokinetic parameter set in morbidly obese patients ensuing from a new method for calculating lean body mass. Albertin, A; Aldegheri, G; Di Candia, D; Gigli, F; La Colla, G; La Colla, L; Porta, A, 2010)	0.36
" The intervention included manually controlled continuous infusion of remifentanil during the surgery and analysis of arterial blood samples to determine the arterial remifentanil concentration, to be compared with concentrations predicted by either the unadjusted or the adjusted pharmacokinetic set."	( Predictive performance of the 'Minto' remifentanil pharmacokinetic parameter set in morbidly obese patients ensuing from a new method for calculating lean body mass. Albertin, A; Aldegheri, G; Di Candia, D; Gigli, F; La Colla, G; La Colla, L; Porta, A, 2010)	0.36
" The performance (in terms of the MDPE and MDAPE) of the corrected pharmacokinetic set was better than that of the uncorrected one."	( Predictive performance of the 'Minto' remifentanil pharmacokinetic parameter set in morbidly obese patients ensuing from a new method for calculating lean body mass. Albertin, A; Aldegheri, G; Di Candia, D; Gigli, F; La Colla, G; La Colla, L; Porta, A, 2010)	0.36
"This study compared the blood concentrations of remifentanil obtained in a previous clinical investigation with the predicted remifentanil concentrations produced by different pharmacokinetic models: a non-linear mixed effects model created by the software NONMEM; an artificial neural network (ANN) model; a support vector machine (SVM) model; and multi-method ensembles."	( Machine learning methods applied to pharmacokinetic modelling of remifentanil in healthy volunteers: a multi-method comparison. Boo, YK; Choi, BM; Hong, SO; Kang, SH; Kim, YM; Noh, GJ; Park, IS; Poynton, MR, )	0.13
" Through integration of in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic data and antitumor efficacy in nude mice, human pharmacokinetics and efficacious doses were projected for BMS-690514."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and in vitro metabolism of BMS-690514, a potent inhibitor of EGFR and VEGFR2. Christopher, L; Gavai, A; Marathe, P; Rodrigues, D; Sleczka, B; Tang, Y; Wong, T; Zhang, H, 2010)	0.36
"To estimate population pharmacokinetic parameters of repaglinide in 121 healthy Malaysian volunteers."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of repaglinide in healthy volunteers by using Non-Parametric Adaptive Grid Algorithm. Gan, SH; Mohd Suhaimi, AW; Ruzilawati, AB, 2010)	0.36
" The parametric Iterative Two-Stage Bayesian Population Model (it2b) program followed by the Non-Parametric Adaptive Grid (npag) program was used to determine a population pharmacokinetic modelling of repaglinide."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of repaglinide in healthy volunteers by using Non-Parametric Adaptive Grid Algorithm. Gan, SH; Mohd Suhaimi, AW; Ruzilawati, AB, 2010)	0.36
"In this first report, specifically on the population pharmacokinetic modelling of repaglinide, the data generated should help us to better understand appropriate dosage-regimens for the drug."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of repaglinide in healthy volunteers by using Non-Parametric Adaptive Grid Algorithm. Gan, SH; Mohd Suhaimi, AW; Ruzilawati, AB, 2010)	0.36
"04) and the mean half-life was 33."	( CYP3A4 genetic polymorphism influences repaglinide's pharmacokinetics. Gan, SH; Ruzilawati, AB, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of vandetanib in subjects with renal or hepatic impairment. Langmuir, P; Martin, P; Molz, KH; Oliver, S; Read, J; Smith, R; Weil, A, 2010)	0.36
"The purpose of this review is to examine published non-clinical literature on the antihistamine bepotastine besilate, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic properties."	( Non-clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety findings for the antihistamine bepotastine besilate. Gow, JA; Klier, SM; McCue, SL; McNamara, TR; Salapatek, AM; Williams, JI, 2010)	0.36
" Diclazuril and halofuginone resulted in a significant short distribution half-life (t(½α)) (7."	( Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution of doxycycline in broiler chickens pretreated with either: diclazuril or halofuginone. Amer, AM; Atef, M; El-Gendi, AY; Kamel, GM, 2010)	0.36
" Oral administration of 13 1-aryl-3-(1-acylpiperidin-4-yl)urea inhibitors in mice revealed substantial improvements in pharmacokinetic parameters over previously reported 1-adamantylurea based inhibitors."	( 1-Aryl-3-(1-acylpiperidin-4-yl)urea inhibitors of human and murine soluble epoxide hydrolase: structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics, and reduction of inflammatory pain. Hammock, BD; Inceoglu, B; Jones, PD; Liu, JY; Morisseau, C; Rose, TE; Sanborn, JR, 2010)	0.36
" A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model estimating oral clearance, between-patient variability in oral clearance, central volume of distribution, and residual variability in combination with historical estimates of first-order absorption rate constant, intercompartmental clearance, and peripheral volume of distribution adequately described the sparse MPA data."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of mycophenolic acid coadministered with either tasocitinib (CP-690,550) or tacrolimus in adult renal allograft recipients. Busque, S; Chan, G; Krishnaswami, S; Lamba, M; Melcher, M; Tafti, B, 2010)	0.36
" Blood samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies."	( A dose-finding, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of a novel schedule of flavopiridol in patients with advanced solid tumors. Arbogast, D; Baiocchi, R; Bekaii-Saab, T; Byrd, JC; Campbell, A; Doyle, A; Grever, MR; Lai, JP; Lustberg, ME; Ni, W; Phelps, MA; Ramaswamy, B; Shah, MH; Wei, L; Wilkins, D; Wolfson, A, 2012)	0.38
"To describe the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil in suppressing somatic and hemodynamic responses to electrical tetanus stimuli (ETS) during induction of intravenous anesthesia with response surface method."	( [Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the tolerance response to electrical tetanus stimuli]. Bi, SS; Guo, XY; Lu, W; Wei, B; Yang, L; Zhang, LP, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil was analyzed by response surface method."	( [Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the tolerance response to electrical tetanus stimuli]. Bi, SS; Guo, XY; Lu, W; Wei, B; Yang, L; Zhang, LP, 2010)	0.36
"Response surface method characterized the pharmacodynamic interactions between propofol (0-9 mg/L) and remifentanil (0-10 μg/L) qualitatively and quantitatively."	( [Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the tolerance response to electrical tetanus stimuli]. Bi, SS; Guo, XY; Lu, W; Wei, B; Yang, L; Zhang, LP, 2010)	0.36
"Response surface method can analyze the pharmacodynamic interactions qualitatively and quantitatively."	( [Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the tolerance response to electrical tetanus stimuli]. Bi, SS; Guo, XY; Lu, W; Wei, B; Yang, L; Zhang, LP, 2010)	0.36
"the purpose of this review is to describe the pharmacokinetic profile of iloperidone and its clinical implications in the treatment of schizophrenia."	( Iloperidone: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability, regulatory affairs, and an opinion. Citrome, L, 2010)	0.36
"time to peak plasma concentration occurs in 2 - 4 h but elimination half-life is 18 h for extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers and 33 h for poor CYP2D6 metabolizers, suggesting that once or twice daily dosing would be feasible."	( Iloperidone: chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability, regulatory affairs, and an opinion. Citrome, L, 2010)	0.36
" As many promising targeted therapies affect kinase activity of specific enzymes involved in cancer transformation, H1 phosphorylation can serve as potential pharmacodynamic marker for drug activity within the cell."	( Assaying pharmacodynamic endpoints with targeted therapy: flavopiridol and 17AAG induced dephosphorylation of histone H1.5 in acute myeloid leukemia. Byrd, JC; Freitas, MA; Grever, M; Harshman, SW; Liu, S; Marcucci, G; Ren, C; Sallans, L; Wang, L; Xu, H, 2010)	0.36
" Intravenous and oral 6-h blood sampling profiles in old (30 months old) and young (7 months old) rats revealed pharmacokinetic changes similar to those in humans with an approximately 40% increase in C(max) of galantamine and prolonged t(1/2) (1."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, tacrine, and galantamine in aged and young Lister hooded rats. Aw, CC; Browne, ER; Chen, CP; Goh, CW; Lee, JH, 2011)	0.37
" The proposed method was successfully applied for the estimation of the drug in real time plasma samples for pharmacokinetic studies."	( A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of donepezil and its active metabolite, 6-o-desmethyl donepezil in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Damaramadugu, R; Inamadugu, JK; Karra, VK; Kondreddy, N; Pilli, NR; Rao, JV, 2011)	0.37
" The physicochemical properties of MNP001, including solubility, pKa, Log P, plasma protein binding and plasma/blood partitioning, were determined to support the pharmacokinetic characterization."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of MNP001, a piperidine analog of 3-carbamyl compounds. Fox, LM; Wang, D; Xia, B, 2011)	0.37
" Then selected volunteers took part in the clinical pharmacokinetic study, receiving 2 mg repaglinide."	( Effects of SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide in healthy Chinese volunteers. Chen, X; Fan, H; Fang, F; Han, D; He, J; Li, N; Li, T; Lu, Y; Qiu, Z; Sun, W; Yu, Y; Zhao, D; Zheng, J, 2011)	0.37
"SLCO1B11B/1B genotype is associated with reduced pharmacokinetic exposure after a single dose oral administration of 2 mg repaglinide, including decreased AUC(0-∞) and increased clearance of repaglinide."	( Effects of SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide in healthy Chinese volunteers. Chen, X; Fan, H; Fang, F; Han, D; He, J; Li, N; Li, T; Lu, Y; Qiu, Z; Sun, W; Yu, Y; Zhao, D; Zheng, J, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with vandetanib during coadministration with rifampicin or itraconazole. Duvauchelle, T; Kennedy, SJ; Martin, P; Oliver, S; Read, J; Robertson, J, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetics of vandetanib in Chinese, Western, and Japanese patients were compared through a combined population pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of vandetanib in Chinese patients with solid, malignant tumors: an open-label, phase I, rising multiple-dose study. Guan, Z; Jiang, Y; Li, S; Liao, H; Martin, PD; Smith, R; Zhan, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zou, BY, 2011)	0.37
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis suggests that vandetanib pharmacokinetics appear to be comparable in Chinese, Western, and Japanese patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of vandetanib in Chinese patients with solid, malignant tumors: an open-label, phase I, rising multiple-dose study. Guan, Z; Jiang, Y; Li, S; Liao, H; Martin, PD; Smith, R; Zhan, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zou, BY, 2011)	0.37
"The pharmacokinetic properties of vandetanib in these Chinese patients were characterized by low plasma clearance of approximately 8 L/h, a long half-life of approximately 8 to 10 days, and an accumulation of approximately 8-fold to 15-fold on multiple dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of vandetanib in Chinese patients with solid, malignant tumors: an open-label, phase I, rising multiple-dose study. Guan, Z; Jiang, Y; Li, S; Liao, H; Martin, PD; Smith, R; Zhan, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zou, BY, 2011)	0.37
"The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of orally disintegrating (test) and conventional (reference) donepezil formulations to satisfy the regulatory requirement for marketing."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of orally disintegrating and conventional donepezil formulations in healthy Korean male subjects: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, 2-sequence, 2-period crossover study. Kim, C; Kim, KA; Lim, JL; Park, JY, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including C(max) and AUC, were determined by noncompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of orally disintegrating and conventional donepezil formulations in healthy Korean male subjects: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, 2-sequence, 2-period crossover study. Kim, C; Kim, KA; Lim, JL; Park, JY, 2011)	0.37
" No significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between the 2 formulations were observed."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of orally disintegrating and conventional donepezil formulations in healthy Korean male subjects: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, 2-sequence, 2-period crossover study. Kim, C; Kim, KA; Lim, JL; Park, JY, 2011)	0.37
"This study found that the test and reference formulations met the regulatory criteria for pharmacokinetic equivalence in these fasting healthy Korean male subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of orally disintegrating and conventional donepezil formulations in healthy Korean male subjects: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, 2-sequence, 2-period crossover study. Kim, C; Kim, KA; Lim, JL; Park, JY, 2011)	0.37
"In all subjects, SJW had no effect on the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC(∞)), the peak plasma concentration (C(max)) or the elimination half-life (t(½)) of repaglinide."	( The pregnane X receptor agonist St John's Wort has no effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide. Chen, WQ; Fan, L; Guo, D; Liu, YL; Liu, ZQ; Sheng, D; Tan, ZR; Zhang, W; Zhou, G; Zhou, HH, 2011)	0.37
"Drug development is a high-risk and high failure enterprise, and studies that provide an early read on the pharmacodynamic activity of novel compounds could save time and money, increasing the efficiency of the drug development process."	( The scopolamine model as a pharmacodynamic marker in early drug development. Abi-Saab, W; Baker, JD; Lenz, RA; Locke, C; Mohler, EG; Rueter, LE; Saltarelli, MD; Wesnes, K, 2012)	0.38
"Preclinical and clinical experiments were designed to examine the utility of the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment model in predicting pharmacodynamic signals of putatively procognitive compounds, utilizing the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil for illustration."	( The scopolamine model as a pharmacodynamic marker in early drug development. Abi-Saab, W; Baker, JD; Lenz, RA; Locke, C; Mohler, EG; Rueter, LE; Saltarelli, MD; Wesnes, K, 2012)	0.38
"These findings suggest that reversal of scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment is a viable model for predicting pharmacodynamic signals of procognitive compounds in both animals and humans."	( The scopolamine model as a pharmacodynamic marker in early drug development. Abi-Saab, W; Baker, JD; Lenz, RA; Locke, C; Mohler, EG; Rueter, LE; Saltarelli, MD; Wesnes, K, 2012)	0.38
" Venous blood samples were taken prior to and following oral dosing up to 24 h for a pharmacokinetic study of casopitant concentration in plasma."	( A pharmacokinetic PET study of NK₁ receptor occupancy. Bani, M; Cunningham, VJ; Fernandes, SA; Gomeni, R; Gunn, RN; Rabiner, EA; Ratti, E; Zamuner, S, 2012)	0.38
" Despite high metabolic stability, pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed poor mice exposure; therefore, a second phase of optimization was required."	( Ethionamide boosters. 2. Combining bioisosteric replacement and structure-based drug design to solve pharmacokinetic issues in a series of potent 1,2,4-oxadiazole EthR inhibitors. Baulard, AR; Blondiaux, N; Brodin, P; Christophe, T; Déprez, B; Desroses, M; Flament, MP; Flipo, M; Jeon, HK; Lecat-Guillet, N; Leroux, F; Locht, C; Mathys, V; Piveteau, C; Siepmann, J; Soror, SH; Villemagne, B; Villeret, V; Willand, N; Wintjens, R; Wohlkönig, A, 2012)	0.38
" The influence of continuous (body weight, age, blood pressure, heart rate and blood oxygenation, serum protein, the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin and hematocrit, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance) and categorical (gender and the type of opioid) covariates on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters was investigated."	( Influence of demographic factors, basic blood test parameters and opioid type on propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in ASA I-III patients. Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Kusza, K; Marciniak, R; Wiczling, P; Wolc, A; Zaba, C; Zaba, Z, 2011)	0.37
" Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis for up to 28 days after the dose (Studies A and B) and 42 days after the dose (Study C)."	( Pharmacokinetics of vandetanib: three phase I studies in healthy subjects. Clarke, D; Giles, P; Hutchison, M; Kennedy, SJ; Martin, P; Oliver, S; Partridge, E, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were consistent across all studies (Studies A and C, vandetanib 800 mg: geometric mean CL/F, 13."	( Pharmacokinetics of vandetanib: three phase I studies in healthy subjects. Clarke, D; Giles, P; Hutchison, M; Kennedy, SJ; Martin, P; Oliver, S; Partridge, E, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of repaglinide and blood glucose concentrations were also determined in rats after oral (0."	( Effects of efonidipine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by efonidipine. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Li, C, 2012)	0.38
" We constructed physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for 3 nonrenally eliminated drugs (sildenafil, repaglinide, and telithromycin)."	( Evaluation of exposure change of nonrenally eliminated drugs in patients with chronic kidney disease using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation. Abernethy, DR; Arya, V; Atkinson, AJ; Berglund, EG; Grillo, JA; Huang, SM; Lesko, LJ; Pang, KS; Reynolds, KS; Song, P; Sugiyama, Y; Vieira, Mde L; Wu, TC; Zhang, L; Zhao, P; Zheng, JH, 2012)	0.38
" In a single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) study in pediatric patients aged between 6 and 14 years with acid-related diseases, 37."	( Pharmacokinetics of the H(2) blocker roxatidine acetate hydrochloride in pediatric patients, in comparison with healthy adult volunteers. Azuma, R; Kawashima, H; Miyazawa, K; Nagao, K; Nakamura, H; Sato, I, 2012)	0.38
"The predictive power of using in vitro systems in combination with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to elucidate the relative importance of metabolism and carrier-mediated transport for the pharmacokinetics was evaluated using repaglinide as a model compound and pig as the test system."	( The pharmacokinetics and hepatic disposition of repaglinide in pigs: mechanistic modeling of metabolism and transport. Bredberg, U; Lennernäs, H; Sjögren, E, 2012)	0.38
" The mean AUCs and peak plasma concentration were higher in subjects with the 521TC allele than in those with the OATP1B1 521TT allele, and the OATP1B1 388A allele is associated with a reduced trend of pharmacokinetic exposure; however, these trends were not statistically significant."	( The Influence of MDR1 G2677T/a genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in healthy Chinese volunteers. Cui, YM; Xiang, Q; Yan, L; Zhao, X; Zhou, Y, 2012)	0.38
"We attempted to establish and validate an in vivo pharmacodynamic (PD) rabbit model to screen tachykinin NK(2) receptor (NK(2)-R) antagonists using pharmacological and pharmacokinetic (PK)/PD analyses."	( Establishment and validation of a rabbit model for in vivo pharmacodynamic screening of tachykinin NK2 antagonists. Fujioka, Y; Imanishi, A; Inatomi, N; Kamiguchi, H; Kawamoto, M; Matsumoto-Okano, S; Miura, K; Nishikawa, Y; Tanaka, T; Tsukimi, Y; Yamaguchi, M, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling was used to relate GDC-0973 plasma and tumor concentrations, tumor pharmacodynamics and antitumor efficacy to establish pharmacokinetic endpoints and predict active doses in the clinic."	( Bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical studies using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling: an analysis of GDC-0973, a MEK inhibitor. Aftab, BT; Aoyama, R; Belvin, M; Choo, EF; Del Rosario, G; Hoeflich, KP; Lam, ST; Lee, L; Li, C; Martini, JF; Peterson, A; Prescott, J; Shi, Y; Vernillet, L; Ware, JA; Wong, H; Yu, P, 2012)	0.38
"GDC-0973 showed a sustained tumor pharmacodynamic response due to longer residence in tumor than in plasma."	( Bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical studies using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling: an analysis of GDC-0973, a MEK inhibitor. Aftab, BT; Aoyama, R; Belvin, M; Choo, EF; Del Rosario, G; Hoeflich, KP; Lam, ST; Lee, L; Li, C; Martini, JF; Peterson, A; Prescott, J; Shi, Y; Vernillet, L; Ware, JA; Wong, H; Yu, P, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) plasma samples are generally taken from a parallel group of animals to avoid disruption of the behavioral pharmacodynamic (PD) endpoint."	( Evaluation of an innovative population pharmacokinetic-based design for behavioral pharmacodynamic endpoints. Laird, JM; Lessard, E; Martino, G; Viberg, A, 2012)	0.38
" The aim of this study was to determine whether a commercially available curcuminoid/piperine extract alters the pharmacokinetic disposition of probe drugs for these enzymes in human volunteers."	( Effect of a herbal extract containing curcumin and piperine on midazolam, flurbiprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Badmaev, V; Court, MH; Greenblatt, DJ; Hanley, MJ; Harmatz, JS; Hazarika, S; Majeed, M; Masse, G; Volak, LP, 2013)	0.39
"To examine individual patient's demographic parameters and clinical variables related to return of consciousness (ROC) and the pharmacodynamic relationship between propofol effect-site concentration (C(e)) and ROC from propofol-remifentanil anesthesia."	( A pharmacodynamic analysis of factors affecting recovery from anesthesia with propofol-remifentanil target controlled infusion. Han, DW; Kang, YR; Koo, BN; Lee, JH; Lee, JR; Noh, GJ, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacodynamic modeling incorporating covariates was performed using NONMEM (Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling) VII software."	( A pharmacodynamic analysis of factors affecting recovery from anesthesia with propofol-remifentanil target controlled infusion. Han, DW; Kang, YR; Koo, BN; Lee, JH; Lee, JR; Noh, GJ, 2012)	0.38
"Age significantly affects the relationship between propofol C(e) and ROC, and pharmacodynamic modeling including age could lead to better predictions of ROC during emergence from propofol-remifentanil anesthesia."	( A pharmacodynamic analysis of factors affecting recovery from anesthesia with propofol-remifentanil target controlled infusion. Han, DW; Kang, YR; Koo, BN; Lee, JH; Lee, JR; Noh, GJ, 2012)	0.38
" The developed assay was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats."	( LC-MS/MS-ESI method for simultaneous quantitation of metformin and repaglinidie in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study in rats. Giri, S; Mullangi, R; Pawar, G; Rajagopal, S; Sharma, K; Yadam, S, 2013)	0.39
" In vitro studies have shown that pridopidine is a substrate for the P450 cytochrome 2D6 enzyme (CYP2D6), and clinical data show that the half-life of pridopidine is different following single dosing versus at steady state."	( Pharmacokinetic and tolerability profile of pridopidine in healthy-volunteer poor and extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers, following single and multiple dosing. Gundorf Drewes, P; Lindskov Krog, P; Osterberg, O; Rembratt, Å; Schultz, A; Timmer, W, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacodynamic monitoring offers a unique tool to evaluate the biologic effects of immunosuppressive drugs."	( Pharmacodynamic analysis of tofacitinib and basiliximab in kidney allograft recipients. Baan, CC; Chan, G; Kho, MM; Mol, WM; Quaedackers, ME; Vafadari, R; Weimar, W, 2012)	0.38
" This involved further structural exploration directed at reducing metabolism and leading to the identification of compound 60 with a greatly improved in vivo pharmacokinetic profile."	( Discovery and evolution of phenoxypiperidine hydroxyamide dual CCR3/H₁ antagonists. Part II: optimising in vivo clearance. Alcaraz, L; Bahl, A; Beaton, H; Bowers, K; Collington, J; Denton, R; Donald, D; Furber, M; Kinchin, E; Luckhurst, C; MacDonald, C; Rigby, A; Riley, R; Soars, M; Springthorpe, B; Webborn, P, 2012)	0.38
" The complex pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic properties and the unfavourable short and long term risk profile of glibenclamide and glimepiride raise the question whether their use can be justified any longer."	( CYP2C metabolism of oral antidiabetic drugs--impact on pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and pharmacogenetic aspects. Beil, W; Holstein, A; Kovacs, P, 2012)	0.38
" In normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats the combination of glimepiride with piperine increased all the pharmacokinetic parameters, such as Cmax, AUC0-n, AUCtotal, t1/2, and MRT, and decreased the clearance, Vd, markedly as compared with the control group."	( Effect of piperine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glimepiride in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rani, TS; Sujatha, S; Veeresham, C, 2012)	0.38
"Conventional mammillary models are frequently used for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis when only blood or plasma data are available."	( Applications of minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models. Cao, Y; Jusko, WJ, 2012)	0.38
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential pharmacokinetic interactions with natural products (such as piperine (PIP), gallic acid (GA) and cinnamic acid (CA)) and rosuvastatin (RSV) (a specific breast cancer resistance protein, BCRP substrate) in rats."	( Effects of piperine, cinnamic acid and gallic acid on rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics in rats. Basu, S; Jana, S; Patel, H; Patel, VB, 2013)	0.39
" TLS grading was modeled with logistic regression as a pharmacodynamic endpoint."	( A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of tumor lysis syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients treated with flavopiridol. Blum, KA; Byrd, JC; Grever, MR; Ji, J; Johnson, AJ; Mould, DR; Phelps, MA; Poi, M; Ruppert, AS; Zhao, Y, 2013)	0.39
"Gender was the most significant pharmacokinetic covariate, with females displaying higher flavo-G exposure than males."	( A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of tumor lysis syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients treated with flavopiridol. Blum, KA; Byrd, JC; Grever, MR; Ji, J; Johnson, AJ; Mould, DR; Phelps, MA; Poi, M; Ruppert, AS; Zhao, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with different pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic aspects of drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eap, CB; Noetzli, M, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of the study was to better understand blonanserin population pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics in Chinese healthy subjects."	( Population pharmacokinetics of blonanserin in Chinese healthy volunteers and the effect of the food intake. Li, FF; Li, X; Liu, X; Lu, W; Luo, FT; Ni, XJ; Qiu, C; Shang, DW; Wang, XP; Wen, YG; Xie, HZ; Zhang, M, 2013)	0.39
" Using a LC-MS/MS assay validated in cell medium, cellular pharmacokinetic studies revealed that in cells overexpressing the P-gp intracellular concentrations of vandetanib were decreased compared to parental cell line."	( Influence of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein on the intracellular pharmacokinetics of vandetanib. Bidart, JM; Broutin, S; Deroussent, A; Farinotti, R; Gil, S; Jovelet, C; Paci, A, 2013)	0.39
"The in vivo preclinical pharmacodynamic profile of TD-1211, a selective opioid receptor antagonist currently under development for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation, was compared to that of the clinically studied opioid antagonists, naltrexone, alvimopan, and ADL 08-0011 (the primary active metabolite of alvimopan)."	( The in vivo pharmacodynamics of the novel opioid receptor antagonist, TD-1211, in models of opioid-induced gastrointestinal and CNS activity. Armstrong, SR; Beattie, DT; Campbell, CB; Hegde, SS; Long, DD; Richardson, CL; Tsuruda, PR; Vickery, RG, 2013)	0.39
"Only one kind of synthesized alkaloid, piperlonguminine, was used to understand the interference of the other alkaloids in pharmacokinetic study using HPLC/UV in rat plasma after oral administration."	( LC analysis and pharmacokinetic study of synthetic piperlonguminine in rat plasma after oral administration. Baigude, H; Borjihan, G; Sarnaizul, E, 2013)	0.39
" The validated method has been successfully applied to a human pharmacokinetic study of iloperidone and two active metabolites, P88 and P95, after oral administration of 4mg iloperidone tablets in 12 healthy Chinese volunteers."	( Simultaneous determination of iloperidone and its two active metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Fan, Y; He, X; Jia, M; Li, J; Li, W; Liu, M; Zhou, Y, 2013)	0.39
"The effect of pitavastatin and SLCO1B1 genetic background on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of repaglinide was investigated."	( Effect of pitavastatin in different SLCO1B1 backgrounds on repaglinide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy Chinese males. Chen, XP; Fu, ZM; Huang, LH; Huang, YY; Huang, ZJ; Liu, C; Song, M; Tan, HY; Tan, ZR; Yang, GP; Yuan, H; Zhu, J, 2013)	0.39
" The aim of the analyses was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model to describe the pharmacokinetics of JNJ-37822681 in healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia and to identify covariates of interest."	( Population pharmacokinetics of JNJ-37822681, a selective fast-dissociating dopamine D₂-receptor antagonist, in healthy subjects and subjects with schizophrenia and dose selection based on simulated D₂-receptor occupancy. Hoeben, E; Mannaert, E; Neyens, M; Schmidt, M; Vermeulen, A, 2013)	0.39
" Nonlinear mixed effects modeling of pooled data was conducted using NONMEM(®) to estimate population pharmacokinetic parameters and the effect of covariates on these parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of JNJ-37822681, a selective fast-dissociating dopamine D₂-receptor antagonist, in healthy subjects and subjects with schizophrenia and dose selection based on simulated D₂-receptor occupancy. Hoeben, E; Mannaert, E; Neyens, M; Schmidt, M; Vermeulen, A, 2013)	0.39
" The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters for the phase IIb study were similar to those observed in the phase IIa study."	( Population pharmacokinetics of JNJ-37822681, a selective fast-dissociating dopamine D₂-receptor antagonist, in healthy subjects and subjects with schizophrenia and dose selection based on simulated D₂-receptor occupancy. Hoeben, E; Mannaert, E; Neyens, M; Schmidt, M; Vermeulen, A, 2013)	0.39
"The population pharmacokinetic model of JNJ-37822681 successfully described the pharmacokinetics of JNJ-37822681 and allowed the reliable determination of individual exposure parameters in a phase IIb study."	( Population pharmacokinetics of JNJ-37822681, a selective fast-dissociating dopamine D₂-receptor antagonist, in healthy subjects and subjects with schizophrenia and dose selection based on simulated D₂-receptor occupancy. Hoeben, E; Mannaert, E; Neyens, M; Schmidt, M; Vermeulen, A, 2013)	0.39
" This method was applied to quantify samples obtained from the pharmacokinetic and brain penetration studies in male wistar rats."	( LC-MS/MS method for the determination of pitolisant: application to rat pharmacokinetic and brain penetration studies. Ajjala, DR; Bhyrapuneni, G; Jonnala, MR; Kandikere, V; Muddana, NR; Nirogi, R; Pantangi, HR; Vurimindi, H, 2013)	0.39
"The pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC and T1/2 were significantly different among the PXR genotype groups."	( PXR polymorphisms and their impact on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of repaglinide in healthy Chinese volunteers. Du, QQ; He, L; Jiang, XH; Wang, L; Wang, ZJ, 2013)	0.39
" Blood and urine samples were collected from pre-dose up to 72 h post-dose for bilastine pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Evaluation of the single-dose pharmacokinetics of bilastine in subjects with various degrees of renal insufficiency. Dilzer, SC; La Noce, A; Lasseter, KC; Sologuren, A, 2013)	0.39
" No significant differences among groups in median time to reach Cmax (tmax) or in the mean terminal disposition rate constants for bilastine were found."	( Evaluation of the single-dose pharmacokinetics of bilastine in subjects with various degrees of renal insufficiency. Dilzer, SC; La Noce, A; Lasseter, KC; Sologuren, A, 2013)	0.39
"Using Schnider's pharmacokinetic model, propofol pharmacodynamics were modelled during total intravenous anaesthesia."	( Modelling propofol pharmacodynamics using BIS-guided anaesthesia. León, A; Martín-Mateos, I; Méndez Pérez, JA; Reboso, JA, 2013)	0.39
" Terminal phase half-life (t1/2 ) increased with severity of renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of tofacitinib, a janus kinase inhibitor, in patients with impaired renal function and end-stage renal disease. Boy, M; Chan, G; Chow, V; Krishnaswami, S; Wang, C, 2014)	0.4
" Here, we analyzed the occupancy of 5-HT1A receptors in living Sprague-Dawley rat brains by a novel candidate drug for OAB, E2110, using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and assessed the utility of a receptor occupancy (RO) assay to establish a pharmacodynamic index translatable between animals and humans."	( A small-animal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic PET study of central serotonin 1A receptor occupancy by a potential therapeutic agent for overactive bladder. Higuchi, M; Ishihara, H; Maeda, J; Nakatani, Y; Sakai, M; Suhara, T; Suzuki, M; Takenaka, O; Tokunaga, M; Yoshinaga, T; Zhang, MR, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of bepotastine besilate and bepotastine salicylate in healthy subjects. Kim, KA; Park, JY, 2013)	0.39
" All pharmacokinetic parameters of bepotastine exhibited no significant differences between the two formulations."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of bepotastine besilate and bepotastine salicylate in healthy subjects. Kim, KA; Park, JY, 2013)	0.39
"64 mg (test) formulations have comparable pharmacokinetic characteristics and that these two formulations meet the regulatory criteria for bioequivalence."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of bepotastine besilate and bepotastine salicylate in healthy subjects. Kim, KA; Park, JY, 2013)	0.39
"Allometric exponents in population pharmacokinetic analysis are regularly used but the issue of fixing or estimating an allometric exponent remains controversial."	( A population pharmacokinetic model of remifentanil in pediatric patients using body-weight-dependent allometric exponents. Mahmood, I; Staschen, CM, 2013)	0.39
" A population pharmacokinetic approach was taken to describe drug clearance by the following BDE equation: CL=CLpop(BW/14."	( A population pharmacokinetic model of remifentanil in pediatric patients using body-weight-dependent allometric exponents. Mahmood, I; Staschen, CM, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacodynamic analyses of ChEIs provide paradoxical observations."	( Pharmacodynamics of cholinesterase inhibitors suggests add-on therapy with a low-dose carbamylating inhibitor in patients on long-term treatment with rapidly reversible inhibitors. Darreh-Shori, T; Hosseini, SM; Nordberg, A, 2014)	0.4
" The mean elimination half-life of blonanserin (7."	( The pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of blonanserin in healthy Chinese volunteers after single fasting doses and single and multiple postprandial doses. Chen, R; Chen, X; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Liu, H; Wang, H; Zhong, W; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of repaglinide and blood glucose concentrations were also determined in rats after oral (0."	( Effects of nifedipine on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by nifedipine. Choi, DH; Choi, I; Choi, JS, 2013)	0.39
"A population pharmacokinetic study was performed including data from 129 older patients treated with donepezil."	( Population pharmacokinetic approach to evaluate the effect of CYP2D6, CYP3A, ABCB1, POR and NR1I2 genotypes on donepezil clearance. Alnawaqil, AM; Bula, C; Csajka, C; Eap, CB; Ebbing, K; Eyer, S; Gaillard, M; Giannakopoulos, P; Guidi, M; Michon, A; Noetzli, M; Stancu, I; Thomazic, V; von Gunten, A; Wilhelm, L; Zumbach, S, 2014)	0.4
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of donepezil were well described by the developed population model."	( Population pharmacokinetic approach to evaluate the effect of CYP2D6, CYP3A, ABCB1, POR and NR1I2 genotypes on donepezil clearance. Alnawaqil, AM; Bula, C; Csajka, C; Eap, CB; Ebbing, K; Eyer, S; Gaillard, M; Giannakopoulos, P; Guidi, M; Michon, A; Noetzli, M; Stancu, I; Thomazic, V; von Gunten, A; Wilhelm, L; Zumbach, S, 2014)	0.4
" During pseudo-steady-state anesthesia, the pharmacodynamic measures were obtained before and after a series of noxious and nonnoxious stimulations."	( A response surface model approach for continuous measures of hypnotic and analgesic effect during sevoflurane-remifentanil interaction: quantifying the pharmacodynamic shift evoked by stimulation. Eleveld, DJ; Hannivoort, LN; Heyse, B; Luginbühl, M; Proost, JH; Struys, MM; Vereecke, HE, 2014)	0.4
"By combining pre- and poststimulation data, interaction models for BIS, SE, and RE demonstrate a consistent influence of "stimulation" on the pharmacodynamic relationship between sevoflurane and remifentanil."	( A response surface model approach for continuous measures of hypnotic and analgesic effect during sevoflurane-remifentanil interaction: quantifying the pharmacodynamic shift evoked by stimulation. Eleveld, DJ; Hannivoort, LN; Heyse, B; Luginbühl, M; Proost, JH; Struys, MM; Vereecke, HE, 2014)	0.4
"To investigate the effect of OATP1B1 genotype as a covariate on repaglinide pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction (DDIs) risk using a reduced physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."	( Reduced physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of repaglinide: impact of OATP1B1 and CYP2C8 genotype and source of in vitro data on the prediction of drug-drug interaction risk. Galetin, A; Gertz, M; Houston, JB; Säll, C; Tsamandouras, N, 2014)	0.4
" Four of the five commercially available DPP-4 inhibitors are subject to significant renal clearance, and pharmacokinetic studies in people with renal impairment have led to lower recommended doses based on creatinine clearance in order to prevent drug accumulation."	( Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, tolerability and safety in renal impairment. Davis, TM, 2014)	0.4
"This review considers the pharmacokinetic profile, adverse effects and drug interactions of DPP-4 inhibitors."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" However, DPP-4 inhibitors have certain differences in their pharmacokinetic properties that may be associated with different clinical effects and adverse event profiles."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" This method is sufficient for pharmacokinetic studies of vandetanib in small animals and may be applied to human pharmacokinetic studies."	( Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic ultraviolet detection method for the quantification of vandetanib in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Bu, Q; Cao, Z; Cui, D; Lin, H; Xu, Y; Zhao, Y, )	0.13
"The study aims to establish a method for simultaneous determination of repaglinide and pravastatin sodium in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and to study its pharmacokinetic interactions."	( [Simultaneous determination of repaglinide and pravastatin sodium in rat plasma by LC-ms/MS and its application on pharmacokinetic interactions study]. Huang, J; Ma, YR; Rao, Z; Wei, YH; Wu, XA; Zhang, GQ; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Then, the pharmacokinetic profiles of linarin in rats after oral administration of linarin (50 mg/kg) alone and in combination with piperine (20 mg/kg) were determined using a validated LC-MS/MS method."	( Effects of piperine on the intestinal permeability and pharmacokinetics of linarin in rats. Di, X; Feng, X; Liu, Y; Wang, X, 2014)	0.4
" Finally, the applicability of this assay has been successfully demonstrated in vivo pharmacokinetic and in vitro metabolism studies in Sprague-Dawley rat."	( Pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of rohitukine in rats by high performance liquid-chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Balaramnavar, VM; Bhatta, RS; Chandasana, H; Chhonker, YS; Gaikwad, AN; Kanojiya, S; Kumar, D; Mishra, SK; Saxena, AK; Srivastava, S, 2014)	0.4
" To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions between Pro and Rem, we developed and validated a method combining high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of Pro and Rem."	( Simultaneous determination of propofol and remifentanil in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to preclinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction analysis. El Hamd, MA; Ikeda, R; Kawakami, S; Kuroda, N; Nakashima, K; Wada, M, 2015)	0.42
"Obesity is associated with important physiologic changes that can potentially affect the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of anesthetic drugs."	( Performance of propofol target-controlled infusion models in the obese: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Cortínez, LI; Crovari, F; De la Fuente, N; Eleveld, DJ; Ibacache, M; Oliveros, A; Sepulveda, P; Solari, S, 2014)	0.4
" We used brain microdialysis to shed light on this aspect of the pharmacokinetic and to correlate these findings with Minto's model."	( No correlation between remifentanil blood, cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral extracellular fluid levels and TCI prediction: a pharmacokinetic study. Del Gaudio, A; Mastronardi, P; Mincolelli, G; Piacevoli, Q; Tonti, MP; Wouters, G, 2015)	0.42
" The predictive performance of the Minto pharmacokinetic parameter set was evaluated by examining the performance error."	( No correlation between remifentanil blood, cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral extracellular fluid levels and TCI prediction: a pharmacokinetic study. Del Gaudio, A; Mastronardi, P; Mincolelli, G; Piacevoli, Q; Tonti, MP; Wouters, G, 2015)	0.42
" Vandetanib + digoxin increased digoxin area under the concentration-time curve from zero to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-last) and Cmax by 23 and 29 %, respectively, versus digoxin alone, with only a 9 % decrease in CLR."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluations of the co-administrations of vandetanib and metformin, digoxin, midazolam, omeprazole or ranitidine. Johansson, S; Leese, PT; Li, Y; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D; Oliver, S; Read, J; Steinberg, M, 2014)	0.4
" The floating time and accumulative release amount as evaluation indexes were utilized to perform pre-experiment screening and single-factor test, respectively, while central composite design response surface method was applied for formulation optimization, followed by in vivo pharmacokinetic study in beagles after oral administration for floating tablets and commercial tablets used as the control."	( Preparation and pharmacokinetics study on gastro-floating sustained-release tablets of troxipide. Gao, Y; Pan, WS; Wang, M; Wang, Z; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Ye, T; Yin, F, 2015)	0.42
" The validated assay was applied to derive the pharmacokinetic parameters for MTX and TFB post-dosing of MTX and TFB orally and intravenously to rats."	( A validated LC-MS/MS assay for simultaneous quantification of methotrexate and tofacitinib in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Dhiman, V; Dixit, A; Giri, K; Mullangi, R; Sharma, K; Zainuddin, M, 2015)	0.42
" We developed a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for ibrutinib in patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic model of ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with B cell malignancies. Advani, R; Byrd, JC; de Jong, J; De Nicolao, G; de Trixhe, XW; Loury, D; Marostica, E; McGreivy, J; O'Brien, S; Poggesi, I; Sukbuntherng, J; Vermeulen, A, 2015)	0.42
" EEG is a potentially useful technique in drug development for measuring the pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of a centrally acting compound and hence to assess the likelihood of success of a novel drug based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) principles."	( Extracting drug mechanism and pharmacodynamic information from clinical electroencephalographic data using generalised semi-linear canonical correlation analysis. Berry, E; Brain, P; Diukova, A; Hall, JE; Ivarsson, M; Jolly, A; Strimenopoulou, F; Wilson, FJ; Wise, RG, 2014)	0.4
" Sustained drug releases profiles over 10h and a reduced influence of medium pHs on release were achieved with the optimized formulation; moreover, the in vivo performance of extended release formulation was also examined, and better absorption, a one-fold decrease in Cmax, a two-fold increase of Tmax and a prolonged hypoglycemic effect compared to the marketed product were observed."	( Matrix tablets for sustained release of repaglinide: Preparation, pharmacokinetics and hypoglycemic activity in beagle dogs. He, W; Huang, S; Wu, M; Yin, L, 2015)	0.42
"Following initial screening and baseline blood collections, participants received ascending oral doses (20, 50 and then 100 mg at least 1-week apart) of capromorelin after pre-dose blood collection, followed by blood collections over the following 12 h for pharmacokinetic analysis and 1-week and 4-week follow-up blood collections for safety evaluations."	( Pharmacokinetics of the ghrelin agonist capromorelin in a single ascending dose Phase-I safety trial in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied volunteers. Brown, DJ; Ellis, AG; Frauman, AG; Furness, JB; Millard, M; Zeglinski, PT, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic behaviour was broadly similar between groups, with both exhibiting dose-dependent increases in Cmax and AUC0-∞."	( Pharmacokinetics of the ghrelin agonist capromorelin in a single ascending dose Phase-I safety trial in spinal cord-injured and able-bodied volunteers. Brown, DJ; Ellis, AG; Frauman, AG; Furness, JB; Millard, M; Zeglinski, PT, 2015)	0.42
" In the pharmacokinetic studies in mice, rats and dogs, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and good oral bioavailability were observed for AV560."	( [Antiviral activity in vitro and pharmacokinetics of HCV entry inhibitor AVR560]. Bulanova, EA; Bychko, VV; Ezhova, EV; Iamanushkin, PM; Ivashchenko, AA; Ivashchenko, AV; Koriakova, AG; Korzinov, OM; Mit'kin, OD; Vyshemirskaia, PV, 2014)	0.4
"05) increase in the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), and the elimination half-life (t1/2) of domperidone as compared to those obtained for domperidone alone."	( Effect of piperine, a major component of black pepper, on the pharmacokinetics of domperidone in rats. Alhumayyd, MS; Almotrefi, AA; Bukhari, IA, 2014)	0.4
" The analytical method was applied to support a pharmacokinetic study of simultaneous estimation of lenalidomide, ibrutinib, and its active metabolite PCI-45227 in Wistar rat."	( Simultaneous quantification of lenalidomide, ibrutinib and its active metabolite PCI-45227 in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Govindarajulu, B; Rangasamy, M; Thappali, S; Vakkalanka, S; Veeraraghavan, S; Viswanadha, S, 2015)	0.42
" The validated HPLC method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats."	( Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method for the quantitation of tofacitinib in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Dhiman, V; Giri, KK; Mullangi, R; S, VK; Sharma, K; Zainuddin, M, 2015)	0.42
" When corrected for repeated dosing, pharmacokinetic parameters in healthy participants and patients were comparable."	( The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of oral ibrutinib in healthy participants and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Byrd, JC; Chauhan, V; de Jong, J; Hellemans, P; James, D; Jiao, J; Loury, DJ; Mannaert, E; Murphy, J; O'Brien, S; Skee, D; Sukbuntherng, J, 2015)	0.42
"There have been no pharmacokinetic parameters and blood-brain equilibration rate constant (k e0) of propofol obtained in a single population of children, by which propofol can be administered using a target effect-site concentration controlled infusion."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model of propofol externally validated in children. Byon, HJ; Choi, BM; Kim, HS; Lee, EK; Lee, HG; Lee, SH; Noh, GJ, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by noncompartmental analysis."	( Single dose pharmacokinetics of the novel transdermal donepezil patch in healthy volunteers. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Choi, YK; Hong, D; Jeon, HS; Kim, SS; Kim, YH; Lee, SH; Lim, HS, 2015)	0.42
" Median time to Cmax was ~74-76 hours (~2-4 hours after patch removal), and mean t1/2β was ~63."	( Single dose pharmacokinetics of the novel transdermal donepezil patch in healthy volunteers. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Choi, YK; Hong, D; Jeon, HS; Kim, SS; Kim, YH; Lee, SH; Lim, HS, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic analysis of the donepezil patch demonstrated linear kinetics."	( Single dose pharmacokinetics of the novel transdermal donepezil patch in healthy volunteers. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Choi, YK; Hong, D; Jeon, HS; Kim, SS; Kim, YH; Lee, SH; Lim, HS, 2015)	0.42
" Following intravenous administration of DL76 at the dose of 3 mg/kg, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the new non-imidazole histamine H3 receptor antagonist 1-[3-(4-tert-butylphenoxy) propyl]piperidine in rats. Kiec-Kononowicz, K; Kryczyk, A; Lazewska, D; Szafarz, M; Wyska, E, 2015)	0.42
" Serial plasma and urine samples (collected over 120 h post-dose) were analyzed using LC-MS/MS for pharmacokinetic evaluations."	( Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Learnings from a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Sequential Group First-in-Human Study of the TRPV1 Antagonist, JNJ-38893777, in Healthy Men. De Meulder, M; Jun, C; Manitpisitkul, P; Mayorga, A; Moyer, JA; Romano, G; Shalayda, K, 2015)	0.42
" No clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions between the two agents have been described and the fixed-dose combination has shown bioequivalence with alogliptin and pioglitazone given separately."	( Pharmacokinetics and clinical evaluation of the alogliptin plus pioglitazone combination for type 2 diabetes. Scheen, AJ, 2015)	0.42
"We performed population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of a novel transdermal donepezil patch in healthy subjects who participated in a phase I trial."	( Therapeutic dosage assessment based on population pharmacokinetics of a novel single-dose transdermal donepezil patch in healthy volunteers. Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Hong, D; Kim, SS; Kim, YH; Lim, HS, 2015)	0.42
" There was a 37% decrease in Cmax and a 16% decrease in AUC (0-∞) following administration of danirixin in the presence of food."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of danirixin (GSK1325756)--a selective CXCR2 antagonist --in healthy adult subjects. Bloomer, JC; Carpenter, DC; Connolly, P; Cooray, H; Lazaar, AL; Miller, BE; Mistry, S; Smart, K; Tal-Singer, R, 2015)	0.42
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of emodin after oral administration of emodin (20mg/kg) alone and in combination with piperine (20mg/kg) to rats were investigated via a validated LC/MS/MS method."	( Effect of piperine on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of emodin in rats. Di, X; Liu, Y; Wang, X, 2015)	0.42
" NONMEM was used for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosing implications for cobimetinib in patients with solid tumors. Bruno, R; Budha, NR; Choong, N; Dresser, M; Eppler, S; Hack, SP; Han, K; Jin, JY; Marchand, M; Musib, L; Tikoo, N, 2015)	0.42
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed for cobimetinib in cancer patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics and dosing implications for cobimetinib in patients with solid tumors. Bruno, R; Budha, NR; Choong, N; Dresser, M; Eppler, S; Hack, SP; Han, K; Jin, JY; Marchand, M; Musib, L; Tikoo, N, 2015)	0.42
"2h, Cmax 25."	( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 8-hydroxypiperidinylmethyl-baicalein (BA-j) as a novel selective CDK1 inhibitor in monkey. Guo, HM; Ju, XL; Li, HL; Li, J; Sun, XD; Sun, YM; Xie, AY; Zhang, SX; Zheng, Y; Zou, L, 2015)	0.42
"The availability of intravenous and oral pharmacokinetic data in animals enabled the allometry scaling of 6 DPP-IV inhibitors."	( Retrospective and Prospective Human Intravenous and Oral Pharmacokinetic Projection of Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV Inhibitors Using Simple Allometric Principles - Case Studies of ABT-279, ABT-341, Alogliptin, Carmegliptin, Sitagliptin and Vildagliptin. Bhamidipati, RK; Gilibili, RR; Mullangi, R; Srinivas, NR, 2015)	0.42
" Finally, the assay was used for a pharmacokinetic study of plasma levels in treated FVB mice."	( Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the simultaneous determination of the irreversible BTK inhibitor ibrutinib and its dihydrodiol-metabolite in plasma and its application in mouse pharmacokinetic studies. Beijnen, JH; Rood, JJM; Schellens, JHM; Schinkel, AH; Sparidans, RW; van Hoppe, S, 2016)	0.43
"To explore the pharmacokinetic properties of icariin (ICA) and icariside II (ICA II) following intragastric and intravenous administration in rats, a rapid and sensitive method by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of ICA and ICA II in rat plasma."	( Comparative Pharmacokinetics Study of Icariin and Icariside II in Rats. Cheng, T; Ding, Y; Lu, L; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.42
" These pharmacokinetic characteristics in animals were also confirmed in the clinical studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of TAK-475, a Squalene Synthase Inhibitor, in Rats and Dogs. Asahi, S; Ebihara, T; Kondo, T; Moriwaki, T; Tagawa, Y; Teshima, K, 2016)	0.43
"Herein, we report the gram-scale synthesis, pharmacokinetic profile and CNS distribution of (R)-RC-33 in the mouse to determine the most suitable dosage schedule for in vivo administration."	( Toward the identification of neuroprotective agents: g-scale synthesis, pharmacokinetic evaluation and CNS distribution of (R)-RC-33, a promising SIGMA1 receptor agonist. Bigogno, C; Canta, A; Cavaletti, G; Collina, S; Corbo, M; Curti, D; Dondio, G; Malacrida, A; Marra, A; Oggioni, N; Peviani, M; Pignataro, L; Rossi, D, 2016)	0.43
"(R)-RC-33 shows a similar pharmacokinetic profile and a better CNS distribution when compared with PRE-084."	( Toward the identification of neuroprotective agents: g-scale synthesis, pharmacokinetic evaluation and CNS distribution of (R)-RC-33, a promising SIGMA1 receptor agonist. Bigogno, C; Canta, A; Cavaletti, G; Collina, S; Corbo, M; Curti, D; Dondio, G; Malacrida, A; Marra, A; Oggioni, N; Peviani, M; Pignataro, L; Rossi, D, 2016)	0.43
" Camicinal was well absorbed, exhibiting linear and approximately dose-proportional pharmacokinetic characteristics and a clear exposure-response relationship with gastric emptying."	( The pharmacodynamics, safety and pharmacokinetics of single doses of the motilin agonist, camicinal, in type 1 diabetes mellitus with slow gastric emptying. Alpers, DH; Barton, ME; Dukes, GE; Hacquoil, K; Hellström, PM; Johnson, LV; Richards, DB; Sanger, GJ; Tack, J, 2016)	0.43
" Camicinal was well tolerated and exhibited similar pharmacokinetic characteristics in diabetic patients to those previously reported in healthy volunteers."	( The pharmacodynamics, safety and pharmacokinetics of single doses of the motilin agonist, camicinal, in type 1 diabetes mellitus with slow gastric emptying. Alpers, DH; Barton, ME; Dukes, GE; Hacquoil, K; Hellström, PM; Johnson, LV; Richards, DB; Sanger, GJ; Tack, J, 2016)	0.43
" An extended-release (XR) formulation has been designed to provide a once-daily (QD) dosing option to patients to achieve comparable pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters to the twice-daily immediate-release (IR) formulation."	( Extended-Release Once-Daily Formulation of Tofacitinib: Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics Compared With Immediate-Release Tofacitinib and Impact of Food. Alvey, C; Fletcher, T; Kushner, J; Lamba, M; Stock, TC; Wang, R, 2016)	0.43
" In-vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed that optimized SNEDDS I1 controlled the absorption of IBR compared with IBR suspension."	( Bioavailability enhancement and pharmacokinetic profile of an anticancer drug ibrutinib by self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. Ezzeldin, E; Iqbal, M; Shakeel, F, 2016)	0.43
" In subjects with moderate hepatic impairment, the geometric mean AUCinf and Cmax of tofacitinib were increased (90% confidence intervals of percentage increase) by approximately 65% (25%, 117%) and 49% (12%, 97%), respectively."	( The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of tofacitinib, an orally active Janus kinase inhibitor. Alvey, CW; Chan, G; Krishnaswami, S; Lamba, M; Lawendy, N; Wang, R, 2014)	0.4
" Mean half-life was similar in the presence and absence of tofacitinib: 13."	( Evaluation of the Effect of Tofacitinib on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Contraceptive Steroids in Healthy Female Volunteers. Alvey, CW; Krishnaswami, S; Menon, S; Petit, W; Riese, R; Shi, H; Wang, R, 2016)	0.43
" Plasma pharmacokinetic studies of single-dose NSC23925b alone or in combination with paclitaxel or doxorubicin were conducted in male BALB/c mice and Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of NSC23925b, a novel P-glycoprotein inhibitor: preclinical study in mice and rats. Choy, E; Duan, Z; Gao, Y; Hornicek, FJ; Mankin, HJ; Shen, JK; Zhang, Z, 2016)	0.43
"The purpose of this study was to investigate potential systemic pharmacokinetic interactions between intranasal fluticasone furoate (FF) and levocabastine (LEVO) when delivered simultaneously via a metered atomizing spray pump."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Once-Daily Intranasal Fluticasone Furoate and Levocabastine Administered Alone or Simultaneously as fluticasone Furoate/Levocabastine Fixed-Dose Combination. Allen, A; Bareille, P; Burns, O; Gupta, A; Hughes, S; Miller, SR; Murdoch, RD, 2016)	0.43
"These results suggest that in healthy subjects, for LEVO, there is no pharmacokinetic interaction with FF when delivered as FF/LEVO FDC."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Once-Daily Intranasal Fluticasone Furoate and Levocabastine Administered Alone or Simultaneously as fluticasone Furoate/Levocabastine Fixed-Dose Combination. Allen, A; Bareille, P; Burns, O; Gupta, A; Hughes, S; Miller, SR; Murdoch, RD, 2016)	0.43
"The pharmacokinetic parameters like peak plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration time profile (AUC) and elimination half life of repaglinide were significantly (p<0."	( Altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide by ritonavir in rats with healthy, diabetic and impaired hepatic function. Goud, T; Maddi, S; Nayakanti, D; Thatipamula, RP, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic profile of DTX was exceptionally improved by the conjugation, in general, and coadministration with piperine, in specific vis-à-vis plain drug."	( Conjugation of Docetaxel with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Codelivery with Piperine: Implications on Pharmacokinetic Profile and Anticancer Activity. Arora, S; Bhushan, S; Guru, SK; Katare, OP; Kiran, C; Kumar, D; Kumar, M; Kumar, P; Raza, K; Sharma, G, 2016)	0.43
"Accompanied by significant improvements of modeling techniques and computational methods in medical sciences, the last thirty years saw the flourishing of pharmacokinetic models for applications in the pharmacometric field."	( Innovations and Improvements in Pharmacokinetic Models Based on Physiology. Abbiati, RA; Manca, D, 2017)	0.46
" Four major points are detailed: (i) the mathematical formulation of the model, which allows modulating its complexity as a function of the administration route and active principle; (ii) a dedicated parameter of the PBPK model quantifies the drugprotein binding, which affects the active principle distribution; (iii) the gall bladder compartment and the bile enterohepatic circulation process; (iv) the coupling of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models to produce an overall understanding of the drug effects on mammalian body."	( Innovations and Improvements in Pharmacokinetic Models Based on Physiology. Abbiati, RA; Manca, D, 2017)	0.46
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for cobimetinib using in vitro data."	( Evaluation of Cytochrome P450 3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Cobimetinib Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Budha, NR; Chen, Y; Dresser, M; Eppler, S; Ji, T; Jin, JY; Musib, L, 2016)	0.43
"The PBPK model described cobimetinib pharmacokinetic profiles after both intravenous and oral administration of cobimetinib well and accurately simulated the itraconazole-cobimetinib DDI."	( Evaluation of Cytochrome P450 3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Cobimetinib Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Budha, NR; Chen, Y; Dresser, M; Eppler, S; Ji, T; Jin, JY; Musib, L, 2016)	0.43
" In addition, co-administration of rebaudioside A with repaglinide in rats did not lead to AUC and Cmax changes of repaglinide."	( CYP2C8-mediated interaction between repaglinide and steviol acyl glucuronide: In vitro investigations using rat and human matrices and in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation in rats. Li, J; Lu, J; Wang, M; Wang, Y; Xu, Y; Zhang, H; Zhou, D, 2016)	0.43
"Based on ibrutinib pharmacokinetics and potential sensitivity towards CYP3A4-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs), a physiologically based pharmacokinetic approach was developed to mechanistically describe DDI with various CYP3A4 perpetrators in healthy men under fasting conditions."	( Ibrutinib Dosing Strategies Based on Interaction Potential of CYP3A4 Perpetrators Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. De Jong, J; de Zwart, L; Mannaert, E; Monshouwer, M; Snoeys, J; Sukbuntherng, J, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles were compared with those reported in Caucasian subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Population Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modelling of Bilastine, a Second-Generation Antihistamine, in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Nagashima, H; Rodríguez, M; Togawa, M; Yamaya, H, 2016)	0.43
"Bilastine exhibits similar single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics in healthy Japanese subjects compared with those observed in Caucasian subjects in previous studies."	( Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Population Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modelling of Bilastine, a Second-Generation Antihistamine, in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Nagashima, H; Rodríguez, M; Togawa, M; Yamaya, H, 2016)	0.43
" This work describes the isolation and characterization of the individual isomers of 1 and shows that these display stereospecific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features."	( The Oncolytic Efficacy and in Vivo Pharmacokinetics of [2-(4-Chlorophenyl)quinolin-4-yl](piperidine-2-yl)methanol (Vacquinol-1) Are Governed by Distinct Stereochemical Features. Bernlind, A; Ernfors, P; Färnegårdh, K; Granath, M; Gravenfors, Y; Hammarström, LG; Harmel, RK; Kitambi, SS; Lehmann, F; Lundin, G; Ringom, R; Roddis, Y; Svensson, PH; Wennman, D, 2016)	0.43
" In a search for KOR antagonists that do not accumulate in the brain, we compared single doses of five methylated JDTic analogs (RTI-97, -194, -212, -240, and -241) for reversal of U50,488 diuresis and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties."	( Pharmacodynamic Relationships between Duration of Action of JDTic-like Kappa-Opioid Receptor Antagonists and Their Brain and Plasma Pharmacokinetics in Rats. Carroll, FI; Fennell, TR; Howard, JL; Owens, SM; Pollard, GT; Snyder, RW, 2016)	0.43
" To determine the rate of DPP-4 inhibition induced by these inhibitors, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were used to theoretically examine the relationship between the rate of DPP-4 inhibition and clinical efficacy following the administration of four different DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, alogliptin, linagliptin) by focusing on the increase in the level of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced by their administration."	( Evaluation of drug efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors based on theoretical analysis with pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Kimura, K; Takayanagi, R; Uchida, T; Yamada, Y, 2017)	0.46
"We report a case of Pisa syndrome (PS) due to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil which may have been precipitated by pharmacokinetic interactions with commonly used medications."	( Pisa syndrome due to donepezil: pharmacokinetic interactions to blame? Cunningham, E; McGuinness, B; Passmore, AP; Pollock, D, 2017)	0.46
" Here, we review the available literature on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these novel agents to guide the reader in the appropriate use of ibrutinib, idelalisib, and venetoclax."	( Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Ibrutinib, Idelalisib, and Venetoclax. Hill, BT; Waldron, M; Winter, A, 2017)	0.46
" This manuscript outlines a nonclinical approach comprising multiple biopharmaceutical, in vitro and physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) modelling studies to enable selection of an alternative salt form for danirixin (DNX, GSK1325756), a pharmaceutical agent being developed for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."	( Identification and characterisation of a salt form of Danirixin with reduced pharmacokinetic variability in patient populations. Ambery, C; Bloomer, JC; Connolly, P; Garden, H; Henley, N; Hodnett, N; Keel, S; Kreindler, JL; Lazaar, AL; Lloyd, RS; Matthews, W; Miller, BE; Yonchuk, J, 2017)	0.46
" The predictive performance of three published pharmacokinetic models was evaluated."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous acetaminophen in Japanese patients undergoing elective surgery. Hasegawa, M; Imaizumi, T; Iseki, Y; Mogami, M; Murakawa, M; Obara, S, 2017)	0.46
" In the present study, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model was applied to compare the pharmacokinetics of tofacitinib in Japanese and Caucasians to assess the potential impact of ethnicity on the dosing regimen in the two populations."	( Application of Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for the Prediction of Tofacitinib Exposure in Japanese. Hirai, M; Kurebayashi, Y; Suzuki, M; Tse, S, 2017)	0.46
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models are used to predict and explore drug infusion schemes and their resulting concentration profiles for clinical application."	( An Allometric Model of Remifentanil Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Absalom, AR; Eleveld, DJ; Olofsen, E; Proost, JH; Struys, MMRF; Vereecke, H; Vuyk, J, 2017)	0.46
"Remifentanil pharmacokinetic data were obtained from three previously published studies of adults and children, one of which also contained pharmacodynamic data from adults."	( An Allometric Model of Remifentanil Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Absalom, AR; Eleveld, DJ; Olofsen, E; Proost, JH; Struys, MMRF; Vereecke, H; Vuyk, J, 2017)	0.46
" The final pharmacokinetic model uses age, weight, and sex as covariates."	( An Allometric Model of Remifentanil Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Absalom, AR; Eleveld, DJ; Olofsen, E; Proost, JH; Struys, MMRF; Vereecke, H; Vuyk, J, 2017)	0.46
"The influence of obesity on the pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of remifentanil is incompletely understood."	( Disposition of Remifentanil in Obesity: A New Pharmacokinetic Model Incorporating the Influence of Body Mass. Drover, DR; Egan, TD; Kim, TK; La Colla, L; Mertens, M; Minto, CF; Obara, S; Vuyk, J, 2017)	0.46
"To establish the in silico ocular pharmacokinetic modeling for eye drops, and to simulate the dose regimen for FK962 in human choroid/retinal diseases."	( In Silico Ocular Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Delivery of Topical FK962 to Retina. Azuma, M; Kishimoto, Y; Kozai, S; Mori, A; Ohtori, A; Shearer, TR; Yabuta, C, 2017)	0.46
" As a validation, we perform mechanistic pharmacokinetic modeling for SLCO1B1 (encoding OATP1B1) and ABCG2 (encoding BCRP) genotyped pharmacokinetic data from 18 clinical studies with healthy Caucasian and/or Asian subjects."	( Explaining Ethnic Variability of Transporter Substrate Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Asian and Caucasian Subjects with Allele Frequencies of OATP1B1 and BCRP: A Mechanistic Modeling Analysis. Barton, HA; Li, R, 2018)	0.48
"Simulations based on the current hypothesis reasonably describe SLCO1B1 and ABCG2 genotyped pharmacokinetic time course data for five transporter substrates (atorvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, repaglinide, and rosuvastatin) in Caucasian and Asian populations."	( Explaining Ethnic Variability of Transporter Substrate Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Asian and Caucasian Subjects with Allele Frequencies of OATP1B1 and BCRP: A Mechanistic Modeling Analysis. Barton, HA; Li, R, 2018)	0.48
" 18F-Fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) is a non-invasive pharmacodynamic imaging biomarker that has become an integral part of drug development."	( The use of 18F-Fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) as a non-invasive pharmacodynamic biomarker to determine the minimally pharmacologically active dose of AZD8835, a novel PI3Kα inhibitor. Barjat, H; Ble, FX; Emmas, SA; Hancox, U; Hudson, K; Lawrie, E; Maynard, J; Polanska, UM; Pritchard, A, 2017)	0.46
"Our pre-clinical studies support the use of 18F-FDG PET imaging as a sensitive and non- invasive pharmacodynamic biomarker (understanding the role of PI3K signalling in glucose uptake) for AZD8835 with a decrease in 18F-FDG uptake observed at only two hours post treatment."	( The use of 18F-Fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) as a non-invasive pharmacodynamic biomarker to determine the minimally pharmacologically active dose of AZD8835, a novel PI3Kα inhibitor. Barjat, H; Ble, FX; Emmas, SA; Hancox, U; Hudson, K; Lawrie, E; Maynard, J; Polanska, UM; Pritchard, A, 2017)	0.46
" The aims of this work are to propose and validate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model capable to predict both the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil, and to take into account the inter-individual differences among the patients (such as height and body mass)."	( A physiologically-based model to predict individual pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. Abbiati, RA; Cascone, S; Lamberti, G; Manca, D; Piazza, O, 2018)	0.48
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis and compared between periods by standard average bioequivalence ANOVA."	( Effects of food and grapefruit juice on single-dose pharmacokinetics of blonanserin in healthy Chinese subjects. Hu, HT; Hu, JQ; Lu, HY; Ni, XJ; Peng, H; Qiu, C; Shang, DW; Shen, LF; Wang, ZZ; Wen, YG; Zhang, M; Zhang, YF, 2018)	0.48
" To elucidate on-target and pharmacodynamic effects of acalabrutinib, we evaluated several laboratory endpoints, including proteomic changes, chemokine modulation and impact on cell migration."	( Pharmacodynamics and proteomic analysis of acalabrutinib therapy: similarity of on-target effects to ibrutinib and rationale for combination therapy. Ayres, ML; Balakrishnan, K; Cheung, JP; Gandhi, V; Gay, J; Ivan, C; Keating, MJ; Lamothe, B; Marszalek, JR; Morse, J; Nelson, M; Patel, VK; Wierda, WG, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, a strategy with a combination of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and limited clinical trials focused on generating informative data for modeling was made to ensure extrapolation ability of DDI risk."	( Model-Based Assessments of CYP-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Risk of Alectinib: Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Supported Clinical Development. Cleary, Y; Fowler, S; Gertz, M; Morcos, PN; Parrott, N; Phipps, A; Youdim, K; Yu, L, 2018)	0.48
" The method was validated and successfully applied to everted sac and pharmacokinetic studies in rats."	( HPLC Estimation, Ex vivo Everted Sac Permeability and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Studies of Darunavir. Sangave, PC; Suvarna, VM, 2018)	0.48
" The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of alcohol on the pharmacokinetic properties of blonanserin and its metabolite N-deethyl blonanserin in healthy Chinese male subjects under fasting conditions."	( Effects of Alcohol on the Pharmacokinetics of Blonanserin and N-Deethylated Blonanserin in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, Y; Deng, S; Hu, J; Lu, H; Ni, X; Peng, H; Shang, D; Wang, Z; Wen, Y; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2018)	0.48
" In treatment A, average values of AUC0-24h, AUC0-∞, and Cmax were 3178 ng/h/L, 3879 ng/h/L, and 492 ng/L for blonanserin, and 1932 ng/h/L, 4208 ng/h/L, and 137 ng/L for N-deethylated blonanserin, respectively."	( Effects of Alcohol on the Pharmacokinetics of Blonanserin and N-Deethylated Blonanserin in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, Y; Deng, S; Hu, J; Lu, H; Ni, X; Peng, H; Shang, D; Wang, Z; Wen, Y; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2018)	0.48
" The proposed method was successfully applied for pharmacokinetic study in beagle dogs."	( Simultaneous determination of zidebactam and cefepime in dog plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study. Chavan, R; Patel, M; Patil, K; Tambe, H; Yeole, R; Zope, V, 2018)	0.48
"The use of conventional pharmacokinetic parameters sets 'models' derived from nonobese patients has proven inadequate to administer intravenous anesthetics in the obese population and is commonly associated with higher than anticipated plasma propofol concentrations when used with target (plasma or effect site) controlled infusion pumps."	( Advances in pharmacokinetic modeling: target controlled infusions in the obese. Anderson, BJ; Cortínez, LI, 2018)	0.48
" Newer pharmacokinetic models, determined from obese patient data, have been developed for propofol and remifentanil using allometric concepts and comprehensive size descriptors."	( Advances in pharmacokinetic modeling: target controlled infusions in the obese. Anderson, BJ; Cortínez, LI, 2018)	0.48
" Post-marketing studies provided additional pharmacokinetic information on their pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Inhibitors in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Hirota, T; Ieiri, I; Muraki, S, 2019)	0.51
"We analyzed torsadogenic and pharmacokinetic profile of E-4031 using chronic atrioventricular block dogs."	( Analysis of torsadogenic and pharmacokinetic profile of E-4031 in dogs bridging the gap of information between in vitro proarrhythmia assay and clinical observation in human subjects. Ando, K; Chiba, K; Goto, A; Hagiwara-Nagasawa, M; Izumi-Nakaseko, H; Naito, AT; Sugiyama, A, 2018)	0.48
"A three-compartment joint parent-metabolite population pharmacokinetic model was developed using concentrations of remifentanil and its metabolite remifentanil acid from two trials."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling for Estimation of Remifentanil Metabolic-Ratio Using Non-steady-State Concentrations under Rapidly Adaptive Dosing. Chen, C; Simeoni, M, 2018)	0.48
" Eligible studies reported data from pharmacokinetic evaluations of repaglinide in healthy adults according to different categories of CYP2C8 and SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphisms."	( Effects of CYP2C8 and SLCO1B1 Genetic Polymorphisms on Repaglinide Pharmacokinetics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chen, S; Cui, Y; Ma, L; Mu, G; Xiang, Q; Xie, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhou, S, 2019)	0.51
"001) and Cmax (SMD: -0."	( Effects of CYP2C8 and SLCO1B1 Genetic Polymorphisms on Repaglinide Pharmacokinetics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chen, S; Cui, Y; Ma, L; Mu, G; Xiang, Q; Xie, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhou, S, 2019)	0.51

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The effects of single oral doses of terfenadine, diphenhydramine and placebo, alone or in combination with diazepam or alcohol, on psychomotor performance and subjective feelings were evaluated in a double-blind, crossover study in 20 normal male volunteers."	( Effects of terfenadine and diphenhydramine alone or in combination with diazepam or alcohol on psychomotor performance and subjective feelings. Hüther, KJ; Koch-Weser, J; Lundt, PV; Moser, L, 1978)	0.26
"Apomorphine in combination with a peripheral dopamine receptor blocker (domeperidone) was administered to four parkinsonian patients in a double-blind placebo-controlled study."	( Therapeutic efficacy of apomorphine combined with an extracerebral inhibitor of dopamine receptors in Parkinson's disease. Corsini, GU; Del Zompo, M; Gessa, GL; Mangoni, A, 1979)	0.26
" When 'C7/3-phthalimido-propyl' was combined with competitive antagonists such as (+)-benzetimide, atropine or homatropine the degree of antagonism was greater than expected for combination of 2 competitive antagonists."	( Antimuscarinic action of an alkane-bis-ammonium compound alone and in combination with (+)-benzetimide. Mitchelson, F, )	0.13
"The effects on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal symptoms of treatment with cisapride alone and in combination with domperidone were investigated in 25 patients with chronic idiopathic dyspepsia."	( Effect of treatment with cisapride alone or in combination with domperidone on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal symptoms in dyspeptic patients. Iishi, H; Nakaizumi, A; Okuda, S; Tatsuta, M, 1992)	0.28
"The antihypertensive effect of ketanserin in combination with beta-adrenergic blockade was assessed in a double-blind crossover (4 weeks) manner in 10 patients with essential hypertension."	( Antihypertensive properties of ketanserin in combination with beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Hedner, T; Persson, B, 1985)	0.27
"The long-term safety and efficacy of ketanserin in the treatment of essential hypertension was assessed in monotherapy or in combination with the beta-blocker, metoprolol."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of ketanserin in essential hypertension: ketanserin versus or in combination with metoprolol. Mauersberger, H, 1986)	0.27
"), but exerted a marked inhibition of muricide when combined with the above serotonin antagonists."	( Anti-serotonin action in combination with noradrenaline-stimulating action is important for inhibiting muricide in midbrain raphe-lesioned rats. Ohno, M; Takao, K; Ueki, S; Yamamoto, T, 1988)	0.27
"The antihypertensive properties of ketanserin, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, was investigated in combination with beta-adrenoceptor blockade."	( Ketanserin in combination with beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents in the treatment of essential hypertension. Hedner, T; Persson, B, 1984)	0.27
" Using the unique features of column-switching HPLC combined with MS/MS, it was possible to develop the method in a short period of time."	( Column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ionspray tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of the platelet inhibitor Ro 44-3888 and its pro-drug and precursor metabolite in plasma. Hopfgartner, G; Husser, C; Zell, M, 1997)	0.3
" Volatile anesthetics are commonly combined with opioids."	( Drug interactions: volatile anesthetics and opioids. Gan, TJ; Ginsberg, B; Glass, PS; Howell, S, 1997)	0.3
" We conclude that S9788 administered at the doses and schedule used in this study results in relevant plasma concentrations in humans and can safely be administered in combination with doxorubicin."	( Phase IB study of doxorubicin in combination with the multidrug resistance reversing agent S9788 in advanced colorectal and renal cell cancer. Backx, A; Bleiberg, H; De Mulder, PH; Gerard, B; Hecquet, B; Lucas, C; Punt, CJ; Tueni, E; Van Oosterom, AT; Voest, EE, 1997)	0.3
"The objectives of this phase I study were to evaluate the toxic effects and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of S9788, a new modifier of multidrug resistance (MDR), when given alone and in combination with doxorubicin to patients with advanced solid tumors; to achieve a potentially active plasma concentration of S9788; and to study the pharmacokinetics of both drugs."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of S9788, a new multidrug-resistance reversal agent given alone and in combination with doxorubicin to patients with advanced solid tumors. Ardiet, C; Barbet, N; Bastian, G; Catimel, G; Clavel, M; Dumortier, A; Evene, E; Foy, M; Froudarakis, M; Grossin, F; Guastalla, JP; Lucas, C; Mazier, B; Négrier, S; Rebattu, P; Sarkany, M; Tranchand, B, 1998)	0.3
" S9788 was given alone as a 30-min infusion at day 1 and in combination with a 50-mg/m2 bolus of doxorubicin at days 8 and 29."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of S9788, a new multidrug-resistance reversal agent given alone and in combination with doxorubicin to patients with advanced solid tumors. Ardiet, C; Barbet, N; Bastian, G; Catimel, G; Clavel, M; Dumortier, A; Evene, E; Foy, M; Froudarakis, M; Grossin, F; Guastalla, JP; Lucas, C; Mazier, B; Négrier, S; Rebattu, P; Sarkany, M; Tranchand, B, 1998)	0.3
"To evaluate the feasibility of administering biricodar (VX-710; Incel, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA), an agent that modulates multidrug resistance (MDR) conferred by overexpression of both the multidrug resistance gene product (MDR1) P-glycoprotein and the MDR-associated protein (MRP) in vitro, in combination with paclitaxel."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of paclitaxel in combination with biricodar, a novel agent that reverses multidrug resistance conferred by overexpression of both MDR1 and MRP. Aylesworth, C; Campbell, E; Chaturvedi, P; Drengler, R; Eckhardt, SG; Hammond, L; Harding, MW; Kraynak, M; Rowinsky, EK; Smith, L; Stephenson, J; Villalona, M; Von Hoff, DD; Wang, YM, 1998)	0.3
" In combination with paclitaxel, biologically relevant VX-710 plasma concentrations are achieved and sustained for 24 hours, which simulates optimal pharmacologic conditions required for MDR reversal in vitro."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of paclitaxel in combination with biricodar, a novel agent that reverses multidrug resistance conferred by overexpression of both MDR1 and MRP. Aylesworth, C; Campbell, E; Chaturvedi, P; Drengler, R; Eckhardt, SG; Hammond, L; Harding, MW; Kraynak, M; Rowinsky, EK; Smith, L; Stephenson, J; Villalona, M; Von Hoff, DD; Wang, YM, 1998)	0.3
" For clinical use remifentanil must be combined with another anaesthetic agent."	( [Remifentanil in gynecologic laparoscopy. A comparison of consciousness and circulatory effects of a combination with desflurane and propofol]. Bauer, C; Berg, K; Biedler, A; Langhammer, A; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W, 1998)	0.3
"25 microgram/kg/min) was combined with either desflurane (0."	( [Remifentanil in gynecologic laparoscopy. A comparison of consciousness and circulatory effects of a combination with desflurane and propofol]. Bauer, C; Berg, K; Biedler, A; Langhammer, A; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W, 1998)	0.3
"Remifentanil in combination with either desflurane or propofol, used for general anaesthesia during gynaecological laparoscopy, will facilitate a smooth haemodynamic course as well as a rapid emergence thereafter."	( [Remifentanil in gynecologic laparoscopy. A comparison of consciousness and circulatory effects of a combination with desflurane and propofol]. Bauer, C; Berg, K; Biedler, A; Langhammer, A; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W, 1998)	0.3
" When eliprodil was combined with an ineffective dose of L-701,324 (2."	( Anticonvulsant effects of eliprodil alone or combined with the glycineB receptor antagonist L-701,324 or the competitive NMDA antagonist CGP 40116 in the amygdala kindling model in rats. Ebert, U; Löscher, W; Wlaź, P, 1999)	0.3
" Control of pH was used in combination with surfactants (polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80), cosolvents (ethanol and propylene glycol), as well as uncharged and anionic complexing agents [hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) and sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (SBEbetaCD)] to solubilize flavopiridol."	( Solubilization of flavopiridol by pH control combined with cosolvents, surfactants, or complexants. Li, P; Tabibi, SE; Yalkowsky, SH, 1999)	0.3
" No direct drug-drug interactions were found in these studies, suggesting that repaglinide may be coprescribed with cimetidine, digoxin, or theophylline at the dosage used for monotherapy."	( Drug interaction studies with repaglinide: repaglinide on digoxin or theophylline pharmacokinetics and cimetidine on repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2000)	0.31
"We describe the target-controlled administration of propofol and remifentanil, combined with monitoring of the bispectral index, during an awake craniotomy for removal of a left temporo-parietal tumour near the motor speech centre."	( Target-controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanil combined with bispectral index monitoring for awake craniotomy. Bonhomme, V; Born, JD; Brichant, JF; Dewandre, PY; Hans, P; Maertens de Noordhoudt, A, 2000)	0.31
" Concentrations of the active metabolite of sibrafiban, Ro 44-3888, in plasma and urine were determined by column-switching liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sibrafiban alone or in combination with ticlopidine and aspirin. Birnböck, H; Chung, J; Ensor, H; Ertel, SI; Lausecker, B; Machin, SJ; MacKie, IJ; Wittke, B, 2000)	0.31
"Remifentanil anesthesia, combined with small-dose propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane, enables predictably fast and smooth early recovery after ear, nose, and throat surgery."	( Recovery after anesthesia with remifentanil combined with propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane for otorhinolaryngeal surgery. Loop, T; Priebe, HJ, 2000)	0.31
" The antiemetic efficacy of NK1 receptor antagonists against chemotherapy-induced emesis is, however, enhanced when combined with a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist."	( Comparison of the neurokinin-1 antagonist GR205171, alone and in combination with the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron, hyoscine and placebo in the prevention of motion-induced nausea in man. Clemes, SA; House, F; Palmer, JL; Reid, K; Somal, HS; Stott, JR; Troakes, C; Wright, RJ, 2000)	0.31
"The enhancement of NK1 receptor antagonist antiemetic activity through combination with a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist is not replicated in motion-induced nausea."	( Comparison of the neurokinin-1 antagonist GR205171, alone and in combination with the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron, hyoscine and placebo in the prevention of motion-induced nausea in man. Clemes, SA; House, F; Palmer, JL; Reid, K; Somal, HS; Stott, JR; Troakes, C; Wright, RJ, 2000)	0.31
"The purpose of this cardiac fast-track study was to evaluate the use of remifentanil (R) combined with intrathecal (IT) morphine as an alternative to sufentanil (S) during desflurane anesthesia with respect to postoperative pain control."	( Fast-track cardiac anesthesia: use of remifentanil combined with intrathecal morphine as an alternative to sufentanil during desflurane anesthesia. Bossard, R; Chi, L; Douning, LK; Latham, P; Morse, L; Shi, C; White, PF; Zarate, E, 2000)	0.31
"As part of a cardiac fast-tracking program involving desflurane anesthesia, the use of intrathecal morphine in combination with a remifentanil infusion provided improved postoperative pain control, compared with IV sufentanil alone."	( Fast-track cardiac anesthesia: use of remifentanil combined with intrathecal morphine as an alternative to sufentanil during desflurane anesthesia. Bossard, R; Chi, L; Douning, LK; Latham, P; Morse, L; Shi, C; White, PF; Zarate, E, 2000)	0.31
"32-10 mg/kg) was administered with scopolamine (0."	( Effects of the cannabinoid ligand SR 141716A alone or in combination with delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol or scopolamine on learning in squirrel monkeys. Moerschbaecher, JM; Nakamura-Palacios, EM; Winsauer, PJ, 2000)	0.31
"Both fentanyl and the newer opioid remifentanil, when each is combined with isoflurane and propofol, allowed for fast-track cardiac anesthesia."	( A randomized double-blinded multicenter comparison of remifentanil versus fentanyl when combined with isoflurane/propofol for early extubation in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Bowdle, TA; Bukenya, D; Cheng, D; Hillel, Z; Hogue, C; Howie, MB; Newman, MF; Pierce, ET, 2001)	0.31
" In contrast, SR 141716 in combination with naloxone had a significantly supra-additive anorectic action."	( Effects of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716, alone and in combination with dexfenfluramine or naloxone, on food intake in rats. Mukherjee, M; Robertson, K; Rowland, NE, 2001)	0.31
" Propofol and remifentanil are known to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP), but no information is available regarding the effects of sevoflurane combined with remifentanil on IOP."	( Intraocular pressure more reduced during anesthesia with propofol than with sevoflurane: both combined with remifentanil. Auffarth, G; Böttiger, BW; Klett, J; Martin, E; Polarz, H; Schäfer, R; Völcker, HE, 2002)	0.31
"In patients undergoing cataract surgery under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation, anesthetic regimens with propofol as well as with sevoflurane, both combined with remifentanil, decrease IOP significantly."	( Intraocular pressure more reduced during anesthesia with propofol than with sevoflurane: both combined with remifentanil. Auffarth, G; Böttiger, BW; Klett, J; Martin, E; Polarz, H; Schäfer, R; Völcker, HE, 2002)	0.31
"This study examined the intra-operative and postoperative characteristics of a remifentanil infusion alone, or intermittent fentanyl bolus admistration combined with a propofol infusion, for the anaesthetic management of patients undergoing shock wave lithotripsy."	( A comparison of anaesthetic techniques for shock wave lithotripsy: the use of a remifentanil infusion alone compared to intermittent fentanyl boluses combined with a low dose propofol infusion. Blanc, I; Brauer, P; Burmeister, MA; Graefen, M; Standl, TG; Wintruff, M, 2002)	0.31
"To compare the effect on glycemic control and weight gain of repaglinide versus metformin combined with bedtime NPH insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Repaglinide versus metformin in combination with bedtime NPH insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes established on insulin/metformin combination therapy. Furlong, NJ; Hardy, KJ; Hulme, SA; O'Brien, SV, 2002)	0.31
"The efficacy and safety of ebastine 20 mg once daily given with and without food were compared in patients ages 12 to 70 years with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) caused by mountain cedar allergen."	( A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of ebastine 20 mg once daily given with and without food in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Frank, H; George, G; Gillen, M; Lim, J; Rohatagi, SS, 2002)	0.31
" In current experiments, the authors investigated its neuroprotective effect alone and in combination with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in thromboembolic focal cerebral ischemia in rats."	( Reduced brain infarct volume and improved neurological outcome by inhibition of the NR2B subunit of NMDA receptors by using CP101,606-27 alone and in combination with rt-PA in a thromboembolic stroke model in rats. Hussain, M; Li, Q; Shuaib, A; Yang, T; Yang, Y, 2003)	0.32
"The data in this study suggested that postischemia treatment with CP-101,606-27 is neuroprotective in the current stroke model; however, the authors also note that although rt-PA may offer modest protection when used alone, combination with CP-101,606-27 did not appear to enhance its effects."	( Reduced brain infarct volume and improved neurological outcome by inhibition of the NR2B subunit of NMDA receptors by using CP101,606-27 alone and in combination with rt-PA in a thromboembolic stroke model in rats. Hussain, M; Li, Q; Shuaib, A; Yang, T; Yang, Y, 2003)	0.32
" Therefore, its combination with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) is anticipated."	( Tolerability of memantine in combination with cholinesterase inhibitors in dementia therapy. Hartmann, S; Möbius, HJ, 2003)	0.32
" The present study tested the effect of different selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonists (WAY 100635, NAD-299, p-MPPI and LY 426965) in combination with a SSRI (paroxetine), on postsynaptic 5-HT function measured by increased expression of the immediate early gene, Arc."	( Effect of different 5-HT1A receptor antagonists in combination with paroxetine on expression of the immediate-early gene Arc in rat brain. Gray, K; Newson, M; Pei, Q; Sharp, T; Sprakes, M; Tordera, R, 2003)	0.32
" The use of irinotecan together with raltitrexed is also being investigated, as is its combination with oxaliplatin."	( Irinotecan in metastatic colorectal cancer: dose intensification and combination with new agents, including biological response modifiers. Ducreux, M; Köhne, CH; Schwartz, GK; Vanhoefer, U, 2003)	0.32
" gliclazide combined with bedtime NPH insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral hypoglycaemic therapy [HbA1c>7."	( Comparison of repaglinide vs. gliclazide in combination with bedtime NPH insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Furlong, NJ; Hardy, KJ; Hulme, SA; O'Brien, SV, 2003)	0.32
"Over 13 weeks, both repaglinide and gliclazide, when combined with bedtime NPH insulin produce similar significant improvements in glycaemic control (-1%) and similar weight gain."	( Comparison of repaglinide vs. gliclazide in combination with bedtime NPH insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Furlong, NJ; Hardy, KJ; Hulme, SA; O'Brien, SV, 2003)	0.32
" In this study we examined midazolam and clonidine for premedication in combination with target controlled infusion anaesthesia (TCI) in patients undergoing orthopaedic shoulder surgery and analysed the effects on the peri- and postoperative course."	( [Comparison of premedication with clonidine and midazolam combined with TCI for orthopaedic shoulder surgery]. Dietrich, PJ; Grottke, O; Krause, TH; Müller, J; Wappler, F, 2003)	0.32
"Premedication with the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine is as good as with benzodiazepines in combination with TCI."	( [Comparison of premedication with clonidine and midazolam combined with TCI for orthopaedic shoulder surgery]. Dietrich, PJ; Grottke, O; Krause, TH; Müller, J; Wappler, F, 2003)	0.32
" The activity of FTi SCH66336, alone or in combination with paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and radiotherapy, was examined in 3 cell lines, A-549, LX-1 and CaLu-6, by colorimetric MTT assay."	( In vitro study of farnesyltransferase inhibitor SCH 66336, in combination with chemotherapy and radiation, in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Ardizzoni, A; De Cupis, A; Favoni, RE; Loprevite, M; Mazzanti, P; Scolaro, T; Semino, C, 2004)	0.32
" These results demonstrate that the PET imaging technique with specific labeled compounds in combination with microdialysis and a behavioral cognition task could be a useful method to clarify the mechanism of drugs in the living brains of experimental animals."	( Effects of acute acetylcholinesterase inhibition on the cerebral cholinergic neuronal system and cognitive function: Functional imaging of the conscious monkey brain using animal PET in combination with microdialysis. Fukumoto, D; Kakiuchi, T; Nishiyama, S; Ohba, H; Sato, K; Tsukada, H, 2004)	0.32
" The present findings suggest that NK1 receptor antagonists, when combined with a SSRI, augment 5-HT release by modulating substance P/5-HT interactions in the dorsal raphe nucleus."	( Blockade of substance P (neurokinin 1) receptors enhances extracellular serotonin when combined with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: an in vivo microdialysis study in mice. De Felipe, C; Froger, N; Gardier, AM; Guiard, BP; Guilloux, JP; Hunt, SP; Lanfumey, L; Przybylski, C; Seif, I, 2004)	0.32
"Docetaxel combined with 72-hour flavopiridol was not feasible because of dose-limiting neutropenia."	( Phase I trial of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol in combination with docetaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Berman, A; Brahim, JS; Chow, C; Figg, WD; Parr, AL; Sparreboom, A; Steinberg, SM; Swain, SM; Tan, AR; Yang, X; Zhai, S, 2004)	0.32
"To investigate the efficacy and safety of repaglinide alone and in combination with metformin therapy."	( The efficacy of repaglinide monotherapy and in combination with metformin in Indonesian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Luthariana, L; Soegondo, S; Subekti, I, )	0.13
"treatment with repaglinide alone and in combination with metformin was efficacious in glycaemic control in OAD-naive or previous users."	( The efficacy of repaglinide monotherapy and in combination with metformin in Indonesian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Luthariana, L; Soegondo, S; Subekti, I, )	0.13
" We investigated the activity of ZD6474 in combination with SC-236, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, to determine the antitumor activity of the simultaneous blockade of EGFR, COX-2, and VEGF functions."	( Antitumor activity of ZD6474, a vascular endothelial growth factor-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with SC-236, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Bianco, R; Bianco, RA; Ciardiello, F; De Vita, F; Fontanini, G; Martinelli, E; Morgillo, F; Romano, M; Tortora, G; Troiani, T; Tuccillo, C, 2005)	0.33
" As ciproxifan and thioperamide are inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzymes, responsible for metabolizing risperidone and haloperidol, the possibility that the augmentation of antipsychotics by imidazoles resulted from drug-drug interactions was tested."	( Lack of cataleptogenic potentiation with non-imidazole H3 receptor antagonists reveals potential drug-drug interactions between imidazole-based H3 receptor antagonists and antipsychotic drugs. Ballard, ME; Cowart, M; Decker, MW; Esbenshade, TA; Faghih, R; Fox, GB; Hancock, AA; Pan, L; Roberts, S; Rueter, LE; Zhang, M, 2005)	0.33
"One of the emerging problems concerning the use of antiangiogenic drugs, when used in combination with certain chemotherapy regimens, is enhanced rates and severity of adverse clotting events."	( In vitro procoagulant activity induced in endothelial cells by chemotherapy and antiangiogenic drug combinations: modulation by lower-dose chemotherapy. du Manoir, J; Francia, G; Hicklin, DJ; Kerbel, RS; Ma, L; Rak, J; Viloria-Petit, A, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to determine the effects of adding nitrous oxide on sevoflurane requirement for blunting sympathetic responses after surgical incision combined with two different target-controlled concentrations of remifentanil (1 and 3 ng mL(-1)) in female."	( The effect of adding nitrous oxide on MAC of sevoflurane combined with two target-controlled concentrations of remifentanil in women. Albertin, A; Bergonzi, PC; Casati, A; Lombardo, F; Moizo, E; Torri, G, 2005)	0.33
"Flavopiridol, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, transcription inhibitor, and DNA-interacting agent, was combined with cisplatin or carboplatin to establish toxicities, evaluate pharmacokinetics, and examine its effects on patient cancers and levels of selected polypeptides in patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)."	( Phase 1 trial of flavopiridol combined with cisplatin or carboplatin in patients with advanced malignancies with the assessment of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic end points. Adjei, AA; Ames, MM; Atherton, PJ; Bible, KC; Daiss, MK; Erlichman, C; Isham, CR; Kaufmann, SH; Lee, YK; Lensing, JL; Nelson, SA; Piens, J; Reid, JM; Rubin, J; Rubin, SL; Sloan, JA, 2005)	0.33
" Flavopiridol combined with carboplatin resulted in unexpectedly high toxicities and one treatment-related death."	( Phase 1 trial of flavopiridol combined with cisplatin or carboplatin in patients with advanced malignancies with the assessment of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic end points. Adjei, AA; Ames, MM; Atherton, PJ; Bible, KC; Daiss, MK; Erlichman, C; Isham, CR; Kaufmann, SH; Lee, YK; Lensing, JL; Nelson, SA; Piens, J; Reid, JM; Rubin, J; Rubin, SL; Sloan, JA, 2005)	0.33
"Reality orientation therapy combined with cholinesterase inhibitors has not been evaluated in patients with Alzheimer's disease."	( Reality orientation therapy combined with cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: randomised controlled trial. Bartorelli, L; Bernabei, R; Carbone, G; Frisoni, GB; Giacobini, E; Lambertucci, P; Onder, G; Silveri, MC; Zanetti, O, 2005)	0.33
" Therefore, drug therapy targeted to VEGF receptors and EGFRs, when combined with radiotherapy (RT), may improve tumor control and provide wider applicability."	( ZD6474, an inhibitor of VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinase activity in combination with radiotherapy. Bianco, C; Ciardiello, F; Dimery, I; Frederick, B; Gustafson, D; Raben, D, 2006)	0.33
" In this clinical study we investigated the performance of propofol TCI in combination with remifentanil."	( The performance of a target-controlled infusion of propofol in combination with remifentanil: a clinical investigation with two propofol formulations. Brauer, U; Frenkel, C; Hoeft, A; Kiefer, N; Knüfermann, P; Scholz, M; Wietasch, JK; Zinserling, J, 2006)	0.33
"To evaluate the preemptive effects of diclofenac sodium, in combination with remifentanil and ketamine."	( The preemptive use of diclofenac sodium in combination with ketamine and remifentanil does not enhance postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic gynecological procedures. Aypar, U; Canbay, O; Celebi, N; Coskun, F; Karakas, O; Peker, L, 2006)	0.33
"This study compared the efficacy and safety profile of remifentanil and sufentanil in combination with propofol for anesthesia in adult patients undergoing nonemergency intracranial surgery."	( Comparison of the time to extubation after use of remifentanil or sufentanil in combination with propofol as anesthesia in adults undergoing nonemergency intracranial surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Blanchet, B; Coste, J; Disdet, M; Djian, MC; Gury, C; Joly, LM; Pesce, F; Raggueneau, JL; Roux, FX; Sermet, A; Vazquez, V, 2006)	0.33
"In these adults undergoing nonemergency intracranial surgery, there was no significant difference in extubation time between those receiving remifentanil and sufentanil infusions adjusted based on hemodynamic parameters in combination with propofol administered by TCI."	( Comparison of the time to extubation after use of remifentanil or sufentanil in combination with propofol as anesthesia in adults undergoing nonemergency intracranial surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Blanchet, B; Coste, J; Disdet, M; Djian, MC; Gury, C; Joly, LM; Pesce, F; Raggueneau, JL; Roux, FX; Sermet, A; Vazquez, V, 2006)	0.33
"This randomized prospective study with blinded postanesthesia care unit (PACU) observers compared the recovery profiles in morbidly obese patients who received sevoflurane or desflurane for maintenance of anesthesia in combination with a remifentanil target controlled infusion (TCI)."	( Postoperative results after desflurane or sevoflurane combined with remifentanil in morbidly obese patients. De Baerdemaeker, LE; Den Blauwen, NM; Herregods, LL; Jacobs, S; Mortier, EP; Pattyn, P; Struys, MM, 2006)	0.33
"50 morbidly obese patients scheduled for laparoscopic gastric banding were included to receive BIS-guided sevoflurane or desflurane anesthesia with BIS-triggered inhalation boli in combination with remifentanil TCI."	( Postoperative results after desflurane or sevoflurane combined with remifentanil in morbidly obese patients. De Baerdemaeker, LE; Den Blauwen, NM; Herregods, LL; Jacobs, S; Mortier, EP; Pattyn, P; Struys, MM, 2006)	0.33
" ZD6474 in combination with oxaliplatin has synergistic antiproliferative properties in human colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro when oxaliplatin is administered before ZD6474."	( Sequence-dependent inhibition of human colon cancer cell growth and of prosurvival pathways by oxaliplatin in combination with ZD6474 (Zactima), an inhibitor of VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinases. Ciardiello, F; Eckhardt, SG; Lockerbie, O; Morrow, M; Troiani, T, 2006)	0.33
"To observe the impacts of doxapram on anesthetic efficacy and respiratory and circulatory functions during anesthesia with remifentanil given by target-controlled infusion (TCI) combined with propofol in painless artificial abortion."	( [Clinical observation of target-controlled remifentanil infusion combined with propofol and doxapram in painless artificial abortion]. Dong, T; Li, JX; Liu, JH; Tan, ZM, 2006)	0.33
"Doxapram may attenuate respiratory and circulatory depression during anesthesia with remifentanil given by TCI combined with propofol in painless artificial abortion, and provide comparable anesthetic efficacy."	( [Clinical observation of target-controlled remifentanil infusion combined with propofol and doxapram in painless artificial abortion]. Dong, T; Li, JX; Liu, JH; Tan, ZM, 2006)	0.33
" This effect was less pronounced when FK866 was used in combination with another alkylating agent, melphalan."	( Chemopotentiating effects of a novel NAD biosynthesis inhibitor, FK866, in combination with antineoplastic agents. Azzam, K; Hasmann, M; Nüssler, V; Pelka-Fleischer, R; Pogrebniak, A; Schemainda, I, 2006)	0.33
"This review describes the current knowledge on drug-drug and food-drug interactions with repaglinide and nateglinide."	( Drug-drug and food-drug pharmacokinetic interactions with new insulinotropic agents repaglinide and nateglinide. Scheen, AJ, 2007)	0.34
" A Phase II study was designed to evaluate VX-710 in combination with doxorubicin and vincristine in patients with sensitive, recurrent small cell lung cancer (SCLC)."	( A phase II study of the safety and efficacy of the multidrug resistance inhibitor VX-710 combined with doxorubicin and vincristine in patients with recurrent small cell lung cancer. Gandhi, L; Harding, MW; Johnson, BE; Langer, CJ; Lynch, TJ; Moore, M; Neubauer, M; Ross, HJ, 2007)	0.34
"To study the efficacy and safety of Reinhartdt and sea cucumber capsule (RSC) combined with donepezil in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its effect on thyroid function axis."	( [Clinical study of Reinhartdt and sea cucumber capsule combined with donepezil in treating Alzheimer's disease]. Liang, LZ; Yan, YX; Zhou, ZL, 2007)	0.34
"Sixty-eight patients were randomly assigned to the RSC group, the Donepezil group and the combined treatment group, who were treated for 3 and 6 months with RSC, Donepezil and RSC combined with Donepezil, respectively."	( [Clinical study of Reinhartdt and sea cucumber capsule combined with donepezil in treating Alzheimer's disease]. Liang, LZ; Yan, YX; Zhou, ZL, 2007)	0.34
"RSC combined with Donepezil in treating AD is effective and safe with no evident adverse reaction, better than single drug treatment, which may be through influencing the metabolism of thyroid hormones to improve the cognition function of AD patients."	( [Clinical study of Reinhartdt and sea cucumber capsule combined with donepezil in treating Alzheimer's disease]. Liang, LZ; Yan, YX; Zhou, ZL, 2007)	0.34
" Vandetanib has demonstrated enhanced efficacy in combination with radiation therapy (RT) in human tumor models."	( Dose scheduling of the dual VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib (ZD6474, Zactima) in combination with radiotherapy in EGFR-positive and EGFR-null human head and neck tumor xenografts. Frederick, B; Gustafson, DL; Merz, AL; Raben, D, 2008)	0.35
" These effects were also observed in vivo, where the combination with piplartine but not piperine with 5-FU led to a higher tumor growth inhibition."	( In vitro and in vivo antitumor effect of 5-FU combined with piplartine and piperine. Alves, AP; Bezerra, DP; Costa-Lotufo, LV; de Alencar, NM; de Castro, FO; de Moraes, MO; Elmiro, FJ; Lima, MA; Lima, MW; Mesquita, RO; Pessoa, C; Silveira, ER, 2008)	0.35
"Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) could be involved in several drug-drug interactions (DDIs) because of their complex pharmacodynamic and/or pharmacokinetic properties."	( Drug interactions with cholinesterase inhibitors: an analysis of the French pharmacovigilance database and a comparison of two national drug formularies (Vidal, British National Formulary). Bagheri, H; Lapeyre-Mestre, M; Montrastruc, JL; Sommet, A; Tavassoli, N, 2007)	0.34
"This in vivo study was designed to determine the optimal doses and schedules of vandetanib, a dual epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with irinotecan in a murine xenograft model of human colon cancer."	( Investigation of two dosing schedules of vandetanib (ZD6474), an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, in combination with irinotecan in a human colon cancer xenograft model. Ciardiello, F; Eckhardt, SG; Gustafson, DL; Henthorn, TK; Lockerbie, O; Long, M; Merz, A; Morrow, M; Serkova, NJ; Troiani, T, 2007)	0.34
"The greatest antitumor efficacy was observed in the groups receiving the highest dose of vandetanib given continuously (concurrent schedule), alone or in combination with irinotecan."	( Investigation of two dosing schedules of vandetanib (ZD6474), an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, in combination with irinotecan in a human colon cancer xenograft model. Ciardiello, F; Eckhardt, SG; Gustafson, DL; Henthorn, TK; Lockerbie, O; Long, M; Merz, A; Morrow, M; Serkova, NJ; Troiani, T, 2007)	0.34
"These data suggest that higher, sustained concentrations of vandetanib (versus intermittent), alone and in combination with irinotecan, result in optimal antitumor efficacy in this model and may have implications for the design of future clinical studies with this drug."	( Investigation of two dosing schedules of vandetanib (ZD6474), an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, in combination with irinotecan in a human colon cancer xenograft model. Ciardiello, F; Eckhardt, SG; Gustafson, DL; Henthorn, TK; Lockerbie, O; Long, M; Merz, A; Morrow, M; Serkova, NJ; Troiani, T, 2007)	0.34
" The effect of ZD6474, a potent inhibitor of VEGF-receptor-2, was evaluated in combination with either radiotherapy or temozolomide."	( Effects of the VEGFR inhibitor ZD6474 in combination with radiotherapy and temozolomide in an orthotopic glioma model. Bergenheim, AT; Bergström, P; Henriksson, R; Johansson, M; Sandström, M, 2008)	0.35
" ZD6474 30 mg/kg was given alone or in combination with radiotherapy 12 Gy x 1 or with temozolomide 100 mg/kg for 3 days."	( Effects of the VEGFR inhibitor ZD6474 in combination with radiotherapy and temozolomide in an orthotopic glioma model. Bergenheim, AT; Bergström, P; Henriksson, R; Johansson, M; Sandström, M, 2008)	0.35
"ZD6474 in combination with radiotherapy significantly decreased tumour area by 66% compared with controls whereas the combination with temozolomide decreased tumour area by 74%."	( Effects of the VEGFR inhibitor ZD6474 in combination with radiotherapy and temozolomide in an orthotopic glioma model. Bergenheim, AT; Bergström, P; Henriksson, R; Johansson, M; Sandström, M, 2008)	0.35
"ZD6474 in combination with two standard modalities in the treatment of malignant glioma, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, markedly decreased the growth of an intracerebral experimental glioma."	( Effects of the VEGFR inhibitor ZD6474 in combination with radiotherapy and temozolomide in an orthotopic glioma model. Bergenheim, AT; Bergström, P; Henriksson, R; Johansson, M; Sandström, M, 2008)	0.35
"To compare the effect of remifentanil combined with desflurane or isoflurane on the quality of the operative field and surgical conditions, blood loss, and recovery during tympanoplasty or endoscopic sinus surgery."	( Hypotensive anaesthesia with remifentanil combined with desflurane or isoflurane in tympanoplasty or endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomised, controlled trial. Gursoy, S; Kaygusuz, K; Kol, IO; Mimaroglu, C; Yildirim, A, 2008)	0.35
"To compare the effects of fentanyl or remifentanil in combination with midazolam on hemodynamic parameters, pain, and satisfaction profile in cataract surgery."	( Remifentanil versus fentanyl in combination with midazolam for retrobulbar block in cataract surgery. Bahadir, M; Cok, OY; Ertan, A, 2008)	0.35
"Many drugs have been reported to interact with repaglinide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, resulting in hypoglycemia."	( Severe hypoglycemia from clarithromycin-repaglinide drug interaction. Khamaisi, M; Leitersdorf, E, 2008)	0.35
" alone and in combination with at least one dose of rimonabant."	( Apparent affinity estimates of rimonabant in combination with anandamide and chemical analogs of anandamide in rhesus monkeys discriminating Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. McMahon, LR, 2009)	0.35
" Here, we report that AKR-501 in combination with TPO has additive effect on megakaryocytopoiesis."	( AKR-501 (YM477) in combination with thrombopoietin enhances human megakaryocytopoiesis. Abe, M; Fukushima-Shintani, M; Hirayama, F; Iwatsuki, Y; Kawasaki, T; Sugasawa, K; Suzuki, K, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of escalating doses of flavopiridol/ paclitaxel/carboplatin in patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as well as the pharmacokinetics and activity of flavopiridol when used in combination with paclitaxel/carboplatin."	( Phase I study of flavopiridol in combination with Paclitaxel and Carboplatin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Bukowski, RM; Cogswell, J; Fidias, P; George, S; Kasimis, BS; Schwarzenberger, P; Shapiro, GI, 2008)	0.35
" These results provide a strong argument for using alogliptin in combination with pioglitazone."	( The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in combination with pioglitazone improves glycemic control, lipid profiles, and increases pancreatic insulin content in ob/ob mice. Asakawa, T; Kataoka, O; Moritoh, Y; Odaka, H; Takeuchi, K, 2009)	0.35
"To compare the hemodynamics and post-anesthetic recovery of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with remifentanil or fentanyl combined with propofol administered by target controlled infusion (TCI) in neurosurgery."	( [Remifentanil and fentanyl combined with propofol administered by target controlled infusion in neurosurgery]. Bai, N; Cheng, Z; Guo, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, S, 2009)	0.35
"TIVA with remifentanil or fentanyl combined with propofol administered by TCI in neurosurgical operation can provided steadible hemodynamics."	( [Remifentanil and fentanyl combined with propofol administered by target controlled infusion in neurosurgery]. Bai, N; Cheng, Z; Guo, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, S, 2009)	0.35
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of either desflurane or propofol, both combined with remifentanil, in patients with MG undergoing a video-assisted thoracoscopic-extended thymectomy (VATET)."	( The use of desflurane or propofol in combination with remifentanil in myasthenic patients undergoing a video-assisted thoracoscopic-extended thymectomy. Benigni, A; Bortolotti, G; Carrara, B; Giardini, D; Gritti, P; Khotcholava, M; Lanterna, LA; Sonzogni, V, 2009)	0.35
" The time-to-awakening, post-operatory pH and base excess were significantly different in the two groups, with a decreasing mean arterial pressure in the group administered with desflurane."	( The use of desflurane or propofol in combination with remifentanil in myasthenic patients undergoing a video-assisted thoracoscopic-extended thymectomy. Benigni, A; Bortolotti, G; Carrara, B; Giardini, D; Gritti, P; Khotcholava, M; Lanterna, LA; Sonzogni, V, 2009)	0.35
" In this study, the effects of insulin glargine (IG) in combination with repaglinide or acarbose on glycemic parameters were investigated."	( The investigation of the efficacy of insulin glargine on glycemic control when combined with either repaglinide or acarbose in obese Type 2 diabetic patients. Duran, C; Ercan, I; Ersoy, C; Erturk, E; Guclu, M; Imamoglu, S; Kiyici, S; Selimoglu, H; Tuncel, E, 2009)	0.35
" The in vivo pharmacokinetics revealed that curcumin entrapped nanoparticles demonstrate at least 9-fold increase in oral bioavailability when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer."	( Nanoparticle encapsulation improves oral bioavailability of curcumin by at least 9-fold when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer. Ankola, DD; Beniwal, V; Kumar, MN; Shaikh, J; Singh, D, 2009)	0.35
"To observe clinical therapeutic effect of acupuncture combined with Yizhi Jiannao Granules for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and its effects on intelligence, daily life and social activity ability."	( [Clinical observation on acupuncture combined with Yizhi Jiannao granules for treatment of Alzheimer's disease]. Dong, KL; Peng, XW, 2009)	0.35
"Acupuncture combined with Yizhi Jiannao Granules has a significant therapeutic effect on Alzheimer's disease, which is better than that of Yizhi Jiannao Granules or Aricept."	( [Clinical observation on acupuncture combined with Yizhi Jiannao granules for treatment of Alzheimer's disease]. Dong, KL; Peng, XW, 2009)	0.35
" Potential pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interactions of alogliptin with pioglitazone or glyburide were evaluated in healthy adults."	( Coadministration of pioglitazone or glyburide and alogliptin: pharmacokinetic drug interaction assessment in healthy participants. Fleck, P; Karim, A; Laurent, A; Mekki, Q; Munsaka, M; Wann, E, 2009)	0.35
" With 20 microgram/ml remifentanil in normal saline, postoperative PCA was administered with a background infusion at 2 ml/h following 2 ml as a loading dose and 1ml demand dose with a 3-minute lockout period."	( Remifentanil combined with low-dose ketamine for postoperative analgesia of lower limb fracture: a double-blind, controlled study. Deng, GF; Tian, B; Wang, S; Zhang, SG; Zheng, JP, 2009)	0.35
"This randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial evaluated the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist casopitant mesylate in combination with ondansetron/dexamethasone (ond/dex) for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) related to moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC)."	( Phase 2 trial results with the novel neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist casopitant in combination with ondansetron and dexamethasone for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemothera Albert, I; Arpornwirat, W; Bandekar, RR; Grunberg, SM; Hansen, VL; Levin, J, 2009)	0.35
" The recommended phase II dose of flavopiridol was 45 mg/m in combination with irinotecan and gemcitabine every 2 weeks."	( A phase I study of flavopiridol in combination with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with metastatic cancer. Chyi Lee, F; Fekrazad, HM; Rabinowitz, I; Royce, M; Smith, HO; Verschraegen, CF, 2010)	0.36
"The every 2 week dosing is well tolerated with a phase II recommended dose of 45 mg/m of flavopiridol in combination with irinotecan (80 mg/m) and gemcitabine (800 mg/m)."	( A phase I study of flavopiridol in combination with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with metastatic cancer. Chyi Lee, F; Fekrazad, HM; Rabinowitz, I; Royce, M; Smith, HO; Verschraegen, CF, 2010)	0.36
" We assessed the effects of rimonabant, alone and in combination with fenofibrate or ezetimibe, on adipokine levels in obese/overweight patients with dyslipidemia."	( Effects of rimonabant, as monotherapy and in combination with fenofibrate or ezetimibe, on plasma adipokine levels: a pilot study. Derdemezis, CS; Elisaf, M; Florentin, M; Liberopoulos, EN; Tellis, CC; Tselepis, A, 2010)	0.36
" This study investigated (1) the effect of food on alogliptin pharmacokinetics and tolerability and (2) pharmacokinetic interactions between alogliptin and metformin or cimetidine and tolerability of alogliptin when administered with either drug."	( Pharmacokinetics of alogliptin when administered with food, metformin, or cimetidine: a two-phase, crossover study in healthy subjects. Christopher, R; Covington, P; Davenport, M; Fleck, P; Karim, A; Li, X; Mekki, Q; Wann, E, 2010)	0.36
" Consequently, we studied intraoperative urinary output of two groups, patients administered with remifentanil and those without remifentanil administration."	( [Comparison of urinary output during general anesthesia, between patients administered with remifentanil and those without remifentanil administration]. Hara, M; Kawaguchi, M; Kawai, M; Maseki, M; Nakata, J; Takahashi, T; Teramoto, Y; Yamaguchi, S, 2010)	0.36
"We compared urinary output during general anesthesia, of 327 patients administered with remifentanil (Group R) and 314 patients without remifentanil administration (Group NR) retrospectively."	( [Comparison of urinary output during general anesthesia, between patients administered with remifentanil and those without remifentanil administration]. Hara, M; Kawaguchi, M; Kawai, M; Maseki, M; Nakata, J; Takahashi, T; Teramoto, Y; Yamaguchi, S, 2010)	0.36
"We found a significance difference in urinary output during anesthesia, between patients administered with remifentanil and those without remifentanil administration."	( [Comparison of urinary output during general anesthesia, between patients administered with remifentanil and those without remifentanil administration]. Hara, M; Kawaguchi, M; Kawai, M; Maseki, M; Nakata, J; Takahashi, T; Teramoto, Y; Yamaguchi, S, 2010)	0.36
" Compared with standard practice, targeting an Entropy or BIS value of 50 did not result in a reduction of propofol consumption during general anaesthesia combined with regional anaesthesia as performed by an experienced anaesthesiologist in orthopaedic patients."	( The Entropy Module and Bispectral Index as guidance for propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia in combination with regional anaesthesia compared with a standard clinical practice group. Bruhn, J; Ellerkmann, RK; Hoeft, A; Riese, G; Soehle, M; Wirz, S; Zinserling, J, 2010)	0.36
" This study evaluates the therapeutic potential of masitinib in pancreatic cancer, as a single agent and in combination with gemcitabine."	( Masitinib combined with standard gemcitabine chemotherapy: in vitro and in vivo studies in human pancreatic tumour cell lines and ectopic mouse model. Bader, T; Bertucci, F; Castéran, N; Dubreuil, P; Finetti, P; Hanssens, K; Hermine, O; Humbert, M; Iovanna, J; Letard, S; Mansfield, CD; Moussy, A, 2010)	0.36
"In vitro investigation of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) has officially been part of the regulatory pathway for new drugs in the USA since the publication of an FDA guidance on the subject in 1997."	( The nasty surprise of a complex drug-drug interaction. Bode, C, 2010)	0.36
"To investigate the killing effect of ZD6474 combined with adriamycin (ADM) on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells."	( [Inhibitory effect of ZD6474 combined with adriamycin on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro]. He, BF; Luo, RC; Miao, JX; Ruan, J; Shen, J; Zhao, P; Zheng, H, 2010)	0.36
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of masitinib combined with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer."	( Safety and activity of masitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Deplanque, G; Hammel, P; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Levy, P; Mitry, E; Mornex, F; Moussy, A; Raymond, E; Rougier, P; Seitz, JF, 2010)	0.36
"Twenty-two non-randomised patients with unresectable, locally advanced (n = 9) or metastatic pancreatic cancer (n = 13) received oral masitinib (9 mg/kg/day) combined with standard gemcitabine."	( Safety and activity of masitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Deplanque, G; Hammel, P; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Levy, P; Mitry, E; Mornex, F; Moussy, A; Raymond, E; Rougier, P; Seitz, JF, 2010)	0.36
"The efficacy and safety of masitinib combined with gemcitabine are encouraging, with extended survival and median TTP that support initiation of a phase 3 trial."	( Safety and activity of masitinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Deplanque, G; Hammel, P; Hermine, O; Kinet, JP; Levy, P; Mitry, E; Mornex, F; Moussy, A; Raymond, E; Rougier, P; Seitz, JF, 2010)	0.36
"This Phase I study investigated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of vandetanib when administered with either gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) or vinorelbine plus cisplatin (VC) in patients with previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer."	( A phase I study of Vandetanib in combination with vinorelbine/cisplatin or gemcitabine/cisplatin as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Blackhall, FH; Kennedy, SJ; Milenkova, T; Nicolson, M; O'brien, M; Schmid, P; Taylor, P; Thatcher, N, 2010)	0.36
"In this study, in patients with previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer, vandetanib 100 mg/d in combination with either VC or GC was not tolerated."	( A phase I study of Vandetanib in combination with vinorelbine/cisplatin or gemcitabine/cisplatin as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Blackhall, FH; Kennedy, SJ; Milenkova, T; Nicolson, M; O'brien, M; Schmid, P; Taylor, P; Thatcher, N, 2010)	0.36
"Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are generally treated with many pharmacological compounds and are exposed to a high risk of drug-drug interactions."	( Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors (gliptins): focus on drug-drug interactions. Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
" A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model estimating oral clearance, between-patient variability in oral clearance, central volume of distribution, and residual variability in combination with historical estimates of first-order absorption rate constant, intercompartmental clearance, and peripheral volume of distribution adequately described the sparse MPA data."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of mycophenolic acid coadministered with either tasocitinib (CP-690,550) or tacrolimus in adult renal allograft recipients. Busque, S; Chan, G; Krishnaswami, S; Lamba, M; Melcher, M; Tafti, B, 2010)	0.36
" We report a case of a 45-year-old woman with DM who underwent laparotomy for uterine cancer under general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia."	( [Successful management of a patient with myotonic dystrophy under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, remifentnil and rocuronium bromide, combined with epidural anesthesia]. Hirai, A; Nakanishi, T; Nishihama, M; Shimosaka, M; Uchikado, M; Uehara, A, 2010)	0.36
"The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of radiation therapy (RT) combined with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) vandetanib (antiepidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] plus antivascular endothelial growth factor receptor [anti-VEGFR]) and cediranib (anti-VEGFR) to inhibit glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) growth."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor expression modulates antitumor efficacy of vandetanib or cediranib combined with radiotherapy in human glioblastoma xenografts. Daroczi, B; Dicker, AP; Lawrence, YR; Liu, Y; Wachsberger, PR; Xu, X, 2012)	0.38
" In U87MG EGFR-null cells, TKI combined with radiation was no better than radiation therapy alone."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor expression modulates antitumor efficacy of vandetanib or cediranib combined with radiotherapy in human glioblastoma xenografts. Daroczi, B; Dicker, AP; Lawrence, YR; Liu, Y; Wachsberger, PR; Xu, X, 2012)	0.38
" Hence EGFR status plays a major role in determining a tumor's in vivo response to radiation combined with TKI, supporting a "personalized" approach to GBM management."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor expression modulates antitumor efficacy of vandetanib or cediranib combined with radiotherapy in human glioblastoma xenografts. Daroczi, B; Dicker, AP; Lawrence, YR; Liu, Y; Wachsberger, PR; Xu, X, 2012)	0.38
"To further explore the mechanism underlying the interaction between repaglinide and gemfibrozil, alone or in combination with itraconazole."	( Repaglinide-gemfibrozil drug interaction: inhibition of repaglinide glucuronidation as a potential additional contributing mechanism. Chen, W; Gan, J; Gao, L; Hong, Y; Humphreys, WG; Li, W; Rodrigues, AD; Shen, H; Tang, Y; Tian, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y, 2010)	0.36
"to investigate the antitumor effects on ovarian cancer using recombinant adenoviruses expressing autocatalytic caspase-3 driven by amplified human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (AdHTVP2G5-rev-casp3) combined with flavopiridol."	( [Synergism of antitumor effects on ovarian carcinoma using autocatalytic caspase-3 combined with flavopiridol]. Shen, K; Song, Y; Xu, F, 2010)	0.36
"following the treatment with AdHTVP2G5-rev-casp3 combined with flavopiridol, cell survival rate was measured by cell counting kit 8; cell apoptotic rate and cell cycle distribution were detected by flow cytometry."	( [Synergism of antitumor effects on ovarian carcinoma using autocatalytic caspase-3 combined with flavopiridol]. Shen, K; Song, Y; Xu, F, 2010)	0.36
" The levels of serum ALT and AST were not significantly elevated and no obvious lesions were found in any organs in treatments with AdHTVP2G5-rev-casp3 of low doses combined with flavopiridol."	( [Synergism of antitumor effects on ovarian carcinoma using autocatalytic caspase-3 combined with flavopiridol]. Shen, K; Song, Y; Xu, F, 2010)	0.36
"Vandetanib at doses of 100 mg and 300 mg daily in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin was well tolerated."	( A phase I trial of vandetanib combined with capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Cabebe, EC; Fisher, GA; Sikic, BI, 2012)	0.38
"Exposure to vandetanib, as assessed by AUC(504) in healthy subjects, was reduced by around 40% when a single dose was given in combination with the potent CYP3A4 inducer rifampicin."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with vandetanib during coadministration with rifampicin or itraconazole. Duvauchelle, T; Kennedy, SJ; Martin, P; Oliver, S; Read, J; Robertson, J, 2011)	0.37
"Low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia combined with remifentanil regimen in patients undergoing tympanoplasty surgery resulted in a faster early recovery and decreased sevoflurane consumption."	( Evaluation of recovery and anesthetic gas consumption using remifentanil combined with low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia in tympanoplasty. Demircioglu, Rİ; Gozdemir, M; Kınacı, S; Kurtaran, H; Muslu, B; Sert, H; Usta, B, 2011)	0.37
"We gave general anesthesia to a patient with scoliosis combined with central core disease (CCD)."	( [Anesthetic management for a patient with scoliosis combined with central core disease]. Ishikawa, K; Nagata, H; Ookawa, H; Suzuki, T; Tamura, Y; Yamada, N, 2011)	0.37
"In Japanese patients with active RA with an inadequate response to MTX, tofacitinib in combination with MTX over 12 weeks was efficacious and had a manageable safety profile."	( Phase II study of tofacitinib (CP-690,550) combined with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate. Nakamura, H; Suzuki, M; Tanaka, Y; Toyoizumi, S; Zwillich, SH, 2011)	0.37
"We have investigated in vitro effects of anticancer therapy with the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PB) combined with receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKi) gefitinib or vandetanib on the survival of glioblastoma (U343MGa) and medulloblastoma (D324Med) cells."	( Enhanced effects by 4-phenylbutyrate in combination with RTK inhibitors on proliferation in brain tumor cell models. Baryawno, N; Ekström, TJ; Johnsen, JI; Larsson, C; Marino, AM; Sofiadis, A; Vukojević, V, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of this research is to determine efficacy and safety of repaglinide alone and in combination with metformin in Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes naive to oral antidiabetes therapy."	( Randomized study of repaglinide alone and in combination with metformin in Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes naive to oral antidiabetes therapy. Bu, R; Liu, J; Ning, G; Su, Q; Wang, W, 2011)	0.37
" The primary objective of this open-label phase I trial was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose (RD) of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC)."	( Phase I dose-finding study of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine in locally advanced unresectable or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cerny, T; De Dosso, S; Koeberle, D; Renggli, V; Saletti, P; Sessa, C, 2011)	0.37
"Vandetanib 100 mg/day is the RD in combination with gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with advanced PAC."	( Phase I dose-finding study of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine in locally advanced unresectable or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cerny, T; De Dosso, S; Koeberle, D; Renggli, V; Saletti, P; Sessa, C, 2011)	0.37
"To observe the effects of remifentanil combined with naloxone on human sperm motility in vitro and to investigate its possible mechanism."	( [Effects of remifentanil combined with naloxone on human sperm motility]. Hu, YP; Li, Q; Wang, XH; Wang, YJ; Wang, ZP; Xu, B, 2011)	0.37
" Anesthesia was maintained with either propofol or etomidate combined with remifentanil."	( Comparison of the effects of etomidate and propofol combined with remifentanil and guided by comparable BIS on transcranial electrical motor-evoked potentials during spinal surgery. Cheng, H; Han, RQ; Liu, HY; Qiao, H; Wang, MR; Zeng, HY, 2012)	0.38
"46) ng·mL-1 when used in combination with midazolam and topical lidocaine."	( The optimal effect site concentration of remifentanil in combination with intravenous midazolam and topical lidocaine for awake fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery. Chang, CH; Kim, HS; Kwak, YL; Lee, JW; Shim, YH; Song, JW, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of alogliptin combined with pioglitazone in metformin-treated type 2 diabetic patients."	( Efficacy and tolerability of the DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin combined with pioglitazone, in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Burant, CF; DeFronzo, RA; Fleck, P; Mekki, Q; Pratley, RE; Wilson, C, 2012)	0.38
"5 or 25 mg qd) alone or combined with pioglitazone (15, 30, or 45 mg qd) in 1554 patients on stable-dose metformin monotherapy (≥1500 mg) with inadequate glycemic control."	( Efficacy and tolerability of the DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin combined with pioglitazone, in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Burant, CF; DeFronzo, RA; Fleck, P; Mekki, Q; Pratley, RE; Wilson, C, 2012)	0.38
"Compared with the donepezil treatment in the patients with mild-to-moderate AD, our results suggest that donepezil combined with natural hirudin may improve the treatment effects in the ADL, BPSD and cognition of the patients."	( Donepezil combined with natural hirudin improves the clinical symptoms of patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 20-week open-label pilot study. Li, DQ; Yang, H; Zhou, YP, 2012)	0.38
"We aimed to observe the emergence characteristics of children tracheally extubated in deep anesthesia with sevoflurane or sevoflurane in combination with low-dose remifentanil."	( Tracheal extubation of deeply anesthetized pediatric patients: a comparison of sevoflurane and sevoflurane in combination with low-dose remifentanil. Hu, C; Li, W; Shen, X, 2012)	0.38
"Low-dose remifentanil in combination with sevoflurane provided rapid recovery and was safe for deep tracheal extubation in deep anesthesia in pediatric patients."	( Tracheal extubation of deeply anesthetized pediatric patients: a comparison of sevoflurane and sevoflurane in combination with low-dose remifentanil. Hu, C; Li, W; Shen, X, 2012)	0.38
" Promising preliminary antitumor activity warrants further evaluation of lonafarnib in combination with paclitaxel and trastuzumab in Her2-positive breast cancer."	( Phase I study of lonafarnib (SCH66336) in combination with trastuzumab plus paclitaxel in Her2/neu overexpressing breast cancer: EORTC study 16023. Awada, A; Beijnen, JH; Diéras, V; Govaerts, AS; Huitema, AD; Kerklaan, BM; Le Tourneau, C; Marreaud, S; Mergui-Roelvink, M; Milojkovic Kerklaan, B; Piccart-Gebhart, MJ; Rosing, H; Schellens, JH, 2013)	0.39
"To evaluate the cost effectiveness of genetic screening for the apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele in combination with preventive donepezil treatment in comparison with the standard of care for amnestic mild cognitive impairment (AMCI) patients in Canada."	( Genetic testing in combination with preventive donepezil treatment for patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: an exploratory economic evaluation of personalized medicine. Beca, J; Black, S; Djalalov, S; Hoch, JS; Moretti, M; Musa, Z; Saposnik, G; Siminovitch, K; Yong, J, 2012)	0.38
"Using presently available clinical evidence, this exploratory study illustrates that genetic testing combined with preventive donepezil treatment for AMCI patients may be economically attractive."	( Genetic testing in combination with preventive donepezil treatment for patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: an exploratory economic evaluation of personalized medicine. Beca, J; Black, S; Djalalov, S; Hoch, JS; Moretti, M; Musa, Z; Saposnik, G; Siminovitch, K; Yong, J, 2012)	0.38
"Quantitative prediction of complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is challenging."	( Mechanistic modeling to predict the transporter- and enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions of repaglinide. El-Kattan, AF; Goosen, TC; Kimoto, E; Kumar, V; Lai, Y; Varma, MV, 2013)	0.39
" We designed this study to investigate whether epidural anaesthesia with a goal-directed approach, when combined with general anaesthesia, improved haemodynamic stability in elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery."	( Epidural anaesthesia with goal-directed administration of ropivacaine improves haemodynamic stability when combined with general anaesthesia in elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Xiao, WP; Yun, X; Zhou, QH, 2013)	0.39
" (Amaranthaceae) root alone and in combination with piperine in treating ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice."	( Amaranthus roxburghianus root extract in combination with piperine as a potential treatment of ulcerative colitis in mice. Bhawar, SB; Ingale, JM; Nirmal, SA; Pattan, SR, 2013)	0.39
" In conclusion, p38 MAPK phosphorylation may be a prognostic marker for high-grade glioma patients, and vandetanib combined with a p38 MAPK inhibitor may be useful combination chemotherapy for glioma patients."	( Vandetanib combined with a p38 MAPK inhibitor synergistically reduces glioblastoma cell survival. Alafuzoff, I; Bergqvist, M; Blomquist, E; Edqvist, PH; Ekman, S; Gullbo, J; Jaiswal, A; Johansson, F; Lennartsson, J; Navani, S; Pontén, F; Popova, S; Sooman, L; Tsakonas, G, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the safety, recovery time, and side effects of general anesthesia with different doses of etomidate emulsion combined with remifentanil."	( Clinical study of etomidate emulsion combined with remifentanil in general anesthesia. Huang, M; Jiang, R; Weng, D; Yang, C; Zhan, R, 2013)	0.39
"Continuous infusion of etomidate emulsion at 10 μg · kg(-1) · minute(-1) combined with remifentanil during anesthesia has the advantages of hemodynamic stability, quick wake-up, and few adverse reactions."	( Clinical study of etomidate emulsion combined with remifentanil in general anesthesia. Huang, M; Jiang, R; Weng, D; Yang, C; Zhan, R, 2013)	0.39
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in combination with nonbiologic DMARDs."	( Tofacitinib in combination with nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Bradley, J; Fleischmann, R; Genovese, M; Gruben, D; Hall, S; Isaacs, JD; Koncz, T; Kremer, J; Krishnaswami, S; Li, ZG; Martin-Mola, E; Riese, R; Wallenstein, G; Zwillich, SH, 2013)	0.39
"Given increased knowledge from molecular biology and pharmacology, it is apparent that multiple factors can interact to produce clinically meaningful differences in a drug's effect in specific individuals (i."	( Complexities of personalized medicine: how genes, drug-drug interactions, dosing schedules, and other factors can combine to produce clinically meaningful differences in a drug's effect. Preskorn, SH, 2013)	0.39
" In this study we addressed the potential of NAD(+) depletion as an anti-cancer strategy and assessed the combination with radiation."	( NAD⁺ depletion by APO866 in combination with radiation in a prostate cancer model, results from an in vitro and in vivo study. Floot, B; van Triest, B; Vens, C; Verheij, M; Zerp, SF, 2014)	0.4
" Thus, changes in CB1r function - alone and in combination with cocaine - affected stereotyped vigilance-related behaviors in this NHP, further implicating the eCB system in the neurobiological mechanisms of cocaine addiction."	( Cannabinoid type-1 receptor ligands, alone or in combination with cocaine, affect vigilance-related behaviors of marmoset monkeys. Barros, M; Cagni, P; de Jesus, AG; Melo, GC, 2014)	0.4
"To investigate the effect of OATP1B1 genotype as a covariate on repaglinide pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction (DDIs) risk using a reduced physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."	( Reduced physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of repaglinide: impact of OATP1B1 and CYP2C8 genotype and source of in vitro data on the prediction of drug-drug interaction risk. Galetin, A; Gertz, M; Houston, JB; Säll, C; Tsamandouras, N, 2014)	0.4
"A new method orthogonal projection to latent structures (O-PLS) combined with artificial neural networks is investigated for non-destructive determination of ebastine powder via near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy."	( Orthogonal projection to latent structures combined with artificial neural networks in non-destructive analysis of ebastine powder. Ibrahim, FA; Wahba, ME, 2014)	0.4
" remifentanil in combination with an inhaled anesthetic to facilitate tracheal extubation of deeply anesthetized adults after otologic surgery are investigated."	( Sevoflurane in combination with remifentanil for tracheal extubation after otologic surgery. Hu, C; Shen, X; Ye, M; Yu, H, 2014)	0.4
"Sevoflurane combined with remifentanil provided rapid recovery and appeared to be safe for deep-anesthesia tracheal extubation in adult patients after otologic surgery."	( Sevoflurane in combination with remifentanil for tracheal extubation after otologic surgery. Hu, C; Shen, X; Ye, M; Yu, H, 2014)	0.4
"To explore the clinical anesthesia value of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TAES) combined with general intravenous anesthesia in endoscopic bilateral thyroidectomy patients."	( [The anesthesiologic value of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation combined with general intravenous anesthesia in endoscopic thyroidectomy patients: a clinical study]. Li, YL; Wang, MX; Wu, XY; Yan, YN, 2014)	0.4
"High EGFR gene copy number or activating EGFR mutations may identify patient subgroups who receive increased clinical benefit from vandetanib in combination with docetaxel in second-line NSCLC."	( EGFR biomarkers predict benefit from vandetanib in combination with docetaxel in a randomized phase III study of second-line treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Herbst, RS; Heymach, JV; Johnson, BE; Lockwood, SJ; Ryan, AJ, 2014)	0.4
"To explore the feasibility and safety of dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil for lower eyelid blepharoplasty."	( [Efficacy of dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil for lower eyelid blepharoplasty]. Chen, H; Li, X; Wu, M, 2014)	0.4
" Local anesthesia by lidocaine (1%) combined with midazolam (0."	( [Efficacy of dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil for lower eyelid blepharoplasty]. Chen, H; Li, X; Wu, M, 2014)	0.4
"Dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil is practical and safe."	( [Efficacy of dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil for lower eyelid blepharoplasty]. Chen, H; Li, X; Wu, M, 2014)	0.4
" Each dog went through all three anaesthetic protocols, which were propofol alone (group P) and propofol combined with dexmedetomidine (3 µg/kg/h, group PD) or remifentanil (18 µg/kg/h, group PR)."	( [Evaluation of heart rate variability for monitoring the depth of anaesthesia in dogs. Investigations based on total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine or remifentanil]. Bergfeld, C; Beyerbach, M; Kästner, SB; Voigt, AM, 2015)	0.42
" We aimed to compare mortality and cardiovascular risk among users of metformin in combination with pharmacologically different ISs."	( Metformin in combination with various insulin secretagogues in type 2 diabetes and associated risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality--a retrospective nationwide study. Andersson, C; Fosbøl, EL; Gislason, G; Køber, L; Mogensen, UM; Scheller, NM; Schramm, TK; Torp-Pedersen, C; Vaag, A, 2015)	0.42
"Most ISs in combination with metformin were associated with similar mortality and cardiovascular risk."	( Metformin in combination with various insulin secretagogues in type 2 diabetes and associated risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality--a retrospective nationwide study. Andersson, C; Fosbøl, EL; Gislason, G; Køber, L; Mogensen, UM; Scheller, NM; Schramm, TK; Torp-Pedersen, C; Vaag, A, 2015)	0.42
"We compared the effect of propofol and sevoflurane combined with remifentanil under comparable bispectral index (BIS) levels on transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials (TceMEPs) and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs) during brainstem surgery."	( Comparison of the Effects of Propofol and Sevoflurane Combined With Remifentanil on Transcranial Electric Motor-evoked and Somatosensory-evoked Potential Monitoring During Brainstem Surgery. Doménech-Asensi, P; Falcón-Araña, L; Fuentes-García, D; Hernández-Palazón, J; Izura, V; Piqueras-Pérez, C, 2015)	0.42
"Both sevoflurane and propofol at low dosages combined with remifentanil under comparable BIS values and partial muscle relaxation can be used when monitoring of TceMEPs and SSEPs is required for brainstem surgery."	( Comparison of the Effects of Propofol and Sevoflurane Combined With Remifentanil on Transcranial Electric Motor-evoked and Somatosensory-evoked Potential Monitoring During Brainstem Surgery. Doménech-Asensi, P; Falcón-Araña, L; Fuentes-García, D; Hernández-Palazón, J; Izura, V; Piqueras-Pérez, C, 2015)	0.42
" We investigated the efficacy of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat combined with one of several B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling inhibitors on MCL cell death and the underlying mechanisms, using MCL cell lines."	( The synergistic effect of BCR signaling inhibitors combined with an HDAC inhibitor on cell death in a mantle cell lymphoma cell line. Hagiwara, K; Iida, H; Kunishima, S; Miyata, Y; Nagai, H; Naoe, T, 2015)	0.42
"To evaluate the effects of a constant rate infusion of remifentanil, alone or in combination with ketamine, in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane."	( Clinical effects of a constant rate infusion of remifentanil, alone or in combination with ketamine, in cats anesthetized with isoflurane. Aucoin, M; Burns, PM; Monteiro, BP; Moreau, M; Simon, BT; Steagall, PV, 2015)	0.42
" We report the first bench-to-bedside evidence that RET inhibitor combined with an mTOR inhibitor is active against brain-metastatic RET-rearranged lung cancer and the first evidence of blood-brain barrier penetration."	( Systemic and CNS activity of the RET inhibitor vandetanib combined with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in KIF5B-RET re-arranged non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases. Ali, SM; Berry, J; Cascone, T; Guha-Thakurta, N; Heymach, JV; McMahon, C; Miller, V; Pai, S; Roxas, M; Subbiah, IM; Subbiah, V; Tang, Z, 2015)	0.42
" Therefore, the present study tested whether full FAAH inhibition combined with partial MAGL inhibition would produce sustained antinociceptive effects with minimal cannabimimetic side effects."	( Full Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibition Combined with Partial Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition: Augmented and Sustained Antinociceptive Effects with Reduced Cannabimimetic Side Effects in Mice. Abdullah, RA; Cravatt, BF; Ghosh, S; Grim, TW; Hruba, L; Kinsey, SG; Lichtman, AH; Liu, QS; McMahon, LR; Merritt, CR; Selley, DE; Sim-Selley, LJ; Wise, LE, 2015)	0.42
" We here compare bortezomib with carfilzomib and LU-102 in MM and MCL in vitro with regard to their effects on pIκB/NF-κB signaling and their cytotoxic activity in combination with ibrutinib."	( The novel β2-selective proteasome inhibitor LU-102 decreases phosphorylation of I kappa B and induces highly synergistic cytotoxicity in combination with ibrutinib in multiple myeloma cells. Bader, J; Besse, L; de Bruin, G; Driessen, C; Geurink, PP; Kisselev, AF; Kraus, J; Kraus, M; Liu, N; Overkleeft, H, 2015)	0.42
" Anti-CD20 antibodies have improved response and progression-free survival (PFS) when combined with chemotherapy."	( Safety and activity of BTK inhibitor ibrutinib combined with ofatumumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a phase 1b/2 study. Andritsos, LA; Blum, KA; Byrd, JC; Flynn, JM; Grever, MR; Hall, N; Heerema, NA; Jaglowski, SM; James, DF; Johnson, AJ; Jones, JA; Lozanski, G; Maddocks, KJ; Munneke, B; Nagar, V; Neuenburg, JK; Ruppert, AS; Smucker, K; Stefanos, M; West, JS; Woyach, JA, 2015)	0.42
" The present study examined the synergistic effect of low doses of FA combined with subthreshold dose of piperine, a bioavailability enhancer, on depression-like behaviors in mice, and investigated the possible mechanism."	( Synergistic antidepressant-like effect of ferulic acid in combination with piperine: involvement of monoaminergic system. Chen, J; Chen, L; Chen, R; Huang, W; Li, G; Pan, J; Reed, M; Ruan, L; Wang, R; Xie, X; Xu, Y; Yan, Q; Zhang, M, 2015)	0.42
" Although curcumin caused already significant effects, the combination with piperine completely suppressed the osteoclastogenesis by decreasing the TRAP activity and inhibiting the expression of the specific osteoclast markers TRAP, cathepsin K, and calcitonin receptor."	( Curcumin in Combination with Piperine Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro. Geurtsen, W; Leyhausen, G; Martins, CA; Volk, J, 2015)	0.42
"We demonstrated that curcumin combined with piperine suppressed the osteoclastogenesis in vitro without causing cytotoxic effects in periodontal ligament cells."	( Curcumin in Combination with Piperine Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro. Geurtsen, W; Leyhausen, G; Martins, CA; Volk, J, 2015)	0.42
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol alone or in combination with a constant-rate infusion (CRI) of remifentanil."	( Hemodynamic effects of target-controlled infusion of propofol alone or in combination with a constant-rate infusion of remifentanil in dogs. Aguiar, AJ; Beier, SL; Massone, F; Mattoso, CR; Vianna, PT, 2015)	0.42
" In other words, the tissue distribution of drugs can be influenced by drug-drug interaction (DDI) at efflux transporters in certain tissues (local DDI) without any apparent change in plasma concentration (systemic DDI)."	( Local Drug-Drug Interaction of Donepezil with Cilostazol at Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) Increases Drug Accumulation in Heart. Nakanishi, T; Shinozaki, K; Takeuchi, R; Tamai, I, 2016)	0.43
"Ibrutinib combined with rituximab is active and well tolerated in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma."	( Ibrutinib in combination with rituximab in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma: a single-centre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Addison, A; Badillo, M; Champlin, R; Chen, W; Chuang, H; DeLa Rosa, M; Fayad, L; Hagemeister, F; Lam, L; Lee, H; Li, S; Medeiros, LJ; Nomie, K; Oki, Y; Romaguera, J; Samaniego, F; Santos, D; Turturro, F; Wagner-Bartak, N; Wang, ML; Westin, J; Young, KH; Zhang, H; Zhang, L; Zhao, D, 2016)	0.43
"Between Sept 19, 2012, and Jan 21, 2014, 578 eligible patients were randomly assigned to ibrutinib or placebo in combination with bendamustine plus rituximab (289 in each group)."	( Ibrutinib combined with bendamustine and rituximab compared with placebo, bendamustine, and rituximab for previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma (HELIOS): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study. Avigdor, A; Balasubramanian, S; Bartlett, NL; Chanan-Khan, A; Cramer, P; Demirkan, F; Dilhuydy, MS; Fraser, G; Goy, A; Grosicki, S; Hallek, M; Howes, A; Janssens, A; Karlsson, C; Loscertales, J; Mahler, M; Mato, A; Mayer, J; Panagiotidis, P; Pavlovsky, MA; Phelps, C; Pristupa, A; Pylypenko, H; Rule, S; Salman, M; Samoilova, O; Silva, RS; Sun, S; Villa, D, 2016)	0.43
" This phase I study evaluated the safety profile of vandetanib in combination with standard doses of gemcitabine and capecitabine in order to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD)."	( Phase I trial of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine and capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors with an expanded cohort in pancreatic and biliary cancers. Bradshaw-Pierce, EL; Eckhardt, SG; Eppers, S; Freas, E; Kane, MA; Kessler, ER; Leong, S; Lieu, CH; Messersmith, WA; Nallapreddy, S; O'byrant, CL; Pitts, TM; Spratlin, J; Weekes, C, 2016)	0.43
" To create a safer clozapine-like drug, we tested whether the antipsychotic iloperidone, a drug that combines a weak dopamine D2 receptor blockade and a potent norepinephrine alpha-2 receptor blockade would reduce alcohol drinking, and whether its effect on alcohol drinking could be increased if combined with an agent to facilitate norepinephrine activity."	( Effects of iloperidone, combined with desipramine, on alcohol drinking in the Syrian golden hamster. Green, AI; Khokhar, JY, 2016)	0.43
" Tofacitinib can be administered as a monotherapy or in combination with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)."	( Initial Experience With Tofacitinib in Clinical Practice: Treatment Patterns and Costs of Tofacitinib Administered as Monotherapy or in Combination With Conventional Synthetic DMARDs in 2 US Health Care Claims Databases. Curtis, JR; Gerber, R; Gruben, D; Harnett, J; Koenig, A, 2016)	0.43
" A clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study with the potent CYP3A4 inhibitor itraconazole resulted in an approximately sevenfold increase in cobimetinib exposure."	( Evaluation of Cytochrome P450 3A4-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential for Cobimetinib Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulation. Budha, NR; Chen, Y; Dresser, M; Eppler, S; Ji, T; Jin, JY; Musib, L, 2016)	0.43
" To alleviate the pill burden and swallowing difficulties associated with the condition, a fixed drug combination of extended-release memantine and donepezil was developed."	( Memantine and donepezil: a fixed drug combination for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's dementia. Owen, RT, 2016)	0.43
" Nevertheless, the effect of such drug combination usage on the in vivo exposure of PIP has not been investigated due to lack of assay for the simultaneous determination of PIP and other drugs such as DOX."	( Non-linear pharmacokinetics of piperine and its herb-drug interactions with docetaxel in Sprague-Dawley rats. Chow, MSS; Lam, CWK; Li, C; Ren, T; Wang, Q; Zhang, Y; Zuo, Z, 2016)	0.43
"In this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre study, adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with histologically confirmed BRAF(V600) mutation-positive unresectable stage IIIC or stage IV melanoma were randomly assigned (1:1) using an interactive response system to receive cobimetinib (60 mg once daily for 21 days followed by a 7-day rest period in each 28-day cycle) or placebo, in combination with oral vemurafenib (960 mg twice daily)."	( Cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib in advanced BRAF(V600)-mutant melanoma (coBRIM): updated efficacy results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Ascierto, PA; Atkinson, V; Chang, I; de la Cruz-Merino, L; Demidov, L; Di Giacomo, AM; Dréno, B; Dutriaux, C; Garbe, C; Hsu, JJ; Koralek, DO; Larkin, J; Liszkay, G; Mandalà, M; McArthur, GA; Ribas, A; Rooney, I; Stroyakovskiy, D; Thomas, L; Wongchenko, M; Yan, Y, 2016)	0.43
"These data confirm the clinical benefit of cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib and support the use of the combination as a standard first-line approach to improve survival in patients with advanced BRAF(V600)-mutant melanoma."	( Cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib in advanced BRAF(V600)-mutant melanoma (coBRIM): updated efficacy results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Ascierto, PA; Atkinson, V; Chang, I; de la Cruz-Merino, L; Demidov, L; Di Giacomo, AM; Dréno, B; Dutriaux, C; Garbe, C; Hsu, JJ; Koralek, DO; Larkin, J; Liszkay, G; Mandalà, M; McArthur, GA; Ribas, A; Rooney, I; Stroyakovskiy, D; Thomas, L; Wongchenko, M; Yan, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Here, we report in vivo data for OTX015 in combination with the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat, the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib, the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab, and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in a diffuse large B cell lymphoma model."	( Bromodomain inhibitor OTX015 (MK-8628) combined with targeted agents shows strong in vivo antitumor activity in lymphoma. Bernasconi, E; Bertoni, F; Cascione, L; Cvitkovic, E; Gaudio, E; Odore, E; Ponzoni, M; Rezai, K; Rinaldi, A; Riveiro, E; Stathis, A; Tarantelli, C; Zucca, E, 2016)	0.43
"The study showed that intraoperative glucose infusion suppressed lipolysis and proteolysis in patients anesthetized with remifentanil in combination with sevoflurane during surgery of >6 hours in length."	( Effect of Intraoperative Glucose Infusion on Catabolism of Adipose Tissue and Muscle Protein in Patients Anesthetized With Remifentanil in Combination With Sevoflurane During Major Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial. Hayashi, H; Ichinose, H; Kamada, Y; Sawada, A; Sumita, S; Yamakage, M, 2016)	0.43
" We present results from 3 fixed-sequence studies evaluating drug-drug interactions for alectinib through CYP3A."	( Clinical Drug-Drug Interactions Through Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) for the Selective ALK Inhibitor Alectinib. Bogman, K; Bordogna, W; Cleary, Y; Dall, G; De Petris, L; Guerini, E; Martin-Facklam, M; Morcos, PN; Phipps, A; Viteri, S; Yu, L, 2017)	0.46
" We compared patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in patients with RA treated with tofacitinib or placebo in combination with conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)."	( Tofacitinib in Combination With Conventional Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Patient-Reported Outcomes From a Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial. Gruben, D; Kremer, JM; Krishnaswami, S; Strand, V; Wallenstein, GV; Zwillich, SH, 2017)	0.46
"In a 12-month, phase III randomized controlled trial (ORAL Sync), patients (n = 795) with active RA and previous inadequate response to therapy with ≥1 conventional or biologic DMARD were randomized 4:4:1:1 to tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily (BID), tofacitinib 10 mg BID, placebo advanced to 5 mg BID, or placebo to 10 mg BID, in combination with stable background DMARD therapy."	( Tofacitinib in Combination With Conventional Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Patient-Reported Outcomes From a Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial. Gruben, D; Kremer, JM; Krishnaswami, S; Strand, V; Wallenstein, GV; Zwillich, SH, 2017)	0.46
"Patients with active RA treated with tofacitinib combined with background conventional DMARD therapy reported sustained, significant, and clinically meaningful improvements in PROs versus placebo."	( Tofacitinib in Combination With Conventional Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Patient-Reported Outcomes From a Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial. Gruben, D; Kremer, JM; Krishnaswami, S; Strand, V; Wallenstein, GV; Zwillich, SH, 2017)	0.46
" Curcumin (CMN) in combination with bioenhancer piperine (PP) in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinsonian rats was used to investigate the antioxidant, neuromodulatory and neuroprotective mechanisms."	( Neuroprotective potential of curcumin in combination with piperine against 6-hydroxy dopamine induced motor deficit and neurochemical alterations in rats. Kumar, P; Singh, S, 2017)	0.46
" Ublituximab in combination with ibrutinib resulted in rapid and high response rates."	( Ublituximab (TG-1101), a novel glycoengineered anti-CD20 antibody, in combination with ibrutinib is safe and highly active in patients with relapsed and/or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: results of a phase 2 trial. Brooks, HD; Burke, JM; Fanning, S; Farber, CM; Greenwald, DR; Klein, L; Kolibaba, KS; Mahadevan, D; Miskin, HP; Schreeder, MT; Sharman, JP; Sportelli, P; Weiss, MS, 2017)	0.46
" We aimed to systematically screen for drugs that interact with the five most commonly used secretagogues-glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride, repaglinide, and nateglinide-to cause serious hypoglycemia."	( Biomedical Informatics Approaches to Identifying Drug-Drug Interactions: Application to Insulin Secretagogues. Bilker, WB; Brensinger, CM; Chiang, C; Han, X; Hennessy, S; Leonard, CE; Li, L, 2017)	0.46
" We first predicted the drug-drug interaction potential based on the pharmacokinetics of each secretagogue-precipitant pair."	( Biomedical Informatics Approaches to Identifying Drug-Drug Interactions: Application to Insulin Secretagogues. Bilker, WB; Brensinger, CM; Chiang, C; Han, X; Hennessy, S; Leonard, CE; Li, L, 2017)	0.46
"We predicted 34 pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with the secretagogues, nine moderate and 25 weak."	( Biomedical Informatics Approaches to Identifying Drug-Drug Interactions: Application to Insulin Secretagogues. Bilker, WB; Brensinger, CM; Chiang, C; Han, X; Hennessy, S; Leonard, CE; Li, L, 2017)	0.46
"The self-controlled case series design has the potential to be widely applicable to screening for drug-drug interactions that lead to adverse outcomes identifiable in healthcare databases."	( Biomedical Informatics Approaches to Identifying Drug-Drug Interactions: Application to Insulin Secretagogues. Bilker, WB; Brensinger, CM; Chiang, C; Han, X; Hennessy, S; Leonard, CE; Li, L, 2017)	0.46
" In the drug combination studies, intrathecal coadministration of BRL52537 with pregabalin or A804598 exhibited synergistic interactions, and other drugs combinations showed additivity."	( Isobolographic Analysis of Drug Combinations With Intrathecal BRL52537 (κ-Opioid Agonist), Pregabalin (Calcium Channel Modulator), AF 353 (P2X3 Receptor Antagonist), and A804598 (P2X7 Receptor Antagonist) in Neuropathic Rats. Han, JH; Jung, YH; Kim, YC; Kim, YO; Yoon, MH, 2017)	0.46
" The aim of the study was to evaluate whether dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor alogliptin (ALO) alone or in combination with pioglitazone (PIO) improves β-cell function along with insulin resistance (IR) in metformin (MET) treated obese women with PCOS with persistent IR."	( Add on DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin alone or in combination with pioglitazone improved β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in metformin treated PCOS. Goricar, K; Janez, A; Jensterle, M, 2017)	0.46
"ALO alone and in combination with PIO improved IR along with dynamic IS and meal related β-cell function when added to MET treated PCOS."	( Add on DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin alone or in combination with pioglitazone improved β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in metformin treated PCOS. Goricar, K; Janez, A; Jensterle, M, 2017)	0.46
"Of 495 patients recruited to the study, 493 patients received treatment and constituted the safety population (cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib, 247; vemurafenib, 246)."	( Incidence, course, and management of toxicities associated with cobimetinib in combination with vemurafenib in the coBRIM study. Ascierto, PA; Dréno, B; Grob, JJ; Hauschild, A; Hsu, JJ; Koralek, DO; Larkin, J; McArthur, GA; McKenna, EF; Ribas, A; Rooney, I; Thomas, L, 2017)	0.46
"These data indicate that most AEs arising from treatment with cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib generally occur early in the treatment course, are mild or moderate and are manageable by patient monitoring, dose modification and supportive care."	( Incidence, course, and management of toxicities associated with cobimetinib in combination with vemurafenib in the coBRIM study. Ascierto, PA; Dréno, B; Grob, JJ; Hauschild, A; Hsu, JJ; Koralek, DO; Larkin, J; McArthur, GA; McKenna, EF; Ribas, A; Rooney, I; Thomas, L, 2017)	0.46
"Quantitative analysis of transporter- and enzyme-mediated complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is challenging."	( Quantitative Analysis of Complex Drug-Drug Interactions Between Repaglinide and Cyclosporin A/Gemfibrozil Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models With In Vitro Transporter/Enzyme Inhibition Data. Kim, SJ; Sugiyama, Y; Toshimoto, K; Yao, Y; Yoshikado, T, 2017)	0.46
"A total of 334 participants with Alzheimer's disease will be randomly assigned to either an electroacupuncture combined with donepezil group or a donepezil group with a ratio of 1:1."	( The effect of electroacupuncture combined with donepezil on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Bin, L; Feng, Q; Liu, Z; Peng, W; Xu, M; Zhou, J, 2017)	0.46
"This study aims to describe the administration of propofol in combination with remifentanil for the induction of general anesthesia during cesarean section (CS)."	( Propofol in combination with remifentanil for cesarean section: Placental transfer and effect on mothers and newborns at different induction to delivery intervals. He, K; Hu, L; Pan, J; Shu, S; Wang, R; Yu, J; Zhang, S, 2017)	0.46
"It is safe to administer propofol in combination with remifentanil by continuous infusion after the bolus dose for the induction of anesthesia during cesarean section."	( Propofol in combination with remifentanil for cesarean section: Placental transfer and effect on mothers and newborns at different induction to delivery intervals. He, K; Hu, L; Pan, J; Shu, S; Wang, R; Yu, J; Zhang, S, 2017)	0.46
" Quercetin (QC) in combination with piperine (bioenhancer) acts as potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective against 6-OHDA rat model of PD."	( Piperine in combination with quercetin halt 6-OHDA induced neurodegeneration in experimental rats: Biochemical and neurochemical evidences. Kumar, P; Singh, S, 2018)	0.48
" Alectinib and its major active metabolite M4 exhibited drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential through cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in vitro."	( Model-Based Assessments of CYP-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Risk of Alectinib: Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Supported Clinical Development. Cleary, Y; Fowler, S; Gertz, M; Morcos, PN; Parrott, N; Phipps, A; Youdim, K; Yu, L, 2018)	0.48
" We investigate, as an example, the impact of CYP3A4-CYP2C8 intercorrelation on the predicted interindividual variabilities of clearance and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) for repaglinide using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling."	( Implications of intercorrelation between hepatic CYP3A4-CYP2C8 enzymes for the evaluation of drug-drug interactions: a case study with repaglinide. Achour, B; Backman, JT; Darwich, AS; Doki, K; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Tornio, A, 2018)	0.48
" We conducted a single-center phase 1 study evaluating dose-escalated ibrutinib, in a 3-by-3 design, in combination with rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (R-ICE) in physiologically transplant-eligible rel/ref DLBCL patients."	( A phase 1 study of ibrutinib in combination with R-ICE in patients with relapsed or primary refractory DLBCL. Courtien, AI; Devlin, SM; Drullinsky, P; Gerecitano, J; Kumar, A; Matasar, MJ; McCall, SJ; Miller, ST; Moskowitz, CH; Noy, A; Palomba, ML; Portlock, CS; Sauter, CS; Schoder, H; Straus, DJ; Younes, A; Zelenetz, AD, 2018)	0.48
" For the first time, this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of topical piperine combined with narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) on vitiligo treatment."	( The effect of topical piperine combined with narrowband UVB on vitiligo treatment: A clinical trial study. Abadi, A; Hoormand, M; Shafiee, A; Shahidi-Dadras, M, 2018)	0.48
" We evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic properties of GDC-0575 alone and in combination with gemcitabine."	( Phase I study of the checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor GDC-0575 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with refractory solid tumors. Blackwood, EM; Cousin, S; DuPree, K; Epler, J; Hamilton, E; Hollebecque, A; Infante, JR; Italiano, A; Lauchle, JO; LoRusso, PM; Lu, X; Mahrus, S; Moein, A; Moore, KN; Murray, ER; Peale, FV; Postel-Vinay, S; Schutzman, JL; Shapiro, GI; Soria, JC; Tagen, M; Tolaney, S; Toulmonde, M, 2018)	0.48
"In this phase I open-label study, in the dose escalation stage, patients were enrolled in a GDC-0575 monotherapy Arm (1) or GDC-0575 combination with gemcitabine Arm (2) to determine the maximum tolerated dose."	( Phase I study of the checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor GDC-0575 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with refractory solid tumors. Blackwood, EM; Cousin, S; DuPree, K; Epler, J; Hamilton, E; Hollebecque, A; Infante, JR; Italiano, A; Lauchle, JO; LoRusso, PM; Lu, X; Mahrus, S; Moein, A; Moore, KN; Murray, ER; Peale, FV; Postel-Vinay, S; Schutzman, JL; Shapiro, GI; Soria, JC; Tagen, M; Tolaney, S; Toulmonde, M, 2018)	0.48
" No pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction was observed between GDC-0575 and gemcitabine."	( Phase I study of the checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor GDC-0575 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with refractory solid tumors. Blackwood, EM; Cousin, S; DuPree, K; Epler, J; Hamilton, E; Hollebecque, A; Infante, JR; Italiano, A; Lauchle, JO; LoRusso, PM; Lu, X; Mahrus, S; Moein, A; Moore, KN; Murray, ER; Peale, FV; Postel-Vinay, S; Schutzman, JL; Shapiro, GI; Soria, JC; Tagen, M; Tolaney, S; Toulmonde, M, 2018)	0.48
"GDC-0575 can be safely administered as a monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine; however, overall tolerability with gemcitabine was modest."	( Phase I study of the checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor GDC-0575 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with refractory solid tumors. Blackwood, EM; Cousin, S; DuPree, K; Epler, J; Hamilton, E; Hollebecque, A; Infante, JR; Italiano, A; Lauchle, JO; LoRusso, PM; Lu, X; Mahrus, S; Moein, A; Moore, KN; Murray, ER; Peale, FV; Postel-Vinay, S; Schutzman, JL; Shapiro, GI; Soria, JC; Tagen, M; Tolaney, S; Toulmonde, M, 2018)	0.48
" JZL alone or in combination with r-tPA, but not r-tPA, reduced brain edema, infarct volume, brain levels of TNF-α, MMP9, and also improved behavioral tests."	( Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor is Safe when Combined with Delayed r-tPA Administration in Treatment of Stroke. Allahtavakoli, M; Hakimizadeh, E; Rahmani, MR; Shamsizadeh, A, 2018)	0.48
" The results of the systematic review showed that piperine has promising anti-TB activity, mainly when combined with antimicrobials, and plays an important role as an EP inhibitor."	( Promising Antituberculosis Activity of Piperine Combined with Antimicrobials: A Systematic Review. Almeida, AL; Barros, ILE; Caleffi-Ferracioli, KR; Campanerut-Sá, PAZ; Canezin, PH; Cardoso, RF; Hegeto, LA; Nakamura de Vasconcelos, SS; Perez de Souza, J; Scodro, RBL; Siqueira, VLD; Teixeira, JJV, )	0.13
"Pooled data from six double-blind, randomized controlled Phase 3 studies of tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg BID in patients with RA were analyzed for safety and stratified by administration as monotherapy (ORAL Solo: NCT00814307 and ORAL Start: NCT01039688) or in combination with csDMARDs (ORAL Sync: NCT00856544, ORAL Standard: NCT00853385, ORAL Scan: NCT00847613, and ORAL Step: NCT00960440), and by glucocorticoid use at baseline."	( A pooled analysis of the safety of tofacitinib as monotherapy or in combination with background conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in a Phase 3 rheumatoid arthritis population. Bananis, E; Cohen, S; Connell, CA; Fan, H; Fleischmann, R; Haraoui, B; Kaine, J; Keystone, E; Kivitz, AJ; Takiya, L; van Vollenhoven, RF, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, a clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study to evaluate the effects of evocalcet on the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of probe substrates for CYP isozymes (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP3A) was conducted in healthy male volunteers using a novel cocktail combination."	( Assessment of CYP-Mediated Drug Interactions for Evocalcet, a New Calcimimetic Agent, Based on In Vitro Investigations and a Cocktail Study in Humans. Akizawa, T; Endo, Y; Fukagawa, M; Kannami, A; Maeda, H; Nagata, Y; Nakamura, H; Narushima, K; Ohtsuka, S; Shimazaki, R; Shiramoto, M; Uchimura, T, 2019)	0.51
" The recommended phase 2 dose of umbralisib when given in combination with ibrutinib was 800 mg once daily."	( Umbralisib in combination with ibrutinib in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or mantle cell lymphoma: a multicentre phase 1-1b study. Arnason, JE; Bazemore, J; Boruchov, AM; Brown, JR; Davids, MS; Fisher, DC; Francoeur, K; Hellman, JM; Jacobsen, ED; Jacobson, CA; Kim, HT; Maegawa, R; Miskin, HP; Nicotra, A; Rueter, J; Savell, A; Sportelli, P; Stampleman, L, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of this study was to assess the safety and activity of ibrutinib in combination with nivolumab in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell malignant diseases."	( Safety and activity of ibrutinib in combination with nivolumab in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a phase 1/2a study. Alvarez, J; Avivi, I; Balasubramanian, S; Ben-Yehuda, D; Bosch, F; Brody, J; Buglio, D; Caballero Barrigón, MD; Carpio, C; Ceulemans, R; Cordoba, R; de Jong, J; Demirkan, F; Ferhanoglu, B; Fourneau, N; Hellmann, A; Hodkinson, BP; Horowitz, NA; Jurczak, W; Kuss, B; Lopez-Guillermo, A; Ma, DDF; Marlton, P; Nagler, A; Ozcan, M; Schaffer, M; Streit, M; Wang, SS; Wrobel, T; Yağci, M; Younes, A, 2019)	0.51
" The primary objective of part A (dose escalation) was to assess the safety of daily oral ibrutinib (420 mg or 560 mg) in combination with intravenous nivolumab (3 mg/kg every 2 weeks) to ascertain a recommended phase 2 dose in patients with relapsed or refractory high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma (del17p or del11q), follicular lymphoma, or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma."	( Safety and activity of ibrutinib in combination with nivolumab in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a phase 1/2a study. Alvarez, J; Avivi, I; Balasubramanian, S; Ben-Yehuda, D; Bosch, F; Brody, J; Buglio, D; Caballero Barrigón, MD; Carpio, C; Ceulemans, R; Cordoba, R; de Jong, J; Demirkan, F; Ferhanoglu, B; Fourneau, N; Hellmann, A; Hodkinson, BP; Horowitz, NA; Jurczak, W; Kuss, B; Lopez-Guillermo, A; Ma, DDF; Marlton, P; Nagler, A; Ozcan, M; Schaffer, M; Streit, M; Wang, SS; Wrobel, T; Yağci, M; Younes, A, 2019)	0.51
" This study confirmed that the Inje cocktail approach was able to detect relevant drug-drug interactions impacting further development of ASP8477 and future therapeutic use."	( A Cocktail Interaction Study Evaluating the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of the Perpetrator Drug ASP8477 at Multiple Ascending Dose Levels. Collins, C; Ernault, E; Fuhr, R; Gangaram-Panday, S; Passier, P; Treijtel, N; van Bruijnsvoort, M, 2019)	0.51
"Ibrutinib alone or in combination with cytarabine or azacitidine demonstrated an acceptable safety profile."	( Clinical Experience With Ibrutinib Alone or in Combination With Either Cytarabine or Azacitidine in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cortes, JE; Graef, T; Jonas, BA; Luan, Y; Stein, AS, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of this study was to characterize the metabolites of AdipoRon in rat and human liver microsomes using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS) together with data processing techniques including extracted ion chromatograms and a mass defect filter."	( Characterization of the metabolite of AdipoRon in rat and human liver microsomes by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. Ge, Y; Li, X; Liu, Q; Yu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" This study investigated the effect of CMG002 alone and in combination with sorafenib on HCC in vitro and vivo."	( Preclinical efficacy of a novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, CMG002, alone and in combination with sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hwang, SG; Kim, JS; Kim, MN; Lee, SM, 2019)	0.51
" Treatment with CMG002 for 4 weeks alone and in combination with sorafenib strongly inhibited tumor growth."	( Preclinical efficacy of a novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, CMG002, alone and in combination with sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hwang, SG; Kim, JS; Kim, MN; Lee, SM, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of oxyresveratrol alone and in combination with piperine as a bioenhancer in rats."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxyresveratrol alone and in combination with piperine as a bioenhancer in rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Junsaeng, D; Khemawoot, P; Likhitwitayawuid, K; Songvut, P; Sritularak, B, 2019)	0.51
"Male Wistar rats were administered with oxyresveratrol 10 mg/kg, oxyresveratrol 10 mg/kg plus piperine 1 mg/kg via intravenous or oxyresveratrol 100 mg/kg, oxyresveratrol 100 mg/kg plus piperine 10 mg/kg via oral gavage."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxyresveratrol alone and in combination with piperine as a bioenhancer in rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Junsaeng, D; Khemawoot, P; Likhitwitayawuid, K; Songvut, P; Sritularak, B, 2019)	0.51
"The combination with piperine had shown a significantly higher maximum concentration in plasma approximately 1500 μg/L within 1-2 h after oral dosing, and could increase oral bioavailability of oxyresveratrol approximately 2-fold."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxyresveratrol alone and in combination with piperine as a bioenhancer in rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Junsaeng, D; Khemawoot, P; Likhitwitayawuid, K; Songvut, P; Sritularak, B, 2019)	0.51
" This study was carried out to investigate the effect of piperine and quercetin alone or in combination with marbofloxacin on CYP3A37 and MDR1 mRNA expression levels in liver and intestine of broiler chicken."	( Effect of piperine and quercetin alone or in combination with marbofloxacin on CYP3A37 and MDR1 mRNA expression levels in broiler chickens. Mathapati, BS; Modi, CM; Patel, HB; Patel, UD, 2019)	0.51
" Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of quercetin in combination with piperine against rotenone- and iron supplement-induced model of PD."	( Neuroprotective Effect of Quercetin in Combination with Piperine Against Rotenone- and Iron Supplement-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Experimental Rats. Raj, K; Sharma, S; Singh, S, 2020)	0.56
"We evaluated ibrutinib, a once-daily inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, combined with bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma who had received 1-3 prior therapies."	( A phase 2 study of ibrutinib in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Anagnostopoulos, A; Briso, EM; Cascavilla, N; Dobkowska, E; García Sanz, R; Hajek, R; Hauns, B; Lee, Y; Martin Sánchez, J; Oriol, A; Ozcan, M; Pour, L; Špička, I; Terjung, A, 2020)	0.56
"Ibrutinib combined with bortezomib and dexamethasone elicited clinical responses."	( A phase 2 study of ibrutinib in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Anagnostopoulos, A; Briso, EM; Cascavilla, N; Dobkowska, E; García Sanz, R; Hajek, R; Hauns, B; Lee, Y; Martin Sánchez, J; Oriol, A; Ozcan, M; Pour, L; Špička, I; Terjung, A, 2020)	0.56
" This study assessed the in vitro and in vivo functionality of CAR T cells transduced to express the anti-CD19 CAR of liso-cel in combination with ibrutinib or acalabrutinib."	( Antitumor Potency of an Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy, Lisocabtagene Maraleucel in Combination With Ibrutinib or Acalabrutinib. Baturevych, A; Clouser, CR; Hause, RJ; Johnstone, TG; Jones, JC; Krejsa, CM; Ponce, R; Ports, MO; Qin, JS; Ragan, SP; Salmon, RA, 2020)	0.56
"Rash is one of the most common severe adverse events associated with use of vemurafenib for the treatment of melanoma, either as monotherapy or in combination with cobimetinib."	( Risk factors for severe rash with use of vemurafenib alone or in combination with cobimetinib for advanced melanoma: pooled analysis of clinical trials. Hopkins, AM; Kichenadasse, G; Rathod, AD; Rowland, A; Sorich, MJ, 2020)	0.56
"Females had approximately two-fold increased risk of developing severe rash compared to males in clinical trials of vemurafenib alone or in combination with cobimetinib."	( Risk factors for severe rash with use of vemurafenib alone or in combination with cobimetinib for advanced melanoma: pooled analysis of clinical trials. Hopkins, AM; Kichenadasse, G; Rathod, AD; Rowland, A; Sorich, MJ, 2020)	0.56
"Administration of finerenone 20 mg once daily confers no risk of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions with substrates of cytochrome P450 enzymes."	( Results from Drug-Drug Interaction Studies In Vitro and In Vivo Investigating the Effect of Finerenone on the Pharmacokinetics of Comedications. Bairlein, M; Gerisch, M; Heinig, R; Loewen, S; Nagelschmitz, J, 2020)	0.56
"This study was devised to investigate if P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated the drug-drug interaction (DDI) between genistein and repaglinide."	( Molecular pharmacokinetic mechanism of the drug-drug interaction between genistein and repaglinide mediated by P-gp. Huo, X; Jin, H; Liu, K; Ma, X; Meng, Q; Sun, H; Sun, P; Tan, A; Wang, C; Wu, J; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of cobimetinib and GDC-0994 given in combination were similar to those previously observed in monotherapy studies, so that there was no evidence of drug-drug interaction."	( A Phase Ib Study to Evaluate the MEK Inhibitor Cobimetinib in Combination with the ERK1/2 Inhibitor GDC-0994 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Burris, H; Dokainish, H; Lockhart, A; LoRusso, P; Mueller, L; Murray, E; Park, E; Sarkar, I; Shapiro, G; Singh, J; Tagen, M; Weekes, C, 2020)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic data did not show evidence of a drug-drug interaction."	( A Phase Ib Study to Evaluate the MEK Inhibitor Cobimetinib in Combination with the ERK1/2 Inhibitor GDC-0994 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Burris, H; Dokainish, H; Lockhart, A; LoRusso, P; Mueller, L; Murray, E; Park, E; Sarkar, I; Shapiro, G; Singh, J; Tagen, M; Weekes, C, 2020)	0.56
" To our knowledge, no published or ongoing trial is trying to answer the question if patient can benefit from a potentially complete resection combined with PARPi maintenance in OC patients with secondary recurrence."	( A phase II trial of cytoreductive surgery combined with niraparib maintenance in platinum-sensitive, secondary recurrent ovarian cancer: SGOG SOC-3 study. Ai, Z; Bao, W; Chen, X; Feng, Y; Gao, W; Huang, H; Jia, H; Jiang, R; Jiang, W; Li, J; Li, Y; Liu, J; Luan, Y; Shi, T; Teng, Y; Wang, X; Wu, S; Yin, S; Yu, A; Zang, R; Zhang, J; Zhang, P; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zhu, J; Zhu, T; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.56
" This review aimed to critically assess the drug-drug interaction potential of tofacitinib, baricitinib and upadacitinib and provide a balanced perspective for choosing the most appropriate Janus kinase inhibitor based on the needs of patients with rheumatoid arthritis including co-medications and renal/hepatic impairment status."	( Critical Assessment of Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Tofacitinib, Baricitinib and Upadacitinib, the Three Approved Janus Kinase Inhibitors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment. Babu, RJ; Dash, RP; Madgula, LMV; Srinivas, NR; Thomas, JA; Veeravalli, V, 2020)	0.56
" This study aimed to predict the impact of drug-drug interactions and renal or hepatic impairment on tofacitinib pharmacokinetics using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."	( Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict Drug Exposure and Support Dosing Recommendations for Potential Drug-Drug Interactions or in Special Populations: An Example Using Tofacitinib. Dowty, ME; Gupta, P; Krishnaswami, S; Menon, S; Tse, S, 2020)	0.56
" High-dose chemotherapy regimens such as DA-EPOCH should be administered to young patients in combination with rituximab."	( Chidamide combined with ibrutinib improved the prognosis of primary bone marrow diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Chen, Z; Li, Y; Tian, C, 2020)	0.56
" After incubation for 2 h, the samples were pretreated and analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with diode-array detection and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/DAD-HRMS)."	( Identification of the metabolites of piperine via hepatocyte incubation and liquid chromatography combined with diode-array detection and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Li, M; Li, Y; Tang, J; Wang, Z; Wen, M, 2020)	0.56
" However, BTKi have a range of drug-drug and drug-food interactions, which may alter drug efficacy and/or increase toxicity."	( Drug interactions with Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors: clinical implications and management. Fancher, KM; Pappacena, JJ, 2020)	0.56
"Antipsychotics are often used in combination with other psychotropic drugs to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders, as well as in combination with other drugs taken by patients with co-morbidities."	( Asenapine and iloperidone decrease the expression of major cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes. A significance for drug-drug interactions during combined therapy. Danek, PJ; Daniel, WA; Wójcikowski, J, 2020)	0.56
" Here, M-134, a recently developed HDAC6 inhibitor, was examined for its therapeutic potential when combined with tofacitinib in a rat model of RA."	( M-134, a novel HDAC6-selective inhibitor, markedly improved arthritic severity in a rodent model of rheumatoid arthritis when combined with tofacitinib. Bae, D; Baek, J; Choi, Y; Ha, N; Lee, J; Park, J; Son, W; Suh, D, 2021)	0.62
" The biotransformation was executed at a temperature of 37°C for 60 min, and the samples were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) operated in positive electrospray ionization mode."	( Identification of the metabolites of tofacitinib in liver microsomes by liquid chromatography combined with high resolution mass spectrometry. Dong, Z; Liu, P; Wu, S, 2021)	0.62
" These variants were subsequently combined with replacement of the cysteine 481 residue to which irreversible inhibitors, such as ibrutinib, acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, bind."	( BTK gatekeeper residue variation combined with cysteine 481 substitution causes super-resistance to irreversible inhibitors acalabrutinib, ibrutinib and zanubrutinib. Berglöf, A; Estupiñán, HY; Mohammad, DK; Schaafsma, GCP; Shi, Y; Smith, CIE; Vihinen, M; Wang, Q; Yu, L; Zain, R; Zhou, L, 2021)	0.62
" The model was developed based on physicochemical and in vitro parameters, as well as clinical data, including pharmacokinetic data in patients with B-cell malignancies and in healthy volunteers from two clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies of zanubrutinib as a victim of CYP modulators (itraconazole, rifampicin) or a perpetrator (midazolam)."	( Comprehensive PBPK model to predict drug interaction potential of Zanubrutinib as a victim or perpetrator. Gao, Y; Liu, D; Ou, YC; Sahasranaman, S; Wang, K; Yao, X; Zhang, M, 2021)	0.62
" He was placed on intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in combination with ibrutinib."	( [Intravenous immunoglobulin in combination with ibrutinib for the treatment of IgM-type M protein associated peripheral neuropathy complicated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia]. Kawano, K; Kawano, Y; Miyazaki, Y; Ohtsuka, E; Saburi, M; Sakata, M; Takata, H; Uchida, H, 2021)	0.62
" The highest tested dose of ibrutinib, 560 mg once daily, was combined with a fixed dose of pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks for the phase 2 portion."	( A phase 1/2 trial of ibrutinib in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with mismatch repair proficient metastatic colorectal cancer. Carballido, E; Imanirad, I; Kim, DW; Kim, RD; Martinez, M; Mehta, R; Schell, MJ; Strosberg, J; Tan, E; Yu, J; Zhou, JM, 2021)	0.62
" Herein, we investigated the effects of the two drugs on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities to evaluate their potential risk for drug-drug interactions (DDIs) via UGT inhibition."	( Comparison of the drug-drug interactions potential of ibrutinib and acalabrutinib via inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. Cao, J; Fan, X; Jiang, L; Liu, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Xia, Y; Yan, M, 2021)	0.62
"In patients treated with tofacitinib in combination with a biologic, no new safety signals were observed."	( Safety and Efficacy of Tofacitinib in Combination With Biologic Therapy for Refractory Crohn's Disease. Barahimi, M; Clark-Snustad, KD; Harper, J; Jacobs, J; Kamp, KJ; Lee, SD; Singla, A, 2022)	0.72
" In subsequent drug combination experiments, tepotinib synergistically reversed daunorubicin and mitoxantrone resistance in cells with ABCB1 and ABCG2 overexpression, respectively."	( Tepotinib Inhibits Several Drug Efflux Transporters and Biotransformation Enzymes: The Role in Drug-Drug Interactions and Targeting Cytostatic Resistance In Vitro and Ex Vivo. Budagaga, Y; Hanke, I; Hofman, J; Kammerer, S; Küpper, JH; Morell, A; Novotná, E; Rozkoš, T; Skarka, A; Vagiannis, D; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" We hypothesized that a tailored treatment with ibrutinib in combination with rituximab (IR) could obtain significant responses in these patients."	( Ibrutinib in Combination With Rituximab for Indolent Clinical Forms of Mantle Cell Lymphoma (IMCL-2015): A Multicenter, Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase II Trial. Aymerich, M; Beà, S; Campo, E; Casanova, M; Cortés-Romera, M; de la Cruz, F; de la Fuente, A; García Sanz, R; Giné, E; González Barca, E; González-López, TJ; Jiménez Ubieto, A; López Jimenez, J; López-Guillermo, A; Marín-Niebla, A; Martín García-Sancho, A; Medina Herrera, A; Muntañola, A; Nadeu, F; Rodríguez, S; Rotger, A; Setoain, X; Terol, MJ, 2022)	0.72
" We administered tofacitinib combined with leflunomide to a 38-year-old female patient who presented with PsA and IgA nephropathy."	( Tofacitinib combined with leflunomide for treatment of psoriatic arthritis with IgA nephropathy: a case report with literature review. Ci, X; Du, X; Li, L; Lu, X; Luo, M; Wu, L; Xue, H, 2022)	0.72
"To explore the effects of systematic diet education combined with multidisciplinary nursing on nutritional status and calcium and phosphorus metabolism in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in uremic phase after treatment with alogliptin."	( Effects of Systematic Diet Education Combined with Multidisciplinary Nursing on Nutritional Status and Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease in Uremic Phase after Treatment with Alogliptin. Guo, N; Li, N; Liu, K; Sun, H; Zhao, Y, 2022)	0.72
" The combination group received systematic dietary education combined with multidisciplinary nursing after the medication, and the conventional group received conventional intervention."	( Effects of Systematic Diet Education Combined with Multidisciplinary Nursing on Nutritional Status and Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease in Uremic Phase after Treatment with Alogliptin. Guo, N; Li, N; Liu, K; Sun, H; Zhao, Y, 2022)	0.72
"With conspicuous intervention effect, systematic diet education combined with multidisciplinary nursing is a reliable method that can improve the nutritional status and levels of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, enhance treatment compliance, and reduce anxiety."	( Effects of Systematic Diet Education Combined with Multidisciplinary Nursing on Nutritional Status and Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease in Uremic Phase after Treatment with Alogliptin. Guo, N; Li, N; Liu, K; Sun, H; Zhao, Y, 2022)	0.72
"To explore the effect of resveratrol (RES) combined with donepezil hydrochloride on inflammatory factor level and cognitive function level of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD)."	( Effect of Resveratrol Combined with Donepezil Hydrochloride on Inflammatory Factor Level and Cognitive Function Level of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Fang, X; Wang, L; Zhang, J; Zhao, J, 2022)	0.72
" This study was conducted to explore the clinical effects of repaglinide combined with exercise rehabilitation on improving the blood glucose of patients with diabetes."	( Clinical Effects of Exercise Rehabilitation Combined with Repaglinide in the Treatment of Diabetes. Li, Y; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" First three groups were treated with Acai berry (PO; 250 mg/kg); fourth, fifth and sixth groups received sodium CMC (vehicle) for 10 days and on eleventh day, first and fourth groups were administered with ATR (PO; 10 mg/kg); second and fifth groups with ALO (PO; 25 mg/kg) and third and sixth groups received EMPA (PO; 25 mg/kg)."	( Investigation of the effect of Acai berry on the pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin, Alogliptin and Empagliflozin: a herb-drug interaction study. Nanjappan, SK; Ravichandiran, V; Somabattini, RA, 2022)	0.72
"Cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib was available in France in 2015 through a 'Temporary Authorization for Use' program (TAU, preapproval access pending its marketing on 2016) for patients with v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1-mutant advanced melanoma."	( Survival in adult patients with BRAFV600 mutation-positive advanced melanoma: a noninterventional ambispective study of patients with cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib during the French early access program: MELANIS study. Duval-Modeste, AB; El Adaoui, L; Lelarge, Y; Mateus, C; Meyer, N; Niarra, R; Pérol, D, 2022)	0.72
"In order to investigate the effect of remifentanil combined with propofol on awakening of craniotomy for tumor, a retrospective analysis is conducted."	( The Efficacy of Remifentanil Combined with Propofol in Craniotomy for Tumor Was Evaluated by Wake Quality, Hemodynamics, and Adverse Reactions. Chen, J; Han, Y; Zhou, Q, 2022)	0.72
" This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effects and safety of CSA using different doses of remifentanil combined with dexmedetomidine during peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion."	( Conscious sedation anesthesia using different doses of remifentanil combined with dexmedetomidine for peritoneal dialysis catheter implantation. Ding, J; Fang, X; Liu, K; Ren, X; Wang, M; Yang, Q; Yao, L, 2023)	0.91
"07 μg/kg/min) combined with dexmedetomidine achieved satisfactory anesthetic effects with fewer adverse drug reactions during PD catheter implantation, indicating its potential for use in patients undergoing PD catheter placement."	( Conscious sedation anesthesia using different doses of remifentanil combined with dexmedetomidine for peritoneal dialysis catheter implantation. Ding, J; Fang, X; Liu, K; Ren, X; Wang, M; Yang, Q; Yao, L, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Following oral administration of the 14C-labeled title compound to male mice, the drug was well absorbed and rapidly distributed throughout the body."	( The disposition of threo-alpha-(2-piperidyl)-2-trifluoromethyl-6-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-pyridinemethanol phosphate in mice. Chung, H; Gillum, HH; Rozman, RS, )	0.13
"Following oral administration of 14C-labeled mefloquine hydrochloride to female mice, the drug was well absorbed and distributed throughout the body."	( The absorption, distribution, and excretion in mice of the antimalarial mefloquine, erythro-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)-alpha-(2-piperidyl)-4-quinolinemethanol hydrochloride. Koby, R; Molek, NA; Rozman, RS, )	0.13
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were not found to be dose dependent in the range investigated, but it was not possible to decide whether the bioavailability was dependent on the dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of femoxetine in man. Bechgaard, E; Christensen, JA; Larsson, H; Lund, J; Molander, L, 1979)	0.26
"Penfluridol, 1-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]-4-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-piperidinol, was well absorbed by the rat, rabbit, dog, and man after single oral doses of drug in solution."	( The comparative metabolism and disposition of penfluridol-3H in the rat, rabbit, dog, and man. Cressman, WA; Grindel, JM; Migdalof, BH, )	0.13
" Comparison of the area under the curves during steady state (ss) indicated a complete bioavailability of multiple oral doses."	( Disposition and antiarrhythmic effect of lorcainide. Heimburg, P; Klotz, U; Müller-Seydlitz, P, 1979)	0.26
" In 4 of the healthy volunteers, the bioavailability of a single 100mg(n = 2) and 150mg (n = 2) oral dose was determined."	( Pharmacokinetics of lorcainide in man: a new antiarrhythmic agent. Heimburg, P; Klotz, U; Müller-Seydlitz, P, )	0.13
" Derivatives of the spiroindenepiperidine ring system, these compounds include L-366,509, an orally bioavailable OT antagonist with good in vivo duration."	( Orally active, nonpeptide oxytocin antagonists. DiPardo, RM; Evans, BE; Gilbert, KF; Gould, NP; Hobbs, DW; Leighton, JL; Lundell, GF; Pettibone, DJ; Rittle, KE; Veber, DF, 1992)	0.28
" Preclinical studies in the rat have shown the drug to be well absorbed and extensively metabolized."	( Quantitative determination of CGS 18102A, a new anxiolytic, in human plasma using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Hayes, MJ; Leal, M; Powell, ML, )	0.13
" The total bioavailability of BM 12."	( Pharmacokinetics of the organic nitrates trans-2-amino-2-methyl-N-(4- nitroxycyclohexylmethyl)-propionamide in dogs, and of 4-(2-nitroxyethyl)-piperidine in dogs and in monkeys. Bartsch, W; Neidlein, R; Pressmar, F; Strein, K, 1992)	0.28
" The peak plasma concentration of disopyramide in association with cisapride oral administration was significantly higher, and the apparent absorption rate constant and lag time of disopyramide were about 2-fold higher and 2-fold shorter, respectively, than for disopyramide alone."	( Effects of cisapride on gastrointestinal motor activity and gastric emptying of disopyramide. Akima, M; Azumi, T; Fukuzaki, H; Inatome, T; Kuroda, T; Nakamura, H; Takanashi, H; Yogo, K; Yoshihara, Y, 1992)	0.28
" The well known bioavailability parameters of absorption and the area under the curve of the fractional absorbed time profiles up to 30 min were used as an index of gastric emptying."	( Influence of cisapride, metoclopramide and loperamide on gastric emptying of normal volunteers as measured by means of the area under the curve of the cumulative fraction absorbed-time profiles of paracetamol. Moncrieff, J; Sommers, DK; van Wyk, M, 1992)	0.28
" They are well absorbed orally but exhibit an extensive first-pass extraction in the liver."	( Pharmacokinetics of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. DeVane, CL, 1992)	0.28
" Paroxetine is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and undergoes first-pass metabolism that is partially saturable."	( The pharmacologic profile of paroxetine, a new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Johnson, AM; Tulloch, IF, 1992)	0.28
"The effect of piperine on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline has been examined in a crossover study."	( Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Bano, G; Bedi, KL; Johri, RK; Raina, RK; Sharma, SC; Zutshi, U, 1991)	0.28
" The bioavailability of A10 capsules was determined with tritium-labelled A10 in rabbits."	( Studies of the release rate and bioavailability of antineoplaston A10 capsule. Wang, H; Xu, W; Yuan, Y, 1990)	0.28
"The comparative bioavailability of cisapride as a 30 mg suppository and three 5 mg oral tablets was investigated in 12 non-smoking, healthy male volunteers."	( Comparative bioavailability of a cisapride suppository and tablet formulation in healthy volunteers. Gelin-Friberg, A; Hedner, J; Hedner, T; Heykants, J; Huang, ML; Van de Poel, S; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, 1990)	0.28
" The drugs were quantitated in samples from bioavailability studies performed in dogs."	( Determination of a new anti-allergenic agent, 1-[4-[3-[4-[bis-(4-fluorophenyl)hydroxymethyl]-1-piperidinyl] propoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethanone, and its active acidic metabolite in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Cheng, LK; Greene, SV; Krebs, HA; Lemieux, RE, 1990)	0.28
" Systemic oral bioavailability averaged 87% in humans."	( Preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics of pirmenol. Chang, T, 1987)	0.27
" bioavailability and a relatively long duration of action."	( Pharmacology of risperidone (R 64 766), a new antipsychotic with serotonin-S2 and dopamine-D2 antagonistic properties. Awouters, F; Janssen, PA; Meert, TF; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schellekens, KH, 1988)	0.27
"Paroxetine is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and appears to undergo first-pass metabolism which is partially saturable."	( A review of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of paroxetine in man. Greb, WH; Haddock, RE; Kaye, CM; Langley, PF; Mellows, G; Tasker, TC; Zussman, BD, 1989)	0.28
" analysis of spiked samples demonstrated the good accuracy and precision of the method, which is suitable for use in pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies."	( Determination of the new monoamine oxidase inhibitor brofaromine and its major metabolite in biological material by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Degen, PH; Keller, B; Schneider, W, 1989)	0.28
" Loperamide is well absorbed after oral administration and extensively metabolized."	( Loperamide--an opiate receptor agonist with gastrointestinal motility effects. Mellstrand, T, 1987)	0.27
" ratios indicate that, relative to ranitidine, the bioavailability of AY-29,315 by the oral route was low, particularly in the dog."	( Antisecretory and antiulcer activities of a potent new histamine H2-receptor antagonist with an intermediate duration of action. Borella, L; Failli, A; Grimes, D; Mir, GN; Rimele, TJ; Russell, J, 1988)	0.27
" Furthermore, there was no interference in the bioavailability of roxatidine acetate 150 mg daily when administered alone or in combination with a meal or antacids."	( Interaction of roxatidine acetate with antacids, food and other drugs. Labs, RA, 1988)	0.27
" Relative bioavailability of conjugated tyramine was elevated sixfold by brofaromine and 11."	( Monoamine oxidase inhibition by phenelzine and brofaromine in healthy volunteers. Antonin, KH; Bieck, PR; Firkusny, L; Nilsson, E; Schick, C; Schulz, R; Schwenk, M; Wollmann, H, 1989)	0.28
" Bioavailability ranged between 15 and 60%, indicating a substantial first-pass effect."	( Blood pressure reduction and pharmacokinetics of ketanserin in hypertensive patients. Hedner, T; Persson, B; Pettersson, A, 1986)	0.27
" Gastric emptying after each premedication was assessed indirectly from the rate of absorption of oral paracetamol."	( Comparison of the effect of cisapride and metoclopramide on morphine-induced delay in gastric emptying. Bamber, PA; Nimmo, WS; Rowbotham, DJ, 1988)	0.27
" According to these findings in the dog, the use of deuterated lorcainide in human bioavailability and metabolism studies is probably of limited value."	( The use and limitations of deuterated lorcainide in metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies. Gelijkens, CF; Heykants, J; Knaeps, A; Lenoir, H; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, 1985)	0.27
"The bioavailability of ketanserin has been examined in a cross-over experiment in 21 elderly subjects (aged 59-72 years) by administration of tablets (40 mg), solution (40 mg) and injectable solution (10 mg)."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ketanserin in elderly subjects. Kurowski, M, 1985)	0.27
" Compared with intravenous administration, the absolute bioavailability of oral cisapride was 23% in rats and 53% in the dog for the drug given in solution."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the new gastrokinetic agent cisapride in rat, rabbit and dog. Geerts, R; Hendriks, R; Heykants, J; Michiels, M; Monbaliu, J; Woestenborghs, R, 1987)	0.27
"Relative bioavailability of the investigational gastrointestinal stimulant agent cisapride after oral administration was determined in healthy men."	( Bioavailability of three oral dosage forms of cisapride, a gastrointestinal stimulant agent. Barone, JA; Bierman, RH; Colaizzi, JL; Heykants, J; Huang, YC; Kerr, DA; Long, JF; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, 1987)	0.27
" The initial rate of absorption of diazepam contained in the drink was increased by C (AUC 0-1 h C: 328 micrograms h l-1, P: 253 micrograms h l-1, but there was no change in overall bioavailability."	( The action of cisapride on gastric emptying and the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral diazepam. Bateman, DN, 1986)	0.27
" The bioavailability of muscular injection was unity."	( Fundamental pharmacokinetic properties of biperiden: tissue distribution and elimination in rabbits. Ichimura, F; Nakashima, E; Yamana, T; Yokogawa, K, 1986)	0.27
" The observed interaction can be explained by an increase in bioavailability or, more probably, by a decrease in biotransformation of flecainide in the presence of cimetidine."	( Altered pharmacokinetics of oral flecainide by cimetidine. de Schepper, PJ; Tjandra-Maga, TB; van Hecken, A; van Melle, P; Verbesselt, R, 1986)	0.27
" Orally administered ketanserin was well absorbed and almost completely metabolized in both species."	( Excretion and biotransformation of ketanserin after oral and intravenous administration in rats and dogs. Hendrickx, J; Heykants, J; Hurkmans, R; Knaeps, F; Lauwers, W; Meuldermans, W; Swysen, E; Woestenborghs, R, )	0.13
" The mean absolute bioavailability for the oral dose was 87%."	( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of pirmenol hydrochloride in the treatment of ventricular dysrhythmia. Chang, T; Goldberg, AD; Goldstein, S; Johnson, EL; Lee, TG; Serkland, MT; Toole, JG; Yakatan, GJ, )	0.13
" Flecainide pharmacokinetics are suitable for oral use but encainide disposition is complex with variable bioavailability and active metabolites that contribute substantially to activity."	( Clinical profiles of newer class I antiarrhythmic agents--tocainide, mexiletine, encainide, flecainide and lorcainide. Pottage, A, 1983)	0.27
" Lorcainide is also a class Ic antiarrhythmic drug, the bioavailability of which is nonlinear."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiarrhythmic agents. Gillis, AM; Kates, RE, )	0.13
"Lorcainide is a new type 1 antiarrhythmic drug that is well absorbed orally, with bioavailability increasing with both dose and continued administration."	( Pharmacology of lorcainide. Keefe, DL, 1984)	0.27
"A new benzothiophene-derived antiestrogen (LY156758) when orally administered was well absorbed in rats and monkeys while approx."	( Disposition and metabolism of a new benzothiophene antiestrogen in rats, dogs and monkeys. Lindstrom, TD; Whitaker, GW; Whitaker, NG, 1984)	0.27
" In control rats, the total blood clearance of lorcainide was 30 ml/kg/min and the bioavailability was 14%."	( Effect of enzyme induction on the disposition of lorcainide in rats following intravenous and oral administration. Jähnchen, E; Plänitz, V, 1984)	0.27
" A substantial first-pass effect led to a bioavailability of about 50% (range: 27-69%)."	( Pharmacokinetics of ketanserin in man. Klotz, U; Okonkwo, PO; Reimann, IW, 1983)	0.27
" The tablet gave a longer lag time and a slower absorption rate than the solution."	( Biovailability and pharmacokinetics of femoxetine. Lange, J; Lund, J; Mengel, H, 1983)	0.27
"To determine whether the antidiarrheal effect of loperamide is due to an effect on intestinal motor function or to an acceleration of the rate of absorption by the intestine (as has been suggested recently), we studied absorption during experimental diarrhea produced by the rapid intragastric infusion of electrolyte solution."	( Mechanism of the antidiarrheal effect of loperamide. Fordtran, JS; Morawski, SG; Santa Ana, CA; Schiller, LR, 1984)	0.27
" The drug is well absorbed by the oral route and its elimination half-life is long when compared with other substances."	( Lorcainide (R 15 889), a first review. Amery, WK; Gough, DA; Heykants, JJ; Janssen, PA; Oettel, P; Towse, G; Xhonneux, R, 1981)	0.26
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of domperidone, a novel gastrokinetic, were studied in healthy male subjects by comparing plasma concentrations and urinary excretion following intravenous, intramuscular, oral and rectal administration."	( On the pharmacokinetics of domperidone in animals and man. IV. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous domperidone and its bioavailability in man following intramuscular, oral and rectal administration. Hendriks, R; Heykants, J; Meuldermans, W; Michiels, M; Reyntjens, H; Scheygrond, H, 1981)	0.26
"3:1, suggesting that hepatic metabolism of perhexiline may be saturable and that the bioavailability of perhexiline is dose dependent."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of perhexiline maleate in plasma. Drummer, OH; Goble, AJ; Horowitz, JD; Louis, WJ; Morris, PM, 1981)	0.26
" The results suggest that these acrids have the capacity to increase the bioavailability of certain drugs."	( Scientific evidence on the role of Ayurvedic herbals on bioavailability of drugs. Atal, CK; Rao, PG; Zutshi, U, 1981)	0.26
"The in vitro fate of an ester prodrug, glycovir, was studied to determine if the species differences in the bioavailability of pharmacologically active SC-48334 observed after glycovir administration and not observed after SC-48334 administration is due to species differences in ester hydrolysis rate or species differences in absorption of the prodrug itself, and to determine the site(s) of ester hydrolysis which contributes most to species differences in the bioavailability of SC-48334 if any."	( Species dependent esterase activities for hydrolysis of an anti-HIV prodrug glycovir and bioavailability of active SC-48334. Cook, CS; Karabatsos, PJ; Karim, A; Schoenhard, GL, 1995)	0.29
" After SC-48334 administration, SC-48334 was rapidly and similarly well absorbed in all species."	( Species dependent esterase activities for hydrolysis of an anti-HIV prodrug glycovir and bioavailability of active SC-48334. Cook, CS; Karabatsos, PJ; Karim, A; Schoenhard, GL, 1995)	0.29
"The species differences in bioavailability of SC-48334 with the prodrug were due to species differences in hydrolysis rates of the prodrug in small intestinal mucosa."	( Species dependent esterase activities for hydrolysis of an anti-HIV prodrug glycovir and bioavailability of active SC-48334. Cook, CS; Karabatsos, PJ; Karim, A; Schoenhard, GL, 1995)	0.29
" The newer antipsychotic agents clozapine and risperidone are also well absorbed and undergo extensive presystemic elimination."	( Brief comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the traditional and newer antipsychotic drugs. DeVane, CL, 1995)	0.29
" Iloperidone was well absorbed orally in fasted subjects."	( Safety, tolerability, and effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of iloperidone (HP 873), a potential atypical antipsychotic. Brecher, MB; Chi, E; Grasing, K; Hubbard, JW; Sainati, SM, 1995)	0.29
" The oral bioavailability of BMS-184111 was found to be 10% after administration of the free base and 23% after administration of the hydrochloride salt."	( In vivo disposition and in vitro metabolism of an anxiolytic compound, BMS-184111, in rats. Catt, JD; Knipe, JO; Mattson, RJ; McGoff, KB; Rourick, R; Volk, KJ; Yeleswaram, K, 1995)	0.29
" Risperidone absolute oral bioavailability was 66%."	( Pharmacokinetics of the novel antipsychotic agent risperidone and the prolactin response in healthy subjects. De Coster, R; Heykants, J; Huang, ML; Jansen, AA; Jonkman, JH; Van Peer, A; Visscher, HW; Woestenborghs, R; Zylicz, Z, 1993)	0.29
" The absorption rate constant was increased significantly after multiple administration as compared to that of single administration."	( Effect of oral multiple-dose administration of anti-inflammatory flurbiprofen chimera drug on gastric lesion, other toxicities and disposition kinetics. Fukuhara, A; Imai, T; Inoue, K; Otagiri, M, 1995)	0.29
" Tanaka, Yakuzaigaku, accepted) was evaluated by the dissolution test and its bioavailability in beagle dogs was determined."	( Evaluation of a pharmaceutical preparation of 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl]-2'-acetonaphthone hydrochloride with enhanced dissolution rate. Tanaka, T; Tokumura, T, 1994)	0.29
" These effects would be expected to increase the initial rate of absorption of orally administered drugs, but reduce total bioavailability of the agents."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with gastrointestinal motility modifying agents. Greiff, JM; Rowbotham, D, 1994)	0.29
" Comparison of the parenteral and enteral potencies indicated that FRG-8813 has a lower bioavailability than famotidine and cimetidine in rats and dogs."	( Gastric antisecretory effect of FRG-8813, a new histamine H2 receptor antagonist, in rats and dogs. Chida, Y; Inaba, N; Ohnishi, H; Onodera, S; Shibata, M; Yamaura, T, 1993)	0.29
" The absorption was complete with an oral bioavailability of 92-131%."	( Metabolism and disposition of EXP631--a novel antidepressant analgesic. Burcham, DL; Huang, SM; Quon, CY; Wong, YN, 1993)	0.29
" The new OT antagonist L-367,773 (35) is shown to be an orally bioavailable agent with good duration in vivo and to inhibit OT-stimulated uterine contractions effectively in several in vitro and in vivo models."	( Nanomolar-affinity, non-peptide oxytocin receptor antagonists. Bock, MG; Carroll, LA; Evans, BE; Gilbert, KF; Leighton, JL; Lundell, GF; Pawluczyk, JM; Rittle, KE; Williams, PD; Young, MB, 1993)	0.29
" The absolute bioavailability of bidisomide was 45-62% which is lower than that of disopyramide (60-90%)."	( Importance of pharmacokinetic and physicochemical data in the discovery and development of novel anti-arrhythmic drugs. Cook, CS; Karim, A; McDonald, SJ, 1993)	0.29
" These compounds are structurally related to the 1-(4-piperidyl)-2(1H)-quinolinones, including OPC-21268, an orally bioavailable AVP V1 antagonist with high V1 specificity."	( Orally active, nonpeptide vasopressin V1 antagonists. A novel series of 1-(1-substituted 4-piperidyl)-3,4-dihdyro-2(1H)-quinolinone. Chihara, T; Kondo, K; Miyamoto, H; Mori, T; Nakaya, K; Ogawa, H; Tominaga, M; Yabuuchi, Y; Yamamura, Y; Yamashita, H, 1993)	0.29
"The effect of food on the bioavailability of brofaromine hydrochloride was investigated in a randomized cross-over study."	( Influence of food on the disposition of the monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor brofaromine in healthy volunteers. Cardot, JM; Czendlik, C; Degen, PH; Dieterle, W, 1993)	0.29
" Tetrazole 19 inhibits radiation-induced emesis in the ferret with high potency when administered both subcutaneously and orally, has a long duration of action, and has high oral bioavailability in the dog."	( Discovery of an orally bioavailable NK1 receptor antagonist, (2S,3S)-(2-methoxy-5-tetrazol-1-ylbenzyl)(2-phenylpiperidin-3-yl)amine (GR203040), with potent antiemetic activity. Armour, DR; Bays, DE; Evans, B; Giblin, GM; Heron, N; Hubbard, T; Liang, K; Middlemiss, D; Mordaunt, J; Ward, P, 1995)	0.29
" The bioavailability of parent LY255582 was < 1% in both the rat and the dog, primarily because of extensive first-pass metabolism."	( Disposition of the opioid antagonist, LY255582, in rats and dogs. Catlow, J; Chay, SH; Johnson, T; Pohland, RC; Swanson, SP, 1995)	0.29
" Long half life and oral bioavailability would be desirable for prophylactic treatment of thrombotic disorders."	( Synthesis and characterisation of novel thrombin inhibitors based on 4-amidinophenylalanine. Czech, J; Dickneite, G; Hoffmann, D; Koschinsky, R; Reers, M; Stüber, W, 1995)	0.29
" dose ratio was approximately one, suggesting that LY353433 was well absorbed with excellent pharmacodynamics in the rat."	( LY353433, a potent, orally effective, long-acting 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: comparison to cisapride and RS23597-190. Bloomquist, W; Calligaro, DA; Cohen, I; Cohen, ML; Schaus, JM; Susemichel, AD; Thompson, DC, 1996)	0.29
" The amphiphilic compound exhibits virtually no systemic bioavailability despite proteolytic stability and proven enteral absorption."	( First-pass elimination of a peptidomimetic thrombin inhibitor is due to carrier-mediated uptake by the liver. Interaction with bile acid transport systems. Dickneite, G; Eckhardt, U; Petzinger, E; Reers, M; Stüber, W, 1996)	0.29
" In animal studies, L-368,899 was shown to be a potent and selective OT antagonist and was orally bioavailable in rats, dogs and chimpanzees."	( Progress in the development of oxytocin antagonists for use in preterm labor. Bock, MG; Evans, BE; Guidotti, M; Harrell, CM; Jasper, JR; Lis, EV; O'Brien, JA; Pettibone, DJ; Reiss, DR; Woyden, CJ, 1995)	0.29
" The effect of food on their bioavailability is similar."	( Modulation of insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by two novel oral hypoglycaemic agents, NN623 and A4166. Kikuchi, M, 1996)	0.29
" The striking potency of these agents, their bioavailability and the dissociation of neurotrophic from immunosuppressant actions argue for their therapeutic relevance in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases."	( Neurotrophic actions of nonimmunosuppressive analogues of immunosuppressive drugs FK506, rapamycin and cyclosporin A. Connolly, MA; Dawson, TM; Hamilton, GS; Hester, L; Snyder, SH; Steiner, JP; Valentine, HL, 1997)	0.3
" dose both probably due to extensive and rapid metabolism of the parent drugs as suggested by the low values for bioavailability (range 13."	( A method using a liquid chromatographic-electrospray-mass spectrometric assay for the determination of antimigraine compounds: preliminary pharmacokinetics of MDL 74,721, sumatriptan and naratriptan, in rabbit. David, M; Duléry, BD; Huebert, ND; Petty, MA; Schoun, J, 1997)	0.3
" In conscious rats and dogs, naratriptan has high oral bioavailability (71% and 95%, respectively)."	( Naratriptan: biological profile in animal models relevant to migraine. Beattie, DT; Connor, HE; Feniuk, W; Humphrey, PP; North, PC; Oxford, AW; Saynor, DA, 1997)	0.3
" Following oral administration to animals, metabolic clearance resulted in decreased bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism in rat and mouse."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of zamifenacin in mouse, rat, dog and man. Beaumont, KC; Causey, AG; Coates, PE; Smith, DA, 1996)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic evaluation of SB 223412 in rat and dog indicated low plasma clearance, oral bioavailability and high and sustained plasma concentrations after 4 to 8 mg/kg oral dosages."	( Nonpeptide tachykinin receptor antagonists: I. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characterization of SB 223412, a novel, potent and selective neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist. Brawner, ME; Elshourbagy, NA; Foley, JJ; Giardina, GA; Griswold, DE; Hay, DW; Martin, LD; Medhurst, AD; Potts, W; Sarau, HM; Schmidt, DB; Webb, EF, 1997)	0.3
" Compound 36 is an antagonist of hD4 receptors with good oral bioavailability of 38%, a half life of 2 h, and brain levels 10-fold higher than plasma levels."	( 4-Heterocyclylpiperidines as selective high-affinity ligands at the human dopamine D4 receptor. Baker, R; Ball, R; Broughton, HB; Collins, I; Davey, WB; Emms, F; Freedman, SB; Leeson, PD; Marwood, R; Patel, S; Ragan, CI; Rowley, M, 1997)	0.66
" Coadministration of sucralfate leads to a 44% decrease in the bioavailability of sparfloxacin."	( Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin and interaction with cisapride and sucralfate. Borner, K; Geerdes-Fenge, HF; Koeppe, P; Lode, H; Rau, M; Vöckler, J; Zix, JA, 1997)	0.3
" Information on serum/plasma concentration, bioavailability and half-life can often aid the discovery process by selecting those candidates with the desired pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetic screening for the selection of new drug discovery candidates is greatly enhanced through the use of liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Bryant, MS; Korfmacher, WA; Lin, CC; Nardo, C; Nomeir, AA; Wang, S, 1997)	0.3
" However, NAPAP and other benzamidine derivatives do not show favorable pharmacological properties; above all, they have very low systemic bioavailability after oral administration."	( Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of potent thrombin inhibitors: piperazides of 3-amidinophenylalanine. Hauptmann, J; Prasa, D; Stürzebecher, J; Vieweg, H; Wikström, P, 1997)	0.3
"59 ng/ml, and bioavailability +/- SD was 29."	( Pharmacokinetics and suggested oral dosing regimen of cisapride: a study in healthy cats. Boothe, DM; Herndon, S; LeGrange, SN; Willard, MD, )	0.13
" Increasing bioavailability has been achieved with greater lipophilicity and thus the potential for greater activity in the central nervous system."	( Inhibition of trigeminal neurones after intravenous administration of naratriptan through an action at 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT(1B/1D)) receptors. Goadsby, PJ; Knight, Y, 1997)	0.3
" This may be due to poor bioavailability during a migraine attack."	( Ineffectiveness of neurokinin-1 antagonist in acute migraine: a crossover study. Goldstein, DJ; Mathew, NT; Saper, JR; Silberstein, SD; Stoltz, R; Wang, O, 1997)	0.3
" Donepezil has a relative bioavailability of 100% following oral administration and is not affected by the presence of food."	( Donepezil use in Alzheimer disease. Barner, EL; Gray, SL, 1998)	0.3
" The oral bioavailability of inogatran was incomplete, presumably due to a low membrane permeability, and dose dependent."	( Animal pharmacokinetics of inogatran, a low-molecular-weight thrombin inhibitor with potential use as an antithrombotic drug. Bredberg, U; Eriksson, UG; Regårdh, CG; Renberg, L; Teger-Nilsson, AC, 1998)	0.3
" Bidisomide AUC was decreased since it was well absorbed in the upper but not lower small intestine."	( Reduced systemic availability of an antiarrhythmic drug, bidisomide, with meal co-administration: relationship with region-dependent intestinal absorption. Cook, C; Fleisher, D; Kararli, T; Karim, A; Kirchhoff, C; Pao, LH; Truelove, J; Zhou, SY, 1998)	0.3
" All three showed excellent oral bioavailability in vivo in nude mice and cynomolgus monkeys and exhibited excellent antitumor efficacy against a series of tumor cell lines when dosed orally in nude mice."	( Inhibitors of farnesyl protein transferase. 4-Amido, 4-carbamoyl, and 4-carboxamido derivatives of 1-(8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]- cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperazine and 1-(3-bromo-8-chloro-6,11- dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridi Bishop, WR; Bryant, MS; Carr, DM; Catino, JJ; Chen, J; Chen, KJ; Dell, J; Doll, RJ; Ganguly, AK; Girijavallabhan, VM; Kirschmeier, P; Korfmacher, WA; Lee, S; Li, Z; Lin, CC; Lipari, P; Liu, M; Mallams, AK; Nardo, C; Nomeir, AA; Patton, R; Petrin, J; Rossman, RR; Wang, L; Wang, S, 1998)	0.3
" Bioavailability was calculated to be 20."	( Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of YM-60828, a newly synthesized and orally active inhibitor of human factor Xa. Hirayama, F; Hisamichi, N; Kawasaki, T; Kayama, M; Koshio, H; Mano, Y; Matsumoto, Y; Sakai, Y; Sato, K; Taniuchi, Y, 1998)	0.3
" It is shown to enhance the bioavailability of various structurally and therapeutically diverse drugs."	( Permeability characteristics of piperine on oral absorption--an active alkaloid from peppers and a bioavailability enhancer. Bedi, KL; Khajuria, A; Zutshi, U, 1998)	0.3
" The bioavailability of MK-499 was high in dogs (100%) but low in rats (17%)."	( Metabolism of MK-499, a class III antiarrhythmic agent, in rats and dogs. Arison, BH; Duncan, CA; Greber, T; Olah, TV; Slaughter, DE; Vickers, S; Vyas, KP, 1998)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic studies of MDL 100,907 in rats and dogs show that the drug is well absorbed but undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism to an active metabolite (MDL 105,725)."	( Investigation of the CNS penetration of a potent 5-HT2a receptor antagonist (MDL 100,907) and an active metabolite (MDL 105,725) using in vivo microdialysis sampling in the rat. Heath, TG; Scott, DO, 1998)	0.3
" cannot be utilised because of poor bioavailability due to its rapid metabolism in the liver and intestinal wall."	( Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Joseph, T; Joy, D; Majeed, M; Rajendran, R; Shoba, G; Srinivas, PS, 1998)	0.3
" The results showed that huperzine A had high bioavailability and more selective inhibition on AChE activity in cortex and hippocampus."	( Comparative studies of huperzine A, E2020, and tacrine on behavior and cholinesterase activities. Cheng, DH; Tang, XC, 1998)	0.3
" Thirdly, oral bioavailability has been achieved while maintaining selectivity and efficacy through the incorporation of progressively less basic P1 groups."	( Thrombin inhibitor design. Naylor-Olsen, AM; Sanderson, PE, 1998)	0.3
" In mouse, rat, and monkey systems, SCH 66336 has excellent oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties."	( Antitumor activity of SCH 66336, an orally bioavailable tricyclic inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase, in human tumor xenograft models and wap-ras transgenic mice. Bishop, WR; Bryant, MS; Catino, JJ; Chen, J; Dell, J; Doll, RJ; Ferrari, E; Girijavallabhan, VM; Korfmacher, WA; Lee, S; Lin, CC; Lipari, P; Liu, M; Malkowski, M; Mallams, AK; Nielsen, L; Njoroge, FG; Nomeir, AA; Prioli, N; Remiszewski, S; Sinha, D; Syed, J; Taveras, AG; Wang, L; Yaremko, B, 1998)	0.3
" The relative bioavailability of repaglinide (AUC(tablet)/AUC(oral solution)) was 110% (95% CI, 103%-117%)."	( Bioavailability of repaglinide, a novel antidiabetic agent, administered orally in tablet or solution form or intravenously in healthy male volunteers. Hatorp, V; Oliver, S; Su, CA, 1998)	0.3
" It was concluded that repaglinide is rapidly absorbed and eliminated in healthy subjects when administered orally or intravenously under fasting conditions, and that the total availability of repaglinide is similar in the tablet and oral solution formulations, though that the rate of absorption is slower for the tablet formulation."	( Bioavailability of repaglinide, a novel antidiabetic agent, administered orally in tablet or solution form or intravenously in healthy male volunteers. Hatorp, V; Oliver, S; Su, CA, 1998)	0.3
"The objective of the study was to investigate the mechanisms behind increased bioavailability of an enzymatically stable thrombin inhibitor, inogatran, after coadministration with a trypsin inhibitor, aprotinin."	( Inhibition of binding of an enzymatically stable thrombin inhibitor to lumenal proteases as an additional mechanism of intestinal absorption enhancement. Lindfors, L; Sjöström, M; Ungell, AL, 1999)	0.3
" There was a 5-fold increase in the bioavailability of inogatran in the presence of aprotinin."	( Inhibition of binding of an enzymatically stable thrombin inhibitor to lumenal proteases as an additional mechanism of intestinal absorption enhancement. Lindfors, L; Sjöström, M; Ungell, AL, 1999)	0.3
" Limited oral bioavailability or excessive production costs have prevented these inhibitors from becoming new antihypertensive drugs."	( Renin inhibition by substituted piperidines: a novel paradigm for the inhibition of monomeric aspartic proteinases? Binggeli, A; Breu, V; Bur, D; Clozel, JP; D'Arcy, A; Dorn, A; Fischli, W; Grüninger, F; Güller, R; Hirth, G; M ller, M; Märki, H; Mathews, S; Oefner, C; Ridley, RG; Stadler, H; Vieira, E; Wilhelm, M; Winkler, F; Wostl, W, 1999)	0.59
"The aim of this work was to improve the oral bioavailability of a recently discovered, novel structural class of 5-HT1A receptor agonists: aryl-{[4-(6-R-pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-methyl}-piperidin-1 -yl-metha none."	( Novel derivatives of 2-pyridinemethylamine as selective, potent, and orally active agonists at 5-HT1A receptors. Assié, MB; Bonnaud, B; Cosi, C; Funes, P; Jubault, N; Kleven, M; Koek, W; Vacher, B, 1999)	0.3
" In the present study, SCH 66336, an orally bioavailable nonpeptide tricyclic farnesyltransferase inhibitor, was tested against a large variety of human tumors to define its preclinical activity profile, utilizing the human tumor cloning assay."	( Activity of SCH 66336, a tricyclic farnesyltransferase inhibitor, against human tumor colony-forming units. Bishop, WR; Izbicka, E; Lawrence, RA; Petit, T; Von Hoff, DD; Weitman, S, 1999)	0.3
" The bioavailability of Z-300 was 52% after the oral administration of Z-300, 3 mg/kg."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new histamine H2-receptor antagonist, Z-300, in rat and dog. Furuta, S; Hirabayashi, N; Imamura, F; Ito, T; Kawamata, H; Matsuki, Y; Sano, H; Sugimoto, T; Suzuki, M, 1999)	0.3
" The incorporation of fluorine was found to significantly reduce the pKa of the compounds, and this reduction of basicity was shown to have a dramatic, beneficial influence on oral absorption, although the effect on oral bioavailability could not always be accurately predicted."	( Fluorination of 3-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl)indoles and 3-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)propyl)indoles gives selective human 5-HT1D receptor ligands with improved pharmacokinetic profiles. Beer, MS; Broughton, HB; Castro, JL; Cheng, SK; Collins, I; Goodacre, SC; Heald, A; Locker, KL; MacLeod, AM; Morrison, D; Moyes, CR; O'Connor, D; Pike, A; Rowley, M; Russell, MG; Sohal, B; Stanton, JA; Thomas, S; van Niel, MB; Verrier, H; Watt, AP, 1999)	0.3
"Two studies were performed to characterize the influence of food on the bioavailability of the current formulation of ebastine tablets."	( The effect of food on the bioavailability of ebastine. Dorr, MB; Heald, DL; Huang, MY; Pentikis, HS, )	0.13
" Central bioavailability was gauged indirectly by determining anticonvulsant activity in a mouse maximal electroshock (MES) assay."	( 4-Hydroxy-1-[2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)ethyl]-4-(4-methylbenzyl)piperidine: a novel, potent, and selective NR1/2B NMDA receptor antagonist. Bigge, CF; Boxer, PA; Cai, SX; Coughenour, LL; Espitia, SA; Hawkinson, JE; Keana, JF; Konkoy, CS; Rock, DM; Tran, M; Weber, E; Whittemore, ER; Wise, LD; Woodward, RM; Zhou, ZL, 1999)	0.3
"5-fold higher than in wild-type mice, suggesting increased bioavailability of SP."	( Neutral endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.11) terminates colitis by degrading substance P. Barbara, G; Bunnett, NW; Collins, SM; Figini, M; Geppetti, P; Gerard, C; Gerard, N; Grady, EF; Qiu, B; Sturiale, S, 1999)	0.3
" Nevertheless, one compound (13), PNU-103657, possessed oral bioavailability in rats approaching that of the structurally related NNRTI drug delavirdine which is currently on the market for the treatment of HIV infection."	( Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of the (alkylamino)piperidine-containing BHAP class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: effect of 3-alkylpyridine ring substitution. Adams, WJ; Friis, JM; Genin, MJ; Kopta, LA; May, PD; Olmsted, RA; Poel, TJ; Romero, DL; Thomas, RC; Voorman, RL; Yagi, Y, 1999)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that BX 471 was orally active with a bioavailability of 60% in dogs."	( Identification and characterization of a potent, selective, and orally active antagonist of the CC chemokine receptor-1. Bauman, JG; Buckman, B; Dunning, L; Ghannam, A; Harvey, S; Hesselgesser, J; Ho, E; Islam, I; Liang, M; Mallari, C; May, K; Monahan, S; Morrissey, MM; Ng, HP; Oanh, H; Perez, HD; Rosser, M; Shaw, K; Shen, J; Snider, RM; Subramanyam, B; Taub, D; Vergona, R; Wei, GP; Xu, W; Zhao, Z, 2000)	0.31
" Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies conducted by us suggested the increased bioavailability of nimesulide co-administered with piperine."	( Comparative anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and toxicity profile of nimesulide vs nimesulide and piperine combination. Bansal, P; Bhardwaj, RK; Gupta, SK; Velpandian, T, 2000)	0.31
" Pyridinyloxazole 11 showed a promising in vivo profile with bioavailability of 64% and ED50 in rat collagen induced arthritis of 10 mg/kg po bid."	( SAR of 4-hydroxypiperidine and hydroxyalkyl substituted heterocycles as novel p38 map kinase inhibitors. Buhl, T; Di Padova, FE; Feifel, R; Gram, H; Hiestand, P; Manning, U; Revesz, L; Zimmerlin, AG, 2000)	0.31
"1% when administered intravenously at 30 microg/kg to the chronically hypoxic rats and had an apparent oral bioavailability of about 19."	( 4-(3-Chloro-4-methoxybenzyl)aminophthalazines: synthesis and inhibitory activity toward phosphodiesterase 5. Adachi, H; Ishibashi, K; Ishihara, H; Kabasawa, Y; Kakiki, M; Kodama, K; Matsukura, M; Miyazaki, K; Nishino, M; Ozaki, H; Takase, Y; Watanabe, N, 2000)	0.31
" Thus few novel analogues as CYP inactivators have been synthesized which may have important consequences in pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of drugs."	( Structure-activity relationship of piperine and its synthetic analogues for their inhibitory potentials of rat hepatic microsomal constitutive and inducible cytochrome P450 activities. Dhar, KL; Jamwal, DS; Koul, JL; Koul, S; Reen, RK; Singh, J; Singh, K; Taneja, SC, 2000)	0.31
" Oral bioavailability in rodents is in the region of 20%."	( Flavopiridol, the first cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor to enter the clinic: current status. Kelland, LR, 2000)	0.31
" The ability of halofuginone to interfere with key events in neovascularization, together with its oral bioavailability and safe use as an anti-parasitic agent, make it a promising drug for further evaluation in the treatment of a wide range of diseases associated with pathological angiogenesis."	( Halofuginone: a potent inhibitor of critical steps in angiogenesis progression. Aingorn, E; Dou, HL; Elkin, M; Hemo, I; Miao, HQ; Nagler, A; Pines, M; Reich, R; Vlodavsky, I, 2000)	0.31
"2nM), selective (>800 fold over h5-HT2C and hD2 receptors) antagonist at the h5-HT2A receptor with oral bioavailability in rats."	( 3-(4-Piperidinyl)- and 3-(8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-indoles as bioavailable h5-HT2A antagonists. Bourrain, S; Crawforth, J; Goodacre, S; Herbert, R; Hutson, P; Marwood, R; Maxey, R; O'Connor, D; Patel, S; Rowley, M, 2000)	0.31
" We developed a series of ACAT inhibitors that preferentially inhibited macrophage ACAT relative to hepatic or intestinal ACAT based on in vitro assays and ex vivo bioavailability studies."	( Preferential pharmacological inhibition of macrophage ACAT increases plaque formation in mouse and rabbit models of atherogenesis. Bellamy, F; Binet, J; Edgar, AD; Guffroy, C; Laugel, T; Legendre, C; Matsukura, T; Matsuura, A; Ohbayashi, S; Ortuno, JC; Padovani, P; Perrey, S; Tanaka, T, 2001)	0.31
" Improvements could be made to oral bioavailability in this series by reduction of the pK(a) of the basic nitrogen, by adding a fluorine atom to the piperidine ring, leading to 3-(4-fluoropiperidin-3-yl)-2-phenyl-1H-indole (17)."	( 3-(4-Fluoropiperidin-3-yl)-2-phenylindoles as high affinity, selective, and orally bioavailable h5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists. Castro, JL; Crawforth, J; Goodacre, S; Hallett, DJ; Hitzel, L; Hutson, PH; MacLeod, AM; Marwood, R; Moyes, C; O'Connor, D; Patel, S; Rowley, M; Sparey, TJ; Szeto, N; Thomas, S, 2001)	0.31
" Piperine (1) is an alkaloidal constituent of black and long peppers recently established as a bioavailability enhancer of drugs and other substances."	( Antidiarrhoeal activity of piperine in mice. Bajad, S; Bedi, KL; Johri, RK; Singla, AK, 2001)	0.31
" Clinical trials are now required, but are hindered by a paucity of cannabinoids of suitable bioavailability and therapeutic ratio."	( Cannabinoids and pain. Rice, AS, 2001)	0.31
" Compound 1, which has good oral bioavailability in rats, dogs, and monkeys, is proposed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of HIV-1 and has entered human clinical trials."	( Discovery of 4-[(Z)-(4-bromophenyl)- (ethoxyimino)methyl]-1'-[(2,4-dimethyl-3- pyridinyl)carbonyl]-4'-methyl-1,4'- bipiperidine N-oxide (SCH 351125): an orally bioavailable human CCR5 antagonist for the treatment of HIV infection. Baroudy, BM; Clader, JW; Cox, K; Endres, M; Greenlee, WJ; Palani, A; Shapiro, S; Strizki, J, 2001)	0.31
" Of these, 35, which showed the highest oral bioavailability in vivo in rats, was resolved into its two isomers 36 and 37."	( Improvement in the selectivity and metabolic stability of the serotonin 5-HT(1A) ligand, S 15535: a series of cis- and trans-2-(arylcycloalkylamine) 1-indanols. Bertrand, M; Charlot, V; Dekeyne, A; Despaux, N; Genissel, P; Giraud, H; Goument, B; Millan, MJ; Newman-Tancredi, A; Nisole, C; Peglion, JL, 2002)	0.31
" Bioavailability lacking in the parent, 1-(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)ethyl)-4-(phenylsulfonyl)piperidine (12), was introduced by using stability toward rat liver microsomes as a predictor of bioavailability."	( 4-(Phenylsulfonyl)piperidines: novel, selective, and bioavailable 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists. Bentley, G; Blurton, P; Bristow, LJ; Burkamp, F; Castro, JL; Chapman, K; Cheng, SK; Clarkson, R; Cook, GP; Fletcher, SR; Hutson, PH; MacLeod, AM; Marwood, R; O'Connor, D; Patel, S; Shepheard, S; Spinks, D; Tudge, M; van Niel, MB, 2002)	0.65
"4) and good oral bioavailability in rat and dog (> 80 and > 50%, respectively)."	( Novel 4-anilinoquinazolines with C-7 basic side chains: design and structure activity relationship of a series of potent, orally active, VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Curwen, JO; Dukes, M; Hennequin, LF; Johnstone, C; Kendrew, J; Ogilvie, DJ; Plé, PA; Stokes, ES; Thomas, AP; Wedge, SR, 2002)	0.31
" The best compound in this series was sulfamoylacetic acid derivative (YM-60828) which was a potent, selective and orally bioavailable FXa inhibitor and was chosen for clinical development."	( The discovery of YM-60828: a potent, selective and orally-bioavailable factor Xa inhibitor. Hirayama, F; Hisamichi, N; Katayama, N; Kawasaki, T; Koshio, H; Kurihara, H; Matsumoto, Y; Sakai-Moritani, Y; Sato, K; Taniuchi, Y; Yanagisawa, I, 2002)	0.31
" It may be less well absorbed and/or less effective than Clozaril, although evidence is conflicting."	( Advances in atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia: new formulations and new agents. Albert, MJ; Baldessarini, RJ; Centorrino, F; Kelleher, JP, 2002)	0.31
"Piperine, a major alkaloid of black and long peppers has been reported to act as bioavailability enhancer of several drugs by inhibiting drug metabolising enzymes and/or by increasing oral absorption."	( Simple high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous determination of ketoconazole and piperine in rat plasma and hepatocyte culture. Bajad, S; Bedi, KL; Johri, RK; Singh, J; Singh, K, 2002)	0.31
"We previously reported the discovery of 4-[(Z)-(4-bromophenyl)(ethoxyimino)methyl]-1'-[(2,4-dimethyl-3-pyridinyl)carbonyl]-4'-methyl-1,4'-bipiperidine N-oxide 1 (SCH 351125) as an orally bioavailable human CCR5 antagonist for the treatment of HIV-1 infection."	( Synthesis, SAR, and biological evaluation of oximino-piperidino-piperidine amides. 1. Orally bioavailable CCR5 receptor antagonists with potent anti-HIV activity. Bara, T; Baroudy, BM; Clader, JW; Cox, K; Greenlee, WJ; Josien, H; Palani, A; Shapiro, S; Strizki, JM, 2002)	0.31
" Notably, these compounds show a high bioavailability and a remarkable preference for the brain vs."	( AF150(S) and AF267B: M1 muscarinic agonists as innovative therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Bar-Ner, RH; Brandeis, R; Fisher, A; Kliger-Spatz, M; Marcovitch, I; Natan, N; Pittel, Z; Sonego, H, )	0.13
"Different experimental formulations based on aqueous and oily systems, water miscible solvents, and solid dispersions were investigated for their potential to increase the oral bioavailability (F) of two novel piperidine renin inhibitors (Ro-X1: (R)-1-methoxy-3-[(3S,4R,5R)-4-[4-[3-(2-methoxy-benzyloxy)-propoxy]-phenyl]- 5-(4-methoxy-naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-piperidin-3-yloxy]-propan-2-ol; Ro-X2: (R)-3-[(3S,4R,5R)-4-[4-[3-(2-methoxy-benzyloxy)-propoxy]-phenyl]-5-(4- methoxy-naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-piperidin-3-ylmethoxy]-propane-1,2-diol) in dogs compared to their administration as acidic aqueous solution."	( Preformulation approaches to improve the oral bioavailability of two novel piperidine renin inhibitors in dog. Bittner, B; Chou, R; Lavé, T; Morgenroth, B; Schleimer, M; Zell, M, 2002)	0.31
"Orally administered astemizole is well absorbed but undergoes an extensive first-pass metabolism to O-desmethylastemizole."	( Involvement of CYP2J2 on the intestinal first-pass metabolism of antihistamine drug, astemizole. Hirama, T; Matsubara, T; Matsumoto, S; Nagata, K; Yamazoe, Y, 2002)	0.31
" The 4-aminopentamethylpiperidine naphthyridinone 5, which was designed to block metabolism at major 'hot spots', combined excellent inhibitory potency with good oral bioavailability in the rat."	( p38 Inhibitors: piperidine- and 4-aminopiperidine-substituted naphthyridinones, quinolinones, and dihydroquinazolinones. Doherty, JB; Hop, CE; Hunt, JA; Ita, I; Kallashi, F; Kumar, S; McCormick, SX; O'Keefe, SJ; O'Neill, EA; Pivnichny, JV; Porter, G; Ruzek, RD; Sinclair, PJ; Thompson, JE; Wang, Z; Woods, A; Zaller, DM, 2003)	0.32
" enhanced bioavailability of beta lactam antibiotics, amoxycillin trihydrate and cefotaxime sodium significantly in rats."	( Effect of co-administration of piperine on pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats. Dhuley, JN; Hiwale, AR; Naik, SR, 2002)	0.31
" A series of potent and orally bioavailable CCR5 antagonists containing symmetrical 2,6-dimethyl isonicotinamides and 2, 6-dimethyl pyrimidines amides were generated with enhanced affinity for the CCR5 receptor."	( Oximino-piperidino-piperidine-based CCR5 antagonists. Part 2: synthesis, SAR and biological evaluation of symmetrical heteroaryl carboxamides. Baroudy, BM; Clader, JW; Cox, K; Greenlee, WJ; McCombie, S; Palani, A; Shapiro, S; Strizki, J; Vice, S, 2003)	0.32
" The discovery process of new chemical leads for an orally bioavailable inhibitor of human inducible NOS (iNOS) is reported."	( Design and synthesis of inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Discovery of a new chemical lead with potential for oral bioavailability. Fujii, A; Hirai, K; Hisaichi, K; Kawanaka, Y; Kobayashi, K; Komeno, M; Kusuda, S; Murota, M; Naka, M; Nakai, H; Nishiyama, T; Tatsumi, T; Toda, M, 2003)	0.32
"The method is sensitive, simple and rapid, so, it can meet the need of the studies on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of donepezil."	( [Determination of donepezil in human plasma by HPLC-MS]. Chi, YM; Li, W; Lu, YH; Wen, HM; Zhang, ZX, 2003)	0.32
"Potential of piperine, an active alkaloid of black and long peppers, to increase the bioavailability of drugs in humans is of great clinical significance owing to its omnipresence in food."	( Characterization of a new rat urinary metabolite of piperine by LC/NMR/MS studies. Bajad, S; Bedi, KL; Coumar, M; Khajuria, R; Suri, OP, 2003)	0.32
" The relative bioavailability of the donepezil capsule was 102% +/- 11%."	( [Bioequivalence of donepezil capsule and tablet in human]. Bian, XJ; Ding, L; Hao, XY; Li, LM; Zhang, SQ, 2003)	0.32
" Pempidine is well absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract as judged by (a) the low ratio (6."	( Pharmacological properties of pempidine (1:2:2:6:6-pentamethylpiperidine), a new ganglion-blocking compound. CORNE, SJ; EDGE, ND, 1958)	0.24
" All were well absorbed when administered orally."	( The pharmacological actions of pempidine and its ethyl homologue. DUNLOP, D; FARRINGTON, JA; SPINKS, A; YOUNG, EH, 1958)	0.24
"In this population of healthy mate volunteers, results showed the bioavailability of loratadine and ambroxol from the new formulation and did not show impairment of absorption when the drugs were formulated in a combination tablet."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of single-dose loratadine and ambroxol alone and combined in tablet formulations in healthy men. Alcántar, F; Herrera, J; Morales, JM; Rodríguez, JM; Rosete, R; Villacampa, J, 2003)	0.32
" Although SR 140 333 increased the absorption rate from the jejunum in animals infused intra-arterially with 5-HT, 5-HT itself did not cause a significant reduction in absorption."	( Effects of tachykinins and 5-hydroxytryptamine on intestinal secretion. Coupar, IM; Di Iulio, JL, 2003)	0.32
"Arzoxifene (ARZ) is a selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator with greater bioavailability than raloxifene which is being developed as treatment for breast cancer."	( Comparison of the selective estrogen receptor modulator arzoxifene (LY353381) with tamoxifen on tumor growth and biomarker expression in an MCF-7 human breast cancer xenograft model. A'Hern, R; Detre, S; Dowsett, M; Johnston, SR; Riddler, S; Salter, J, 2003)	0.32
" Donepezil is well absorbed orally, unaffected by food or by time of administration; it reaches therapeutic levels in doses of 5-10 mg/day and peak plasma concentrations are obtained 3-4 h after oral administration."	( Donepezil: a clinical review of current and emerging indications. Rogers, SJ; Román, GC, 2004)	0.32
"Anthranilamide analogues such as 23 are potent and highly selective muscarinic M2 antagonists that also show good oral bioavailability and in vivo activity."	( Muscarinic M2 antagonists: anthranilamide derivatives with exceptional selectivity and in vivo activity. Billard, W; Binch, H; Chen, LY; Clader, JW; Crosby, G; Duffy, RA; Ford, J; Greenlee, WJ; Kozlowski, JA; Lachowicz, JE; Li, S; Liu, C; McCombie, SW; Vice, S; Zhou, G, 2004)	0.32
" This compound is a potent CCR5 antagonist showing good in vitro antiviral activity against HIV-1, an excellent selectivity profile, and good oral bioavailability in three animal species."	( Antagonists of human CCR5 receptor containing 4-(pyrazolyl)piperidine side chains. Part 2: Discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable compounds. Carella, A; Carver, G; Chapman, KT; Danzeisen, R; DeMartino, JA; Emini, EA; Gould, SL; Hale, JJ; Hazuda, D; Holmes, K; Kessler, J; Kwei, GY; Lineberger, J; Lynch, CL; Lyons, K; Malkowitz, L; Miller, MD; Mills, SG; Pivnichny, JV; Schleif, WA; Shah, S; Shen, DM; Shu, M; Siciliano, SJ; Springer, MS; Willoughby, CA, 2004)	0.32
" Limited oral bioavailability of AC-90179 likely reflects rapid metabolism rather than poor absorption."	( Pharmacological characterization of AC-90179 [2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(4-methyl-benzyl)-N-(1-methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-acetamide hydrochloride]: a selective serotonin 2A receptor inverse agonist. Andersson, CM; Bradley, SR; Brann, MR; Davis, RE; Hacksell, U; Harvey, SC; Kold, H; Makhay, M; Son, T; Spalding, TA; Tolf, BR; Vanover, KE; Veinbergs, I; Weiner, DM, 2004)	0.32
" We have developed orally bioavailable pyridazinyl oxime ethers that are as potent as pirodavir."	( In vitro activity of expanded-spectrum pyridazinyl oxime ethers related to pirodavir: novel capsid-binding inhibitors with potent antipicornavirus activity. Barnard, DL; Hubbard, VD; Reece, PA; Sidwell, RW; Smee, DF; Tucker, SP; Watson, KG, 2004)	0.32
" Optimization of the lead benzylic methyl compound 3 led to the methoxymethyl analogue 30, which had excellent receptor selectivity and oral bioavailability in rats and monkeys."	( Piperazine-based CCR5 antagonists as HIV-1 inhibitors. IV. Discovery of 1-[(4,6-dimethyl-5-pyrimidinyl)carbonyl]- 4-[4-[2-methoxy-1(R)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl-3(S)-methyl-1-piperazinyl]- 4-methylpiperidine (Sch-417690/Sch-D), a potent, highly sele Baroudy, BM; Cox, K; Labroli, MA; Lachowicz, J; McCombie, SW; Nazareno, D; Steensma, RW; Strizki, JM; Tagat, JR; Varty, G; Watkins, R; Xiao, Y, 2004)	0.32
" Previously, we reported the bioavailability of EGCG in rats (1."	( Piperine enhances the bioavailability of the tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice. Hong, J; Kim, DH; Lambert, JD; Mishin, VM; Yang, CS, 2004)	0.32
" Agonistic 5-HT(1A) receptor activity was confirmed in vivo in the ultrasonic vocalization test, and the results suggest that the introduction of the carboxamide residue leads to better bioavailability than the corresponding methyl ether."	( Indolebutylamines as selective 5-HT(1A) agonists. Bartoszyk, GD; Böttcher, H; Greiner, HE; Heinrich, T; Seyfried, CA; Van Amsterdam, C, 2004)	0.32
" These results suggest that YM598 has high selectivity for native human ETA against ETB receptors, and that YM598 is superior to atrasentan as an ETA receptor antagonist with regard to pharmacological bioavailability in rats."	( Superiority of YM598 over atrasentan as a selective endothelin ETA receptor antagonist. Fujimori, A; Fujiyasu, N; Miyata, K; Noguchi, Y; Ohtake, A; Sasamata, M; Sato, S; Sudoh, K; Ukai, M; Yuyama, H, 2004)	0.32
" These data indicate that ET-1-induced vasoconstriction may be increased in the diabetic rat basilar artery, and that this hyper-reactivity to ET-1 may be due to an overproduction of ET-1, an up-regulation of ET(A)/ET(B) receptors, and a defect in the bioavailability of NO."	( Mechanisms underlying enhanced contractile response to endothelin-1 in diabetic rat basilar artery. Kamata, K; Kobayashi, T; Matsumoto, T; Yoshiyama, S, 2004)	0.32
" In a pharmacokinetic experiment carried out in rats, 29 displayed an interesting profile, with a bioavailability of 49%."	( Selective estrogen receptor modulators with conformationally restricted side chains. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of ERalpha-selective tetrahydroisoquinoline ligands. Bischoff, SF; Buhl, T; Floersheim, P; Fournier, B; Geiser, M; Halleux, C; Kallen, J; Keller, H; Ramage, P; Renaud, J, 2005)	0.33
" The potency of 32 for mouse CCR3 (chemotaxis IC(50) = 41 nM) and its oral bioavailability in mice (20% F ) were adequate to assess the efficacy in animal models of allergic airway inflammation."	( Discovery of CC chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3) antagonists with picomolar potency. Covington, M; Das, AM; Davies, P; De Lucca, GV; Decicco, CP; Duncia, JV; Emmett, G; Gardner, DS; Graden, DM; Kim, UT; Ko, SS; Liauw, A; Newton, RC; Santella, JB; Solomon, KA; Stowell, NC; Trainor, GL; Vargo, BJ; Wacker, DA; Wadman, EA; Wang, Z; Welch, PK; Yeleswaram, S; Zheng, C, 2005)	0.33
" X-ray structure driven template modification and exchange of the benzamidine to optimize potency and pharmacokinetic properties gave selective, potent and orally bioavailable 4-(3-aminomethyl phenyl)piperidinyl-1-amides."	( Structure based design of 4-(3-aminomethylphenyl)piperidinyl-1-amides: novel, potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of betaII tryptase. Aldous, S; Astles, P; Cairns, J; Czekaj, M; Davidson, J; Dupuy, A; Eastwood, P; Engers, D; Fenton, G; Gardyan, M; Giardino, O; Guilloteau, JP; Harrison, T; Houille, O; Kwong, J; Levell, J; Liang, G; Lim, HK; Luo, Y; Maignan, S; Mathew, R; McCarthy, C; Merriman, G; Morley, A; Pauls, H; Pribish, J; Rebello, S; Romano, J; Shen, L; Sides, K; Smith, K; Tsay, J; Wang, J; Watson, S; Whiteley, B, 2005)	0.33
" In particular, one analog (74, DPP-IV IC50=26 nM) exhibited good oral bioavailability and acceptable half-life in the rat, albeit with rather high clearance."	( Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors derived from beta-aminoacylpiperidines bearing a fused thiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, or pyrazole. Ashton, WT; Dong, H; Doss, GA; He, H; Leiting, B; Lyons, KA; Marsilio, F; Patel, RA; Sisco, RM; Thornberry, NA; Weber, AE; Wu, JK, 2005)	0.57
" These results suggest that YM598 has a high selectivity for native human ETA receptors against ETB receptors, and that YM598 is superior to atrasentan as an ETA receptor antagonist, with regard to pharmacological bioavailability in rats."	( Pharmacological characterization of YM598, a selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist. Fujimori, A; Miyata, K; Noguchi, Y; Ohtake, A; Sasamata, M; Sato, S; Sudoh, K; Ukai, M; Yuyama, H, 2004)	0.32
" ZD6474 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of VEGF receptor-2 tyrosine kinase activity that in preclinical studies has been shown to inhibit both VEGF-induced signalling in endothelial cells and tumour-induced angiogenesis."	( ZD6474--a novel inhibitor of VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinase activity. Ryan, AJ; Wedge, SR, 2005)	0.33
" The designed system, combining excellent buoyant ability and suitable drug release pattern, could possibly be advantageous in terms of increased bioavailability of repaglinide."	( Calcium silicate based microspheres of repaglinide for gastroretentive floating drug delivery: preparation and in vitro characterization. Agrawal, GP; Awasthi, AM; Jain, NK; Jain, SK, 2005)	0.33
"SAR and DMPK studies led to the identification of substituted N-alkyl-N-[1-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)piperidin-4-yl]-2-phenylacetamides as potent and orally bioavailable ligands for the human CCR5 chemokine receptor."	( Modulators of the human CCR5 receptor. Part 2: SAR of substituted 1-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-piperidinyl phenylacetamides. Cooper, AE; Cumming, JG; Grime, K; Logan, CJ; McLaughlin, S; Oldfield, J; Shaw, JS; Tucker, H; Whittaker, D; Winter, J, 2005)	0.33
" 55 was highly active in several functional assays, showed excellent oral bioavailability in rat and monkey models, and showed complete inhibition of agonist-induced ex vivo platelet aggregation in cynomolgus monkeys after oral administration."	( Discovery of potent orally active thrombin receptor (protease activated receptor 1) antagonists as novel antithrombotic agents. Agans-Fantuzzi, J; Ahn, HS; Asberom, T; Boykow, G; Bryant, M; Chackalamannil, S; Chintala, M; Clasby, M; Czarniecki, M; Doller, D; Foster, C; Greenlee, WJ; Lau, J; Tsai, H; Xia, Y, 2005)	0.33
"4-(1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylpiperidine-4-ylmethyl)-6-chlorochromen-2-one (7) is a potent, orally bioavailable melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHr1) antagonist that causes dose-dependent weight loss in diet-induced obese mice."	( Discovery and characterization of aminopiperidinecoumarin melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists. Blackburn, C; Brodjian, S; Brown, J; Brune, M; Bush, E; Che, JL; Collins, CA; Cullis, C; Dayton, BD; Falls, D; Fey, T; Freeman, J; Fry, D; Gao, J; Geddes, B; Govek, E; Hernandez, L; Iyengar, R; Judd, AS; Knourek-Segel, V; Kym, PR; Lai, SJ; LaMarche, MJ; Lynch, JK; Marsh, K; Marsilje, T; McDowell, C; Mulhern, M; Patane, M; Preusser, LC; Reinhart, GA; Roses, J; Sells, T; Sham, HL; Shapiro, R; Souers, AJ; Vasudevan, A; Wodka, D; Zhao, G, 2005)	0.33
" These additives increased intestinal permeability (P(app)) and absorption rate constant (K(a)) up to two and fourfold, respectively."	( In situ and in vivo efficacy of peroral absorption enhancers in rats and correlation to in vitro mechanistic studies. Chawla, HP; Panchagnula, R; Sharma, P; Varma, MV, )	0.13
" The proposed method enables the unambiguous identification and quantification of lafutidine for pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies."	( Simple, sensitive and rapid LC-ESI-MS method for the quantitation of lafutidine in human plasma--application to pharmacokinetic studies. Chen, WD; Li, H; Liang, Y; Liu, XD; Wang, GJ; Xie, L; Xiong, Y, 2006)	0.33
" Grapefruit juice increased the bioavailability of repaglinide, suggesting significant intestinal elimination of the drug which was assumed to be primarily mediated by CYP3A4 in the gut."	( The impact of CYP2C8 polymorphism and grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide. Bidstrup, TB; Brøsen, K; Damkier, P; Ekblom, M; Karlsson, A; Olsen, AK, 2006)	0.33
" Oral bioavailability was low in rats (10%) but significantly higher in dogs (52%) and monkeys (26%)."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a potent non-nucleoside inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. Bishop, A; Bonelli, F; Di Marco, A; Fiore, F; Giuliano, C; Gonzalez-Paz, O; Harper, S; Laufer, R; Marcucci, I; Migliaccio, G; Monteagudo, E; Narjes, F; Pacini, B; Padron Velazquez, J; Rowley, M, )	0.13
" The apparent absorption rate constant (ka) of [(14)C]bepotastine in the small intestine was greatly increased by cyclosporin A and verapamil, especially in the distal portion, and the site-specific absorption of [(14)C]bepotastine disappeared."	( Effect of P-glycoprotein on intestinal absorption and brain penetration of antiallergic agent bepotastine besilate. Fukuda, H; Kamikozawa, Y; Ohashi, R; Sugiura, M; Tamai, I; Yabuuchi, H, 2006)	0.33
" One of these compounds, 13g, shows modest oral bioavailability in rats."	( A new class of bradykinin 1 receptor antagonists containing the piperidine acetic acid tetralin core. Askew, BC; Biddlecome, G; Biswas, K; Chen, JJ; D'Amico, DC; Fotsch, C; Groneberg, RD; Han, NB; Hsieh, FY; Johnson, E; Kamassah, A; Kumar, G; Lester-Zeiner, D; Liu, Q; Mareska, DA; Ng, G; Riahi, BB; Wang, YJ; Yang, K; Zhan, J; Zhu, J, 2006)	0.33
"6% oral bioavailability in rats."	( Pharmacological and behavioral profile of N-(4-fluorophenylmethyl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N'-(4-(2-methylpropyloxy)phenylmethyl) carbamide (2R,3R)-dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) (ACP-103), a novel 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor inverse agonist. Andersson, CM; Brann, MR; Burstein, ES; Davis, RE; Del Tredici, AL; Gardell, LR; Geyer, MA; Harvey, SC; Lameh, J; Makhay, M; Ott, TR; Piu, F; Powell, SB; Schiffer, HH; Schlienger, N; Son, TY; Thygesen, MB; Tolf, BR; Uldam, AK; Vanover, KE; Veinbergs, I; Weiner, DM, 2006)	0.33
" These molecules also exhibit superior pharmacological and pharmacokinetic parameters, relative to all GlyT1 inhibitors of the spiropiperidine family, culminating in the identification of 16b with an oral bioavailability of approximately 60%."	( 4-Substituted-8-(1-phenyl-cyclohexyl)-2,8-diaza-spiro[4.5]decan-1-one as a novel class of highly selective GlyT1 inhibitors with superior pharmacological and pharmacokinetic parameters. Alberati, D; Hainzl, D; Jolidon, S; Kurt, A; Pinard, E; Thomas, AW; Zimmerli, D, 2006)	0.33
" We attempted to replicate the effects previously reported with SNAP-7941 and expanded the investigation to three other orally bioavailable MCH-1 receptor antagonists with good brain penetration."	( Lack of efficacy of melanin-concentrating hormone-1 receptor antagonists in models of depression and anxiety. Basso, AM; Bratcher, NA; Brune, ME; Collins, CA; Cowart, MD; Esbenshade, TA; Fox, GB; Gallagher, KB; Hancock, AA; Iyengar, R; Kym, PR; Rueter, LE; Schmidt, M; Souers, AJ; Sun, M; Vasudevan, A; Zhao, C, 2006)	0.33
"Piperine, the active principle of Piper longum, Piper nigrum and Zingiber officinalis, has been reported to enhance the oral bioavailability of phenytoin in human volunteers."	( Effect of piperine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy. Hota, D; Kharbanda, P; Pandhi, P; Pattanaik, S; Prabhakar, S, 2006)	0.33
" Antagonist 26 was shown to have good oral bioavailability in rats."	( Novel, orally bioavailable gamma-aminoamide CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonists. Ayala, JM; Cascierri, MA; Maccoss, M; Marino, D; Mills, SG; Parsons, W; Pasternak, A; Vicario, PP; Yang, L, 2006)	0.33
"To assess the single-dose absolute oral bioavailability of traxoprodil in healthy male volunteers phenotyped as either CYP2D6 extensive or poor metabolisers."	( Absolute oral bioavailability of traxoprodil in cytochrome P450 2D6 extensive and poor metabolisers. Benincosa, LJ; Crownover, PH; Diringer, K; Gibbs, MA; Russell, T; Taylor, TJ; Venkatakrishnan, K; Wilner, K, 2006)	0.33
"In poor metabolisers (n = 6), oral bioavailability was approximately 80% and was consistent with a liver extraction ratio of approximately 20% (plasma clearance of approximately 4 mL/min/kg) indicating near complete absorption."	( Absolute oral bioavailability of traxoprodil in cytochrome P450 2D6 extensive and poor metabolisers. Benincosa, LJ; Crownover, PH; Diringer, K; Gibbs, MA; Russell, T; Taylor, TJ; Venkatakrishnan, K; Wilner, K, 2006)	0.33
" In extensive metabolisers, the oral bioavailability was nonlinear and dose-dependent, while in poor metabolisers, oral bioavailability appeared to be linear and dose-independent."	( Absolute oral bioavailability of traxoprodil in cytochrome P450 2D6 extensive and poor metabolisers. Benincosa, LJ; Crownover, PH; Diringer, K; Gibbs, MA; Russell, T; Taylor, TJ; Venkatakrishnan, K; Wilner, K, 2006)	0.33
"Alvimopan is a selective, competitive mu-opioid receptor antagonist with limited oral bioavailability which may be used to reduce length of post-operative ileus."	( Meta-analysis: Alvimopan vs. placebo in the treatment of post-operative ileus. Cornish, J; Darzi, AW; Tan, EK; Tekkis, PP, 2007)	0.34
"A postoperative decrease in the gastric emptying (GE) rate may delay the early start of oral feeding and alter the bioavailability of orally administered drugs."	( The effect of anesthetic technique on early postoperative gastric emptying: comparison of propofol-remifentanil and opioid-free sevoflurane anesthesia. Lövqvist, A; Thörn, SE; Walldén, J; Wattwil, L; Wattwil, M, 2006)	0.33
" However, in cats by intraduodenal administration and in mice by oral administration its duration of action was much longer and its functional bioavailability much higher than of the other two drugs."	( Silperisone: a centrally acting muscle relaxant. Farkas, S, )	0.13
" The meal-related timing of administration of glinides and the potential influence of food and meal composition on their bioavailability may be important."	( Drug-drug and food-drug pharmacokinetic interactions with new insulinotropic agents repaglinide and nateglinide. Scheen, AJ, 2007)	0.34
"Lonafarnib is an orally bioavailable nonpetidomimetic farnesyl transferase inhibitor with significant activity against BCR-ABL-positive cell lines and primary human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells."	( Phase 1 study of lonafarnib (SCH 66336) and imatinib mesylate in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who have failed prior single-agent therapy with imatinib. Cortes, J; Daley, GQ; Ferrajoli, A; Jabbour, E; Kantarjian, H; Koller, C; O'Brien, S; Statkevich, P; Verstovsek, S; Zhu, Y, 2007)	0.34
"Lonafarnib is an orally bioavailable farnesyltransferase inhibitor."	( Enhancement of the antitumor activity of tamoxifen and anastrozole by the farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib (SCH66336). Basso, AD; Black, S; Kirschmeier, P; Liu, G; Liu, M; Long, BJ; Marrinan, CH; Robert Bishop, W; Taylor, SA, 2007)	0.34
" The MCH1 receptor antagonists 5m and (S)-6b show reasonable pharmacokinetic profiles (rat bioavailability = 48 and 81%, respectively)."	( Synthesis and SAR investigations for novel melanin-concentrating hormone 1 receptor (MCH1) antagonists Part 1. The discovery of arylacetamides as viable replacements for the dihydropyrimidinone moiety of an HTS hit. Andersen, K; Chen, CA; Craig, DA; Daniewska, I; De Leon, J; Forray, C; Hegde, LG; Jiang, Y; Kong, R; Li, B; Lu, K; Marzabadi, MR; Wetzel, JM; Wolinsky, TD, 2007)	0.34
" There are indications that piperine inhibits, rather than stimulates, drug metabolism in most cases, thus increasing the bioavailability and effect of some drugs."	( Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine under fasting conditions: a randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Kasibhatta, R; Naidu, MU, 2007)	0.34
"This pilot study provided evidence for enhanced bioavailability of nevirapine when administered with piperine."	( Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine under fasting conditions: a randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Kasibhatta, R; Naidu, MU, 2007)	0.34
"The objective was to determine whether food affects the pharmacokinetics and safety of lonafanib, an orally bioavailable farnesyl transferase inhibitor that is under clinical evaluation for the treatment of various hematologic malignancies and solid tumors."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of lonafarnib (SCH 66336) following single and multiple doses. Cutler, DL; Statkevich, P; Zhu, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Piperine has been documented to enhance the bioavailability of a number of therapeutic drugs as well as phytochemicals by this very property."	( Black pepper and its pungent principle-piperine: a review of diverse physiological effects. Srinivasan, K, 2007)	0.34
"Previously, we identified cyclohexane diamine derivative 1 as orally bioavailable factor Xa inhibitor."	( Design, synthesis, and biological activity of piperidine diamine derivatives as factor Xa inhibitor. Mochizuki, A; Naito, H; Nakamoto, Y; Ohta, T; Uoto, K, 2008)	0.35
" Computational chemistry was employed to analyze the three-dimensional geometries of these dispirotriheterocycles, as well as to generate chemoinformatic bioavailability data."	( Design and synthesis of propeller-shaped dispiroisoxazolinopiperidinochromanones. Carpenter, RD; DeBerdt, PB; Fettinger, JC; Holden, JB; Kurth, MJ; Milinkevich, KA; Min, T; Tantillo, DJ; Willenbring, D, )	0.13
" The optimized formulation was evaluated for preclinical bioavailability and antihypertensive efficacy using albino rat model."	( Transdermal therapeutic system of enalapril maleate using piperidine as penetration enhancer. Ahmad, FJ; Ali, MM; Aqil, M; Chowdhary, I; Sultana, Y; Talegaonkar, S, 2008)	0.35
"Introduction of the phenyl piperidinone and phenyl pyridinone P4 moieties in the anthranilamide scaffold led to potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of factor Xa."	( Structure-activity relationships of anthranilamide-based factor Xa inhibitors containing piperidinone and pyridinone P4 moieties. Chang, CH; Cheney, DL; Corte, JR; Fang, T; Gauuan, JF; Hadden, M; Han, W; He, K; Hu, Z; Jiang, XJ; Knabb, RM; Lam, PY; Li, YL; Luettgen, JM; Morin, PE; Orton, D; Pinto, DJ; Rendina, AR; Wexler, RR; Wong, PC, 2008)	0.35
" Absolute oral bioavailability of alogliptin in rats, dogs, and monkeys was 45%, 86%, and 72% to 88%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy profiles of alogliptin, a novel inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Asakawa, T; Christopher, RJ; Kassel, DB; Lee, B; Shi, L; Takeuchi, K, 2008)	0.35
" AUC(0-72h) or even AUC(0-48h), can be adequately used in assessing the relative bioavailability of long terminal half-life drugs."	( The use of truncated area under the curves in the bioequivalence evaluation of long half-life drugs. Studies with donepezil and memantine. Erkent, U; Koytchev, R, 2008)	0.35
" Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies led to the discovery of potent, and orally bioavailable piperidine-aryl urea-based SCD1 inhibitors."	( Discovery of piperidine-aryl urea-based stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 inhibitors. Camp, HS; Cao, N; Collins, CA; Janis, RS; Liu, B; Liu, G; Liu, M; Nelson, LT; Serby, MD; Sham, HL; Smith, HT; Suhar, TS; Surowy, TK; Szczepankiewicz, BG; Xin, Z; Zhao, H, 2008)	0.35
"The present study was designed to investigate the involvement of monoaminergic system(s) in the antidepressant activity of curcumin and the effect of piperine, a bioavailability enhancer, on the bioavailability and biological effects of curcumin."	( Antidepressant activity of curcumin: involvement of serotonin and dopamine system. Bhutani, MK; Bishnoi, M; Kulkarni, SK, 2008)	0.35
" Compound 30 showed good oral bioavailability and brain penetration across species."	( Discovery of 1,4-substituted piperidines as potent and selective inhibitors of T-type calcium channels. Adarayan, ED; Ballard, JE; Barrow, JC; Bock, MG; Bunting, PB; Connolly, TM; DiLella, AG; Doran, SM; Fox, SV; Graufelds, VK; Hartman, GD; Koblan, KS; Kraus, RL; Kuo, Y; Lindsley, CW; Magee, MM; Marino, MJ; Nuss, CE; Prueksaritanont, T; Renger, JJ; Reynolds, IJ; Rittle, KE; Schlegel, KA; Shipe, WD; Shu, Y; Tang, C; Uebele, VN; Vargas, HM; Woltmann, RF; Yang, FV; Yang, ZQ; Zrada, MM, 2008)	0.64
" ASP8497 exhibited good oral bioavailability with potent inhibition of plasma DPP-IV activity."	( Evaluation of the antidiabetic effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor ASP8497 in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced mildly diabetic mice. Hayakawa, M; Matsuyama-Yokono, A; Nakano, R; Shibasaki, M; Someya, Y; Tahara, A, 2009)	0.35
" Piperine could significantly enhance the oral bioavailability of carbamazepine, possibly by decreasing the elimination and/or by increasing its absorption."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of single dose of piperine with steady-state carbamazepine in epilepsy patients. Hota, D; Kharbanda, P; Pandhi, P; Pattanaik, S; Prabhakar, S, 2009)	0.35
" The in vivo pharmacokinetics revealed that curcumin entrapped nanoparticles demonstrate at least 9-fold increase in oral bioavailability when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer."	( Nanoparticle encapsulation improves oral bioavailability of curcumin by at least 9-fold when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer. Ankola, DD; Beniwal, V; Kumar, MN; Shaikh, J; Singh, D, 2009)	0.35
" Here, we report the results of a preliminary pharmacokinetic study of masitinib in cats which showed a good bioavailability of ~60% in both sexes."	( Pharmacokinetics of masitinib in cats. Bader, T; Bellamy, F; Hermine, O; Moussy, A, 2009)	0.35
"Masitinib is a potent and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting KIT that is active, orally bioavailable in vivo, and has low toxicity."	( Masitinib (AB1010), a potent and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting KIT. Arock, M; Auclair, C; Borge, L; Castéran, N; Ciufolini, M; Dubreuil, P; Gros, L; Hajem, B; Hermine, O; Humbert, M; Lermet, A; Letard, S; Leventhal, PS; Mansfield, CD; Moussy, A; Sippl, W; Voisset, E, 2009)	0.35
"001), with an enormous reduction in the oral bioavailability of ebastine and significantly reduced histamine-induced skin reactions."	( Itraconazole and rifampin alter significantly the disposition and antihistamine effect of ebastine and its metabolites in healthy participants. Cha, IJ; Lee, SS; Liu, KH; Shin, JG; Shon, JH; Yeo, CW, 2010)	0.36
"We have recently discovered imidazo[1,5-c]imidazol-3-one derivative 1 as a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of the metabolites of 2-(1-{3-[(6-chloronaphthalen-2-yl)sulfonyl]propanoyl}piperidin-4-yl)-5-methyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-imidazo[1,5-c]imidazol-3-one. Fujimoto, T; Kawamura, M; Konishi, N; Kubo, K; Tada, N; Takagi, T; Tobisu, M, 2009)	0.35
" In addition, this compound exhibited good oral bioavailability and demonstrated plasma triglyceride lowering effects in Zucker fatty rats in a dose-dependent manner after a 7-day oral administration (qd)."	( Novel benzoylpiperidine-based stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 inhibitors: Identification of 6-[4-(2-methylbenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]pyridazine-3-carboxylic acid (2-hydroxy-2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)amide and its plasma triglyceride-lowering effects in Zucker fatty rats. Deguchi, T; Kiyotsuka, Y; Konishi, M; Kurata, H; Kurikawa, N; Miyazawa, Y; Ogata, T; Ohsumi, J; Okuyama, R; Takagi, T; Ueno, Y; Uto, Y; Wakimoto, S; Watanabe, N, 2010)	0.36
" Variation of the linker group between the piperidine and the lipophilic substituent identified 4-amino-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamides as potent and orally bioavailable inhibitors of PKB."	( Discovery of 4-amino-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamides as selective, orally active inhibitors of protein kinase B (Akt). Aherne, GW; Caldwell, JJ; Cheung, KM; Collins, I; Davies, TG; de Haven Brandon, A; Eccles, SA; Fazal, L; Garrett, MD; Henley, A; Hunter, LJ; McHardy, T; Raynaud, FI; Rowlands, M; Ruddle, R; Seavers, L; Taylor, K; Valenti, M, 2010)	0.36
" The oral bioavailability of BMS-690514 was 78% in mice, approximately 100% in rats, 8% in monkeys, and 29% in dogs."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and in vitro metabolism of BMS-690514, a potent inhibitor of EGFR and VEGFR2. Christopher, L; Gavai, A; Marathe, P; Rodrigues, D; Sleczka, B; Tang, Y; Wong, T; Zhang, H, 2010)	0.36
" Scanning electronic microscopy of the intestinal villi in these spice treatments revealed alterations in the ultrastructure, especially an increase in microvilli length and perimeter which would mean a beneficial increase in the absorptive surface of the small intestine, providing for an increased bioavailability of micronutrients."	( Beneficial influence of dietary spices on the ultrastructure and fluidity of the intestinal brush border in rats. Prakash, UN; Srinivasan, K, 2010)	0.36
" The relative bioavailability of repaglinide from its liquisolid compact formula was found to be increased significantly in comparison to that of the marketed tablet."	( Bioavailability and biological activity of liquisolid compact formula of repaglinide and its effect on glucose tolerance in rabbits. Arafa, NM; El-Houssieny, BM; Wahman, L, 2010)	0.36
" Overall, the results from these studies suggested that BMS-690514 was well absorbed and highly metabolized through multiple pathways in these preclinical species."	( Metabolism and disposition of [14C]BMS-690514 after oral administration to rats, rabbits, and dogs. Allentoff, A; Caceres-Cortes, J; Chando, T; Christopher, LJ; Ekhato, IV; Hong, H; Humphreys, WG; Iyer, RA; Roongta, V; Su, H; Sun, H, 2010)	0.36
" SAR studies, driven primarily by in vitro liver microsomal stability assessment, identified compound 10b, which displayed improved oral bioavailability and lower intrinsic clearance."	( The synthesis and biological evaluation of quinolyl-piperazinyl piperidines as potent serotonin 5-HT1A antagonists. Abou-Gharbia, MA; Adedoyin, A; Andree, TH; Aschmies, SH; Asselin, M; Bach, AC; Beyer, C; Bicksler, JJ; Childers, WE; Chong, DC; Comery, TA; Day, M; Grauer, SM; Grosu, GT; Harrison, BL; Havran, LM; Hirst, WD; Hughes, ZA; Huselton, C; Kagan, N; Kleintop, T; Magolda, R; Marathias, V; Platt, B; Pulicicchio, C; Robichaud, AJ; Rosenzweig-Lipson, S; Sabb, AL; Shen, Z; Smith, DE; Sukoff-Rizzo, SJ; Sullivan, KM; Zhang, MY, 2010)	0.6
" The marked effect of food on the bioavailability of blonanserin should be taken into account in its dosing schedules."	( Effect of dose timing in relation to food intake on systemic exposure to blonanserin. Inoue, Y; Kaneko, S; Saruwatari, J; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2010)	0.36
" The bioavailability of fexofenadine was increased by approximately 2-folds via the concomitant use of piperine."	( Effect of piperine, a major component of black pepper, on the intestinal absorption of fexofenadine and its implication on food-drug interaction. Han, HK; Jin, MJ, 2010)	0.36
" Piperine (20 mg/kg orally) was administered along with curcumin to enhance the bioavailability of the latter up to 20-fold more."	( Antioxidant potential of curcumin against oxidative insult induced by pentylenetetrazol in epileptic rats. Jyothy, A; Munshi, A; Nehru, B; Sharma, V, 2010)	0.36
" Enhanced bioavailability of curcumin was evidenced when the same was orally administered concomitant with piperine."	( Tissue distribution & elimination of capsaicin, piperine & curcumin following oral intake in rats. Srinivasan, K; Suresh, D, 2010)	0.36
"Considerable difference exists in the bioavailability of the three test compounds."	( Tissue distribution & elimination of capsaicin, piperine & curcumin following oral intake in rats. Srinivasan, K; Suresh, D, 2010)	0.36
"A series of phenyl piperidine alpha-sulfone hydroxamate derivatives has been prepared utilizing a combination of solution-phase and resin-bound library technologies to afford compounds that are potent and highly selective for MMP-13, are dual-sparing of MMP-1 and MMP-14 (MT1-MMP) and exhibit oral bioavailability in rats."	( Orally bioavailable dual MMP-1/MMP-14 sparing, MMP-13 selective alpha-sulfone hydroxamates. Becker, DP; Boehm, TL; Carroll, JN; DeCrescenzo, GA; Fletcher, TR; Hockerman, SL; Kolodziej, SA; McDonald, JJ; Mischke, DA; Munie, GE; Rico, JG; Stehle, NW; Swearingen, C, 2010)	0.36
" Oral bioavailability was improved by using syringe feeding with donepezil but not galantamine."	( Alternative method of oral dosing for rats. Atcha, Z; Aw, CC; Browne, ER; Goh, CW; Lim, JS; Neo, AH; Pemberton, DJ; Rourke, C, 2010)	0.36
"Design, synthesis, and SAR of a series of 3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4'-piperidine] based compounds as potent, selective and orally bioavailable melanocortin subtype-4 receptor (MC4R) agonists are disclosed."	( Discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable 3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4'-piperidine] based melanocortin subtype-4 receptor agonists. Bakshi, RK; Ball, RG; Chen, AS; Chen, HY; Dellureficio, JP; Dobbelaar, PH; Fong, TM; Guo, L; He, S; Hong, Q; Jian, T; Liu, J; MacIntyre, DE; MacNeil, T; Martin, WJ; Nargund, RP; Peng, Q; Sebhat, IK; Strack, AM; Tamvakopoulos, C; Tang, R; Tsou, NN; Weinberg, DH; Wyvratt, MJ; Ye, Z, 2010)	0.36
" In summary, BMS-690514 was well absorbed and extensively metabolized via multiple metabolic pathways in humans, with excretion of drug-related radioactivity in both bile and urine."	( Metabolism and disposition of [14C]BMS-690514, an ErbB/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor, after oral administration to humans. Allentoff, A; Christopher, LJ; Clemens, PL; Harbison, CT; Heller, K; Hong, H; Humphreys, WG; Iyer, RA; Roongta, V; Su, H; Sun, H; Vakkalagadda, BJ; Wong, T; Zhang, S, 2010)	0.36
" Thus, it was concluded that DH ODTs with masked taste were obtained by Eudragit EPO-based microspheres, drug loaded microspheres neither decreased the bioavailability nor delayed the release of DH."	( Preparation and evaluation of taste-masked donepezil hydrochloride orally disintegrating tablets. Choi, HG; Kang, JH; Woo, JS; Yan, YD; Yong, CS, 2010)	0.36
" Systemic bioavailability was 22."	( Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution of doxycycline in broiler chickens pretreated with either: diclazuril or halofuginone. Amer, AM; Atef, M; El-Gendi, AY; Kamel, GM, 2010)	0.36
"Repaglinide (RPG) is an oral hypoglycemic agent with excellent bioavailability (90-98%) and a short plasma half-life (2-6 h)."	( Repaglinide-loaded long-circulating biodegradable nanoparticles: rational approach for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Jain, S; Saraf, S, 2009)	0.35
" A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model estimating oral clearance, between-patient variability in oral clearance, central volume of distribution, and residual variability in combination with historical estimates of first-order absorption rate constant, intercompartmental clearance, and peripheral volume of distribution adequately described the sparse MPA data."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of mycophenolic acid coadministered with either tasocitinib (CP-690,550) or tacrolimus in adult renal allograft recipients. Busque, S; Chan, G; Krishnaswami, S; Lamba, M; Melcher, M; Tafti, B, 2010)	0.36
" One of these compounds was found to have good oral bioavailability and PK/PD profile in ZF-rat."	( Discovery of new chemotype dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors having (R)-3-amino-3-methyl piperidine as a pharmacophore. Horiguchi, M; Kimura, H; Masui, Y; Nakagawa, T; Nakahira, H; Nishio, Y; Ono, M; Sakai, M; Sugaru, E; Tosaki, S, 2010)	0.36
" MNP001 exhibited a rapid absorption, broad distribution, slow systemic clearance and a low but pharmacologically relevant oral bioavailability in rats."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of MNP001, a piperidine analog of 3-carbamyl compounds. Fox, LM; Wang, D; Xia, B, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic studies have determined that iloperidone is well absorbed orally, with a bioavailability of 96%."	( Iloperidone: A new drug for the treatment of schizophrenia. Arif, SA; Mitchell, MM, 2011)	0.37
" Analog 20q displayed both good DPP-4 potency and selectivity against other proteases, while derivative 20k displayed long half life and modest oral bioavailability in rat."	( Synthesis and evaluation of [(1R)-1-amino-2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl]cyclohexanes and 4-[(1R)-1-amino-2-(2,5-difluorophenyl)ethyl]piperidines as DPP-4 inhibitors. Ashton, W; Caldwell, CG; Chen, P; He, H; Lyons, KA; Thornberry, NA; Weber, AE; Wu, JK, 2011)	0.57
" Etoposide presents low bioavailability with wide inter-, and intra-patient variability after oral dosing."	( Involvement of P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A4 in the enhancement of etoposide bioavailability by a piperine analogue. Gupta, PN; Javed, S; Johri, RK; Koul, S; Najar, IA; Sharma, SC; Singh, GD, 2011)	0.37
"P-glycoprotein (Pgp or ABCB1) is an ABC transporter protein involved in intestinal absorption, drug metabolism, and brain penetration, and its inhibition can seriously alter a drug's bioavailability and safety."	( A novel approach for predicting P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) inhibition using molecular interaction fields. Broccatelli, F; Carosati, E; Cruciani, G; Frosini, M; Goracci, L; Neri, A; Oprea, TI, 2011)	0.37
" A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was applied to determine the oral bioavailability of ethyl piperate."	( Contribution of carboxylesterase in hamster to the intestinal first-pass loss and low bioavailability of ethyl piperate, an effective lipid-lowering drug candidate. Bao, N; Borjihan, G; Hu, M; Jia, J; Li, S; Lu, Y; Ma, Y; Wang, Y; Yang, D; Yu, C, 2011)	0.37
"25 and the relative bioavailability of the test formulation was 96."	( Bioequivalence study of two tablet formulations containing rimonabant 20 mg in healthy Indian subjects. Bhaumik, U; Chakrabarty, US; Das, A; Nandi, U; Pal, TK, 2011)	0.37
"There is currently a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of food-drug interaction as well as the clinical implication to maximize the effectiveness and applicability of black pepper or its active component, piperine, as a bioavailability enhancer in the clinical arena."	( The effects of black pepper on the intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism of drugs. Han, HK, 2011)	0.37
" The information provided is used to assess the clinical significance of black pepper and piperine and optimize their effectiveness as a bioavailability enhancer."	( The effects of black pepper on the intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism of drugs. Han, HK, 2011)	0.37
" Furthermore, the effective formulation strategy for the optimization of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of dietary components is crucial to improve their in vivo performance and ultimately maximize their effectiveness as a bioavailability enhancer."	( The effects of black pepper on the intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism of drugs. Han, HK, 2011)	0.37
" Vandetanib reduces constitutive NO production and increases blood pressure, yet flow-stimulated NO bioavailability was preserved."	( Contrary effects of the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib on constitutive and flow-stimulated nitric oxide elaboration in humans. Beckman, JA; Burstein, HJ; Dallabrida, SM; Hannagan, K; Ismail, NS; Mayer, EL; Redline, WM; Rupnick, MA, 2011)	0.37
" Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by modified solvent injection method for oral delivery to improve the bioavailability of RG, an antidiabetic drug."	( Studies on binary lipid matrix based solid lipid nanoparticles of repaglinide: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Jain, A; Rawat, MK; Singh, S, 2011)	0.37
"The purpose of this work was to develop prolonged release binary lipid matrix-based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of repaglinide (RG) for oral intestinal delivery and to improve the bioavailability of RG."	( In vivo and cytotoxicity evaluation of repaglinide-loaded binary solid lipid nanoparticles after oral administration to rats. Jain, A; Rawat, MK; Singh, S, 2011)	0.37
" Further fine-tuning of the substituent pattern in the sulfonamide paved the way to enhancing potency and bioavailability and minimizing hERG inhibition, resulting in discovery of clinical compound 122 (GSK163929)."	( Novel 4,4-disubstituted piperidine-based C-C chemokine receptor-5 inhibitors with high potency against human immunodeficiency virus-1 and an improved human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) profile. Anderson, DL; Aquino, C; Chauder, BA; Duan, M; Ferris, R; Kazmierski, WM; Kenakin, T; Koble, CS; Lang, DG; McIntyre, MS; Peckham, J; Spaltenstein, A; Svolto, A; Watson, C; Wheelan, P; Wire, MB; Youngman, M, 2011)	0.37
" The initial absence of oral bioavailability was successfully tackled by moving the basic nitrogen of the spiro-4-piperidyl moiety towards the electron-deficient pyrrolepyridinedione core, thereby reducing the pK(a) and improving Caco-2 permeability."	( Discovery of selective and orally available spiro-3-piperidyl ATP-competitive MK2 inhibitors. Barf, T; Borsboom, J; de Kimpe, V; de Roos, J; de Wit, J; de Zwart, E; Dulos, J; Hoogenboom, N; Jaeger, M; Kaptein, A; Kazemier, B; Leandro-Garcia, P; Oubrie, A; Schultz-Fademrecht, C; van de Kar, B; van Hoek, M; van Zeeland, M; Versteegh, J; Vogel, G; Wijnands, F, 2011)	0.37
" However, the poor in vivo bioavailability of resveratrol due to its rapid metabolism is being considered as a major obstacle in translating its effects in humans."	( Enhancing the bioavailability of resveratrol by combining it with piperine. Ahmad, N; Bailey, HH; Johnson, JJ; Mukhtar, H; Nihal, M; Scarlett, CO; Siddiqui, IA, 2011)	0.37
"Our study demonstrated that piperine significantly improves the in vivo bioavailability of resveratrol."	( Enhancing the bioavailability of resveratrol by combining it with piperine. Ahmad, N; Bailey, HH; Johnson, JJ; Mukhtar, H; Nihal, M; Scarlett, CO; Siddiqui, IA, 2011)	0.37
"An oral bioavailability issue encountered during the course of lead optimization in the renin program is described herein."	( Impact of passive permeability and gut efflux transport on the oral bioavailability of novel series of piperidine-based renin inhibitors in rodents. Bleasby, K; Chefson, A; Chen, A; Dubé, D; Ducharme, Y; Fournier, PA; Gagné, S; Gallant, M; Grimm, E; Hafey, M; Han, Y; Houle, R; Lacombe, P; Laliberté, S; Lévesque, JF; MacDonald, D; Mackay, B; Papp, R; Tschirret-Guth, R, 2011)	0.37
" Studies on PAR2 have relied heavily upon activating effects of proteases and peptide agonists that lack stability and bioavailability in vivo."	( Modulating human proteinase activated receptor 2 with a novel antagonist (GB88) and agonist (GB110). Barry, GD; Cotterell, AJ; Fairlie, DP; Halili, MA; Le, GT; Lohman, RJ; Suen, JY, 2012)	0.38
" MK-6096 is an orally bioavailable potent and selective reversible antagonist of OX(1)R and OX(2)R currently in clinical development for insomnia."	( Pharmacological characterization of MK-6096 - a dual orexin receptor antagonist for insomnia. Breslin, MJ; Coleman, PJ; Cox, CD; Cui, D; Doran, SM; Fox, SV; Garson, SL; Gotter, AL; Harrell, CM; Reiss, DR; Renger, JJ; Schreier, JD; Stevens, J; Tannenbaum, PL; Winrow, CJ, 2012)	0.38
" By inhibiting the metabolism of drugs, piperine improves the bioavailability of drugs."	( Influence of piperine on ibuprofen induced antinociception and its pharmacokinetics. Durga, KD; Mullangi, R; Padmavathi, Y; Reddy, BM; Venkatesh, S, 2011)	0.37
"The poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, MK-4827, is a novel potent, orally bioavailable PARP-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor currently in phase I clinical trials for cancer treatment."	( MK-4827, a PARP-1/-2 inhibitor, strongly enhances response of human lung and breast cancer xenografts to radiation. Ang, KK; Buchholz, T; Buser-Doepner, C; Mason, KA; Mathur, A; Milas, L; Toniatti, C; Valdecanas, D; Wang, L, 2012)	0.38
" Together, these data suggest that CP-945,598 is well absorbed and eliminated largely by CYP3A4/3A5-catalyzed metabolism."	( Excretion, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of 1-(8-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-(4-chlorophenyl)-9H-purin-6-yl)-4-(ethylamino)piperidine-4-carboxamide, a selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist, in healthy male volunteers. Liras, J; Miao, Z; Prakash, C; Sun, H, 2012)	0.38
"01 for 3 mg/kg) increased the absolute bioavailability (AB) of repaglinide by 51."	( Effects of efonidipine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by efonidipine. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Li, C, 2012)	0.38
" In vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats showed that immediate and complete release of repaglinide from the solid dispersion resulted in rapid absorption that significantly increased the bioavailability and the maximum plasma concentration over repaglinide raw material."	( In vitro and in vivo studies on a novel solid dispersion of repaglinide using polyvinylpyrrolidone as the carrier. Chen, XJ; Huang, SJ; Liu, QW; Yin, LF; Zhang, Q; Zhang, SH; Zhu, CL, 2012)	0.38
" In rats and dogs, [(14)C]GDC-0973 was well absorbed (fraction absorbed, 70-80%)."	( Preclinical disposition of GDC-0973 and prospective and retrospective analysis of human dose and efficacy predictions. Aoyama, RG; Belvin, M; Boggs, J; Choo, EF; Deng, Y; Hoeflich, KP; Johnston, SH; Kassees, R; Ly, J; Martini, JF; Merchant, M; Orr, C; Plise, E; Ramaiya, A; Robarge, K, 2012)	0.38
"9 mg/kg body weight) or the combination of the both - piperine was used in this combination to enhance the bioavailability of EGCG."	( Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate shows therapeutic antioxidative effects in a murine model of colitis. Brückner, M; Domschke, W; Kucharzik, T; Lügering, A; Westphal, S, 2012)	0.38
" Furthermore, it was found to be efficacious in the double transgenic rat hypertension model and show good to moderate oral bioavailability in two animal species."	( 3,4-Diarylpiperidines as potent renin inhibitors. Arbour, M; Aspiotis, R; Cauchon, E; Chen, A; Dubé, D; Falgueyret, JP; Fournier, PA; Gallant, M; Grimm, E; Han, Y; Juteau, H; Lacombe, P; Liu, S; Mellon, C; Ramtohul, Y; Simard, D; St-Jacques, R; Tsui, GC, 2012)	0.78
" Exploration of the structure-activity relationships of 4 led to the identification of a potent and orally bioavailable TRPM8 antagonist, tetrahydroisoquinoline 87."	( Fused piperidines as a novel class of potent and orally available transient receptor potential melastatin type 8 (TRPM8) antagonists. Bartberger, MD; Bo, Y; Chen, J; Correll, TL; Deng, H; Gavva, NR; Gore, V; Klionsky, L; Lehto, SG; Ma, V; Nishimura, N; Norman, MH; Tamayo, NA; Tang, P; Wang, W; Youngblood, B, 2012)	0.86
"Pharmacokinetic results show that FLAP has high bioavailability (> 75%), long T1/2 (> 260 min), and short peak time (<20 min)."	( Disposition of orally administered a promising chemotherapeutic agent flavopiridol in the intestine. Feng, Q; Li, Y; Liu, W; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Xia, B; Zhou, Q, 2013)	0.39
"FLAP possesses high oral bioavailability and good absorption in the intestine, in which FLAP may be subjected to a P-gp efflux."	( Disposition of orally administered a promising chemotherapeutic agent flavopiridol in the intestine. Feng, Q; Li, Y; Liu, W; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Xia, B; Zhou, Q, 2013)	0.39
" These results were discussed considering that curcumin may not be well absorbed and it did not reach a level high enough in vivo to overcome the severe hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress produced by the PC-rich diet."	( Effect of curcumin on LDL oxidation in vitro, and lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in cholesterol fed rabbits. Kummerow, FA; Mahfouz, MM; Zhou, Q, 2011)	0.37
"Vandetanib (an orally bioavailable VEGFR-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinases inhibitor) was combined at 100 mg, 200 mg, or 300 mg daily with standard dosed cetuximab and irinotecan (3+3 dose-escalation design)."	( Phase I study of cetuximab, irinotecan, and vandetanib (ZD6474) as therapy for patients with previously treated metastastic colorectal cancer. Abrams, TA; Ancukiewicz, M; Blaszkowsky, L; Chan, JA; Duda, DG; Elliott, M; Enzinger, PC; Goldstein, M; Jain, RK; Kulke, MH; Meyerhardt, JA; Regan, E; Schrag, D; Wolpin, BM; Zhu, AX, 2012)	0.38
" By inhibiting the metabolism of drugs, piperine improves the bioavailability of drugs."	( Effect of piperine on antihyperglycemic activity and pharmacokinetic profile of nateglinide. Bommineni, MR; Mullangi, R; Nadipelli, M; Sama, V; Yenumula, P, 2012)	0.38
" Incorporation of a 1,2,4-oxadiazole linker and substitution of the pendant phenyl ring led to the discovery of orally bioavailable analogues that showed efficient NR2B receptor occupancy in rats."	( Discovery of 3-substituted aminocyclopentanes as potent and orally bioavailable NR2B subtype-selective NMDA antagonists. Bednar, RA; Cunningham, ME; Dilella, AG; Fandozzi, C; Fay, JF; Kelly, MJ; Koblan, KS; Layton, ME; Liang, A; Lis, EV; McDonald, TP; Mosser, SD; Reiss, DR; Rodzinak, KJ; Sanderson, PE; Seabrook, GR; Trainor, N; Urban, MO; Wang, H; Yergey, J; Young, SD, 2011)	0.37
" Piperine is known to enhance the bioavailability of curcumin, as a substrate of P-gp by at least 2000%."	( A plausible explanation for enhanced bioavailability of P-gp substrates in presence of piperine: simulation for next generation of P-gp inhibitors. Godbole, MM; Misra, K; Singh, DV, 2013)	0.39
"This study investigated the effect of piperine on the gene expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) as well as pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) activity and also its implication on the bioavailability of diltiazem, a P-gp substrate."	( Repeated dosing of piperine induced gene expression of P-glycoprotein via stimulated pregnane-X-receptor activity and altered pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in rats. Han, HK; Kang, KW; Qiang, F, 2012)	0.38
" Furthermore, the bepotastine salicylate-loaded tablet was prepared by the wet granulation method, and the dissolution and bioavailability in beagle dogs were evaluated compared to the bepotastine besilate-loaded commercial product."	( Development of novel bepotastine salicylate salt bioequivalent to the commercial bepotastine besilate in beagle dogs. Cho, KH; Choi, HG, 2013)	0.39
" Recent advancement in bioavailability enhancement of drugs by compounds of herbal origin has produced a revolutionary shift in the way of therapeutics."	( A comprehensive review on pharmacotherapeutics of herbal bioenhancers. Awale, MM; Chauhan, BN; Dudhatra, GB; Kamani, DR; Kumar, A; Modi, CM; Mody, SK; Patel, HB, 2012)	0.38
" Bioavailability was optimised by modulation of physico-chemical properties and physical form to deliver a compound suitable for clinical evaluation."	( The discovery of CCR3/H1 dual antagonists with reduced hERG risk. Bahl, A; Barton, P; Bowers, K; Brough, S; Evans, R; Luckhurst, CA; Mochel, T; Perry, MW; Rigby, A; Riley, RJ; Sanganee, H; Sisson, A; Springthorpe, B, 2012)	0.38
" The results clearly suggest that piperine enhanced the bioavailability of curcumin and potentiated its protective effects against CUS induced cognitive impairment and associated oxidative damage in mice."	( Piperine potentiates the protective effects of curcumin against chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative damage in mice. Kumar, A; Rinwa, P, 2012)	0.38
" Compound 8 has good oral bioavailability in rat and cynomolgus monkey, attractive overall preclinical properties, and shows dose-dependent activity in a primate model of CGRP-induced facial blood flow."	( Discovery of (5S,6S,9R)-5-amino-6-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[b]pyridin-9-yl 4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (BMS-927711): an oral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonist in c Browning, M; Chen, L; Conway, CM; Denton, R; Dubowchik, GM; Houston, JG; Keavy, D; Kostich, W; Lentz, KA; Luo, G; Macor, JE; Santone, KS; Schartman, R; Signor, L; Tong, G, 2012)	0.38
" The results revealed that a combination of glimepiride with piperine led to the enhancement of the bioavailability of glimepiride by inhibiting the CYP2C9 enzyme, which suggested that piperine might be beneficial as an adjuvant to glimepiride in a proper dose, in diabetic patients."	( Effect of piperine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glimepiride in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rani, TS; Sujatha, S; Veeresham, C, 2012)	0.38
"A transdermal delivery system is warranted for repaglinide (RPG) which possesses half-life of 1 h and oral bioavailability of 56%."	( A study on ethosomes as mode for transdermal delivery of an antidiabetic drug. Bodade, SS; Chaudhari, PD; Kamble, MS; Shaikh, KS, 2013)	0.39
"In view of the wide-spread deficiency of iron and zinc in populations dependent on plant foods, it is desirable to improve the bioavailability of the same."	( Enhanced intestinal uptake of iron, zinc and calcium in rats fed pungent spice principles--piperine, capsaicin and ginger (Zingiber officinale). Prakash, UN; Srinivasan, K, 2013)	0.39
" (3S,5R)-12 showed oral bioavailability in rats and demonstrated blood pressure lowering activity in the double-transgenic rat model."	( A novel class of oral direct renin inhibitors: highly potent 3,5-disubstituted piperidines bearing a tricyclic p3-p1 pharmacophore. Baeschlin, DK; Breitenstein, W; Cumin, F; Ehrhardt, C; Francotte, E; Geisse, S; Gerhartz, B; Hartwieg, JC; Hassiepen, U; Jacoby, E; Klumpp, M; Kosaka, T; Krömer, M; Maibaum, J; Marzinzik, A; Ostermann, N; Ottl, J; Richert, P; Rigel, DF; Ruedisser, S; Sedrani, R; Trappe, J; Vangrevelinghe, E; Wagner, T; Webb, RL, 2013)	0.62
"In this study, we used cubic nanoparticles containing piperine to improve the oral bioavailability of PPD and to enhance its absorption and inhibit its metabolism."	( Enhanced oral absorption of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol by self-assembled liquid crystalline nanoparticles containing piperine: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cheng, XD; Jia, XB; Jin, X; Li, SL; Sun, E; Tan, XB; You, M; Zhang, ZH, 2013)	0.39
"The increased bioavailability of PPD-cubosome loaded with piperine is due to an increase in absorption and inhibition of metabolism of PPD by cubic nanoparticles containing piperine rather than because of improved release of PPD."	( Enhanced oral absorption of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol by self-assembled liquid crystalline nanoparticles containing piperine: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cheng, XD; Jia, XB; Jin, X; Li, SL; Sun, E; Tan, XB; You, M; Zhang, ZH, 2013)	0.39
" bioavailability yet retaining its potency."	( Systemic bile acid sensing by G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) promotes PYY and GLP-1 release. Alvarez Sanchez, R; Beauchamp, J; Conde-Knape, K; Dehmlow, H; Iglesias, A; Mattei, P; Raab, S; Sewing, S; Sprecher, U; Ullmer, C, 2013)	0.39
" In contrast to the orally bioavailable agonist RO5527239, we show that tauro-RO5527239 triggers PYY release only when applied intravenously."	( Systemic bile acid sensing by G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) promotes PYY and GLP-1 release. Alvarez Sanchez, R; Beauchamp, J; Conde-Knape, K; Dehmlow, H; Iglesias, A; Mattei, P; Raab, S; Sewing, S; Sprecher, U; Ullmer, C, 2013)	0.39
" The aim of this trial was to study the absolute oral bioavailability of bilastine in humans."	( Oral availability of bilastine. Azanza, JR; Gómez-Guiu, A; Ortega, I; Sádaba, B; Valiente, R, 2013)	0.39
"Oral bioavailability of bilastine was 60."	( Oral availability of bilastine. Azanza, JR; Gómez-Guiu, A; Ortega, I; Sádaba, B; Valiente, R, 2013)	0.39
" The absolute oral bioavailability was moderate."	( Oral availability of bilastine. Azanza, JR; Gómez-Guiu, A; Ortega, I; Sádaba, B; Valiente, R, 2013)	0.39
"To prepare curcumin-piperine (Cu-Pi) nanoparticles by various methods and to study the effect of various manufacturing parameters on Cu-Pi nanoparticles and to identify a suitable method for the preparation of Cu-Pi nanoparticles to overcome oral bioavailability and cancer cell targeting limitations in the treatment of cancer."	( Preparation and characterization of curcumin-piperine dual drug loaded nanoparticles. Kathiresan, K; Krishnan, K; Manavalan, R; Moorthi, C, 2012)	0.38
" This dual nanoparticulate drug delivery system appears to be promising to overcome oral bioavailability and cancer cell targeting limitations in the treatment of cancer."	( Preparation and characterization of curcumin-piperine dual drug loaded nanoparticles. Kathiresan, K; Krishnan, K; Manavalan, R; Moorthi, C, 2012)	0.38
" This coamorphous system provides a feasible way to process drugs with low solubility into substances with enhanced dissolution and stabilized amorphous state that could be conducive to greater bioavailability than the crystalline drug."	( Coamorphous repaglinide-saccharin with enhanced dissolution. Gao, Y; Liao, J; Qi, X; Zhang, J, 2013)	0.39
" However, in addition to its culinary uses, pepper has important medicinal and preservative properties, and, more recently, piperine has been shown to have fundamental effects on p-glycoprotein and many enzyme systems, leading to biotransformative effects including chemoprevention, detoxification, and enhancement of the absorption and bioavailability of herbal and conventional drugs."	( Piper nigrum and piperine: an update. Goswami, TK; Meghwal, M, 2013)	0.39
" The dichotomous effects of PIP on induction of CYP3A4 and MDR1 expression observed here and inhibition of their activity reported elsewhere challenges the potential use of PIP as a bioavailability enhancer and suggests that caution should be taken in PIP consumption during drug treatment in patients, particularly those who favor daily pepper spice or rely on certain pepper remedies."	( Piperine activates human pregnane X receptor to induce the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 and multidrug resistance protein 1. Chai, SC; Chen, T; Lin, W; Ong, SS; Schuetz, EG; Wang, YM; Wu, J, 2013)	0.39
" Significant covariates were sex and bioavailability on apparent clearance and food intake on the absorption rate constant."	( Population pharmacokinetics of JNJ-37822681, a selective fast-dissociating dopamine D₂-receptor antagonist, in healthy subjects and subjects with schizophrenia and dose selection based on simulated D₂-receptor occupancy. Hoeben, E; Mannaert, E; Neyens, M; Schmidt, M; Vermeulen, A, 2013)	0.39
" Based on in vivo hypoglycemic results, bioavailability parameters like AUC, AUMC, Cmax, Tmax, MRT, t1/2 and relative bioavailability were found to be 2218."	( Optimization and charaterization of repaglinide biodegradable polymeric nanoparticle loaded transdermal patchs: in vitro and in vivo studies. Reddy, KR; Sakthivel, S; Swetha, C; Vijayan, V, 2013)	0.39
" Bioflavonoids like quercetin are reported to have poor bioavailability and limited therapeutic potential against stress induced neurological disorders."	( Quercetin along with piperine prevents cognitive dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation associated with mouse model of chronic unpredictable stress. Kumar, A; Rinwa, P, 2017)	0.46
" The present study investigated the synergistic antidepressant-like effect of trans-resveratrol and piperine, a bioavailability enhancer, in mice and explored the possible mechanism."	( Piperine potentiates the antidepressant-like effect of trans-resveratrol: involvement of monoaminergic system. Chen, Z; Huang, W; Li, G; Lin, M; Pan, J; Wang, Q; Wu, F; Wu, S; Xie, X; Xu, Y; Yan, Q; Yu, X, 2013)	0.39
" Since cobimetinib exhibited absorption variability in cancer patients, a series of single-dose studies in healthy subjects were conducted to determine absolute bioavailability and elucidate potential effects of formulation, food, and elevated gastric pH on cobimetinib bioavailability."	( Absolute bioavailability and effect of formulation change, food, or elevated pH with rabeprazole on cobimetinib absorption in healthy subjects. Chan, IT; Choo, E; Deng, Y; Dresser, MJ; Eppler, S; Musib, L; Rooney, I, 2013)	0.39
" Vandetanib, also known as ZD6474, is an orally bioavailable small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of multiple growth factors that is an antagonist of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2)."	( Specific binding of modified ZD6474 (Vandetanib) monomer and its dimer with VEGF receptor-2. Kim, YS; Li, F; Li, Z; O'Neill, BE, 2013)	0.39
" We also describe an orally bioavailable ABHD6 inhibitor, KT185, that displays excellent selectivity against other brain and liver serine hydrolases in vivo."	( Discovery and optimization of piperidyl-1,2,3-triazole ureas as potent, selective, and in vivo-active inhibitors of α/β-hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6). Chang, JW; Cravatt, BF; Hsu, KL; Pugh, H; Speers, AE; Tsuboi, K; Whitby, LR, 2013)	0.39
" The controlled dual release of curcumin and piperine from the G/SF microspheres would prolong their half-life, provide the optimal concentrations for therapeutic effects at a target site, and improve the bioavailability of curcumin."	( The development of injectable gelatin/silk fibroin microspheres for the dual delivery of curcumin and piperine. Damrongsakkul, S; Kanokpanont, S; Ratanavaraporn, J, 2014)	0.4
" Interestingly, piperine also plays a vital role in increasing the bioavailability of many drugs which again is a promising property."	( Piperine production by endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Piper nigrum. Chithra, S; Jasim, B; Jyothis, M; Radhakrishnan, EK; Sachidanandan, P, 2014)	0.4
" Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) shows constitutive activity in CLL and is the target of irreversible inhibition by ibrutinib, an orally bioavailable kinase inhibitor that has shown outstanding activity in CLL."	( Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) function is important to the development and expansion of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Bojnik, E; Buggy, JJ; Byrd, JC; Chang, BY; Davis, ME; Dubovsky, JA; Efremov, DG; Gobessi, S; Goettl, VM; Harrington, BK; Johnson, AJ; Laurenti, L; MacMurray, J; Ruppert, AS; Smith, LL; Smucker, KA; Stefanovski, MR; Towns, WH; Woyach, JA, 2014)	0.4
" The potential of NLC for improving the oral bioavailability of ILO was also evaluated."	( Quality by design approach to understand the process of optimization of iloperidone nanostructured lipid carriers for oral bioavailability enhancement. Mandpe, L; Pokharkar, V, 2015)	0.42
"30-fold increase in oral bioavailability of ILO NLC as compared with ILO pure drug suspension."	( Quality by design approach to understand the process of optimization of iloperidone nanostructured lipid carriers for oral bioavailability enhancement. Mandpe, L; Pokharkar, V, 2015)	0.42
"The NLC formulation remarkably improved the oral bioavailability of ILO and demonstrated a promising perspective for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( Quality by design approach to understand the process of optimization of iloperidone nanostructured lipid carriers for oral bioavailability enhancement. Mandpe, L; Pokharkar, V, 2015)	0.42
"Here we show a curcumin encapsulated lipopolymeric hybrid nanoparticle formulation which could protect against QT prolongation and also render increased bioavailability and stability thereby overcoming the limitations associated with curcumin."	( Mitigating prolonged QT interval in cancer nanodrug development for accelerated clinical translation. Helson, L; Mukerjee, A; Ranjan, AP; Vishwanatha, JK, 2013)	0.39
"Alogliptin is a selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)."	( Alogliptin: A new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Erowele, G; Ndefo, UA; Okoli, O, 2014)	0.4
" This study suggested that food intake not only increases the bioavailability of blonanserin but differently affects the pharmacokinetics of its metabolites as well."	( The pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of blonanserin in healthy Chinese volunteers after single fasting doses and single and multiple postprandial doses. Chen, R; Chen, X; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Liu, H; Wang, H; Zhong, W; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nifedipine on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats."	( Effects of nifedipine on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by nifedipine. Choi, DH; Choi, I; Choi, JS, 2013)	0.39
" Nifedipine also increased the absolute bioavailability (AB) of repaglinide by 50."	( Effects of nifedipine on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by nifedipine. Choi, DH; Choi, I; Choi, JS, 2013)	0.39
"Nifedipine enhanced the oral bioavailability of repaglinide, which may be mainly attributable to inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of repaglinide in the small intestine and/or in the liver and to inhibition of the P-gp efflux transporter in the small intestine and/or reduction of total body clearance by nifedipine."	( Effects of nifedipine on the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in rats: possible role of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by nifedipine. Choi, DH; Choi, I; Choi, JS, 2013)	0.39
" Thus, it may be useful for prolonged drug release in stomach to improve the bioavailability and reduced dosing frequency."	( Gastroretentive mucoadhesive tablet of lafutidine for controlled release and enhanced bioavailability. Patil, S; Talele, GS, 2015)	0.42
" A significantly decreased Cmax, prolonged Tmax and satisfactory bioavailability of the osmotic pump tablet were obtained, and a good in vivo-in vitro correlation of the two drugs was also established."	( Controlled release of metformin hydrochloride and repaglinide from sandwiched osmotic pump tablet. He, W; Jin, Z; Qin, C; Wang, G; Wu, M; Yin, L; Zhang, Q; Zhu, C, 2014)	0.4
"In this study, curcumin was designed into the nanoformulation called cubosome with piperine in order to improve oral bioavailability and tissue distribution of curcumin."	( Preparation, characterisation and evaluation of curcumin with piperine-loaded cubosome nanoparticles. Fu, JW; Huang, DE; Shi, ZQ; Sun, DM; Tu, YS; Yao, N; Zhang, JJ, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic test revealed that the cubosome could improve the oral bioavailability significantly compared to the suspension of curcumin with piperine and be mainly absorbed by the spleen."	( Preparation, characterisation and evaluation of curcumin with piperine-loaded cubosome nanoparticles. Fu, JW; Huang, DE; Shi, ZQ; Sun, DM; Tu, YS; Yao, N; Zhang, JJ, 2014)	0.4
" A new generic formulation of bepotastine has been developed in China, and information concerning bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties in the Chinese population has not been reported."	( Comparative fasting bioavailability of 2 bepotastine formulations in healthy male Chinese volunteers: an open-label, randomized, single-dose, 2-way crossover study. Hu, X; Liu, J; Shentu, J; Wu, G; Wu, L; Zhai, Y; Zheng, Y; Zhou, H; Zhu, M, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of the present study was to compare the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of 2 tablet formulations of bepotastine, the 10-mg generic formulation (test) and a branded formulation (reference), in healthy male Chinese volunteers to obtain registration approval of the test formulation."	( Comparative fasting bioavailability of 2 bepotastine formulations in healthy male Chinese volunteers: an open-label, randomized, single-dose, 2-way crossover study. Hu, X; Liu, J; Shentu, J; Wu, G; Wu, L; Zhai, Y; Zheng, Y; Zhou, H; Zhu, M, 2014)	0.4
" In vivo pharmacokinetics study and in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion were performed to investigate the effects of SEDDS on the bioavailability and intestinal absorption of piperine."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of piperine by self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: in vitro, in vivo and in situ intestinal permeability studies. Cui, C; Ji, H; Li, X; Liu, H; Qin, M; Shao, B; Tang, J; Wang, Z; Wu, L, 2015)	0.42
" Providing high bioavailability and a very long half-time, donepezil is regarded as effective and well tolerable in Alzheimer's disease patients, even in difficult clinical conditions such as hepatic or renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of donepezil for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Prvulovic, D; Schneider, B, 2014)	0.4
"Although linarin possesses diverse pharmacological activities, its poor oral bioavailability has been a concern for further development."	( Effects of piperine on the intestinal permeability and pharmacokinetics of linarin in rats. Di, X; Feng, X; Liu, Y; Wang, X, 2014)	0.4
" This lack of cognitive effects may be due to low bioavailability and, in turn, reduced bioefficacy of resveratrol in vivo."	( Effects of resveratrol alone or in combination with piperine on cerebral blood flow parameters and cognitive performance in human subjects: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over investigation. Dew, TP; Haskell, CF; Kennedy, DO; Reay, JL; Wightman, EL; Williamson, G, 2014)	0.4
" Lead optimization resulted in the identification of potent compounds with improved oral bioavailability and reduced cardiac ion channel liability."	( Novel N-linked aminopiperidine-based gyrase inhibitors with improved hERG and in vivo efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Achar, V; Arora, U; Awasthy, D; Bharath, S; Bheemarao, U; Chinnapattu, M; Coulson, M; de Sousa, SM; Ganguly, S; Gaonkar, S; Ghosh, A; Hameed P, S; Hoffner, S; Humnabadkar, V; Kaur, P; Kumar K N, M; Kumar, CN; Madhavapeddi, P; Manjrekar, P; Menasinakai, S; Mukherjee, K; Nandishaiah, R; Narayan, C; Panduga, V; Patil, V; Puttur, J; Raichurkar, A; Ramya, VK; Reddy, J; Rudrapatana, S; Sambandamurthy, VK; Shanbhag, G; Sharma, S; Sharma, U; Shinde, V; Solapure, S; Waterson, D; Werngren, J, 2014)	0.4
" A pharmacokinetic study of compound 1 in vivo revealed good bioavailability and brain penetration in rats."	( Discovery of N-sulfonyl-7-azaindoline derivatives as potent, orally available and selective M(4) muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists. Enomoto, T; Kitamura, A; Kiyoshi, A; Konishi, Y; Matsuda, H; Nakako, T; Ochi, Y; Sakai, M; Sumiyoshi, T; Suwa, A; Takai, K; Uematsu, Y; Uruno, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Hybridization of compound 2 with the HTS hit compound 5 followed by optimization of the N-substituents of 7-azaindoline led to identification of compound 1, which showed highly selective M1 and M4 mAChRs agonistic activity, weak human ether-a-go-go related gene inhibition, and good bioavailability in multiple animal species."	( Discovery of N-substituted 7-azaindoline derivatives as potent, orally available M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors selective agonists. Enomoto, T; Hashimoto, G; Inoue, Y; Kitamura, A; Kiyoshi, A; Konishi, Y; Matsuda, H; Nakako, T; Nishikawa, H; Sakai, M; Sumiyoshi, T; Suwa, A; Takai, K; Uematsu, Y; Uruno, Y, 2014)	0.4
"The current review emphasizes on the herbal bioenhancers which themselves do not possess inherent pharmacological activity of their own but when co-administered with Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API), enhances their bioavailability and efficacy."	( Role of herbal bioactives as a potential bioavailability enhancer for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Alexander, A; Kumari, L; Qureshi, A; Saraf, S; Sharma, M; Vaishnav, P, 2014)	0.4
" The bioavailability of ASP9521 after oral administration (1 mg/kg) was 35 %, 78 % and 58 % in rats, dogs and monkeys, respectively."	( In vitro and in vivo characterisation of ASP9521: a novel, selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17βHSD5; AKR1C3). Azami, H; Baskin-Bey, E; Enjo, K; Furutani, T; Heeringa, M; Kamiyama, Y; Kikuchi, A; Kuromitsu, S; Niimi, T; Ouatas, T; Watanabe, K, 2014)	0.4
"ASP9521 is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable AKR1C3 inhibitor."	( In vitro and in vivo characterisation of ASP9521: a novel, selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17βHSD5; AKR1C3). Azami, H; Baskin-Bey, E; Enjo, K; Furutani, T; Heeringa, M; Kamiyama, Y; Kikuchi, A; Kuromitsu, S; Niimi, T; Ouatas, T; Watanabe, K, 2014)	0.4
"ET-1 stimulates ETA -mediated NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation, which inhibits endothelial NO bioavailability and contributes to ET-1-induced contraction in healthy penile arteries."	( Endothelin-1 contributes to endothelial dysfunction and enhanced vasoconstriction through augmented superoxide production in penile arteries from insulin-resistant obese rats: role of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors. Benedito, S; García-Sacristán, A; Hernández, M; Martínez, P; Muñoz, M; Prieto, D; Sánchez, A, 2014)	0.4
" Modulation of PXR transactivation has revealed the selective and orally bioavailable CCR1 antagonist BMS-817399 (29), which entered clinical trials for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."	( Discovery of the CCR1 antagonist, BMS-817399, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. An, Y; Barrish, JC; Briceno, SW; Caceres-Cortes, J; Camac, DM; Caporuscio, C; Carter, PH; Cavallaro, C; Cvijic, ME; Davies, P; Dhar, M; Duncia, JV; Foster, WR; Gardner, DS; Grafstrom, RR; Hynes, J; Khan, JA; Liu, R; Patel, SR; Rose, AV; Santella, JB; Tebben, AJ; Vickery, RD; Watson, AJ; Wu, H; Yang, G; Yarde, M, 2014)	0.4
" The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of short-term supplementation with curcuminoids (co-administered with piperine to enhance the bioavailability of curcuminoids) in alleviating systemic oxidative stress and clinical symptoms, and improvement of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in subjects suffering from chronic pulmonary complications due to SM exposure who are receiving standard respiratory treatments."	( Effects of Curcuminoids-Piperine Combination on Systemic Oxidative Stress, Clinical Symptoms and Quality of Life in Subjects with Chronic Pulmonary Complications Due to Sulfur Mustard: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ghanei, M; Hajhashemi, A; Panahi, Y; Sahebkar, A, 2016)	0.43
" The results indicated that the floating sustained-release tablets held a better capability for floating and drug release and more satisfactory pharmacokinetic parameters, such as a lower Cmax, a prolonged Tmax, but an equivalent bioavailability calculated by AUC0-24 compared to commercial tablets."	( Preparation and pharmacokinetics study on gastro-floating sustained-release tablets of troxipide. Gao, Y; Pan, WS; Wang, M; Wang, Z; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Ye, T; Yin, F, 2015)	0.42
" The fasting state was characterized by a 67 % relative bioavailability compared with the meal conditions used in the trials and administration after a high-fat meal."	( Population pharmacokinetic model of ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with B cell malignancies. Advani, R; Byrd, JC; de Jong, J; De Nicolao, G; de Trixhe, XW; Loury, D; Marostica, E; McGreivy, J; O'Brien, S; Poggesi, I; Sukbuntherng, J; Vermeulen, A, 2015)	0.42
" Low permeability was a general feature of this series, however oral bioavailability could be achieved through the use of ester prodrugs."	( Structure-activity relationships (SAR) and structure-kinetic relationships (SKR) of pyrrolopiperidinone acetic acids as CRTh2 antagonists. Andrés, M; Buil, MA; Calbet, M; Casado, O; Castro, J; Eastwood, PR; Eichhorn, P; Ferrer, M; Forns, P; Moreno, I; Petit, S; Roberts, RS, 2014)	0.4
"The therapeutic efficacy of repaglinide (RPG) is limited by the low and variable oral bioavailability owing to its limited aqueous solubility."	( Preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of formulation of repaglinide with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Cao, W; He, Z; Liu, M; Sun, Y, 2014)	0.4
"Knowing that curcumin has low bioavailability when administered orally, and that piperine has bioenhancer activity by inhibition of hepatic and intestinal biotransformation processes, the aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of curcumin (90 mg/kg) and piperine (20 or 40 mg/kg), alone or co-administered, incorporated in yoghurt, in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats."	( Piperine, a natural bioenhancer, nullifies the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of curcumin in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Arcaro, CA; Assis, RP; Baviera, AM; Brunetti, IL; Costa, PI; Gutierres, VO; Moreira, TF, 2014)	0.4
" In vivo HS-72 is well-tolerated, showing bioavailability and efficacy, inhibiting tumor growth and promoting survival in a HER2+ model of breast cancer."	( Identification of an allosteric small-molecule inhibitor selective for the inducible form of heat shock protein 70. Alwarawrah, Y; Bodoor, K; Brodsky, JL; Carlson, DA; Darr, DB; Gobillot, TA; Haystead, TA; Howe, MK; Hughes, PF; Hunter, LM; Jaeger, AM; Jordan, JL; Loiselle, DR; Molzberger, ET; Spector, NL; Thiele, DJ, 2014)	0.4
" In the pharmacokinetic studies in mice, rats and dogs, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and good oral bioavailability were observed for AV560."	( [Antiviral activity in vitro and pharmacokinetics of HCV entry inhibitor AVR560]. Bulanova, EA; Bychko, VV; Ezhova, EV; Iamanushkin, PM; Ivashchenko, AA; Ivashchenko, AV; Koriakova, AG; Korzinov, OM; Mit'kin, OD; Vyshemirskaia, PV, 2014)	0.4
" Almost 10 (TD-A) and 15 (TD-B)-fold enhancement in the oral bioavailability of nanocrystals was observed regardless of the fasted/fed state compared to pure repaglinide."	( Ultra rapidly dissolving repaglinide nanosized crystals prepared via bottom-up and top-down approach: influence of food on pharmacokinetics behavior. Gadadare, R; Mandpe, L; Pokharkar, V, 2015)	0.42
" Piperine, one of the main constituents of black pepper, is known to increase the bioavailability of curcuminoids in mouse and human studies when consumed with turmeric."	( Turmeric and black pepper spices decrease lipid peroxidation in meat patties during cooking. Heber, D; Henning, SM; Huang, J; Lee, RP; Li, Z; Zerlin, A; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" The results show that Cur-PIP-SMEDDS can increase the solubility and stability of curcumin significantly, in the expectation of enhancing the bioavailability of it."	( [Optimization and characterization of curcumin-piperine dual drug loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system by simplex lattice design]. Dai, JD; Jiang, QL; Li, QP; Zhai, WW, 2014)	0.4
"Data from the clinical absolute bioavailability (F) study with cobimetinib suggested that F was lower than predicted based on its low hepatic extraction and good absorption."	( Use of transgenic mouse models to understand the oral disposition and drug-drug interaction potential of cobimetinib, a MEK inhibitor. Choo, EF; DeMent, K; Ly, J; Messick, K; Qin, A; Takahashi, R; Woolsey, S, 2015)	0.42
" Ibrutinib is an orally bioavailable and highly specific BTK inhibitor that was recently approved for treatment of patients with recurrent CLL and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)."	( Mechanisms of ibrutinib resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lynn Wang, Y; Smith, SM; Zhang, SQ; Zhang, SY, 2015)	0.42
" Further optimization of the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties afforded MK-8267 as a potent, orally bioavailable and brain penetrant KSP inhibitor which showed anti-tumor activity in preclinical xenograft models."	( Discovery of novel spiro 1,3,4-thiadiazolines as potent, orally bioavailable and brain penetrant KSP inhibitors. Allbritton, O; Angeles, AR; Basso, AD; Dai, C; Gray, K; Liang, L; Liu, M; Mansoor, UF; Siddiqui, MA; Tang, H; Vitharana, D; Yang, L, 2015)	0.42
" The crystalline form of the compound is found to be low bioavailable, therefore attempts have been made to improve its bioavailability through polymorphic transformation and salt formation."	( Synthesis and Biological Studies of a Novel CB1 Antagonist. Banerjee, K; Jain, M; Joharapurkar, A; Patel, H; Srivastava, B; Vallabh, A, 2016)	0.43
" A new fixed-dose combination (FDC) capsule containing 28 mg memantine extended release (ER) and 10 mg donepezil was evaluated for bioequivalence with co-administered commercially available memantine ER and donepezil, and for bioavailability with regard to food intake."	( A novel once-daily fixed-dose combination of memantine extended release and donepezil for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: two phase I studies in healthy volunteers. Boinpally, R; Chen, L; Hofbauer, RK; McClure, N; Periclou, A; Zukin, SR, 2015)	0.42
" There was no significant food effect on the bioavailability of the FDC components."	( A novel once-daily fixed-dose combination of memantine extended release and donepezil for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: two phase I studies in healthy volunteers. Boinpally, R; Chen, L; Hofbauer, RK; McClure, N; Periclou, A; Zukin, SR, 2015)	0.42
"An FDC capsule containing 28 mg memantine ER and 10 mg donepezil is bioequivalent to commercially available memantine ER and donepezil, and bioavailability is not affected by food intake or sprinkling of capsule contents on applesauce."	( A novel once-daily fixed-dose combination of memantine extended release and donepezil for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: two phase I studies in healthy volunteers. Boinpally, R; Chen, L; Hofbauer, RK; McClure, N; Periclou, A; Zukin, SR, 2015)	0.42
"P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux is the major cause of multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumors when using anticancer drugs, moreover, poor bioavailability of few drugs is also due to P-gp efflux in the gut."	( Co-delivery of rapamycin- and piperine-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for breast cancer treatment. Domb, AJ; Katiyar, SS; Khan, W; Muntimadugu, E; Rafeeqi, TA, 2016)	0.43
"Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) has been widely used as a traditional medicine and was shown to possess a multitude of health-promoting properties in pre-clinical studies, but its bioavailability was low due to the extensive glucuronidation in liver and intestine, hindering the development of emodin as a feasible chemopreventive agent."	( Effect of piperine on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of emodin in rats. Di, X; Liu, Y; Wang, X, 2015)	0.42
" The present study examined the synergistic effect of low doses of FA combined with subthreshold dose of piperine, a bioavailability enhancer, on depression-like behaviors in mice, and investigated the possible mechanism."	( Synergistic antidepressant-like effect of ferulic acid in combination with piperine: involvement of monoaminergic system. Chen, J; Chen, L; Chen, R; Huang, W; Li, G; Pan, J; Reed, M; Ruan, L; Wang, R; Xie, X; Xu, Y; Yan, Q; Zhang, M, 2015)	0.42
" Piperine, an alkaloid present in black pepper, seems to enhance the bioavailability and activity of curcumin."	( Curcumin in Combination with Piperine Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro. Geurtsen, W; Leyhausen, G; Martins, CA; Volk, J, 2015)	0.42
" Phyllanthin along with piperine (a nutraceutical bioenhancer) was formulated as a mixed micellar lipid formulation (MMLF) in the present study and investigated to resolve the low bioavailability and enhance hepatoprotective effects on oral administration."	( Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of mixed micellar lipid formulation of phyllanthin and piperine in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rodents. Mishra, SH; Nagar, PA; Rajpara, A; Sethiya, NK; Shah, P, 2015)	0.42
" It has been proved that curcumin is poorly absorbed while piperine is a bioavailability-enhancer."	( Combination of curcumin and piperine prevents formation of gallstones in C57BL6 mice fed on lithogenic diet: whether NPC1L1/SREBP2 participates in this process? Li, M; Li, Y; Tian, Y; Wu, S, 2015)	0.42
" The present study was designed to investigate the absolute bioavailability (F) of ibrutinib in the fasting and fed state and assess the effect of grapefruit juice (GFJ) on the systemic exposure of ibrutinib in order to determine the fraction escaping the gut (Fg ) and the fraction escaping hepatic extraction (Fh ) in the fed state."	( Stable isotope-labelled intravenous microdose for absolute bioavailability and effect of grapefruit juice on ibrutinib in healthy adults. de Jong, J; de Vries, R; de Zwart, L; Hellemans, P; Jiao, J; Mannaert, E; Murphy, J; Skee, D; Smit, JW; Snoeys, J; Sukbuntherng, J; Vliegen, M, 2016)	0.43
"CEP-32215 is a new, potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inverse agonist of the histamine H3 receptor (H3R) with drug-like properties."	( 3-(1'-Cyclobutylspiro[4H-1,3-benzodioxine-2,4'-piperidine]-6-yl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridazin-6-one (CEP-32215), a new wake-promoting histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist. Aimone, LD; Ator, MA; Bacon, ER; Gruner, JA; Hudkins, RL; Marino, MJ; Mathiasen, JR; Raddatz, R; Williams, M, 2016)	0.43
" It also enhances the bioavailability of phytochemicals and drugs."	( Energetics, Thermodynamics, and Molecular Recognition of Piperine with DNA. Haridas, M; Haris, P; Mary, V; Sudarsanakumar, C, 2015)	0.42
" Orally bioavailable inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, or PI3Kδ, induce high rates of durable responses."	( The role of B-cell receptor inhibitors in the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Wiestner, A, 2015)	0.42
" In vivo pharmacokinetic testing revealed that inverse agonist 8c is orally bioavailable and has vastly reduced brain penetration compared to rimonabant."	( Pyrazole antagonists of the CB1 receptor with reduced brain penetration. Amato, G; Bortoff, K; Fulp, A; Maitra, R; Seltzman, H; Snyder, R; Wiethe, R; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" In the present study, an attempt was made to study the brain bioavailability of commonly used anti-Alzheimer drug donepezil (DNP) liposomal formulation by intranasal route in rats."	( Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of intranasally administered liposomal formulation of donepezil. Al Asmari, AK; Fatani, A; Tariq, M; Ullah, Z, 2016)	0.43
" In present study, we assessed the effects of trans-resveratrol used in combination with piperine, commonly known as a bioavailability enhancer, on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behaviors and relevant molecular targets."	( Piperine potentiates the effects of trans-resveratrol on stress-induced depressive-like behavior: involvement of monoaminergic system and cAMP-dependent pathway. An, Y; Lin, M; Pan, J; Wang, G; Wu, F; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Yu, Y; Zhang, C, 2016)	0.43
" Study B assessed the effect of a high-fat meal on the bioavailability of tofacitinib from the XR formulation."	( Extended-Release Once-Daily Formulation of Tofacitinib: Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics Compared With Immediate-Release Tofacitinib and Impact of Food. Alvey, C; Fletcher, T; Kushner, J; Lamba, M; Stock, TC; Wang, R, 2016)	0.43
"These results indicated the potential of developed SNEDDS as an alternative drug delivery system for IBR to enhance its bioavailability and anticancer efficacy."	( Bioavailability enhancement and pharmacokinetic profile of an anticancer drug ibrutinib by self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. Ezzeldin, E; Iqbal, M; Shakeel, F, 2016)	0.43
"The effect of single and multiple doses of a herbal preparation Trikatu was studied on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in rabbits."	( EFFECT OF TRIKATU, AN AYURVEDIC PRESCRIPTION ON THE PHARMACOKINETIC PROFILE OF CARBAMAZEPINE IN RABBITS. Bhargava, VK; Garg, SK; Karan, RS, 1999)	0.3
"We combine quantum chemical and molecular docking techniques to provide new insights into how piperine molecule in various forms of pepper enhances bioavailability of a number of drugs including curcumin in turmeric for which it increases its bioavailability by a 20-fold."	( Quantum Chemical and Docking Insights into Bioavailability Enhancement of Curcumin by Piperine in Pepper. Balasubramanian, K; Das, S; Patil, VM, 2016)	0.43
" The systemic exposure level and bioavailability after oral administration of 43 were also good in dog."	( Piperidine derivatives as nonprostanoid IP receptor agonists 2. Hayashi, R; Ishigaki, T; Isogaya, M; Ito, H; Miyamoto, M; Morita, Y, 2016)	0.43
" As the majority of data were below the assay sensitivity for FF, any potential differences in the bioavailability of FF when delivered alone or as FF/LEVO FDC could not be established."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Once-Daily Intranasal Fluticasone Furoate and Levocabastine Administered Alone or Simultaneously as fluticasone Furoate/Levocabastine Fixed-Dose Combination. Allen, A; Bareille, P; Burns, O; Gupta, A; Hughes, S; Miller, SR; Murdoch, RD, 2016)	0.43
" The absolute bioavailability of alectinib was moderate at 36."	( Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of the ALK inhibitor alectinib: results from an absolute bioavailability and mass balance study in healthy subjects. Bogman, K; Guerini, E; Heinig, K; Katsuki, H; Kawashima, K; Martin-Facklam, M; Moore, DJ; Morcos, PN; Muri, D; Nieforth, K; Phipps, A; Sato, M; Whayman, M; Yu, L, 2017)	0.46
"These results demonstrated that increasing the bioavailability of piperine may be achieved as demonstrated by findings in this study."	( Hot melt extrusion as an approach to improve solubility, permeability and oral absorption of a psychoactive natural product, piperine. Alshehri, S; Alsheteli, A; Alsulays, B; Ashour, EA; Feng, X; Gryczke, A; Kolter, K; Langley, N; Majumdar, S; Repka, MA, 2016)	0.43
" Besides, the reported pharmacokinetics of PIP varied a lot without appropriate bioavailability determined from the same dose."	( Non-linear pharmacokinetics of piperine and its herb-drug interactions with docetaxel in Sprague-Dawley rats. Chow, MSS; Lam, CWK; Li, C; Ren, T; Wang, Q; Zhang, Y; Zuo, Z, 2016)	0.43
" Hence, in order to enhance the bioavailability of curcumin, we combined it with the bioavailability enhancers like piperine and quercetin."	( Influence of piperine and quercetin on antidiabetic potential of curcumin. Chintamaneni, M; Invally, M; Kaur, G, 2016)	0.43
"071 μM), selective and orally bioavailable small-molecule SHP2 inhibitor, SHP099, that stabilizes SHP2 in an auto-inhibited conformation."	( Allosteric inhibition of SHP2 phosphatase inhibits cancers driven by receptor tyrosine kinases. Acker, MG; Antonakos, B; Chan, HM; Chen, CH; Chen, YN; Chen, Z; Cooke, VG; Deng, Z; Dobson, JR; Fei, F; Fekkes, P; Firestone, B; Fodor, M; Fortin, PD; Fridrich, C; Gao, H; Garcia-Fortanet, J; Grunenfelder, D; Hao, HX; Ho, S; Hsiao, K; Jacob, J; Kang, ZB; Karki, R; Kato, M; Keen, NJ; La Bonte, LR; LaMarche, MJ; Larrow, J; Lenoir, F; Liu, G; Liu, S; Majumdar, D; Meyer, MJ; Palermo, M; Perez, L; Price, E; Pu, M; Quinn, C; Ramsey, T; Sellers, WR; Shakya, S; Shultz, MD; Slisz, J; Stams, T; Venkatesan, K; Wang, P; Warmuth, M; Williams, S; Yang, G; Yuan, J; Zhang, JH; Zhu, P, 2016)	0.43
"Molecularly targeted agents that are designed to target specific lesions have been proven effective as clinical cancer therapies; however, most currently available therapeutic agents are poorly water-soluble and require oral administration, thereby resulting in low bioavailability and a high risk of side effects due to dose intensification."	( iRGD-Decorated Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Efficient Delivery of Vandetanib to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Preparation and in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation. Li, J; Liu, Z; Lu, D; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wei, X; Xie, H; Xu, X; Zheng, S; Zhuang, R, 2016)	0.43
" Although donepezil is approved for use in patients and selective for inhibiting acetylcholinesterase over BuChE, no studies have reported cocaine bioavailability in human subjects receiving donepezil."	( Cocaine cardiovascular effects and pharmacokinetics after treatment with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil. DeSouza, C; Grasing, K; Mathur, D; Moody, DE; Newton, TF; Sturgill, M, 2016)	0.43
" Clinically significant changes in cocaine bioavailability and cardiovascular effects do not occur following this dose of donepezil."	( Cocaine cardiovascular effects and pharmacokinetics after treatment with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil. DeSouza, C; Grasing, K; Mathur, D; Moody, DE; Newton, TF; Sturgill, M, 2016)	0.43
" The modulation of donepezil release from MIPs-based formulations using oil vehicles may contribute to decrease its side effects, possibly regulating its absorption rate in the gastrointestinal tract."	( Molecularly imprinted microparticles in lipid-based formulations for sustained release of donepezil. Carvalho, FC; de Araújo, MB; de Figueiredo, EC; Pereira, GR; Ruela, AL, 2016)	0.43
" In dog, 14 had oral bioavailability (74%), clearance (3."	( Characterization of 3,3-dimethyl substituted N-aryl piperidines as potent microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 inhibitors. Antonysamy, S; Bhattachar, SN; Chandrasekhar, S; Fisher, MJ; Fretland, AJ; Gooding, K; Harvey, A; Hughes, NE; Kuklish, SL; Luz, JG; Manninen, PR; McGee, JE; Navarro, A; Norman, BH; Partridge, KM; Quimby, SJ; Schiffler, MA; Sloan, AV; Warshawsky, AM; York, JS; Yu, XP, 2016)	0.68
" The present study involves formulation of curcumin and piperine coloaded glyceryl monooleate (GMO) nanoparticles coated with various surfactants with a view to enhance the bioavailability of curcumin and penetration of both drugs to the brain tissue crossing the BBB and to enhance the anti-parkinsonism effect of both drugs in a single platform."	( Delivery of Dual Drug Loaded Lipid Based Nanoparticles across the Blood-Brain Barrier Impart Enhanced Neuroprotection in a Rotenone Induced Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Das, M; Kundu, P; Sahoo, SK; Tripathy, K, 2016)	0.43
" Compound 14 demonstrated excellent selectivity over other aspartyl proteases and moderate oral bioavailability in rats."	( Structure-based design of a new series of N-(piperidin-3-yl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamides as renin inhibitors. Behnke, CA; Imaeda, Y; Kanagawa, R; Kondo, M; Kubo, K; Kuroita, T; Sanada, T; Snell, G; Suzuki, S; Tarui, N; Tawada, M; Tomimoto, M, 2016)	0.43
"Curcumin (CUR) is known to exert numerous health-promoting effects in pharmacological studies, but its low bioavailability hinders the development of curcumin as a feasible therapeutic agent."	( Selective reduction in the expression of UGTs and SULTs, a novel mechanism by which piperine enhances the bioavailability of curcumin in rat. Cai, D; Chen, Y; Chen, Z; Gan, H; Huang, D; Huang, X; Sun, D; Yao, N; Zeng, Q; Zeng, X; Zhang, C; Zhao, Z; Zhong, G; Zhuo, J, 2017)	0.46
"The results suggest that altered pharmacokinetics and enhanced bioavailability of FEX might be attributed to PIP-mediated inhibition of P-gp drug efflux."	( The influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine, a P-glycoprotein substrate, in healthy volunteers. Bedada, SK; Boga, PK, 2017)	0.46
"GDC-0425 [5-((1-ethylpiperidin-4-yl)oxy)-9H-pyrrolo[2,3-b:5,4-c']dipyridine-6-carbonitrile] is an orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1 that was investigated as a novel cotherapy to potentiate chemotherapeutic drugs, such as gemcitabine."	( Novel Mechanism of Decyanation of GDC-0425 by Cytochrome P450. Chen, Y; Halladay, JS; Hop, CE; Khojasteh, SC; Ma, S; Siu, M; Takahashi, RH, 2017)	0.46
"The current study addressed the hypothesis that the local decrease in endothelin-1 (ET-1) bioavailability during sustained flow increases contributes to endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of conduit arteries and is altered in presence of cardiovascular risk factors."	( Physiological role of endothelin-1 in flow-mediated vasodilatation in humans and impact of cardiovascular risk factors. Bellien, J; Duflot, T; Gutierrez, L; Iacob, M; Joannidès, R; Monteil, C; Rémy-Jouet, I; Richard, V; Roche, C; Thuillez, C; Vendeville, C, 2017)	0.46
"Curcumin is a well-established cardioprotective phytoconstituent, but the poor bioavailability associated with it is always a matter of therapeutic challenge."	( Cardioprotective effect of curcumin and piperine combination against cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity. Bhattacharjee, A; Chakraborty, M; Kamath, JV, )	0.13
" The oral bioavailability of domperidone is very low due to its rapid first pass metabolism in the intestine and liver."	( Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Domperidone with Piperine in Male Wistar Rats: Involvement of CYP3A1 and P-gp Inhibition. Athukuri, BL; Neerati, P, 2017)	0.46
" The oral pharmacokinetics of domperidone was evaluated by conducting oral bioavailability study in rats."	( Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Domperidone with Piperine in Male Wistar Rats: Involvement of CYP3A1 and P-gp Inhibition. Athukuri, BL; Neerati, P, 2017)	0.46
"Piperine enhanced the oral bioavailability of domperidone by inhibiting CYP3A1 and P-gp in rats."	( Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Domperidone with Piperine in Male Wistar Rats: Involvement of CYP3A1 and P-gp Inhibition. Athukuri, BL; Neerati, P, 2017)	0.46
"We previously reported that piperine, an active alkaloidal principal of black and long peppers, enhances drug bioavailability by inhibiting drug metabolism."	( Piperine Decreases Binding of Drugs to Human Plasma and Increases Uptake by Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Dubey, RK; Imthurn, B; Leeners, B; Merki-Feld, GS; Rosselli, M, 2017)	0.46
" Grapefruit juice increased bioavailability and may have reduced systemic clearance of blonanserin."	( Effects of food and grapefruit juice on single-dose pharmacokinetics of blonanserin in healthy Chinese subjects. Hu, HT; Hu, JQ; Lu, HY; Ni, XJ; Peng, H; Qiu, C; Shang, DW; Shen, LF; Wang, ZZ; Wen, YG; Zhang, M; Zhang, YF, 2018)	0.48
" Venetoclax is a selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of BCL-2 active in previously treated patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia."	( Venetoclax for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia progressing after ibrutinib: an interim analysis of a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Barr, PM; Byrd, JC; Cheson, BD; Choi, M; Chyla, B; Coutre, S; Davids, MS; Furman, RR; Humerickhouse, RA; Jones, JA; Lamanna, N; Mato, AR; Potluri, J; Salem, AH; Verdugo, M; Wierda, WG; Woyach, J; Zhou, L, 2018)	0.48
" Consequently, there is a great interest in the application of piperine as an alternative medicine or bioavailability enhancer."	( Piperine-mediated drug interactions and formulation strategy for piperine: recent advances and future perspectives. Back, SY; Han, HK; Kim, HY; Lee, SH, 2018)	0.48
" Rifampicin, which is very effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in both the phases of treatment, has certain concerns, which includes, decreased bioavailability with chronic use and hepatotoxicity."	( A Randomized, Controlled, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Risorine with Conventional Rifampicin in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients. Jagannath, K; Patel, A; Patel, M; Patel, N; Vora, A, 2017)	0.46
" Lonafarnib is an orally bioavailable nonpeptide tricyclic farnesyltransferase inhibitor with excellent pharmacokinetic and safety profile."	( Lonafarnib synergizes with azoles against Aspergillus spp. and Exophiala spp. Gao, L; He, C; Qiao, J; Sun, Y; Zheng, W, 2018)	0.48
"Alcohol increased the bioavailability of blonanserin and N-deethyl blonanserin in healthy subjects and the marked effect of alcohol on blonanserin bioavailability should be taken into consideration in deciding dosing schedules in clinical therapy."	( Effects of Alcohol on the Pharmacokinetics of Blonanserin and N-Deethylated Blonanserin in Healthy Chinese Subjects. Chen, Y; Deng, S; Hu, J; Lu, H; Ni, X; Peng, H; Shang, D; Wang, Z; Wen, Y; Zhang, M; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2018)	0.48
" However, the oral bioavailability of Rh2 is low, with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4 being reported to be the main factors."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability and immune response of Ginsenoside Rh2 by co-administration with piperine. Jiang, XH; Jin, ZH; Liu, H; Qiu, W; Wang, L, 2018)	0.48
" The bioavailability (BA) of TAK-272 after oral administration to rats and monkeys was low, especially in fasted monkeys, and the systemic exposure of TAK-272 was highly variable in monkeys."	( Differences in nonclinical pharmacokinetics between species and prediction of human pharmacokinetics of TAK-272 (SCO-272), a novel orally active renin inhibitor. Ebihara, T; Jinno, F; Nishihara, M; Tagawa, Y; Takahashi, J, 2018)	0.48
" Raloxifene's oral bioavailability was determined in a series of pharmacokinetic experiments using the freely moving rat model."	( The Effect of Piperine Pro-Nano Lipospheres on Direct Intestinal Phase II Metabolism: The Raloxifene Paradigm of Enhanced Oral Bioavailability. Aldouby Bier, G; Cherniakov, I; Domb, AJ; Hoffman, A; Izgelov, D, 2018)	0.48
" Although we cannot exclude issues on bioavailability and in vivo efficacy of the used compounds, we hypothesize that extracellular TG1/TG2 activity is of greater importance than (intra-)cellular activity in mouse EAE pathology."	( Characterization of Transglutaminase 2 activity inhibitors in monocytes in vitro and their effect in a mouse model for multiple sclerosis. Bol, JGJM; Brevé, JJP; Chrobok, NL; Drukarch, B; El Alaoui, S; Jongenelen, CA; van Dam, AM; Wilhelmus, MMM, 2018)	0.48
" Since 3 showed unacceptably low bioavailability (BA) in rats, structural modification, using SBDD and focused on physicochemical properties was conducted to improve its PK profile while maintaining renin inhibitory activity."	( Discovery of benzimidazole derivatives as orally active renin inhibitors: Optimization of 3,5-disubstituted piperidine to improve pharmacokinetic profile. Behnke, CA; Fukase, Y; Imaeda, Y; Iwanaga, K; Kajimoto, Y; Kanagawa, R; Kondo, M; Kuroita, T; Kusumoto, K; Matsuda, K; Snell, G; Taya, N; Tokuhara, H; Watanabe, K, 2018)	0.48
" Piperine is also known to increase the bioavailability of dietary components, including curcumin."	( Piperine potentiates curcumin-mediated repression of mTORC1 signaling in human intestinal epithelial cells: implications for the inhibition of protein synthesis and TNFα signaling. Hage, DS; He, B; Kaur, H; Moreau, R; Rodriguez, E; Zhang, C, 2018)	0.48
"The objective of the study was to improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble repaglinide (RPG) by preparing nanosuspension with poloxamer 188 using high pressure homogenization (HPH)."	( Preparation, Characterization and In Vivo Assessment of Repaglinide Nanosuspension for Oral Bioavailability Improvement. Bari, SB; Zawar, LR, 2018)	0.48
" Further, the dried aqueous suspensions were evaluated for drug content, solubility, in vitro dissolution, oral bioavailability study and stability study."	( Preparation, Characterization and In Vivo Assessment of Repaglinide Nanosuspension for Oral Bioavailability Improvement. Bari, SB; Zawar, LR, 2018)	0.48
"The outcomes of the study revealed significant enhancement in dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of RPG due to size reduction to nano range by HPH."	( Preparation, Characterization and In Vivo Assessment of Repaglinide Nanosuspension for Oral Bioavailability Improvement. Bari, SB; Zawar, LR, 2018)	0.48
" This phenomenon was replicated during in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, whereby the bioavailability of simple clay-based lipid formulations was decreased relative to controls."	( Montmorillonite and Laponite Clay Materials for the Solidification of Lipid-Based Formulations for the Basic Drug Blonanserin: In Vitro and in Vivo Investigations. Cuyckens, F; Dening, TJ; Holm, R; Prestidge, CA; Rao, S; Thomas, N; van Looveren, C, 2018)	0.48
" All compounds displayed favourable ADME findings which predict good oral bioavailability of these derivatives."	( Quinoline containing chalcone derivatives as cholinesterase inhibitors and their in silico modeling studies. Farooq Rizvi, SU; Iqbal, J; Najam-Ul-Haq, M; Shah, HS; Shah, MS, 2018)	0.48
" However, IBR is insoluble at neutral pH and can dissolve only at low pH: thus, commercial IBR products present poor bioavailability and weakened in vivo antitumor activity."	( Novel Self-Assembled Ibrutinib-Phospholipid Complex for Potently Peroral Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drugs with pH-Dependent Solubility. Deng, Y; Hu, L; Lai, C; Li, C; Liu, M; Liu, X; Lu, M; Luo, X; Qiu, Q; Song, Y; Zhang, H; Zheng, H, 2018)	0.48
" We here use a comprehensive set of in vitro and in vivo models to study the brain penetration and oral bioavailability of AZD2461."	( ABCB1 Attenuates the Brain Penetration of the PARP Inhibitor AZD2461. Beijnen, JH; Buil, LCM; Çitirikkaya, CH; de Gooijer, MC; Hermans, J; van Tellingen, O, 2018)	0.48
" These studies demonstrated that NPT200-11 is orally bioavailable and brain penetrating and established target plasma and brain exposures for future studies of potential therapeutic benefit."	( The small molecule alpha-synuclein misfolding inhibitor, NPT200-11, produces multiple benefits in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Bonhaus, D; Khan, A; Koike, MA; Masliah, E; Price, DL; Rockenstein, E; Wrasidlo, W, 2018)	0.48
" The present study aimed to develop nanocrystalline solid dispersions (NSD) of HRN and evaluating the oral bioavailability in rats."	( Nanocrystalline solid dispersions (NSD) of hesperetin (HRN) for prevention of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Bansal, AK; Navik, U; Sheokand, S, 2019)	0.51
"Although silybin serves as a well-known hepatoprotective agent with prominent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-fibrotic activities, its low bioavailability limits its application in the treatment of chronic liver diseases."	( Piperine enhances the bioavailability of silybin via inhibition of efflux transporters BCRP and MRP2. Bi, X; Liu, Z; Qu, B; Xie, Y; Yuan, Z; Zhou, H, 2019)	0.51
"We hypothesized that inhibiting efflux transporter(s) and/or glucuronidation by piperine might enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of silybin."	( Piperine enhances the bioavailability of silybin via inhibition of efflux transporters BCRP and MRP2. Bi, X; Liu, Z; Qu, B; Xie, Y; Yuan, Z; Zhou, H, 2019)	0.51
" This review also highlights the importance of the nanoformulation of such bioactive phytochemicals that could enhance their bioavailability by providing an efficient targeted delivery system with a reduced systemic dose while resulting in a more efficient dosing at the target site."	( Combating breast cancer using combination therapy with 3 phytochemicals: Piperine, sulforaphane, and thymoquinone. Aumeeruddy, MZ; Mahomoodally, MF, 2019)	0.51
" Further SAR studies resulted in the discovery of the most potent modulator D11 that showed good oral bioavailability and significant in vivo therapeutic effects."	( Phenotypic Screening-Based Identification of 3,4-Disubstituted Piperidine Derivatives as Macrophage M2 Polarization Modulators: An Opportunity for Treating Multiple Sclerosis. Che, J; Dong, X; Gai, R; He, Q; Hu, Y; Lin, S; Tian, T; Wang, J; Weng, Q; Yang, B; Zhan, W; Zhang, Z; Zheng, J, 2019)	0.51
" Ibrutinib is an orally bioavailable bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) and forms an irreversible covalent bound to BTK at the Cysteine-481 residue."	( Management of adverse effects/toxicity of ibrutinib. Paydas, S, 2019)	0.51
" Curcumin is a dietary phytochemical with hepatoprotective activities, though its low bioavailability is considered as a major challenge for clinical applications."	( Curcuminoids plus piperine improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A clinical trial. Ahamdi, N; Ganjali, S; Majeed, M; Panahi, Y; Sahebkar, A; Valizadegan, G, 2019)	0.51
"The aim of the present study was to develop modified nanoemulsions to improve the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a poor water-soluble drug, repaglinide (RPG)."	( Improved oral bioavailability of repaglinide, a typical BCS Class II drug, with a chitosan-coated nanoemulsion. Hamidi, M; Karami, Z; Nasihatsheno, N; Saghatchi Zanjani, MR, 2020)	0.56
" Thus, the present study aimed to formulate piperine into a more solubilized form to enhance its oral bioavailability and facilitate its development as a potential anti-epileptic treatment."	( Piperine-loaded nanoparticles with enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability for epilepsy control. Cheng, Y; Ho, NJ; Hu, M; Leung, SSY; Ren, T; Shek, TL; Xiao, M; Zhang, C; Zuo, Z, 2019)	0.51
" Tofacitinib PK was described using a one-compartment disposition model parameterized in terms of apparent oral clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (V/F) with first-order absorption rate (Ka) and a lag time."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tofacitinib in patients with psoriatic arthritis . Deng, C; Kanik, KS; Menon, S; Nicholas, T; Wang, Q; Xie, R, 2019)	0.51
" The in vivo pharmacokinetics studies showed relative bioavailability of the PEV loaded gel as 62% and 166% when compared to the oral drug and gel without vesicles respectively."	( Transdermal lipid vesicular delivery of iloperidone: Formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Bhasin, B; Londhe, VY, 2019)	0.51
" Previously, we reported that lonafarnib, an orally bioavailable non-peptide inhibitor targeting farnesyltransferase, synergizes with sorafenib against the growth of HCC cells."	( The combination of lonafarnib and sorafenib induces cyclin D1 degradation via ATG3-mediated autophagic flux in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Chen, D; Huang, Y; Lian, Y; Wang, J; Wei, H; Zeng, G, 2019)	0.51
" These results suggest that MST may be effective in enhancing the bioavailability of ginkgolide A in GBE."	( Mixing Ginkgo biloba Extract with Sesame Extract and Turmeric Oil Increases Bioavailability of Ginkgolide A in Mice Brain. Ayaki, I; Iwamoto, K; Kawamoto, H; Matsumura, S; Moriyama, T; Takeshita, F; Zaima, N, 2019)	0.51
" The rate of absorption and extent of exposure were reduced by food intake."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of IDP-73152 mesylate after a single oral administration under fasted and fed conditions in healthy volunteers. An, KM; Jung, J; Lee, HS; Lee, M; Park, SI; Shin, D; Yu, KS, 2019)	0.51
"The combination with piperine had shown a significantly higher maximum concentration in plasma approximately 1500 μg/L within 1-2 h after oral dosing, and could increase oral bioavailability of oxyresveratrol approximately 2-fold."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxyresveratrol alone and in combination with piperine as a bioenhancer in rats. Anukunwithaya, T; Junsaeng, D; Khemawoot, P; Likhitwitayawuid, K; Songvut, P; Sritularak, B, 2019)	0.51
"Although N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists are hopeful therapeutic agents against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, effective approaches are needed to allow such agents to pass through the blood-brain barrier, thus increasing bioavailability of the antagonists to realize secure treatment."	( Suppression of Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Efficient Release of Encapsulated Ifenprodil From Liposomes Under Weakly Acidic pH Conditions. Agato, Y; Asai, T; Fukuta, T; Ishii, T; Kikuchi, T; Koide, H; Oku, N; Shimizu, K; Yanagida, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Naturally available phyto chemicals like piperine and quercetin as well as some floroquinolones are known to inhibit MDR1 and CYP3A37 activity and increases bioavailability of co-administered drugs."	( Effect of piperine and quercetin alone or in combination with marbofloxacin on CYP3A37 and MDR1 mRNA expression levels in broiler chickens. Mathapati, BS; Modi, CM; Patel, HB; Patel, UD, 2019)	0.51
"The oral bioavailability of ibrutinib is low and variable, mainly due to extensive first-pass metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4."	( Itraconazole Increases Ibrutinib Exposure 10-Fold and Reduces Interindividual Variation-A Potentially Beneficial Drug-Drug Interaction. Backman, JT; Elonen, E; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M; Olkkola, AM; Tapaninen, T; Tornio, A, 2020)	0.56
" However, this route of administration passes through the body's first-pass metabolism which reduces the drugs' bioavailability and toxicates the liver and kidneys."	( Active pulmonary targeting against tuberculosis (TB) via triple-encapsulation of Q203, bedaquiline and superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIOs) in nanoparticle aggregates. Ab Rahman, N; Loo, SCJ; Ostrovski, Y; Pethe, K; Poh, W; Sznitman, J, 2019)	0.51
"1 L/h), and a poor oral bioavailability (1."	( Bioanalytical method development and validation of MES207, a neuropeptide FF receptor antagonist, and its application in preclinical pharmacokinetics. Avery, BA; Harrison, S; Kamble, SH; King, TI; McCurdy, CR; Mesangeau, C; Mottinelli, M; Roewekamp, AC; Sharma, A, 2019)	0.51
" Moreover, the biosafety of the ternary formulation was the same as that of IBR while the in vitro performance advantage of the ternary formulation was converted into higher bioavailability in vivo experiments."	( Microcrystalline cellulose as an effective crystal growth inhibitor for the ternary Ibrutinib formulation. Gan, N; Li, H; Peng, X; Suo, Z; Tang, P; Wei, X; Zhang, M; Zhao, L, 2020)	0.56
" However, the poor water solubility coupled with low bioavailability may inevitably hinder the application of Pip in the clinical setting."	( Piperine fast disintegrating tablets comprising sustained-release matrix pellets with enhanced bioavailability: formulation, Adu-Frimpong, M; Deng, W; Gu, Z; Xu, X; Yu, J; Zhou, G; Zhu, Y, 2020)	0.56
"It is feasible to deliver a cytotoxic concentration of piperine to TNBC cells via NPs with the potential for improved bioavailability and solubility in biological fluids."	( Delivery of Apoptosis-inducing Piperine to Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cells Hoskin, DW; Rad, JG, 2020)	0.56
" However, low bioavailability and severe nephrotoxicity are among the major shortcomings of AmB-based therapy."	( Efficient antileishmanial activity of amphotericin B and piperine entrapped in enteric coated guar gum nanoparticles. Goyal, N; Gupta, KC; Karthik, R; Pant, AB; Ray, L; Singh, SP; Srivastava, V, 2021)	0.62
"5-fold increase in oral bioavailability of CBD compared to control group without piperine."	( The effect of piperine on oral absorption of cannabidiol following acute vs. chronic administration. Domb, AJ; Hoffman, A; Izgelov, D, 2020)	0.56
" This open-label, phase I study in healthy volunteers (EudraCT 2013-003226-86) investigated its mass balance (part A) and absolute bioavailability (part B)."	( Open-label, single-center, phase I trial to investigate the mass balance and absolute bioavailability of the highly selective oral MET inhibitor tepotinib in healthy volunteers. Becker, A; Johne, A; Meyring, M; Scheible, H; van Lier, JJ; Wolna, P, 2020)	0.56
" Unfortunately, this novel compound has poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability that limit its pharmaceutical effects."	( Preparation of curcumin-poly (allyl amine) hydrochloride based nanocapsules: Piperine in nanocapsules accelerates encapsulation and release of curcumin and effectiveness against colon cancer cells. Baydoun, E; Borjac, J; Moubarak, A; Patra, D; Slika, L, 2020)	0.56
" The results also conclude that addressing the bioavailability of resveratrol using it in combination with piperine does not prove more efficacious in preventing lupus-associated pathologies than resveratrol alone."	( Prophylactic effect of resveratrol and piperine on pristane-induced murine model of lupus-like disease. Bhatnagar, A; Pannu, N, 2020)	0.56
" The combination of paclitaxel (PTX) and piperine (PIP) may improve the bioavailability of paclitaxel for cancer therapy."	( EGFR Targeted Paclitaxel and Piperine Co-loaded Liposomes for the Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Agrawal, N; Burande, AS; Jha, A; Mahto, SK; Mehata, AK; Muthu, MS; Poddar, S; Shaik, A; Viswanadh, MK, 2020)	0.56
" It is a small synthetic molecule administered orally, with a fast bioavailability and elimination rate, predictable pharmacokinetics and lack of immunogenicity, which are convenient characteristics for both efficacy and safety."	( Pharmacology and safety of tofacitinib in ulcerative colitis. Domènech, E; Esplugues, JV; López-Sanromán, A, 2021)	0.62
" Our prior murine modeling research observed enhanced resveratrol bioavailability with piperine co-administration."	( A randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging, pilot trial of piperine with resveratrol on the effects on serum levels of resveratrol. Ahmad, N; Bailey, HH; Havinghurst, T; Johnson, JJ; Kim, K; Lozar, T; Scarlett, CO; Wollmer, BW, 2021)	0.62
"Low bioavailability of anti-diabetic drugs results in the partial absorption of the drug as they are mainly absorbed from the stomach and the lower part of the GIT."	( Repaglinide and Metformin-Loaded Amberlite Resin-Based Floating Microspheres for the Effective Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Jain, AK; Jain, SK; Mishra, K; Sahu, P, 2021)	0.62
" Furthermore, in silico study showed excellent D4 bioavailability in oral administration."	( The critical role of piperamide derivative D4 in the regulation of inflammatory response by the microglia and astrocytic glial cells. Frycz, BA; Kaur, J; Shahbazi, S; Zakerali, T, 2020)	0.56
" The present article provides a comprehensive review of PIP research in the last years concerning its chemical properties, synthesis, absorption, metabolism, bioavailability and toxicity."	( Piperine: Chemical, biological and nanotechnological applications. Araujo, VH; Chorilli, M; Quijia, CR, 2021)	0.62
" Curcumin and piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine) interact to each other and form a π-π intermolecular complex which enhance the bioavailability of curcumin by inhibition of glucuronidation of curcumin in liver."	( Therapeutic Approach against 2019-nCoV by Inhibition of ACE-2 Receptor. Kumar, D; Kumar, G; Singh, NP, 2021)	0.62
"Supersaturated silica-lipid hybrids have previously demonstrated improved in vitro solubilisation and in vivo oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, however were only fabricated using a single lipid (LFCS type I formulations) and were not compared to their liquid precursors."	( The Influence of Solidification on the in vitro Solubilisation of Blonanserin Loaded Supersaturated Lipid-Based Oral Formulations. Meola, TR; Müllertz, A; Møller, A; Prestidge, CA; Schultz, HB, 2021)	0.62
" The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of surfactant composition and surface charge of niosomes in enhancing oral bioavailability of repaglinide (REG) as a BCS II model drug."	( The Impact of Surfactant Composition and Surface Charge of Niosomes on the Oral Absorption of Repaglinide as a BCS II Model Drug. Bolourchian, N; Dadashzadeh, S; Haeri, A; Shahhosseni, S; Yaghoobian, M, 2020)	0.56
"The modulatory effects of piperine on drug metabolizing enzymes play an important role in the control of pharmacokinetic and the bioavailability properties of the administered drugs."	( The functional effects of piperine and piperine plus donepezil on hippocampal synaptic plasticity impairment in rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Ashrafpoor, M; Esfahani, DE; Nazifi, M; Oryan, S, 2021)	0.62
" This method has been used to quantitate these compounds in samples such as human intestinal epithelial cell lysates and mouse plasma or GI tissues in research aimed at examining the bioavailability of curcumin in the presence of piperine."	( Analysis of curcumin and piperine in biological samples by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with multi-wavelength detection. Bi, C; Hage, DS; Juritsch, AF; Kaur, H; Li, Z; Moreau, R; Rodriguez, EL; Woolfork, AG; Zhang, C, 2021)	0.62
" However, its bioavailability in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in humans has not been fully elucidated."	( Activity and bioavailability of tepotinib for leptomeningeal metastasis of NSCLC with MET exon 14 skipping mutation. Makiguchi, T; Nakagawa, J; Niioka, T; Taima, K; Tanaka, H; Tasaka, S, 2021)	0.62
" However, its low bioavailability and long term exposure related cardiovascular side effects, limit its clinical application."	( Piperine and Celecoxib synergistically inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation via modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Chaturvedi, S; Dewangan, J; Divakar, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, S; Rath, SK; Srivastava, S; Wahajuddin, M, 2021)	0.62
"The effect of PIP on the oral bioavailability of CXB in mice was investigated using HPLC analysis."	( Piperine and Celecoxib synergistically inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation via modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Chaturvedi, S; Dewangan, J; Divakar, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, S; Rath, SK; Srivastava, S; Wahajuddin, M, 2021)	0.62
"PIP as a bioenhancer increased the oral bioavailability of CXB (129%)."	( Piperine and Celecoxib synergistically inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation via modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Chaturvedi, S; Dewangan, J; Divakar, A; Kumar, S; Mishra, S; Rath, SK; Srivastava, S; Wahajuddin, M, 2021)	0.62
" Finally, SIAIS001 exhibited good oral bioavailability in Pharmacokinetics study."	( Structure-based discovery of SIAIS001 as an oral bioavailability ALK degrader constructed from Alectinib. Jiang, B; Kong, Y; Liu, H; Qu, X; Ren, C; Song, X; Sun, N; Yang, X; Zhong, H, 2021)	0.62
"Iloperidone (IL) is practically insoluble in water and has significant first-pass metabolism, resulting in low oral bioavailability in humans (36%)."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of iloperidone-loaded lipid nanoemulsions via oral route of administration. Narala, A; Suram, D; Veerabrahma, K, 2021)	0.62
" The main objective of this research work was to improve the aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability of EBT by preparing EBT-loaded bilosomes (EBT-PC-SDC-BS)."	( Improvement of solubility and dissolution of ebastine by fabricating phosphatidylcholine/ bile salt bilosomes. Abbas, G; Ibrahim, HM; Ikram, M; Inam, S; Iqbal, MS; Irfan, M; Islam, N; Khan, IU; Mushtaq, M; Rasul, A; Rehman, MU; Syed, HK; Zahoor, AF, 2020)	0.56
" Subsequently, nine healthy subjects received soticlestat tablets under fed and fasting conditions to assess the relative oral bioavailability and effects of food."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, bioavailability and food effect of single doses of soticlestat in healthy subjects. Affinito, J; Chen, G; Cwik, M; Faessel, H; Merlo Pich, E; Wang, S, 2021)	0.62
"The markedly low oral bioavailability of domperidone (anti-emetic drug) is associated with rapid first-pass metabolism in the intestine and liver."	( Piperine phytosomes for bioavailability enhancement of domperidone. Ghori, MU; Hussain, T; Irfan, M; Islam, N; Khan, IU; Mushtaq, M; Shahzad, Y; Yousaf, AM, 2022)	0.72
"Alogliptin (ALG), an inhibitor of dipeptidylpeptidase-4, is used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and has a high absorption rate (>60-71%), despite its low lipophilicity (logP=-1."	( Intestinal Absorption of Alogliptin Is Mediated by a Fruit-Juice-Sensitive Transporter. Abe, M; Ishii, M; Kikuchi, T; Morimoto, K; Ogihara, T; Oikawa, E; Sasaki, M; Tomita, M, 2021)	0.62
"This was an open-label, single-centre, phase I, bioavailability clinical trial."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a Bilastine Once-Daily, Preservative-Free, Ophthalmic Formulation. Abad-Santos, F; Arranz, P; Belmonte, C; Elgezabal, L; Fernández, N; Hernández, G; Martín-Vilchez, S; Mejía-Abril, G; Ochoa, D; Román, M, 2021)	0.62
" KIN-8194 demonstrated excellent bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters, with good tolerance in rodent models at pharmacologically achievable and active doses."	( The HCK/BTK inhibitor KIN-8194 is active in MYD88-driven lymphomas and overcomes mutated BTKCys481 ibrutinib resistance. Anderson, KC; Buhrlage, SJ; Cameron, M; Castillo, JJ; Che, J; Chen, JG; Demos, MG; Gray, NS; Guerrera, ML; Hunter, ZR; Kofides, A; Liu, X; Meid, K; Munshi, M; Munshi, NC; Patterson, CJ; Tan, L; Treon, SP; Tsakmaklis, N; Wang, J; Xu, L; Yang, G, 2021)	0.62
" In this work, we expand on the protective effects of AdipoRon in pancreatic β-cells and examine how structural modifications could affect the activity, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of this small molecule."	( PEGylated AdipoRon derivatives improve glucose and lipid metabolism under insulinopenic and high-fat diet conditions. Ghazvini Zadeh, E; Gordillo, R; Guo, Z; Joffin, N; Li, WH; Onodera, T; Scherer, PE; Xu, P; Yu, B, 2021)	0.62
" Eight of these drugs inhibited the activity of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, 3CLpro, with the most potent being masitinib, an orally bioavailable tyrosine kinase inhibitor."	( Masitinib is a broad coronavirus 3CL inhibitor that blocks replication of SARS-CoV-2. Azizi, SA; Baker, SC; Botten, JW; Brooke, CB; Bruce, EA; Chen, S; DeMarco, JK; Dickinson, BC; Drayman, N; Dvorkin, S; Firpo, MR; Froggatt, HM; Furlong, K; Han, KY; Heaton, NS; Jedrzejczak, R; Joachimiak, A; Jones, KA; Kathayat, RS; Lee, H; Maltseva, NI; Mastrodomenico, V; Meyer, B; Missiakas, D; Mounce, BC; Muñoz-Alía, MÁ; Nair, V; Nicolaescu, V; O'Brien, A; Palmer, KE; Randall, G; Schmidt, MM; Schuster, B; Severson, WE; Tan, K; Tay, S; Tomatsidou, A; Vignuzzi, M, 2021)	0.62
" Furthermore, the nanoformulations studied to increase ibrutinib bioavailability are reported."	( Btk Inhibitors: A Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Delivery Perspective. Brullo, C; Russo, E; Spallarossa, A; Tasso, B; Villa, C, 2021)	0.62
" PK studies were conducted to determine raloxifene oral bioavailability at different ages."	( Age-and Region-Dependent Disposition of Raloxifene in Rats. Du, T; Etim, I; Gao, S; Hu, M; Liang, D; Sun, R; Zheng, Z, 2021)	0.62
" PK studies showed that the oral bioavailability of raloxifene is age dependent."	( Age-and Region-Dependent Disposition of Raloxifene in Rats. Du, T; Etim, I; Gao, S; Hu, M; Liang, D; Sun, R; Zheng, Z, 2021)	0.62
"These findings suggested that raloxifene metabolism in the duodenum was significantly slower at young age in rats, which increased the oral bioavailability of raloxifene."	( Age-and Region-Dependent Disposition of Raloxifene in Rats. Du, T; Etim, I; Gao, S; Hu, M; Liang, D; Sun, R; Zheng, Z, 2021)	0.62
" It was thought that the intake of bromelain could result in a decrease in the bioavailability of ALC, CER, and CRZ due to bromelain-induced alkalizing effect following digestion."	( Development and validation of UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors, alectinib, ceritinib, and crizotinib in Wistar rat plasma with application to bromelain-induced pharmacokinetic interaction. Alanazi, AA; Almomen, A; Alzoman, NZ; Maher, HM; Shehata, SM, 2021)	0.62
" We demonstrate that prophylactic and post-exposure therapeutic treatment with an orally bioavailable small-molecule polymerase inhibitor, ERDRP-0519, prevents measles disease in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)."	( Small-molecule polymerase inhibitor protects non-human primates from measles and reduces shedding. Anderson, DE; Cox, RM; Kolkykhalov, AA; Mankertz, A; Natchus, MG; Pfaller, CK; Pfeffermann, K; Plemper, RK; Plesker, R; Santibanez, S; Sticher, ZM; von Messling, V; Wittwer, K; Wolf, JD, 2021)	0.62
" We confirmed dominant role of ETA receptors in regulation of blood pressure and renal hemodynamics in normotensive and hypertensive rats and provided novel evidence for the role of ETA in control of intrarenal NO bioavailability in salt-dependent and spontaneous hypertension."	( Effects of systemic and renal intramedullary endothelin-1 receptor blockade on tissue NO and intrarenal hemodynamics in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Bądzyńska, B; Hojná, S; Kompanowska-Jezierska, E; Sadowski, J; Vaneckova, I, 2021)	0.62
" In this work, the bioavailability and biological activities of piperine were presented and discussed."	( A review on the bioavailability, bio-efficacies and novel delivery systems for piperine. Cao, Y; Ho, CT; Huang, Q; Lu, M; Song, M; Xiao, J; Zhang, W; Zheng, Q, 2021)	0.62
" In the present review, the chemistry and bioavailability of PIP, its molecular targets in BC, and nanotechnological strategies are discussed."	( Piperine for treating breast cancer: A review of molecular mechanisms, combination with anticancer drugs, and nanosystems. Chorilli, M; Quijia, CR, 2022)	0.72
" The effect of spices on carotenoids' bioavailability is validated with active spice principles."	( Turmeric, red pepper, and black pepper affect carotenoids solubilized micelles properties and bioaccessibility: Capsaicin/piperine improves and curcumin inhibits carotenoids uptake and transport in Caco-2 cells. Ambedkar, R; Baskaran, V; Hanumanthappa, M; Lakshminarayana, R; Perumal, MK; Shilpa, S; Shwetha, HJ, 2021)	0.62
"The findings indicated that the combination of PIP and UA is an effective strategy in enhancing the bioavailability and hepatoprotective potential of UA."	( Synergistic effect of ursolic acid and piperine in CCl Biswas, S; Haldar, PK; Kar, A; Mukherjee, PK; Sharma, N, 2021)	0.62
" However, ibrutinib has very low oral bioavailability that contributes to significant variability in systemic exposure between patients, and this has the potential to affect both efficacy and toxicity."	( Intentional Modulation of Ibrutinib Pharmacokinetics through CYP3A Inhibition. Baker, SD; Byrd, JC; Eisenmann, ED; Fu, Q; Garrison, DA; Jin, Y; Muhowski, EM; Sparreboom, A; Uddin, ME; Weber, RH; Woyach, J, 2021)	0.62
" The novel combination of ATZ and PIP was proposed to enhance the bioavailability of both the compounds."	( Simultaneous Method Development and Validation of Anastrozole Along with Piperine: Degradation Studies and Degradants Characterization Using LC-QTOF-ESI-MS Along with In-silico ADMET Predictions. Alexander, A; Gajbhiye, R; Kumar, P; Mehta, P; Murty, US; Pawar, SD; Ravichandiran, V; Sarmah, B; Susanna, KJ, 2022)	0.72
" In mice, we found tofacitinib bioavailability was 37% in both male and female mice; using these data we formulated mouse containing low and high doses of tofacitinib and found that the drug suppressed peripheral NK cell levels in a dose-dependent manner."	( Tofacitinib Suppresses Natural Killer Cells Famie, JP; Feldman, EL; Figueroa-Romero, C; Goutman, SA; Monteagudo, A; Murdock, BJ; Pacut, C; Piecuch, CE; Teener, SJ; Webber-Davis, IF, 2022)	0.72
" However, its extensive first-pass metabolism, short-life life, and low oral bioavailability confined its medical application."	( Calcium Ion-Sodium Alginate-Piperine-Based Microspheres: Evidence of Enhanced Encapsulation Efficiency, Bio-Adhesion, Controlled Delivery, and Oral Bioavailability of Isoniazid. Jain, SP; Pandharinath, RR; Pethe, AM; Pingale, PL; Telange, DR, 2022)	0.72
" The bioavailability of tepotinib was shown to be dose dependent, although bioavailability decreased primarily at doses above the therapeutic dose of 500 mg."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tepotinib, an oral MET kinase inhibitor, including data from the VISION study. Girard, P; Jonsson, EN; Papasouliotis, O; Strotmann, R; Xiong, W, 2022)	0.72
" Bioavailability increased by 49% with food compared with when fasted."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of evobrutinib in healthy adult participants. Dyroff, M; Girard, P; Mitchell, D; Papasouliotis, O, 2022)	0.72
" During its clinical development, a stable isotopologue of ibrutinib was required for the assessment of the drug's absolute oral bioavailability via intravenous microdosing."	( Carbon-13 labeling of ibrutinib for human microdosing. Gong, Y; Salter, R, 2023)	0.91
" However, poor oral bioavailability and permeability of curcumin are a major challenge for formulation scientists."	( Formulation and Development of Curcumin-Piperine-Loaded S-SNEDDS for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Ahmad, S; Hafeez, A, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" 4 The dose-response curve for the pressor action of Wy 20051 was potentiated in reserpine-treated anaesthetized rats."	( The evaluation of the novel pressor activity of gamma-piperidinobutyramide (WY 20051, DF480). Alps, BJ; Devoy, PW; Waterfall, JF, 1976)	0.26
" On the last three dosage schedules inhibition persisted for at least 12 h after the final dose."	( Inhibitory activity of terfenadine on histamine-induced skin wheals in man. Barraud, N; Burke, JT; Hüther, KJ; Koch-Weser, J; Renftle, G, 1977)	0.26
" At least 90% of the radioactivity in the tissues at 2 hr after dosing was identified as parent compound by thin-layer chromatography."	( The disposition of threo-alpha-(2-piperidyl)-2-trifluoromethyl-6-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-pyridinemethanol phosphate in mice. Chung, H; Gillum, HH; Rozman, RS, )	0.13
" The treatment comprised four periods in which the maximum tolerated daily dosage, the optimal weekly dosage (mean: 20."	( Clinical experiments with the new oral long-acting neuroleptic clopimozide (R 29 764). Floru, L; Tegeler, J, 1978)	0.26
" 6 In isolated strips of cat splenic capsule, piperoxan produced a shift to the right of the dose-response curve to noradrenaline with no change of the maximum response."	( The effects of piperoxan on uptake of noradrenaline and overflow of transmitter in the isolated blood perfused spleen of the cat. Blakeley, AG; Summers, RJ, 1978)	0.26
" At both 24 and 48 hr after dosing the majority of radiolabel remaining in the body was in the form of parent drug."	( The absorption, distribution, and excretion in mice of the antimalarial mefloquine, erythro-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)-alpha-(2-piperidyl)-4-quinolinemethanol hydrochloride. Koby, R; Molek, NA; Rozman, RS, )	0.13
" The dosage level was, on weight basis, a little higher than the standard dosage for adults."	( The protective effect of a new agent, ketotifen syrup, in the treatment of childhood asthma. Lykkegaard Nielsen, EA; Osterballe, O, 1979)	0.26
" Furthermore, the enhanced toxicity of pilocarpine caused by bamipine in a defined dosage range is antagonized by biperiden in a dose related manner."	( [Central and peripheral interactions of the antiparkinson agent biperiden and the antihistaminic bamipin on the rat excited by pilocarpine]. Hofmann, HP; Kreiskott, H, 1978)	0.26
"In a preliminary study which lasted 14 weeks, an anti-anginal preparation, perhexiline maleate (Pexid), was prescribed in a dosage of 200 mg twice a day to 7 patients who were suffering from cardiac arrhythmias associated with ischaemic heart disease."	( The anti-arrhythmic effects of perhexiline maleate in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Gitlin, N, 1975)	0.25
" Although a relatively high chosen dosage of ketotifen was given, it does not seem capable of inhibiting mediator release from the bronchial mast-cells as DSCG does."	( [Protection from exertion-induced bronchial asthma with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) (cromolyn, lomudal, intal) and with ketotifen (zaditen). Doubly crossed double-blind study ]. Gmür, H; Scherrer, M, 1979)	0.26
"Using measures of locomotor activity and stereotypy, dose-response curves to several psychomotor stimulant drugs were obtained on rats reared in deprived or normal environments."	( The effects of psychomotor stimulants on stereotypy and locomotor activity in socially-deprived and control rats. Iversen, SD; Morgan, MJ; Robbins, TW; Sahakian, BJ, 1975)	0.25
" Statistical tests of parallelism revealed a significant difference between the log dose-response curves of Sch 15280 and ephedrine but not between those of Sch 15280, atropine and aminophylline."	( Experimental study of a potential anti-asthmatic agent: SCH 15280. Adams, GK; Bleidt, B; Diamond, L; Williams, B, 1975)	0.25
" At this dosage schedule, delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to the same antigen were not affected."	( Effect of mefloquine on the immune response in mice. Ferrante, A; O'Keefe, DE; Rowan-Kelly, B; Thong, YH, 1979)	0.26
" Its effect (in the dosage used) on the tyramine dose--pressor response and NA dose--pressor response tests were less than those of amitryptyline."	( Antidepressant evaluation and the pharmacological actions of FG4963 in depressive patients. Coppen, A; Ghose, K; Gupta, R; Lund, J, 1977)	0.26
" In acute diarrhoea, loperamide provides more rapid control of symptoms than diphenoxylate when given in a flexible dosage according to unformed bowel movements, and in single dose studies 4mg loperamide has a much longer duration of effect than 5mg diphenoxylate."	( Loperamide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in diarrhoea. Avery, GS; Brogden, RN; Heel, RC; Speight, TM, 1978)	0.26
" The mean dosage of Penfluirdol was 22 up to 28 mg per week."	( [Penfluridol. Results of a year-long clinical trial]. Woggon, B, 1978)	0.26
" After the single intravenous dose total plasma clearance (Cl) ranged from 570 to 1670 ml/min (988 +/- 425 ml/min) while after multiple dosing Cl decreased to 666 +/- 27 ml/min."	( Disposition and antiarrhythmic effect of lorcainide. Heimburg, P; Klotz, U; Müller-Seydlitz, P, 1979)	0.26
" This frequency of dosing is consistent with the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug in man, and does not appear to result in any inappropriate accumulation of the drug in patients."	( Penfluridol: a neuroleptic drug designed for long duration of action. Grindel, JM; Heykants, JJ; Janssen, PA; Migdalof, BH, 1979)	0.26
" Excretion of approximately 1 per cent of the dose in the urine as unchanged loperamide after seven days was observed independent of the particular dosage form that was administered."	( Human pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailability of loperamide hydrochloride. Fuller, BL; Killinger, JM; Weintraub, HS, 1979)	0.26
" The solvent systems and spray reagents described should be useful for the identification of these drugs in various dosage forms."	( TLC differentiation of butyrophenone and diphenylbutylpiperidine compounds from phenothiazine derivatives. Pluym, A, 1979)	0.26
" In the course of the chronic experiments, in the highest dosage group of rats a slight sedation and a decrease of body weight gain and food intake could be observed."	( [Toxicological study on piprozoline (author's transl)]. Herrmann, M; Leuschner, F; Wiegleb, J, 1977)	0.26
"Studies of hexobarbital sleeping time in rats showed that only a very high dosage of ethyl(Z)-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-acetate (piprozoline, Gö 919, Problin) (500 mg/kg) produced a weak interaction with the metabolism of hexobarbital; no signs of any induction of the oxidative enzyme system were observed until 4 days after pre-treatment with 3 X 250 mg/kg."	( [Studies on the influence of piprozoline on the microsomal enzyme system of the rat liver (author's transl)]. Friedrich, G; Vollmer, KO, 1977)	0.26
" Side-effects, which mainly occurred during the last weeks of the experiment in the highest dosage group, were most probably due to the exhaustion of the fluid and especially of the electrolyte reserves of the animals."	( [Toxicological studies on Etozolin (author's transl)]. Herrmann, M; Leuschner, F; Wiegleb, J, 1977)	0.26
" Diarrhea was controlled with a median dosage of three capsules (6 mg total dose) and a range of two to 12 capsules."	( The control of acute diarrhea in a large industrial plant. Martins, JK; Roedl, G, 1978)	0.26
" In healthy subjects, gastrointestinal symptoms limited single-day dosage of WR 122,455 to 800 mg and WR 171,669 to 1,260 mg."	( Evaluation of two phenanthrenemethanols for antimalarial activity in man: WR 122,455 and WR 171,669. Arnold, J; Canfield, CJ; Rinehart, J, 1976)	0.26
" For penfluridol, a significant correlation between dosage and plasma level and also between dosage and changes in psychopathology as regards factor 5 in the Märtens & Jonsson S scale which comprises the items most characteristic of a schizophrenic syndrome, was found."	( Penfluridol and thiothixene. Dosage, plasma levels and changes in psychopathology. Edenius, B; Jacobsson, L; Kettner, B; Magnusson, KE; Mattsson, B; Mjörndal, T; Oreland, L; Perris, C; Rapp, W; Villemoes, P; von Knorring, L, 1976)	0.26
" This study indicates that low doses of piperazinedione can produce variable and severe myelosuppression when used in combination with other myelosuppressive agents, and that only small increments in dosage may produce marked increases in the degree of myelosuppression."	( Severe myelosuppression from piperazinedione, (NSC No. 135758), cyclophosphamide plus dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole carboxamide (DTIC). Klahr, C; Presant, CA, 1977)	0.26
" The optimal dosage range for severely ill schizophrenic patients appears to be between 100 and 600 mg once monthly."	( Pipotiazine palmitate: an evaluation of a new long acting intramuscular antipsychotic agent in severely ill schizophrenic patients. Bishop, G; Gallant, DM; Guerrero-Figueroa, R; Mielke, D; Oelsner, T, 1975)	0.25
" The same dosage (in 70% of the patients from 40 to 80 mg) of penfluridol was used per week as was employed for flupenthixol decanoate per fortnight."	( Peroral and parenteral administration of long-acting neuroleptics: a double-blind study of penfluridol compared to flupenthixol decanoate in the treatment of schizophrenia. Gerlach, J; Kramp, P; Kristjansen, P; Lauritsen, B; Lühdorf, K; Munkvad, I, 1975)	0.25
" The data obtained from this study have tended to confirm the impression of previous investigators that penfluridol, administered in a dosage of 40 to 80 mg on a once-a-week basis in a single dose, compares favorably with the antipsychotic activity of those neuroleptics requiring administration on a daily basis."	( Penfluridol: a long-acting oral neuroleptic. A controlled study. Kurland, AA; Ota, KY; Slotnick, VB, )	0.13
"Twenty-two hospitalized schizophrenic patients, participating in a large-scale phase II double-blind dose-effect study (30, 60, and 120 mg weekly) of penfluridol, a new diphenylbutylpiperidine neuroleptic, were maintained on a regular dosage regimen for 13 wk."	( Penfluridol steady-state kinetics in psychiatric patients. Albert, JM; Bertrand, M; Cooper, SF; Dugal, R, 1975)	0.25
" In this dosage it was found that the peak effect of the two drugs was the same but that the effect of rimiterol was less prolonged than that of sulbutamol."	( Comparison between the bronchodilator and cardiovascular effects of inhaling 0.5 mg. rimiterol ('Pulmadil') and 0.2 mg. salbutamol. Bianco, S; Kamburoff, PL; Prime, FJ, 1975)	0.25
" The log dose-response curve of ergotamine was bell-shaped."	( Analysis of ergotamine - 5-HT interaction on the isolated rat stomach preparation. Frankhuijzen, AL, 1975)	0.25
" Cebocephaly, harelip/cleft palate, exencephaly, and a cranial bled were the common deformities produced by dosing on the seventh day of gestation."	( Teratogenic effects of cyclopamine and jervine in rats, mice and hamsters. Keeler, RF, 1975)	0.25
" For the inhibition of the hypotensive action of clonidine by protriptyline a parallel shift of the dose-response curve was obtained, indicating the possibility of a competitive antagonism."	( Interaction between centrally acting hypotensive drugs and tricyclic antidepressants. van Zwieten, PA, 1975)	0.25
" There were controlled: blood-pressure, pulse, respiration, common dosing of the narcotica, dosing of the analgetica, and the patients' post-operative condition."	( [Clinical studies on the use of neuroleptanalgesia in Wertheim's abdominal radical surgery]. Krafft, W; Laube, R; Schmidt, D, 1975)	0.25
"), the respondings were inhibited in proportion to the dosage except in DRL performance, in which only correct response rate decreased at 8 mg/kg."	( [Effects of penfluridol, a psychotropic agent, on operant behavior of rats]. Kuribara, H; Okuizumi, K; Shirota, M; Tadokoro, S, 1975)	0.25
" All these antagonists caused a concentration-dependent rightward shift of the dose-response curve for carbachol-stimulated amylase release without altering the maximal response."	( Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes on rat pancreatic acini: pharmacological identification by secretory responses and binding studies. Kashima, K; Kataoka, K; Kato, M; Kuriyama, K; Ohkuma, S, 1992)	0.28
" In dose-response studies, ifenprodil attenuated the NMDA-induced increase in medium GABA at all ages tested with an Imax of 10 microM."	( Developmental differences in antagonism of NMDA toxicity by the polyamine site antagonist ifenprodil. Nicklas, WJ; Zeevalk, GD, 1992)	0.28
" The dose-response curve for AVP was shifted to the right in parallel by OPC-31260 but not by OPC-21268."	( Potent antagonistic action of OPC-31260, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, on [Arg8]vasopressin-induced vasoconstriction in isolated simian femoral arteries. Chiba, S; Tsukada, M, 1992)	0.28
" Estradiol also shifted the dose-response curve for GnRH-stimulated inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation rightward, increasing the EC50 for this GnRH effect by approximately 20-fold."	( Estradiol regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor number, growth and inositol phosphate production in alpha T3-1 cells. Gröner, I; McArdle, CA; Poch, A; Schomerus, E, 1992)	0.28
" Combinations of ZOL and 2DG produced supraadditive antinociception, even though ZOL failed to significantly shift the 2DG dose-response curve to the left."	( Potentiation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose antinociception, but not hyperphagia by zolantidine, a histamine (H2) receptor antagonist. Bodnar, RJ; Hough, LB; Koch, JE, 1992)	0.28
"Irreversible inactivation of striatal D2 dopamine (DA) autoreceptors with N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) or inactivation of striatal guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) with pertussis toxin (PT) shifted the dose-response curve for N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA)-mediated inhibition of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)-induced elevation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) to the right, with a decrease in the maximum response."	( The effects of pertussis toxin on dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A autoreceptor-mediated inhibition of neurotransmitter synthesis: relationship to receptor reserve. Bohmaker, K; Bordi, F; Meller, E, 1992)	0.28
"Akin to receptor inactivation with phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) (1 microM, 1 hr), treatment of anterior pituitary cells with 17 beta-estradiol (10 nM, 3 days) right-shifted the dose-response curve for inhibition of prolactin (PRL) secretion by the full agonist R-(-)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) and reduced the maximal effect [EC50 (pM) and percent maximal effect: control, 25."	( Comparative effects of receptor inactivation, 17 beta-estradiol and pertussis toxin on dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin secretion in vitro. Bohmaker, K; Diamond, J; Lieu, HD; Meller, E; Puza, T, 1992)	0.28
"The effects of cisapride, given orally at standard therapeutic dosage (10 mg tds), on proximal small bowel interdigestive motility in ten healthy volunteers was assessed by prolonged ambulatory manometry."	( Assessment by prolonged ambulatory manometry of the effect of oral cisapride on proximal small bowel inter-digestive motility. Benson, MJ; Castillo, FD; Deeks, JJ; Wingate, DL, 1992)	0.28
" Based on pharmacokinetic considerations, the dosage of pirmenol is unlikely to differ in young and elderly subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of pirmenol in young and elderly subjects. Beasley, M; Bland, R; Campbell, AJ; Edwards, IR; Ferry, DG; Gazeley, L, 1992)	0.28
" At a higher concentration (20 microM), effects of RP 62719 on inotropy and lusitropy were less marked, thus accounting for the bell-shaped form of the dose-response curve."	( Positive inotropic effects of RP 62719, a new pure class III antiarrhythmic agent, on guinea pig myocardium. Beregi, JP; Chemla, D; Coudray, N; Escande, D; Lecarpentier, Y; Mery, P; Mestre, M, 1992)	0.28
" The muscarinic antagonists pirenzepine, (+-)-5,11-dihydro-11-[[[2-[2-((dipropylamino)methyl)-1-piperidinyl] ethyl]amino]-carbonyl]-6H-pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)-benzodiazepin-6-one (AF-DX 384), 11-[[4-[4-(diethylamino)butyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl]-5,11-dihydro- 6H-pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)-benzodiazepin-6-one (AQ-RA 741), p-fluorohexahydro-sila-difenidol (p-F-HHSiD), 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) and (R)- and (S)-hexahydro-difenidol [(R)-HHD, (S)-HHD] shifted the muscarine, methacholine or carbachol dose-response curve to the right in a competitive manner."	( Characterization of muscarinic receptors mediating vasodilation in guinea-pig ileum submucosal arterioles by the use of computer-assisted videomicroscopy. Bungardt, E; Feifel, R; Lambrecht, G; Moser, U; Mutschler, E; Surprenant, A; Tacke, R; Vockert, E, 1992)	0.28
" Log ID50s calculated for the antagonists from the dose-response curves were found to correlate significantly with the log Kis of the antagonists for the muscarinic M3 receptor subtype."	( Pressor response to posterior hypothalamic administration of carbachol is mediated by muscarinic M3 receptor. Martin, JR, 1992)	0.28
"The dose regimen for paroxetine in the treatment of depression has been well established through a number of individual dosing studies and analyses from the worldwide clinical data base."	( Optimal dose regimen for paroxetine. Dunbar, GC; Dunner, DL, 1992)	0.28
" The nausea rarely leads to drug discontinuation or even dosage reduction."	( An overview of paroxetine. Boyer, WF; Feighner, JP, 1992)	0.28
" One female in the high dosage group died on Gestation Day 12."	( Evaluation of teratogenic potential of N-formylpiperidine in rats. Alvarez, L; Johannsen, FR; Nair, RS, 1992)	0.28
" In tissues precontracted with methacholine, 11-([[2-(diethylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl)5,11- dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-6][1,4]benzodiazepine-6-one (AF-DX 116), a selective M2 antagonist, shifted dose-response curves to both isoproterenol and forskolin significantly to the left."	( M2 muscarinic receptors inhibit isoproterenol-induced relaxation of canine airway smooth muscle. Fernandes, LB; Fryer, AD; Hirshman, CA, 1992)	0.28
" 4-PIOL antagonized the response to isoguvacine with a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve."	( Electrophysiological studies of the GABAA receptor ligand, 4-PIOL, on cultured hippocampal neurones. Falch, E; Kristiansen, U; Krogsgaard-Larsen, P; Lambert, JD, 1991)	0.28
" Following BMY-25368 administration, hydrogen ion concentration was decreased and mean pH was higher than baseline values in a dose-response pattern."	( Effects of a histamine type-2 receptor antagonist (BMY-25368) on gastric secretion in horses. Dreyfuss, DJ; Orsini, JA; Spencer, PA; Uhlman, R; Vecchione, J, 1991)	0.28
" The importance of the time of dosing of potent, long-acting H2 blockers for optimal suppression of intragastric acidity is unknown."	( Is the time of dosing of a potent long-acting H2-receptor antagonist critical? Twenty-four-hour pH measurements with SKF-94482. Merki, HS; Wilder-Smith, CH, 1991)	0.28
" Furthermore, pretreatment with the drug did not affect the dose-response curve for the inhibitory effects of the DA receptor agonist apomorphine or the mixed DA agonist/sigma-receptor ligand (+)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-1-propyl)piperidine ((+)-3-PPP)."	( Sigma-receptors: implication for the control of neuronal activity of nigral dopamine-containing neurons. Engberg, G; Wikström, H, 1991)	0.28
" The dose-response curve of haloperidol remained virtually unchanged, apparently because of the potent dopamine-D2 antagonism associated with these doses which may block the potentiating effect of apomorphine."	( Functional interaction between serotonin-S2 and dopamine-D2 neurotransmission as revealed by selective antagonism of hyper-reactivity to tryptamine and apomorphine. Awouters, F; Janssen, PA; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ, 1990)	0.28
" Low concentrations of pirenzepine (10(-8) M), produced a rightward shift in the dose-response curve to McN, without inhibiting responses to carbachol."	( Functional subtyping of muscarinic receptors on canine esophageal mucosa. Donoff, B; Lad, R; Rangachari, PK, 1991)	0.28
" Cisapride dosage adjustment or substitution after hemodialysis is not necessary."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisapride in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Bares, R; Dakshinamurty, KV; Gladziwa, U; Ittel, TH; Klotz, U; Seiler, KU; Sieberth, HG, 1991)	0.28
"In order to elucidate the interaction between cyproheptadine (CPH) and tipepidine (TP), the disposition of CPH and its metabolites from plasma and the hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activities in rats dosed singly or repeatedly were investigated."	( Drug interaction between cyproheptadine and tipepidine. Effect of single and repeated administrations. Fujii, Y; Iwaki, M; Ogiso, T; Tanino, T; Yamashita, K, 1991)	0.28
" Alinidine (10(-6) M) shifted the dose-response curves of acetylcholine and carbachol to the right, but it did not affect those for isosorbide dinitrate, isoproterenol and adenosine."	( Anti-muscarinic effect of alinidine on acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in isolated and perfused dog coronary arteries. Chiba, S; Furukawa, Y; Nakane, T, 1991)	0.28
"5 mg/kg body weight) of the compound administered on days 1, 2 or 3 of pregnancy or multiple dosing (0."	( Biological profile of 2-[4-(2-N-piperidinoethoxy) phenyl]-3-phenyl (2H) benzo (b) pyran--a potent antiimplantation agent in rat. Dhar, JD; Duran, S; Kapil, RS; Setty, BS, 1991)	0.28
" Plasma concentrations of paroxetine at steady state (8-147 ng/ml) were in the normal range for a 30-mg daily dosing regimen."	( No influence of the antidepressant paroxetine on carbamazepine, valproate and phenytoin. Andersen, BB; Dam, M; Kristensen, HB; Lund, J; Mengel, H; Mikkelsen, M; Pedersen, B; Vesterager, A, )	0.13
" A clear dose-response relationship was found for ritanserin with higher doses evoking increased duration of slow wave sleep."	( A dose-response study examining the effects of ritanserin on human slow wave sleep. Idzikowski, C; James, RJ; Mills, FJ, 1991)	0.28
" Post-evening meal (PEM) dosing of H2-receptor antagonists appears to be a rational method of suppressing late evening gastric acidity, but on balance the symptomatic response of twice daily dosing is superior to once daily dosing."	( Reflux esophagitis. Nio, CY; Schotborgh, RH; Tytgat, GN, 1990)	0.28
" Oxotremorine-induced tremor and salivation in mice were delayed after extremely high dosage of levocabastine; however, these were much less effective than those seen after diphenhydramine and ketotifen."	( Central effect of the potent long-acting H1-antihistamine levocabastine. Aoki, I; Kamei, C; Tasaka, K; Tsujimoto, S; Yoshida, T, 1990)	0.28
" On day 1 and 15 of dosing with each regimen, each subject's 24-h ambulatory intragastric acidity was measured by radiotelemetry and 24-h plasma gastrin profiles were derived from hourly venous blood samples."	( The effects of 15 days of dosing with placebo, sufotidine 600 mg nocte or sufotidine 600 mg twice daily upon 24-hour intragastric acidity and 24-hour plasma gastrin. Holmfield, JH; Johnston, D; Primrose, JN; Rogers, MJ, 1990)	0.28
" In neither study were there any significant differences between the acid secretory dose-response curves to histamine in control and test animals."	( Chronic administration of H2-antagonists does not alter gastric secretory responses to histamine, or the antisecretory activity of sufotidine. Humphray, JM; Reeves, JJ; Stables, R, 1990)	0.28
"; this dosage could be changed if necessary."	( "Prokinetic" treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a placebo-controlled study of cisapride. Milo, R; Toussaint, J; Van Eeghem, P; Van Outryve, M, 1991)	0.28
" Dose-response curves were constructed, and the IC50s determined for 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP), pirenzepine (PRZ) and 11-2[[2-[(diethylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl]-5,11,-dihydro- 6H-pyrido[2,3-b] [1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one (AF-DX 116) were 72 nM, 385 nM, and 24 microM, respectively."	( Activation of the pharmacologically defined M3 muscarinic receptor depolarizes hippocampal pyramidal cells. Alger, BE; Pitler, TA, 1990)	0.28
" The volume of distribution (Vd) was evaluated in the rats by intravenous dosage of 150 mg/kg of 3H-A10 dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide."	( Pharmacokinetic study of radioactive antineoplaston A10 in rats and mice. Wang, H; Xu, W; Yuan, Y, 1990)	0.28
" The primary adverse events associated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors involve the gastrointestinal system, although side effects may be less frequent at lower dosage levels."	( Clinical overview of serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Rickels, K; Schweizer, E, 1990)	0.28
" All the antagonists shifted the methacholine dose-response curve to the right in a parallel and concentration-dependent fashion, yielding Schild plots with slopes not significantly different from unity."	( Characterization of the muscarinic receptor subtype involved in phosphoinositide metabolism in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Elzinga, CR; Meurs, H; Roffel, AF; Zaagsma, J, 1990)	0.28
" Thioperamide did not alter the dose-response curve to exogenous histamine (0."	( Histamine H3 receptors modulate antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. Barnes, PJ; Ichinose, M, 1990)	0.28
"The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetic gastroparesis are reviewed, and the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of metoclopramide, domperidone, and cisapride are described."	( Use of metoclopramide, domperidone, and cisapride in the management of diabetic gastroparesis. Brown, CK; Khanderia, U, 1990)	0.28
" Dose-response curves for inhibition of choline transport by A-5 and HC-3 were not changed by a 24-hr pre-exposure of the cells to each inhibitor."	( Characterization of the effect of two 4-methyl piperidine derivatives of hemicholinium-3, A-4 and A-5, on choline transport. Long, JP; Sheff, KY; Yorek, MA, 1990)	0.28
" We conclude that in the dosage used, long-term treatment with cisapride appears to improve chronic abdominal symptoms in patients with cystic fibrosis and DIOS, but fails to abolish the need for intestinal lavage."	( Effects of cisapride in patients with cystic fibrosis and distal intestinal obstruction syndrome. Corey, M; Durie, PR; Ellis, L; Koletzko, S; Spino, M; Stringer, DA, 1990)	0.28
" Scopolamine hydrobromide reinstated contralateral placing errors in infarcted rats at a dosage that did not affect neurologically intact rats."	( Ionic channels, cholinergic mechanisms, and recovery of sensorimotor function after neocortical infarcts in rats. De Ryck, M; Duytschaever, H; Janssen, PA; Pauwels, PJ, 1990)	0.28
" Chickens (9/10) and quails (8/10) dosed at 50 mg/kg body weight were affected, and several birds of each species died (2/10 and 5/10, respectively)."	( Comparative toxicity of coniine, an alkaloid of Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), in chickens, quails, and turkeys. Frank, AA; Reed, WM, )	0.13
" However, in goats gavaged with fresh Conium plant, fetal movement was inhibited for only about 5 hours after each individual dosage and gradually returned to control levels 12 hours after dosing."	( Multiple congenital contractures (MCC) and cleft palate induced in goats by ingestion of piperidine alkaloid-containing plants: reduction in fetal movement as the probable cause. Bunch, TD; Callan, RJ; Keeler, RF; Panter, KE; Sisson, DV, 1990)	0.28
" 24 h treatment of pituitary cell cultures with increasing concentrations of Phr led to a stimulatory effect on GnRH-stimulated LH secretion an effect that occurred at 10 microM got maximal at 100 microM and was lost at higher concentrations resulting in a bell-shaped dose-response curve."	( Weak estrogenic activity of phenol red in the pituitary gonadotroph: re-evaluation of estrogen and antiestrogen effects. Emons, G; Knuppen, R; Ortmann, O; Sturm, R, 1990)	0.28
"In the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), ketanserin and the ketanserin analogues R56413 and ritanserin were studied with regard to their ability to reduce the blood pressure in conscious rats and shift the dose-response curves for phenylephrine and serotonin (5-HT) in pithed rats after acute administration."	( Antihypertensive effects of ketanserin in the spontaneously hypertensive rat: mode of action. Gradin, K; Hedner, T; Persson, B; Pettersson, A, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response curve of blood pressure against rate of phenylephrine infusion was shifted to the right in keeping with alpha 1-adrenergic antagonism; the degree of shift was small compared with that after prazosin."	( Ketanserin and alpha 1-adrenergic antagonism in humans. Ball, SG; Robertson, JI; Zabludowski, JR, 1985)	0.27
" Dosage in excess of 60 mg of Kn per day caused troublesome central nervous system symptoms or headache in some patients."	( Clinical studies with ketanserin in hypertension. Brown, SA; Simpson, FO; Spears, GF; Waal-Manning, HJ, 1985)	0.27
" In vitro dose-response curves suggested that prolonged ketanserin intake results in a higher "sensitivity" of the platelets to serotonin rather than a refractoriness of the platelets to ketanserin."	( Platelet hypersensitivity to serotonin after prolonged ketanserin intake? Amery, A; Arnout, J; Deckmyn, H; Fiocchi, R; Lijnen, P; Van Russelt, M; Vermylen, J, 1985)	0.27
" Bucindolol caused a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curves for both serotonin (5-HT) and phenylephrine (PE), indicating competitive antagonism."	( Bucindolol has serotonin and alpha-adrenoceptor blocking properties. Marwood, JF; Stokes, GS, 1985)	0.27
" 4-DAMP (10(-9) to 10(-6) M) caused a progressive parallel rightward shift in the acetylcholine dose-response curve without a change in maximal amylase release."	( Muscarinic receptor subtypes on rat pancreatic acini: secretion and binding studies. Louie, DS; Owyang, C, 1986)	0.27
" produced a two-fold shift to the right of the dose-response curve of locally infused 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) but increased only slightly the ED50 of locally infused pizotifen."	( Pizotifen, an antimigraine drug with venoconstrictor activity in vivo. Müller-Schweinitzer, E, )	0.13
" At a daily dosage of 200 to 400 mg, pirmenol was effective in suppressing VPCs."	( A multicenter dose-response study of pirmenol hydrochloride in patients with ventricular premature contractions. Farnham, DJ, 1987)	0.27
" Whereas the blood pressure reduction to acute administration of ketanserin was directly related to its ability to shift the dose-response curve of phenylephrine (alpha 1-adrenergic blockade), the same relationship was not apparent following chronic treatment with ketanserin."	( Antihypertensive effects of ketanserin and ritanserin in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Gradin, K; Hedner, T; Persson, B; Pettersson, A, 1988)	0.27
" Cumulative dose-response curves were constructed for either cinanserin or 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in animals that had received a maximal hypotensive dose of prazosin that had, in addition to decreasing blood pressure, decreased heart rate and background activity in all three nerves."	( Are drugs that act both on serotonin receptors and alpha 1-adrenoceptors more potent hypotensive agents than those that act only on alpha 1-adrenoceptors? Ramage, AG, 1988)	0.27
"The possible neurotoxic effects of the alpha-ethyl homologue of MDMA, N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine (MBDB), were examined following a regimen of twice daily dosing for four days."	( Neurotoxic effects of the alpha-ethyl homologue of MDMA following subacute administration. Johnson, MP; Nichols, DE, 1989)	0.28
" Elimination half-lives also showed variability between these elderly patients, but tended to be longer after cessation of multiple dosing than after a single dose."	( Paroxetine: pharmacokinetic and antidepressant effect in the elderly. Fjord-Larsen, T; Lundmark, J; Manniche, PM; Mengel, H; Møller-Nielsen, EM; Pauser, H; Scheel Thomsen, I; Wålinder, J, 1989)	0.28
" The often discussed intrinsic estrogen activity of the antiestrogens was present only in the highest dosage tested of tamoxifen."	( Antiestrogen and antiandrogen administration reduce bone mass in the rat. Bauss, F; Feldmann, S; Lempert, UG; Minne, HW; Parvizi, S; Pfeifer, M; Ziegler, R, 1989)	0.28
"Evening dosing has become standard for H2 receptor antagonists, because available agents inhibit nocturnal basal acid secretion more effectively than daytime stimulated secretion."	( Do H2 receptor antagonists have to be given at night? A study of the antisecretory profile of SKF 94482, a new H2 receptor antagonist which has a profound effect on daytime acidity. Burget, DW; Chiverton, SG; Hunt, RH, 1989)	0.28
" The absence of a depression of the maximum of the dose-response curve of ST 587 and the very moderate attenuation of the maximal B-HT 920-induced increase in diastolic blood pressure (BP) confirms the lack of major calcium entry blocking properties of R 56865 for alpha-adrenoceptor-activated calcium channels in vitro."	( Interaction between R 56865 and alpha-adrenoceptors in the pithed rat. Fruh, C; Koch, P; Peters, T; Schneider, J; Wilffert, B; Wilhelm, D, )	0.13
" Its dose-response curve was bell-shaped with maximal effects at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg."	( Occurrence of yawning and decrease of prolactin levels via stimulation of dopamine D2-receptors after administration of SND 919 in rats. Domae, M; Furukawa, T; Matsumoto, S; Nagashima, M; Shirakawa, K; Yamada, K, 1989)	0.28
" Dinnertime dosing of cimetidine appears to be a rational method of suppressing late-evening gastric acidity."	( Drug therapy of reflux oesophagitis: an update. Tytgat, GN, 1989)	0.28
", was not greater than that of placebo, and dose-response as well as longer term trials are necessary to determine the clinical efficacy of this medication."	( Effect of six weeks of treatment with cisapride in gastroparesis and intestinal pseudoobstruction. Abell, TL; Brown, ML; Camilleri, M; Hench, V; Malagelada, JR; Zinsmeister, AR, 1989)	0.28
" CGS 19755 was studied using single and cumulative dosing procedures up to a dose of 10."	( The competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist CGS 19755 attenuates the rate-decreasing effects of NMDA in rhesus monkeys without producing ketamine-like discriminative stimulus effects. France, CP; Ornstein, P; Woods, JH, 1989)	0.28
" In "endogenous" depression, a statistically significant linear dose-response relationship was found in all the efficacy variables assessed."	( Therapeutic and side-effect profile of a selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitor, brofaromine. Results of dose-finding trials in depressed patients. Delini-Stula, A; Heath, WR; Schiwy, W, 1989)	0.28
" Plasma cisapride concentrations were measured before and after dosing on both study days."	( Effect of cisapride on postprandial gastro-oesophageal reflux. Dent, J; Downton, J; Holloway, RH; Mitchell, B, 1989)	0.28
" 4-DAMP, atropine, and pirenzepine caused a progressive parallel rightward shift in the dose-response curve of pancreatic secretion for bethanechol."	( Subtypes of muscarinic receptors in pancreatic exocrine secretion in anesthetized dog. Chiba, S; Haruta, K; Homma, N; Horiuchi, A; Iwatsuki, K; Yonekura, H, 1989)	0.28
"The effects of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride and cimetidine during multiple dosing on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline was studied in nine healthy volunteers, five smokers and four non-smokers, in comparison with placebo treatment."	( Effects of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride and cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy subjects. Aoi, R; Ishioka, T; Ogata, H; Takeuchi, H; Yoshimura, N, 1989)	0.28
" Power increases, observed mainly in the alpha-1 and beta-2 bands, became decreases in several bands when the dosage was raised to 8 mg/kg."	( Effects of the antiparkinson drug budipine on EEG activity in unrestrained rats. Dimpfel, W; Menge, HG; Spüler, M, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response kinetics with four doses of bethanechol with and without somatostatin showed inhibition of a non-competitive type for gastric acid secretion and of a competitive type for antral motility with regard to amplitude."	( Effect of somatostatin on bethanechol-stimulated gastric acid secretion and gastric antral motility in dogs with gastric fistula. Andersen, D; Bech, K; Ladegaard, L, 1985)	0.27
" Serious adverse reactions necessitate a change in antiarrhythmic therapy, as opposed to lowering drug dosage to an ineffective level."	( Antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Recent advances and current status. Somberg, J, 1985)	0.27
" The data in this study show that ketanserin as an antihypertensive agent is as effective as prazosin, but in contrast requires no titration of dosage and better compliance can be expected with twice daily rather than three times daily dosing."	( Moderate essential hypertension control: a double-blind crossover study between a serotonin antagonist and a post-synaptic alpha-blocker. Fisher, R; Gruebel, B; Koehle, W; Rosenthal, J, 1986)	0.27
" Dosage adjustment of TZU-0460 is necessary in renal failure."	( Pharmacokinetics of TZU-0460, a new H2-receptor antagonist, in patients with impaired renal function. Hara, H; Hattori, N; Ishida, Y; Nakamura, S; Ohta, H; Satoh, S; Takabatake, T; Ushiogi, Y; Yamamoto, Y, 1986)	0.27
" In blood-perfused hindquarters of anaesthetized rats, pretreated with reserpine, pressor dose-response curves to norepinephrine and 5-HT were shifted to a higher dose range."	( Pharmacological profile of a new potent 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2) alpha 1-receptor antagonist. Beckmann, R; Gerbling, KP; Loge, O; Maass, B; Müller, B; Schneider, HH; Schröder, G; Schulz, BG; Seidelmann, D; Stürzebecher, CS, 1988)	0.27
" The kinetics and effects of ebastine 10 and 50 mg were studied after oral dosing in healthy subjects."	( The pharmacokinetics, antihistamine and concentration-effect relationship of ebastine in healthy subjects. Liminana, R; Meredith, PA; Reid, JL; Vincent, J, 1988)	0.27
" In rats single or repeated dosing with roxatidine acetate did not influence drug metabolising enzymes in the liver nor did the drug show antiandrogenic activity in long term animal studies."	( A review of the animal pharmacology of roxatidine acetate. Bickel, M; Herling, AW; Scholtholt, J, 1988)	0.27
"In a series of double-blind randomised studies in normal volunteers with continuous intragastric pH monitoring, the effects of different dosage regimens of roxatidine acetate, a new H2-receptor antagonist, were compared with placebo and ranitidine."	( The effects of roxatidine acetate on 24-hour intragastric acidity. Investigations in healthy volunteers and comparison with ranitidine and placebo. Kaufmann, D; Kempf, M; Merki, HS; Neumann, J; Röhmel, J; Scheurle, E; Walt, RP; Witzel, L, 1988)	0.27
" After 14 days' treatment with roxatidine acetate substantial reductions in ulcer sizes had been obtained, in addition to healing rates of 87 to 89%, with no significant differences between the dosage regimens."	( A comparison of roxatidine acetate 150 mg once daily and 75 mg twice daily in duodenal ulcer healing. Hentschel, E; Schütze, K, 1988)	0.27
" Therefore, the same dosage schedule as in uraemia may be applied in patients with dialysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists, including roxatidine, in chronic renal failure. Brockmeier, D; Lameire, N; Rosenkranz, B, 1988)	0.27
"In 10 healthy male volunteers a dose-response study was carried out with roxatidine acetate, 75, 150, 300, and 600 mg, and placebo on food-stimulated gastric acid secretion (intragastric titration (IGT]."	( Inhibition of food-stimulated acid secretion (intragastric titration) by roxatidine acetate. Dose-response study. Bonfils, S; Chen, WW; Vatier, J, 1988)	0.27
" In three double-blind randomized studies in normal volunteers the effects of different dosage regimens of roxatidine acetate were compared with placebo and ranitidine."	( Assessment of intragastric acidity in man: modern aspects, reproducibility of intragastric pH-monitoring, and pharmacodynamic results obtained with H2-receptor antagonists. Kaufmann, D; Kempf, M; Merki, HS; Muessig, V; Neumann, J; Roehmel, J; Scheurle, E; Walt, RP; Witzel, L, 1988)	0.27
"In a series of double-blind randomized studies in normal volunteers using continuous intragastric pH monitoring, the effects of different dosage regimens of roxatidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, were compared with placebo and ranitidine."	( The effects of roxatidine acetate (HOE-760) on 24-hour intragastric acidity in healthy volunteers: comparison with ranitidine and placebo. Kaufmann, D; Kempf, M; Merki, HS; Müssig, V; Neumann, J; Röhmel, J; Scheurle, E; Walt, RP; Witzel, L, 1988)	0.27
" At a dosing regimen of KET that inhibited the 5-HT-induced platelet shape change in platelet-rich plasma and the 5-HT-induced increase in perfusion pressure in isolated lungs, KET did not affect the elevation in lung weight or the increased accumulation of 125I-albumin in the lung tissue of MCTP-treated rats."	( Monocrotaline pyrrole-induced cardiopulmonary toxicity is not altered by metergoline or ketanserin. Ganey, PE; Hadley, KB; Roth, RA; Sprugel, KH, 1986)	0.27
" In the intact animal it may cause increases or decreases of blood pressure and in isolated blood vessels contraction or relaxation depending on the species and vascular bed studied, the route of administration and the dosage used."	( Serotonin and the blood vessel wall. Lüscher, TF; Vanhoutte, PM, 1986)	0.27
" After placebo dosing for 2 weeks, active drug was given double-blind in two 4-week phases."	( Ketanserin and prazosin: a comparison of antihypertensive and biochemical effects. Marwood, JF; Mennie, BA; Stokes, GS, 1986)	0.27
" This selectivity for 5-HT uptake was maintained after oral dosing for 14 days."	( Biochemical effects of the antidepressant paroxetine, a specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor. Johnson, AM; Nelson, DR; Thomas, DR, 1987)	0.27
"0 hour after dosing and the milk Cmax was 29."	( Excretion of loratadine in human breast milk. Affrime, MB; Hilbert, J; Perentesis, G; Radwanski, E; Symchowicz, S; Zampaglione, N, 1988)	0.27
" Each drug was administered for 6 weeks after a 1 week run-in period at a daily dosage of 30 mg for paroxetine or 60 mg for mianserin."	( Paroxetine in the treatment of depression. A double-blind multicenter study versus mianserin. Mertens, C; Pintens, H, 1988)	0.27
" 5-HT agonists stimulated [3H]inositol phosphate accumulation in a dose-related but biphasic manner and only the high-affinity component of the dose-response curve was sensitive to antagonists."	( 5-Hydroxytryptamine-stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in rat cerebral cortex slices: pharmacological characterization and effects of antidepressants. Kendall, DA; Nahorski, SR, 1985)	0.27
" The effects of REM parameters are correlated with the dosage and the plasma concentration of the substance."	( Effects of brofaremine (CGP 11 305A), a short-acting, reversible, and selective inhibitor of MAO-A on sleep, nocturnal penile tumescence and nocturnal hormonal secretion in three healthy volunteers. Benkert, O; Holsboer, F; Steiger, A, 1987)	0.27
" decreased responding to a level significantly below baseline, thus resulting in a biphasic dose-response curve."	( Anxiolytic-like action of the 3-PPP enantiomers in the Vogel conflict paradigm. Carlsson, A; Engel, JA; Hjorth, S, 1987)	0.27
"The effect of single and repeated dosing of paroxetine on the in vivo noradrenaline uptake process, as determined by tyramine pressor response tests, was evaluated in normal healthy subjects."	( A comparison of the effect of paroxetine and amitriptyline on the tyramine pressor response test. Hassan, SM; Turner, P; Wainscott, G, 1985)	0.27
"01); twice daily dosage appeared satisfactory."	( Ketanserin in essential hypertension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cameron, HA; Ramsay, LE, 1985)	0.27
" When a dose-response was determined by administering each dose in a single bolus injection, apomorphine and (+)-3-PPP produced dose-related inhibitions of fast-firing dopaminergic neurons, with the largest dose of each compound completely inhibiting nearly all cells tested."	( Effects of intraperitoneal administration of apomorphine and the isomers of 3-(1-propyl-3-piperidinyl)phenol on the firing activity of substantia nigra dopamine neurons: comparison of agonist efficacies and development of acute tolerance. Christoffersen, CL; Meltzer, LT, 1988)	0.27
" The dose-response curve of ifenprodil tartrate was shifted to the left by pre-incubation in calcium hopantenate."	( A possible mechanism on the potentiating vascular effect of coadministration of ifenprodil tartrate and calcium hopantenate: a study in the internal carotid artery. Honda, H; Irino, O; Iwata, T; Izumisawa, M; Matsuda, H; Shibuya, T; Shimura, H; Tsuji, H; Watanabe, Y, 1988)	0.27
" Based on these findings, pirmenol dosage adjustment will be required when pirmenol is given to patients concurrently receiving rifampin."	( Enhanced pirmenol elimination by rifampin. Cetnarowski, AB; Chang, T; Goldfarb, A; Lebsack, ME; Sedman, AJ; Stringer, KA, 1988)	0.27
" The favorable pharmacokinetics of pirmenol permit dosage at less frequent intervals than with procainamide, quinidine, disopyramide."	( Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of pirmenol. Reiter, MJ, 1988)	0.27
" Two potent, selective and competitive NMDA antagonists, cis-4-(phosphonomethyl)-2-piperidine-carboxylic acid (CGS 19755) and 4-(3-phosphonopropyl)-2-piperazine-carboxylic acid (CPP), were characterized in the gerbil ischemia model with respect to dose-response and time course effects."	( The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists CGS 19755 and CPP reduce ischemic brain damage in gerbils. Boast, CA; Etienne, PE; Gerhardt, SC; Lehmann, J; Liebman, JM; Pastor, G, 1988)	0.27
" Active treatment was given in low dosage (4 mg nocte)."	( Loperamide treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. Hovdenak, N, 1987)	0.27
"Delayed gastric emptying is supposed to affect glycemic control in diabetic patients by relative over dosing of insulin to blood glucose level due to delayed absorption of nutrients."	( [Effect of cisapride on delayed gastric emptying in diabetic patients]. Goto, Y; Hongo, M; Lin, YF; Okuyama, S; Satake, K; Toyota, T; Ujiie, H, 1988)	0.27
" Neither was any dose-response relationship noted."	( First human studies on the safety and antitussive activity of vadocaine hydrochloride. Karttunen, P; Männistö, PT; Tukiainen, H; Uusitupa, M, 1988)	0.27
" Its twice daily dosage schedule and demonstrated efficacy in suppression of ventricular ectopy suggest that it will be a valuable agent in the therapy of ventricular arrhythmias."	( Flecainide: a new agent for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. Grubb, BP; Tilley-Gray, B, 1986)	0.27
" Analysis of the data suggests that the dose-response relationship depends on age in a way that would be consistent with a shift in the dose-response curve with increasing age."	( Maturational age affects pirenperone dose-response pattern. Dillehay, M; Goodrich, C, 1987)	0.27
" In a similar study in beagle dogs, pirmenol was tolerated clinically at a dosage up to 30 mg/kg/day."	( Preclinical toxicology of pirmenol hydrochloride. de la Iglesia, FA; Martin, RA, 1987)	0.27
" The dosage was 200 or 250 mg (both 3 times/day) in 2 and 5 patients, respectively."	( Electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic effects of pirmenol in ventricular tachycardia. Cameron, J; Estes, NA; Gold, R; Haffajee, C; Mack, K; Marshall, M; Salem, DN, 1987)	0.27
" Pirmenol was administered in a 100 mg, 150 mg or 200 mg twice daily dosing schedule."	( Preliminary study of pirmenol in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. Algarra Vidal, FJ; Gimeno Gascon, JV, 1987)	0.27
" All patients not responding to treatment in the first hour were given a repeat dosage and observed for the following 3 hours."	( Treatment of postoperative gastrointestinal atony. Boghaert, A; de Coster, M; Dehertog, P; Michiels, G; Verlinden, M, 1987)	0.27
" Time course and dose-response studies of estradiol stimulation were carried out in ovariectomized animals and were consistent with a direct action for estrogen."	( Direct action of 17 beta-estradiol on mouse mammary ducts analyzed by sustained release implants and steroid autoradiography. Daniel, CW; Silberstein, GB; Strickland, P, 1987)	0.27
" The results of the study indicate that the tablet and suspension dosage forms of cisapride are bioequivalent to the reference solution."	( Bioavailability of three oral dosage forms of cisapride, a gastrointestinal stimulant agent. Barone, JA; Bierman, RH; Colaizzi, JL; Heykants, J; Huang, YC; Kerr, DA; Long, JF; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, 1987)	0.27
" Patients were initially treated orally in the hospital with 100 mg twice daily; dosage was titrated upward as needed at 4-day intervals to a maximal dose of 200 mg twice daily."	( Treatment of resistant ventricular tachycardia with flecainide acetate. Flecainide Ventricular Tachycardia Study Group. , 1986)	0.27
" Reducing the dosage abolished the arrhythmia."	( Exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia as a manifestation of flecainide toxicity. Follath, F; Hoffmann, A; Wenk, M, 1986)	0.27
" These adverse events were also dependent on dosing regimen."	( Classification by type of ventricular arrhythmia predicts frequency of adverse cardiac events from flecainide. Anderson, JL; Gentzkow, GD; Morganroth, J, 1986)	0.27
" Thirty patients were discharged from the hospital receiving flecainide at a mean (+/- SD) dosage of 315 +/- 76 mg/d and 26 of these patients attained a mean trough plasma drug level of 567 +/- 254 ng/mL."	( Flecainide in the treatment of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Chapman, PD; Dougherty, AH; Kim, SS; Lal, R; Naccarelli, GV; Rinkenberger, RL; Ruffy, R; Schechtman, KB; Troup, PJ, 1986)	0.27
" Only one of eight postinfarction dogs tested remained noninducible throughout the pirmenol dosing schedule."	( Electrophysiologic actions of pirmenol in dogs with recent myocardial infarction. DiCarlo, LA; Hassan, T; Lucchesi, BR; Lynch, JJ; Montgomery, DG, 1986)	0.27
" After 6 weeks of treatment with a daily dosage of 600 mg femoxetine or 150 mg amitriptyline, no statistically significant differences between the 2 treatment groups were observed, either when using the HDS or the clinical global assessment scale."	( Femoxetine and amitriptyline in general practice: a randomized double-blind group comparison. Jeppesen, K; Skrumsager, BK, 1986)	0.27
" The present experiments extend these findings by providing dose-response data on the effects of scopolamine and Ditran on neocortical activity in relation to behavior in the rat."	( Joint cholinergic-serotonergic control of neocortical and hippocampal electrical activity in relation to behavior: effects of scopolamine, ditran, trifluoperazine and amphetamine. Stewart, DJ; Vanderwolf, CH, 1986)	0.27
" The dose-response curves for the phenethylamine hallucinogens were shifted significantly to the right and to a greater degree than were those for the indolealkylamine hallucinogens."	( The 5HT2 antagonist pirenperone reverses disruption of FR-40 by hallucinogenic drugs. Mokler, DJ; Rech, RH; Stoudt, KW, 1985)	0.27
" It can be given either intravenously or orally and its pharmacokinetic properties allow relatively long (12 hours) dosing intervals with oral administration."	( Flecainide. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Heel, RC; Holmes, B, 1985)	0.27
" The study consisted of an initial 1-week, placebo-controlled, baseline period followed by two 12-day, randomized, crossover, double-blind treatment periods with incremental dosage and 1 month of placebo between drug periods."	( Efficacy of flecainide in the management of ventricular arrhythmias: comparative study with amiodarone. Bertolasi, CA; Dubner, SJ; Elencwajg, BD; Mendelzon, R; Palma, S; Ramos, A, 1985)	0.27
" Plasma concentrations increased linearly with the cumulative flecainide dosage in both groups."	( Hemodynamic dose-response effects of flecainide in acute myocardial infarction with and without left ventricular decompensation. Frais, MA; Hafizullah, M; Jackson, N; Reynolds, G; Silke, B; Taylor, SH; Verma, SP, 1985)	0.27
" The elimination half-life ranges from 12-27 hours in patients with normal renal function, allowing convenient dosing regimens of 100-200 mg twice daily in most patients."	( Flecainide: a new prototype antiarrhythmic agent. Anderson, JL; Nappi, JM, )	0.13
" Flecainide is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration and has a 13-hour elimination half-life, allowing for twice-daily dosing regimens."	( Flecainide: a new class Ic antidysrhythmic. Smith, GH, 1985)	0.27
"Flecainide was initially prescribed at a dose of 200 mg twice daily, but after early toxicity in patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT), the dosage was reduced to 100 mg twice daily."	( Flecainide: long-term treatment using a reduced dosing schedule. Flowers, D; Miura, D; O'Gallagher, D; Somberg, JC; Torres, V, 1985)	0.27
" The above-mentioned cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of CP-46,665 were dependent on dosage and incubation time."	( Cytotoxicity of the alkyl-linked lipoidal amine 4-aminomethyl-1-[2,3-(di-n-decyloxy)-n-propyl]-4-phenylpiperidine (CP-46,665) in cells from human tumors and leukemias. Berdel, WE; Fink, U; Rastetter, J; Reichert, A; Schick, HD; Ulm, K, 1985)	0.27
" At the dosage administered, propranolol alone had no antiarrhythmic effect."	( Antiarrhythmic therapy with flecainide in combination and comparison with propranolol. Scheininger, M; Stern, H; Theisen, F; Theisen, K, 1985)	0.27
" The influence of changes in urinary pH on the pharmacokinetics of flecainide will contribute to the normal variability in flecainide serum concentrations seen in patients and should be considered in patients who have adverse reactions to the drug at low dosage or who fail to respond at high doses."	( Flecainide pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: the influence of urinary pH. Johnston, A; Turner, P; Warrington, S, 1985)	0.27
" Midazolam (10(-7)-10(-5) M) potentiated responses to all three agonists to a similar extent with a shift to the left of the dose-response curve."	( Modulation of the responses to the GABA-mimetics, THIP and piperidine-4-sulphonic acid, by agents which interact with benzodiazepine receptors. An electrophysiological study on cultured mouse neurones. Jensen, MS; Lambert, JD, 1984)	0.27
" None of the terfenadein dosage schedules up to 200 mg tid caused sedation significantly different from that of placebo."	( Clinical investigation of terfenadine, a non-sedating antihistamine. Brandon, ML; Weiner, M, 1980)	0.26
" Ketotifen in the higher dosage caused a slight reduction in salbutamol usage and a modest improvement in breathing in patients not already receiving inhaled corticosteroids."	( Ketotifen in adult asthma. Dyson, AJ; Mackay, AD, 1980)	0.26
" Each dopamine antagonist displaced the dose-response curve for dopamine-induced suppression of prolactin release to the right in a parallel manner."	( Chlorpromazine, haloperidol, metoclopramide and domperidone release prolactin through dopamine antagonism at low concentrations but paradoxically inhibit prolactin release at high concentrations. Besser, GM; Delitala, G; Grossman, A; Stubbs, WA; Yeo, T, 1980)	0.26
") elicited yawning in rats and the dose-response curves of all 3 compounds showed a bell-shaped form."	( Effects of apomorphine, TL-99 and 3-PPP on yawning in rats. Boissard, CG; Delini-Stula, A; Mogilnicka, E, 1984)	0.27
" If side effects intervene that may cause continued therapy to be intolerable, changing the antiarrhythmic agent, as opposed to decreasing the dosage to an ineffective range, may be appropriate."	( New directions in antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Somberg, JC, 1984)	0.27
" In po dosed bile-cannulated rats, 57% was excreted with the bile within 24 hr, whereas about 30 to 40% of the biliary radioactivity was subjected to enterohepatic circulation."	( Excretion and biotransformation of ketanserin after oral and intravenous administration in rats and dogs. Hendrickx, J; Heykants, J; Hurkmans, R; Knaeps, F; Lauwers, W; Meuldermans, W; Swysen, E; Woestenborghs, R, )	0.13
" Ketotifen markedly differs in this respect, inhibiting according to a bell-shaped dose-response curve and at concentrations closely comparable to that of DSCG."	( Inhibition of allergen-mediated histamine release from human cells by ketotifen and oxatomide. Comparison with other H1 antihistamines. Radermecker, M, 1981)	0.26
" The likelihood of side effects may be decreased by using this dosage regimen."	( Therapy of angina pectoris with low-dose perhexiline. Horgan, JH; O'Callaghan, WG; Teo, KK, )	0.13
" Loperamide, in the dosage used in this study, appears to have no significant effect on the course of acute gastro-enteritis in early childhood."	( Loperamide in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in early childhood. Report of a two centre, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Broadhead, R; Gangal, RN; Hendrickse, RG; Jaswal, OP; Owens, JR, 1981)	0.26
" Atropine caused a dose-dependent rightward shift in the dose-response curves of inhibitory and excitatory effects of the two muscarinic agonists."	( Pharmacologic identification, activation and antagonism of two muscarine receptor subtypes in the lower esophageal sphincter. Gilbert, R; Goyal, RK; Rattan, S, 1984)	0.27
"In a randomized double-blind cross-over trial, the effectiveness of lorcainide at a dosage of three times 100 mg/d by mouth was compared with that of a placebo for the treatment of subjectively disturbing stable ventricular extrasystoles (VES), using 48-hour continuous ECG monitoring."	( [Lorcainide in stable ventricular extrasystole. A double-blind study with 48-hour continuous ECG recording]. Buss, J; Geiger, S; Gores, D; Heene, DL; Stegaru, B, 1984)	0.27
" (10 mg) do not affect the pressor dose-response curve to phenylephrine."	( Antihypertensive properties of ketanserin (R 41 468). Janssen, PA; Symoens, J; Van Nueten, JM; Vanhoutte, PM, 1983)	0.27
" Agonist-antagonist interactions were studied by pretreating the vessels with methysergide, ketanserin and phentolamine and then establishing the dose-response curves to 5-HT or noradrenaline (NA)."	( Tryptaminergic receptors in the bovine pulmonary vasculature: effects of ketanserin. Eyre, P; Ogunbiyi, PO, 1984)	0.27
"Ketanserin, a new 5-hydroxy-tryptamine antagonist, was given at three different dosage levels (double-blind, randomized) in a dose finding study for 2 months to 31 patients with mild to moderately severe essential hypertension."	( Ketanserin in hypertension. Early clinical evaluation and dose finding study of a new 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Andrén, L; Dahlöf, B; Eggertsen, R; Hansson, L; Svensson, A, 1983)	0.27
" Twice-daily dosing with 100 to 200 mg usually provides effective therapy."	( A proposal for the clinical use of flecainide. Anderson, JL; Crevey, BJ; Stewart, JR, 1984)	0.27
" For patients with ventricular premature complexes, the half-life is longer (mean 20 hours), and twice-daily oral dosage is effective."	( Metabolism of flecainide. Conard, GJ; Ober, RE, 1984)	0.27
"Symptom scores, stool data, and the transit of a standard, solid meal were measured in 28 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) during baseline conditions and after five weeks of treatment with placebo and loperamide, given as a flexible dosage regime in the form of a double-blind, cross-over trial."	( Role of loperamide and placebo in management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Barends, D; Cann, PA; Holdsworth, CD; Read, NW, 1984)	0.27
" It can be given either intravenously or orally, and its pharmacokinetic properties allow relatively long (12 hours) dosing intervals with oral administration."	( Lorcainide. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Brogden, RN; Eiriksson, Ce, 1984)	0.27
"Measurement of drug levels is becoming increasingly popular to optimise the dosage of various drugs."	( Reliability of antiarrhythmic drug plasma concentration monitoring. Follath, F; Ganzinger, U; Schuetz, E, )	0.13
" A single dosage (0."	( Synthetic immunomodulators for prevention of fatal infections in a burned guinea pig model. Alexander, JW; Gonce, SJ; Loose, LD; Miskell, P; Stinnett, JD; Tenney, CL, 1983)	0.27
" It may therefore be possible to reduce the incidence of these complications by adapting dosage to the patient's clinical state and to the serum drug levels."	( [Flecainide: a new antiarrhythmic agent]. Coumel, P; Leclercq, JF, 1983)	0.27
" All drugs have been shown to inhibit specifically the locomotor activity potentiating effect of LSD in a low dosage range (0."	( Effects of atypical antidepressants on LSD potentiated apomorphine hypermotility in rats. Fink, H; Gold, R; Morgenstern, R, 1980)	0.26
" It is metabolized through the liver, and patients with significant liver disease will require dosage reduction."	( Pharmacology of lorcainide. Keefe, DL, 1984)	0.27
"0 mg/kg); dose-response curves for LY136596 were shifted to the right in a parallel manner by increasing doses of LY136595."	( Quantitative analysis of the interaction between the agonist and antagonist isomers of picenadol (LY150720) on electric shock titration in the squirrel monkey. Carter, RB; Dykstra, LA, 1984)	0.27
" For example, M-methyl-4-piperidinol benzylate applied in a wide dosage range induced motor hyperactivity without affecting the short-term memory, whereas tropine phenylcyclopentylglycolate provoked motor hyperactivity and memory disorders at equal doses."	( [Comparative study of the effect of 3 M-cholinergic blockaders on memory and motor activity in rats]. Sprints, AM; Vinogradov, VV; Zhirova, ND, )	0.13
"Blood pressure and heart rate, supine and standing, were studied in patients with essential hypertension during 8 weeks of oral therapy with two dosage schedules of ketanserin, 40 mg once and twice daily."	( Ketanserin, a novel 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist: monotherapy in essential hypertension. Berglund, G; Hedner, T; Persson, B, 1983)	0.27
" Lever pressing for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) was attenuated in a dose-related fashion by TL-99 and 3-PPP, with relatively shallow dose-response relationships."	( Avoidance and ICSS behavioral models dissociate TL-99 and 3-PPP from dopamine receptor antagonists. Fenton, HM; Gerhardt, S; Hall, NR; Liebman, JM; Neale, R; Noreika, L, 1983)	0.27
" Three dosage levels were tested: 15, 30 and 60 mg/a day in 3 divided doses."	( Pilot study of a specific serotonergic antagonist, pirenperone, in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Ansseau, M; Doumont, A; Gelders, Y; Thiry, D, )	0.13
" Only minor quantitative differences were observed between intravenously and orally dosed animals, and between male and female rats."	( Excretion and metabolism of lorcainide in rats, dogs and man. Hendrickx, J; Heykants, J; Hurkmans, R; Lauwers, W; Meuldermans, W; Swysen, E; Thijssen, J, )	0.13
") was administered at 30 min intervals on four experimental days: no pretreatment; after prazosin 1 mg/kg and infusion; after pharmacological 'total' autonomic effector block (TAB) and with repeated three point methoxamine dose-response lines."	( Haemodynamic response to ketanserin in rabbits with Page hypertension: comparison with prazosin. Angus, JA; Wright, CE, 1983)	0.27
" Placebo was then reinstituted and after arrhythmia had recurred, the patients were discharged on the effective dosage to return to the clinic for evaluation 7 and 14 days later."	( Flecainide dose-response relations in stable ventricular arrhythmias. Duff, HJ; Roden, DM; Siddoway, LA; Woosley, RL, 1984)	0.27
" Minor dosage adjustments were made during early outpatient therapy in 5 patients."	( Experience with electrophysiologically guided therapy of ventricular tachycardia with flecainide: summary of long-term follow-up. Anderson, JL, 1984)	0.27
" These data suggest that renal disease should not alter either the dose or the dosing interval of lorcainide."	( Lorcainide kinetics and protein binding in patients with end-stage renal disease. Gupta, RK; King, P; Shapiro, RS; Simon, V; Somani, P; Stockard, H, 1984)	0.27
" 3 On a dosage basis, encainide was seven times, lorcainide fourteen times and ORG 6001 twice as potent as lignocaine in raising VFT."	( Antifibrillatory efficacy of encainide, loracainide and ORG 6001 compared with lignocaine in isolated hearts of rabbits and guinea-pigs. Almotrefi, AA; Baker, JB, 1981)	0.26
" The extended half-life of this new agent (about 20 hours in cardiac patients) may allow a convenient twice-daily dosage schedule."	( Use of flecainide acetate in the treatment of premature ventricular contractions. Abate, C; Abitbol, H; Beilis, P; Califano, JE; Castellanos, H, 1983)	0.27
" Its favorable pharmacokinetics with an average plasma half-time of about 20 hours allows in most patients twice daily dosing (Duff et al."	( Flecainide-induced aggravation of ventricular tachycardia. Hohnloser, S; Hust, MH; Just, H; Wollschläger, H; Zeiher, A, 1983)	0.27
"Halofuginone lactate, given once orally at a dosage rate of 1,2 mg/kg body mass on the 1st, 3rd or 5th days of fever, resulted in the recovery of only 1 out of 5 splenectomized cattle."	( Chemotherapy of Theileria parva lawrencei infections in cattle with halofuginone. De Vos, AJ; Roos, JA, 1983)	0.27
" Domperidone was taken at a dosage of 10 mg tablets 4-times daily."	( Use of the peripheral dopamine antagonist, domperidone, in the management of gastro-intestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Milo, R, 1980)	0.26
" Twice-daily dosing (average daily dose 436 mg) completely suppressed all ventricular ectopic activity in five of 11 patients; average suppression in the 11 patients was 96."	( Suppression of ventricular ectopic depolarizations by flecainide acetate, a new antiarrhythmic agent. Asinger, RW; Conard, GJ; Granrud, G; Haugland, JM; Hodges, M; Krejci, J; Mikell, FL, 1982)	0.26
" Combination of the two drugs permitted rapid increase in bromocriptine dosage from 22."	( Bromocriptine and domperidone in the treatment of Parkinson disease. Agid, Y; Illas, A; Lhermitte, F; Quinn, N, 1981)	0.26
") dosing and there was a prolonged increase during 8 min."	( [Influence of 3-(3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzamido) piperidine (KU-54) on gastric mucosal blood flow (author's transl)]. Abe, Y; Irikura, T, 1980)	0.26
" Two oral dosage forms were studied: 10-mg tablets and a 10-mg/ml oral solution."	( On the pharmacokinetics of domperidone in animals and man. IV. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous domperidone and its bioavailability in man following intramuscular, oral and rectal administration. Hendriks, R; Heykants, J; Meuldermans, W; Michiels, M; Reyntjens, H; Scheygrond, H, 1981)	0.26
"Blood pressure and pulse rate were studied in 20 Parkinsonian patients on no treatment, and during treatment with bromocriptine (mean dosage 148 mg/day) as the sole anti-Parkinsonian therapy."	( Bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease: a study of cardiovascular effects. Agid, Y; Illas, A; Lhermitte, F; Quinn, N, 1981)	0.26
"Stimulation of complex dosage regimens for drugs with multicompartmental kinetics is described using the method of separate exponentials."	( The method of separate exponentials: a simple aid to devising intravenous drug-loading regimens. Bjornsson, TD; Desjardins, RE; Hammill, SC; Pritchett, EL; Shand, DG, 1981)	0.26
" After acquisition, the quipazine and ketanserin dose-response curves were found to be orderly and reproducible."	( Neurochemical and behavioral evidence that quipazine-ketanserin discrimination is mediated by serotonin2A receptor. Barrett, RJ; Sanders-Bush, E; Smith, RL, 1995)	0.29
" produced a rightward parallel shift of the dose-response curves for AVP in a dose-dependent manner."	( OPC-21268 antagonizes arginine vasopressin-induced vasoconstrictor response in the spinally-anesthetized dog. Chihara, T; Mori, T; Nakamura, S; Onogawa, T; Tominaga, M; Yabuuchi, Y; Yamamura, Y; Yamashita, T, 1995)	0.29
" SR 48968 (10(-6) M shifted the [Pro9]SP dose-response curve but did not modify the septide dose-response curve."	( Involvement of septide-sensitive tachykinin receptors in inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in the rat urinary bladder. Beaujouan, JC; Glowinski, J; Saffroy, M; Torrens, Y, 1995)	0.29
" This article discusses the relevant clinical considerations in switching neuroleptics and proposes practical guidelines on issues such as dosing and course of therapy with risperidone."	( Clinical considerations in the use of risperidone. Remington, GJ, 1993)	0.29
" Agents were compared over dosage ranges that produced maximal increases in QTc interval and monophasic action potential duration (MAPD)."	( Comparative assessment of ibutilide, D-sotalol, clofilium, E-4031, and UK-68,798 in a rabbit model of proarrhythmia. Brunden, MN; Buchanan, LV; Gibson, JK; Kabell, G, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response analysis of receptor occupancy revealed risperidone demonstrated higher binding affinity for 5-HT2 than for D2, while the reverse was observed with haloperidol."	( In vivo dopamine-D2 and serotonin-5-HT2 receptor binding study of risperidone and haloperidol. Kido, H; Mori, H; Sakamoto, H; Shiba, K; Sumiyoshi, T; Suzuki, K; Urasaki, K; Yamaguchi, N; Yokogawa, K, 1994)	0.29
" Risperidone was found to have a curvilinear dose-response curve with an optimum effect of 4 mg day on the negative, anxious/depressive and cognitive factors and with an optimum effect of 8 mg day on the positive and excited factors."	( Changes in single symptoms and separate factors of the schizophrenic syndrome after treatment with risperidone or haloperidol. Lindström, E; von Knorring, L, 1994)	0.29
" Risperidone is 4-10 times less potent than haloperidol as a central D2 antagonist in rats and it differs from haloperidol by the following characteristics: predominant 5-HT2 antagonism; LSD antagonism; effects on sleep; smooth dose-response curves for D2 antagonism; synergism of combined 5-HT2/D2 antagonism; pronounced effects on amphetamine-induced oxygen consumption; increased social interaction; and pronounced effects on dopamine (DA) turnover."	( Survey on the pharmacodynamics of the new antipsychotic risperidone. Awouters, FH; Dugovic, C; Leysen, JE; Meert, TF; Megens, AA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schotte, A, 1994)	0.29
" At a dosage of 4 to 8 mg/day, risperidone is comparable to 10 mg/day of haloperidol."	( A risk-benefit assessment of risperidone in schizophrenia. Curtis, VA; Kerwin, RW, 1995)	0.29
" Recent research has underscored the need for optimum dosing strategies."	( Antipsychotic medication in the treatment of schizophrenia. Kane, JM, 1995)	0.29
" In patients in whom low-to-moderate dosage is effective, there should be fewer and less severe adverse effects with risperidone than with haloperidol."	( Risperidone: review and assessment of its role in the treatment of schizophrenia. Cardoni, AA, 1995)	0.29
" In anaesthetized guinea-pigs, RS 39604 antagonized the contractile effect of 5-HT in the proximal colon by producing parallel, dextral displacement of the dose-response curve to 5-HT."	( RS 39604: a potent, selective and orally active 5-HT4 receptor antagonist. Bonhaus, DW; Clark, RD; Eglen, RM; Hegde, SS; Johnson, LG; Leung, E, 1995)	0.29
" Changes in the dosage of cisapride should be further evaluated."	( The effects of cisapride on the quality and tolerance of colonic lavage: a double-blind randomized study. Berner, JS; Korsten, MA; Rajendran, SK; Reiser, JR; Rosman, AS, 1995)	0.29
" Thus, we have compared the actions of the selective neurokinin 1 (NK1) (CP-99,994) and neurokinin 2 (NK2) (SR-48,968) receptor antagonists against dose-response curves (DRC) induced by intravenously administered substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), neurokinin B (NKB), beta Ala8-NKA (4-10),Sar9-Met(O2)11SP, and single dose (intravenous) challenge with resiniferatoxin (RTX), a capsaicin-like sensory neurotoxin, leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and antigen."	( NK1 and NK2 receptors mediate tachykinin and resiniferatoxin-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs. Champion, E; Foulon, DM; Jones, TR; Masson, P; Rodger, IW, 1993)	0.29
" Oxotremorine generated dose-response curves that were similar in both the circular and longitudinal vectors and intermediate to those previously reported for carbachol and aceclidine."	( The effect of muscarinic agonists and selective receptor subtype antagonists on the contractile response of the isolated rhesus monkey ciliary muscle. Gabelt, BT; Kaufman, PL; Poyer, JF, 1994)	0.29
" The antiischemic and antiarrhythmic dose-response curves were superimposable, suggesting a common mechanism of action."	( Attenuation by R 56865, a novel cytoprotective drug, of regional myocardial ischemia- and reperfusion-induced electrocardiographic disturbances in anesthetized rabbits. De Courtois, F; John, GW; Le Grand, B; Pouget, G; Verscheure, Y, 1995)	0.29
" As in a pilot study with six patients (CLCR < or = 17 ml min-1) the recommended dosage regimen (75 mg 48 h-1) was unable to maintain gastric pH > 4 for more than 6 h, daily nocturnal intake of 75 mg roxatidine acetate appears appropriate to elevate gastric pH > 4 for a sufficient period of time."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of roxatidine in patients with renal insufficiency. Gladziwa, U; Klotz, U; Sieberth, HG; Wagner, S, 1995)	0.29
"To determine the stability of cisapride in a liquid dosage form stored in plastic bottles at 2 temperatures."	( Stability of cisapride in a liquid dosage form at two temperatures. Hipple, TF; Morosco, RS; Nahata, MC, 1995)	0.29
"Prosidol, a new Russian narcotic analgesic, was used in various dosage forms (buccal and oral tablets, injection solution) in 113 cancer patients for the treatment of chronic pain, as a component of total anesthesia, and for postoperative analgesia."	( [First experience in the use of a new Russian narcotic analgesic prosidol in oncology]. Beresnev, VA; Loseva, NA; Novikov, GA; Osipova, NA; Prokhorov, BM; Smolina, TA; Vetsheva, MS; Zemskaia, SIu, )	0.13
" Group A patients took nearly the maximum dosage of cisapride tablets allowed during follow-up (3."	( Cisapride in chronic idiopathic constipation: can the colon be re-educated? Bavarian Constipation Study Group. Müller-Lissner, SA, 1995)	0.29
"To extend and confirm previous data, we examined the effects of raloxifene on the proximal tibia of ovariectomized rats, aged 6 months, longitudinally and cross-sectionally by computed tomography (pQCT) and then compared the effects to those of orally dosed estrogen."	( Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of raloxifene effects on tibiae from ovariectomized aged rats. Bryant, HU; Kim, J; Sato, M; Short, LL; Slemenda, CW, 1995)	0.29
" This suggests that remifentanil may not need to be dosed according to body weight in adult patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil (GI87084B) and its major metabolite (GI90291) in patients undergoing elective inpatient surgery. Hoke, JF; Hug, CC; Muir, KT; Sebel, PS; Westmoreland, CL, 1993)	0.29
" The measured reduction in dopamine D2 receptor density after EEDQ was of the same magnitude as the reduction in receptor number predicted from the EEDQ induced shift in the dose-response curve of the full dopamine D2 receptor agonist NPA."	( A high dose of EEDQ reduces pituitary dopamine D2 receptor density and the prolactin suppressive potency of agonists. Ekman, A; Eriksson, E, 1993)	0.29
" Although the 6-hour hemodialysis procedure starting 4 hours after dosing eliminated 10% of the oral dose, the terminal half-life and the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve did not differ significantly between the hemodialysis and the nonhemodialysis patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of orally administered levocabastine in patients with renal insufficiency. Heykants, J; Huang, ML; Stephen, A; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R; Zazgornik, J, 1993)	0.29
"We determined the possible benefits of a new opioid, trefentanil, relative to fentanyl and alfentanil using high-resolution pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and computer simulations of clinical dosing scenarios."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling in drug development: application to the investigational opioid trefentanil. Dyck, JB; Lemmens, HJ; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR, 1994)	0.29
" Finally, we used computer simulations to predict offset of opioid effects of trefentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil when given in different dosing schemes."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling in drug development: application to the investigational opioid trefentanil. Dyck, JB; Lemmens, HJ; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR, 1994)	0.29
"We suggest that high-resolution pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies and computer simulations of clinical dosing scenarios may have significant usefulness in appreciating differences between new and established drugs in early phase I studies."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling in drug development: application to the investigational opioid trefentanil. Dyck, JB; Lemmens, HJ; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR, 1994)	0.29
" The results of the trial are compared with other trials of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in this patient group and the possible reasons for the lack of a clear dose-response relationship are discussed."	( Brofaromine in non-endogenous major depressed inpatients--results of a preliminary dose-finding trial versus tranylcypromine. Bellaire, J; Heimann, H; Laux, G; Möller, HJ; Volz, HP, 1994)	0.29
" In experiment 1, steers were dosed with 0, 25, or 50 micrograms."	( Effects of slaframine and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4DAMP) on pancreatic exocrine secretion in the bovine. Croom, WJ; Hagler, WM; Harmon, DL; Krehbiel, CR; St Jean, G; Walker, JA, 1994)	0.29
" In its presence, the dose-response curve for RP 67580 was dose-dependently shifted to the left."	( The glycine B receptor partial agonist, (+)-HA966, enhances induction of antinociception by RP 67580 and CP-99,994. Millan, MJ; Seguin, L, 1994)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetics of carebastine were linear and dose independent in the dosage range studied."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ebastine in children. Simons, FE; Simons, KJ; Watson, WT, 1993)	0.29
" Twelve healthy subjects received a single 20 mg dose of ebastine on day 2 of a multiple oral dosing regimen of either cimetidine (400 mg three times daily and 800 mg in the evening on the day preceding ebastine administration and 400 mg four times daily on the 2 following days) or placebo in a randomised cross-over design."	( Cimetidine does not influence the metabolism of the H1-receptor antagonist ebastine to its active metabolite carebastine. Breimer, DD; Bruno, R; Cohen, AF; Reinhoudt, JF; Schoemaker, HC; Van Rooij, J, 1993)	0.29
" Cisapride, at the dosage given, confers only modest benefit."	( Small bowel motility following major intra-abdominal surgery: the effects of opiates and rectal cisapride. Benson, MJ; Castillo, FD; Deeks, JJ; Roberts, JP; Rogers, J; Williams, NS; Wingate, DL, 1994)	0.29
"Randomized, double-blind, parallel, dose-response study."	( Picenadol in a large multicenter dental pain study. Brunelle, RL; Cooper, SA; Desjardins, PJ; Gallegos, LT; Gaston, GW; George, RE; Goldstein, DJ; Jeffers, GE; Reynolds, DC, )	0.13
" These effects occurred with litoxetine blood concentrations ranging from 3 to 7 ng ml-1 with the 10 mg dosage and from 8 to 18 ng ml-1 with the 25 mg dosage."	( EEG profile of litoxetine after single and repeated administration in healthy volunteers. Bianchetti, G; Court, LA; Dubruc, C; Morselli, PL; Patat, A; Rosenzweig, P; Thébault, JJ; Trocherie, S, 1994)	0.29
" The NK1 antagonist (+/-)-CP96345 was found to cause, at a maximally tolerated dose of 9 mumol/kg, an approximate 10-fold rightward shift of the dose-response curves for selective NK1 agonists substance P (SP), [Sar9,Met(O2)11]SP and Ac-[Arg6,Sar9,Met(O2)11]SP6-11 without altering responses to selective NK2 agonists neurokinin A (NKA), [Nle10]NKA4-10 or [beta-Ala8]NKA4-10."	( Differential blockade by tachykinin NK1 and NK2 receptor antagonists of bronchoconstriction induced by direct-acting agonists and the indirect-acting mimetics capsaicin, serotonin and 2-methyl-serotonin in the anesthetized guinea pig. Buckner, CK; Campbell, J; Dea, D; Krell, RD; Lengel, D; Liberati, N; Miller, S; Shenvi, A; Stinson-Fisher, C, 1993)	0.29
"The aim of this study was to determine the optimal dosage regimen of cisapride for the treatment of idiopathic gastroparesis."	( The effect of different dosage schedules of cisapride on gastric emptying in idiopathic gastroparesis. Barbara, L; Corbelli, C; Corinaldesi, R; Marengo, M; Monetti, N; Rea, E; Stanghellini, V; Tosetti, C, 1993)	0.29
"100 mg kg-1 and with a dosage interval of 12 hours should improve pulmonary function."	( Comparison of three metrenperone dosage regimens inhibiting the 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced pulmonary dysfunction in cattle. Amory, H; Desmecht, DJ; Lekeux, PM; Linden, AS; Rollin, FA, 1993)	0.29
" Conversely, SR-48,968 antagonized the bronchoconstrictor response to Nle10-NKA[4-10], right-shifting the dose-response curve by 2 log units, but had no effect on Sar9, Met(O2)11-SP-induced bronchoconstriction."	( Tachykinin receptor antagonists inhibit hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. Alger, LE; Garland, A; Gitter, B; Howbert, JJ; Jordan, JE; Kao, BM; Leff, AR; Necheles, J; Rodger, IW; Solway, J, 1993)	0.29
" Gallbladder contractility, measured in vitro in response to CCK, decreased 23% in animals on the 1% cholesterol diet; cisapride restored the CCK dose-response curve to normal."	( Cisapride improves gallbladder contractility and bile lipid composition in an animal model of gallstone disease. Shaffer, EA; Xu, QW, 1993)	0.29
" Our results suggest that brofaromine at the clinically used dosage of 150 mg/day does indeed inhibit 5-HT uptake, as evidenced by measurements of 3H-paroxetine binding to platelets."	( Serotonin uptake inhibition by the monoamine oxidase inhibitor brofaromine. Feldtrauer, JJ; Germer, M; Graf, T; Howald, H; Waldmeier, PC, 1993)	0.29
" stephensi Liston, and Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) using a dose-response testing procedure on human volunteers."	( Laboratory evaluation of repellents against four anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and two phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Coleman, RE; Glass, JA; Laughinghouse, A; Perkins, PV; Robert, LL; Roberts, LW; Seeley, DC; Wirtz, RA, 1993)	0.29
" The dosage of cisapride ranges from 5mg 3 times daily to 20mg twice daily."	( A risk-benefit assessment of cisapride in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Coremans, G; Janssens, J; Tack, J, 1995)	0.29
" Early evening or bedtime dosing with roxatidine 150 mg resulted in similar 4- to 8-week rates of duodenal ulcer healing."	( Double-blind, randomized trial of roxatidine 150 mg in the early evening versus bedtime administration in the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer. Bianchi Porro, G; Canali, A; Lazzaroni, M, 1995)	0.29
", approximately 35% [CR+PR] in unselected patients), although dosage regimens of the new antiestrogens are higher than the 20 mg tamoxifen required daily."	( Alternate antiestrogens and approaches to the prevention of breast cancer. Jordan, VC, 1995)	0.29
" R56865 was given before ischemia and with the onset of reperfusion, applying different dosing schedules, including an initial loading dose."	( R56865 is antifibrillatory in reperfused ischemic guinea-pig hearts, even when given only during reperfusion. Guttmann, I; Mozes, A; Scheufler, E; Wilffert, B, 1995)	0.29
" Further studies are needed to evaluate the most effective dosage regimen for the treatment of constipation and to compare the efficacy and cost-efficiency of cisapride with those of conventional therapy."	( Cisapride for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation. Beckwith, JV; Gardner, VY; Heyneman, CA, 1995)	0.29
" Therefore, it is difficult to accurately compare the ETA activity of selective ETA receptor antagonists (BQ 123 and BMS 182874) with mixed ETA/ETB antagonists (SB 209670 and bosentan) on the cumulative dose-response curve to ET-1."	( Effect of endothelin antagonists with or without BQ 788 on ET-1 responses in pithed rats. Brazdil, R; Brown, TJ; Flynn, DA; Roach, AG; Sargent, CA, 1995)	0.29
" dosing with responses returning to control by 16 hr, indicative of long duration receptor blockade."	( LY353433, a potent, orally effective, long-acting 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: comparison to cisapride and RS23597-190. Bloomquist, W; Calligaro, DA; Cohen, I; Cohen, ML; Schaus, JM; Susemichel, AD; Thompson, DC, 1996)	0.29
" In experiment 1, a dose-response curve was performed."	( Vesamicol, an acetylcholine uptake blocker in presynaptic vesicles, suppresses rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the rat. Jimenez-Anguiano, A; Salin-Pascual, RJ, 1995)	0.29
" Airway hyperresponsiveness was evidenced by significant shifts to the left of dose-response curves for intravenous acetylcholine (ACh) without a change in maximum responses to ACh."	( The tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist SR 48968 inhibits citric acid-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs. Advenier, C; Emonds-Alt, X; Girard, V; Yavo, JC, 1996)	0.29
" Five weeks of oral dosing confirmed that ethynyl estradiol, tamoxifen, and raloxifene are potent inhibitors of the loss in volumetric bone mineral density (BMD, mg/cc) induced by ovariectomy, as measured by computed tomography."	( Raloxifene, tamoxifen, nafoxidine, or estrogen effects on reproductive and nonreproductive tissues in ovariectomized rats. Bryant, HU; Rippy, MK; Sato, M, 1996)	0.29
"1 microM), shifted the dose-response curve for muscarine-induced adrenaline secretion to the right."	( Muscarinic receptor subtypes mediating catecholamine secretion and increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in adrenal chromaffin cells of the guinea pig. Asano, T; Ito, S; Nakazato, Y; Ohta, T; Otsuguro, K, 1995)	0.29
"Twenty-four patients with healed duodenal ulcer were dosed according to a balanced incomplete-block design, with two of the following regimens: placebo, roxatidine 150 mg at 07."	( Twenty-four-hour intragastric acidity following early evening or bedtime administration of roxatidine in duodenal ulcer patients. Bargiggia, S; Bensi, G; Bianchi Porro, G; Canali, A; Lazzaroni, M; Sangaletti, O, 1996)	0.29
" Selective PAF, TXA2 and 5HT antagonists (WEB 2086, sulotroban and MCI-9042) clearly inhibited both the shape change and the aggregation induced by the appropriate agonist; in each case the effect of the antagonist was to move the dose-response curve to the right."	( Studies on the effects of agonists and antagonists on platelet shape change and platelet aggregation in whole blood. Heptinstall, S; Lösche, W; Sanderson, HM; Vickers, J, 1996)	0.29
" L-734,217 in dogs was unaffected by dosage form or food."	( Nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. 8. Antiplatelet activity and oral antithrombotic efficacy of L-734,217. Cook, JJ; Drag, MD; Duggan, ME; Gehret, JR; Gould, RJ; Hand, EL; Hartman, GD; Holahan, MA; Ihle, NC; Kothstein, T; Lyle, EA; Lynch, JJ; McCormick, GY; Perkins, JJ; Ramjit, DR; Sitko, GR; Stranieri, MT; Stupienski, RF; Wallace, AA, 1996)	0.29
" Repeated administration of BTCP dose-dependently produced leftward and downward shifts of the cocaine dose-response curve."	( Effects of repeated administration of N-[1-(2-benzo(b)-thiophenyl)cyclohexy]piperidine and cocaine on locomotor activity in C57BL/6 mice. Kamenka, JM; Kleven, MS; Koek, W; Prinssen, EP; Vignon, J, 1996)	0.29
" The reversal of scopolamine-induced impairment was characterized by the presence of an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve."	( An inverted U-shaped curve for heptylphysostigmine on radial maze performance in rats: comparison with other cholinesterase inhibitors. Braida, D; Griffini, P; Lamperti, M; Maggi, A; Paladini, E; Sala, M, 1996)	0.29
" For these reasons, we carried out a prospective pharmacodynamic investigation in 48 patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulcer using the well-established once daily dosing schedule of H2 blockers."	( Absence of tolerance in duodenal ulcer patients treated for 28 days with a bedtime dose of roxatidine or ranitidine. Belicchi, M; Celle, G; Cutela, P; Di Mario, F; Ferrana, M; Malesci, A; Mela, GS; Savarino, V; Termini, R; Vigneri, S; Zentilin, P, 1996)	0.29
" Defining this interaction provides a basis for more rational dosing schemes when such combinations are used for anesthesia and allows the anesthetic potency of remifentanil relative to other opioids to be determined."	( Reduction of isoflurane minimal alveolar concentration by remifentanil. Glass, PS; Hoke, JF; Kapila, A; Lang, E; Sebel, PS; Shlugman, D, 1996)	0.29
" The appropriate use of prokinetic agents in these groups requires an understanding of the unique dosage considerations that may be necessary to ensure safe, effective therapy."	( Use of prokinetic agents in special populations. Horn, JR, 1996)	0.29
"After once-daily oral dosing in ovariectomized rats, raloxifene (LY139481) hydrochloride produced dose- and time-dependent reductions in serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol."	( Hypocholesterolemic activity of raloxifene (LY139481): pharmacological characterization as a selective estrogen receptor modulator. Bean, JS; Bensch, WR; Bryant, HU; Cole, HW; Cullinan, GJ; Glasebrook, AL; Kauffman, RF; Monroe, A; Phillips, DL; Roudebush, RE, 1997)	0.3
" In the present article, the authors determined whether remifentanil dosing should be adjusted according to age and LBM, or whether these covariate effects were overshadowed by the interindividual variability present in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. II. Model application. Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1997)	0.3
"Based on the EEG model, age and LBM are significant demographic factors that must be considered when determining a dosage regimen for remifentanil."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. II. Model application. Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 1997)	0.3
" We report here three structural classes of 8-chlorobenzocycloheptapyridines as novel, nonpeptidic, nonsulfhydryl FPT inhibitors having antitumor activity in mice when dosed orally."	( Antitumor 8-chlorobenzocycloheptapyridines: a new class of selective, nonpeptidic, nonsulfhydryl inhibitors of ras farnesylation. Alvarez, C; Bishop, WR; Bryant, MS; Carr, D; Catino, J; Doll, RJ; Ganguly, AK; James, L; Kaminski, JJ; King, I; Kirschmeier, P; Li, Z; Lin, CC; Liu, M; Mallams, AK; Nardo, C; Njoroge, FG; Petrin, J; Remiszewski, SW; Rossman, RR; Snow, ME; Taveras, AG; Vibulbhan, B; Wang, S; Wong, J, 1997)	0.3
" Similar dose-response activity was obtained for a control group consisting of six patients undergoing resection for colorectal carcinoma."	( Abnormalities in the contractile properties of colonic smooth muscle in idiopathic slow transit constipation. Gillespie, JI; Slater, BJ; Varma, JS, 1997)	0.3
" Rapid biotransformation to minimally active metabolites results in short and predictable duration of action with no accumulation of effect on repeated dosing or with continuous infusion."	( [Is remifentanil an ideal opioid for anesthesiologic management in the 21st century?]. Scholz, J; Steinfath, M, 1996)	0.29
" This potentiation is dose-dependent at doses between 1 and 1000 micrograms/kg, IV but bell-shaped dose-response curves are obtained."	( Effects of low and high doses of selective sigma ligands: further evidence suggesting the existence of different subtypes of sigma receptors. Bergeron, R; Debonnel, G, 1997)	0.3
" Diphemanil at progressive dosage was later introduced safely in two of these infants."	( [Does stopping of oral feeding favour the occurrence of auriculoventricular block in premature infants treated with diphemanil?]. Autret, E; Blond, MH; Chantepie, A; Favre, A; Gold, F; Guérois, M; Ramponi, N; Rondeau, C, 1997)	0.3
" The dosage could be doubled after 4 weeks."	( Double-blind study of the effect of cisapride on constipation and abdominal discomfort as components of the irritable bowel syndrome. Brandstätter, G; Dragosics, B; Hentschel, E; Judmaier, G; Schütze, K, 1997)	0.3
" Guinea-pigs were dosed subcutaneously (s."	( Central antitussive activity of the NK1 and NK2 tachykinin receptor antagonists, CP-99,994 and SR 48968, in the guinea-pig and cat. Bolser, DC; DeGennaro, FC; Hey, JA; McLeod, RL; O'Reilly, S, 1997)	0.3
" Following screening and placebo washout, patients received brofaromine (a combined MAO-A inhibitor/5-HT transport inhibitor) or placebo in a flexible dosing design."	( Pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder with a novel psychotropic. Arbus, P; Crocq, L; Herlobsen, P; Katz, RJ; Lingjaerde, O; Lopez, G; Lott, MH; Loughrey, GC; MacFarlane, DJ; McIvor, R, )	0.13
" In this situation, the selection of a correct assay dosage to study the MDR modulation mechanism was a problem."	( Simultaneous determination of cytotoxic (adriamycin, vincristine) and modulator of resistance (verapamil, S 9788) drugs in human cells by high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection. Atassi, G; Dubois, J; Hanocq, M; Tassin, JP, 1997)	0.3
" During general anaesthesia, any dosage of remifentanil may be used without undue lengthening of emergence times."	( Remifentanil: when and how to use it. Servin, F, 1997)	0.3
" Dose-response curves were constructed using the putatively selective antagonists pirenzepine (M1), gallamine (M2) and 4-DAMP (M3: 4-diphenyl-acetoxy-N-methylpiperidine) and compared with the non-selective blocker, atropine."	( Functional characterization of peripheral muscarinic subtypes in anesthetized cats. Koss, MC, 1997)	0.3
"In an international, multicentre, double-blind trial, to document the therapeutic equivalence of two dosing regimens of cisapride on endoscopic healing and symptom improvement in patients with proven reflux oesophagitis grade I or II (Savary-Miller)."	( Comparison of two dosing regimens of cisapride in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis. Bedogni, G; Bigard, MA; Hentschel, E; Hinojosa, J; Schütze, K; Van Waes, L, 1997)	0.3
"High cisapride dosage in preterm, newborns and infants seems to favor QT prolongation which is reversible when dosage is reduced or drug is stopped."	( [Long QT syndrome under cisapride in neonates and infants]. Aujard, Y; Bedu, A; Casasoprana, A; Cézard, JP; Denjoy, I; Faure, C; Lupoglazoff, JM, 1997)	0.3
" Linkage to cisapride was probable, promoted by high dosage and cisapride metabolism inhibition by ranitidine, but its plasma concentration was not measured."	( [Syncope with long QT interval in a 39 day-old infant treated with cisapride]. Autret, E; Champel, V; Jonville-Bera, AP; Olivier, C; Valdes, L, 1997)	0.3
"This case report stresses the problem of cisapride dosage in infants and the question of an interaction between cisapride and ranitidine."	( [Syncope with long QT interval in a 39 day-old infant treated with cisapride]. Autret, E; Champel, V; Jonville-Bera, AP; Olivier, C; Valdes, L, 1997)	0.3
"8 mL, resulting in an inadvertent, 10-fold, iatrogenic, dosing error."	( Cisapride poisoning. Gibly, RL; Kloster, J; Osterloh, J; Theodorou, AA; Walter, FG, 1997)	0.3
" After the baseline scan each subject was studied three times post dosing at various time points."	( Time course of 5-HT2A receptor occupancy in the human brain after a single oral dose of the putative antipsychotic drug MDL 100,907 measured by positron emission tomography. Dannals, RF; Gründer, G; Howard, DR; Offord, SJ; Ravert, HT; Salzmann, JK; Szymanski, S; Wilson, PD; Wong, DF; Yokoi, F, 1997)	0.3
" Through an understanding of the pharmacodynamic interaction of volatile anesthetics with opioids and the pharmacokinetic processes responsible for the recovery from drug effect, optimal dosing schemes can thus be developed."	( Drug interactions: volatile anesthetics and opioids. Gan, TJ; Ginsberg, B; Glass, PS; Howell, S, 1997)	0.3
" Dose-response curves to (+)-WIN 55212 and CP 55940 were shifted to the right, with no reduction of maximal response, by pretreatment with SR141716A (31."	( Inhibition by cannabinoid receptor agonists of acetylcholine release from the guinea-pig myenteric plexus. Coutts, AA; Pertwee, RG, 1997)	0.3
" Because plasma levels of total raloxifene were low relative to clinical values in postmenopausal women, dose-response data for raloxifene are required."	( Raloxifene inhibits aortic accumulation of cholesterol in ovariectomized, cholesterol-fed rabbits. Bjarnason, NH; Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Haarbo, J; Kauffman, RF, 1997)	0.3
" The thrombin inhibitors were given intravenously, and complete concentration- and/or dose-response curves were constructed."	( The importance of enzyme inhibition kinetics for the effect of thrombin inhibitors in a rat model of arterial thrombosis. Deinum, J; Elg, M; Gustafsson, D, 1997)	0.3
" Two groups of rats were dosed with remifentanil [25 micrograms/kg/min (n = 8)] and remifentanil plus esmolol [25 and 200 mg/kg/min (n = 7)] for 20 min."	( Evaluating a possible pharmacokinetic interaction between remifentanil and esmolol in the rat. Eddington, ND; Haidar, SH; Hoke, JF; Liang, Z; Moreton, JE; Muir, KT, 1997)	0.3
" We therefore compared two dosage regimens of cisapride with placebo over a period of 6 months in patients with evidence of gastrooesophageal reflux, initially treated with antisecretory medication, with regard to maintaining symptom relief and satisfaction with treatment."	( The effect of cisapride in maintaining symptomatic remission in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Carling, L; Hatlebakk, JG; Johnsson, F; Thøgersen, T; Vilien, M; Wetterhus, S, 1997)	0.3
" Cisapride mixed with propylene glycol and administered rectally at a dosage of 1 mg/kg is poorly and incompletely absorbed."	( Pharmacokinetics of cisapride in horses after intravenous and rectal administration. Bowman, KF; Cook, G; Papich, MG; Roberts, MC, 1997)	0.3
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of donepezil are reviewed."	( Donepezil: an anticholinesterase inhibitor for Alzheimer's disease. Shintani, EY; Uchida, KM, 1997)	0.3
" At dosing and at predetermined intervals beginning 30 minutes postdose, patients recorded migraine pain severity, clinical disability, and presence of associated migraine symptoms."	( Naratriptan is effective and well tolerated in the acute treatment of migraine. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Naratriptan S2WA3001 Study Group. Asgharnejad, M; Elkind, A; Klassen, A; Laurenza, A; Webster, C, )	0.13
" The design of succinic acid esters of high insulinotropic potential might thus allow efficient stimulation of insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes, without requiring unpractical high dosage and without running the risk of an undesirable increase in gluconeogenesis."	( Stimulation of insulin release and potentiation of the insulinotropic action of antidiabetic agents by 1,2,3-tri(methylsuccinyl)glycerol ester in anaesthetized rats. Björkling, F; García-Martínez, JA; Malaisse, WJ; Valverde, I; Villanueva-Peñacarrillo, ML, 1997)	0.3
" Each rat was dosed with REMI (15 micrograms/kg/min), and REMI & ES (15 micrograms/kg/min and 600 micrograms/kg/min) for 21 minutes in a random crossover design."	( The pharmacokinetics and electroencephalogram response of remifentanil alone and in combination with esmolol in the rat. Eddington, ND; Haidar, SH; Hoke, JF; Liang, Z; Moreton, JE; Muir, KT, 1997)	0.3
" In the PK/PD cohort of TIMI 12, 106 patients were randomized to receive one of seven dosing regimens of sibrafiban, ranging from 5 mg daily to 10 mg twice daily for 28 days."	( Randomized trial of an oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist, sibrafiban, in patients after an acute coronary syndrome: results of the TIMI 12 trial. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction. Ault, K; Borzak, S; Braunwald, E; Cannon, CP; Feldman, R; Hamilton, SA; Henry, TD; McCabe, CH; Mueller, HS; Novotny, WF; Palmeri, ST; Rothman, JM; Tischler, MD, 1998)	0.3
"The oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist sibrafiban achieved effective, long-term platelet inhibition with a clear dose-response but at the expense of a relatively high incidence of minor bleeding."	( Randomized trial of an oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist, sibrafiban, in patients after an acute coronary syndrome: results of the TIMI 12 trial. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction. Ault, K; Borzak, S; Braunwald, E; Cannon, CP; Feldman, R; Hamilton, SA; Henry, TD; McCabe, CH; Mueller, HS; Novotny, WF; Palmeri, ST; Rothman, JM; Tischler, MD, 1998)	0.3
"Our study shows clearly that the efficacy of a single therapeutic dosage of cetirizine is consistently good for suppression of cutaneous reactivity to histamine in healthy volunteers."	( Consistency of the efficacy of cetirizine and ebastine on skin reactivity. Benabdesselam, O; Frossard, N; Melac, M; Pauli, G, 1998)	0.3
" All three showed excellent oral bioavailability in vivo in nude mice and cynomolgus monkeys and exhibited excellent antitumor efficacy against a series of tumor cell lines when dosed orally in nude mice."	( Inhibitors of farnesyl protein transferase. 4-Amido, 4-carbamoyl, and 4-carboxamido derivatives of 1-(8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]- cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperazine and 1-(3-bromo-8-chloro-6,11- dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridi Bishop, WR; Bryant, MS; Carr, DM; Catino, JJ; Chen, J; Chen, KJ; Dell, J; Doll, RJ; Ganguly, AK; Girijavallabhan, VM; Kirschmeier, P; Korfmacher, WA; Lee, S; Li, Z; Lin, CC; Lipari, P; Liu, M; Mallams, AK; Nardo, C; Nomeir, AA; Patton, R; Petrin, J; Rossman, RR; Wang, L; Wang, S, 1998)	0.3
"We evaluated the efficacy and safety of a twice-daily dosage regimen of cisapride 20 mg in relieving the symptoms of mild-moderate gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients with moderate intensity heartburn and no history of erosive esophagitis."	( Cisapride 20 mg b.i.d. provides symptomatic relief of heartburn and related symptoms of chronic mild to moderate gastroesophageal reflux disease. CIS-USA-52 Investigator Group. Castell, DO; Clyde, C; Hasner, D; Lambert, R; Patterson, D; Sigmund, C; Zeldis, JB, 1998)	0.3
" The reversal of scopolamine-induced impairment was characterized by an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve."	( Long-lasting antiamnesic effect of a novel anticholinesterase inhibitor (MF268). Braida, D; Colibretti, L; Griffini, P; Lamperti, M; Paladini, E; Sala, M, 1998)	0.3
" Based on extensive assessment of the drug's pharmacokinetic profile, the currently approved initial oral dosing regimen for cisapride is 10 mg QID."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of cisapride 20 mg after once- and twice-daily dosing. Clyde, C; Herron, J; Lee, P; Mechlinski, W; Pesco-Koplowitz, L; Zhou, H, )	0.13
" Capsaicin (10(-6) M) caused relaxation and desensitization that was overcome by long recovery periods and substance P dosing (10(-8) M)."	( Activation of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory pathways by endogenous and exogenous tachykinins in the ferret lower oesophageal sphincter. Blackshaw, LA; Lynn, PA; Smid, SD; Templeman, R, 1998)	0.3
" Using a dosing regimen known to produce pharmacological and behavioral tolerance, mice were treated with Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC) twice a day for 1 wk."	( CB1 receptor antagonist precipitates withdrawal in mice exposed to Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Cook, SA; Lowe, JA; Martin, BR, 1998)	0.3
" It is tempting to speculate that these characteristics will make remifentanil an easy drug to titrate, and that clinicians will not need to consider patient covariates such as advanced age when choosing a dosing regimen."	( The role of newer opioids in geriatric anesthesia. Shafer, SL, 1998)	0.3
" The dose-response relationship and possible tachyphylaxis were tested for each chemical."	( Activation of neurons in rat trigeminal subnucleus caudalis by different irritant chemicals applied to oral or ocular mucosa. Carstens, E; Handwerker, HO; Kuenzler, N, 1998)	0.3
" Neither dosage of lubeluzole had any statistically or clinically relevant effects on the QTc."	( Cardiovascular safety of lubeluzole (Prosynap(R)) in patients with ischemic stroke. Diener, HC; Haan, J; Hacke, W; Hantson, L; Hennerici, M; Lees, KR; Timmerhuis, T, )	0.13
" The simulations illustrated that remifentanil pharmacokinetics are not grossly different in obese versus lean subjects and that TBW based dosing in obese patients can result in excessively high remifentanil concentrations."	( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in obese versus lean patients. Egan, TD; Gupta, SK; Huizinga, B; Jaarsma, RL; Muir, KT; Sperry, RJ; Yee, JB, 1998)	0.3
" Clinically this means that remifentanil dosing regimens should be based on ideal body weight (or LBM) and not TBW."	( Remifentanil pharmacokinetics in obese versus lean patients. Egan, TD; Gupta, SK; Huizinga, B; Jaarsma, RL; Muir, KT; Sperry, RJ; Yee, JB, 1998)	0.3
" Pretreatment with BQ123, an ETA receptor selective antagonist, shifted the dose-response curve to the right, whereas pretreatment with BQ788, an ETB receptor selective antagonist, showed little effect."	( Studies on the endothelin-1-induced contraction of rat granulation tissue pouch mediated by myofibroblasts. Goto, T; Ohtsuki, I; Yanaga, F, 1998)	0.3
" Both dosage regimens were well tolerated; no clinically significant changes in laboratory or vital sign parameters were observed in any subject."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HCl following evening administration. Friedhoff, LT; Rogers, SL; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
"The measured pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for both 5 and 10 mg day(-1) donepezil administered in the evening are in good agreement with previous results obtained with morning administration, indicating no time of dosing effect."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of donepezil HCl following evening administration. Friedhoff, LT; Rogers, SL; Tiseo, PJ, 1998)	0.3
" These results suggest that the administration of donepezil to patients with hepatic disease in clinical practice should not require any dosing modifications."	( An evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of donepezil HCl in patients with impaired hepatic function. Friedhoff, LT; Perdomo, CA; Tiseo, PJ; Vargas, R, 1998)	0.3
"To estimate the optimum dosing regimen and delivery system for remifentanil, a new opioid, using computer simulations based on information from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models available for fentanyl, alfentanil and remifentanil, as well as from clinical trials of fentanyl and alfentanil."	( [Characterization of dose profile of remifentanil with computer simulation: comparative study with fentanyl and alfentanyl]. Gambús, PL; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW, 1998)	0.3
" Dosing guidelines for remifentanil, fentanyl and alfentanil were estimated for three methods of administration (bolus, bolus + variable continuous infusion or constant continuous infusion)."	( [Characterization of dose profile of remifentanil with computer simulation: comparative study with fentanyl and alfentanyl]. Gambús, PL; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW, 1998)	0.3
" The results are fairly consistent with clinical evidence, demonstrating the power of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models for rationally establishing opioid dosing guidelines."	( [Characterization of dose profile of remifentanil with computer simulation: comparative study with fentanyl and alfentanyl]. Gambús, PL; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW, 1998)	0.3
" The implications of tailoring repaglinide treatment to meals were examined in a study where repaglinide was dosed either morning and evening, or with each main meal (i."	( Repaglinide--prandial glucose regulator: a new class of oral antidiabetic drugs. Owens, DR, 1998)	0.3
" PD, SB, and BQ produced parallel concentration-dependent rightward shifts in the S6c dose-response curve in the kidney."	( PD 142893, SB 209670, and BQ 788 selectively antagonize vascular endothelial versus vascular smooth muscle ET(B)-receptor activity in the rat. Cheng, XM; Haleen, SJ; Keiser, JA; Schroeder, RL, 1998)	0.3
" Furthermore, its long half-life supports a simple and convenient once-daily dosing regimen."	( Clinical profile of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Doody, RS, 1999)	0.3
" The results indicate that dimaprit, an H2 agonist, facilitated retention (25 and 50 pg) with a U-shaped dose-response curve typical of drugs acting at postsynaptic receptors."	( Effect of histamine H2 and H3 receptor modulation in the septum on post-training memory processing. Flood, JF; Morley, JE; Uezu, K, 1998)	0.3
"), which facilitates histamine release, significantly shifted the methamphetamine dose-response curve to the left when tested together with different doses of methamphetamine and markedly extended the time-course of methamphetamine's discriminative-stimulus effects."	( Potentiation of the discriminative-stimulus effects of methamphetamine by the histamine H3 receptor antagonist thioperamide in rats. Goldberg, SR; Munzar, P; Nosál, R, 1998)	0.3
" Brain tissue sodium content was significantly reduced at the dosage of 300 mg/kg (P<0."	( Treatment of brain edema with a nonpeptide arginine vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist OPC-21268 in rats. Bemana, I; Nagao, S, 1999)	0.3
" Hypothermia shifted the dose-response curves to the right for the negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of verapamil and for the negative chronotropic and positive inotropic effects of zatebradine, but not for the negative chronotropic and positive inotropic effects of E-4031."	( Effects of low temperature on the chronotropic and inotropic responses to zatebradine, E-4031 and verapamil in isolated perfused dog atria. Chiba, S; Furukawa, Y; Hoyano, Y; Kasama, M; Oguchi, T, 1998)	0.3
" Our results indicated that acute exercise induced the following effects: (1) the dose-response curves of ACh and CLO shifted to the left; (2) the high-affinity M3 binding sites increased in number but not in affinity; (3) the alpha2 binding sites decreased in number but increased in affinity."	( Acute exercise enhances receptor-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation by receptor upregulation. Chen, H; Cheng, L; Hsu, L; Jen, CJ; Lin, MT; Yang, C, 1999)	0.3
" Our results demonstrate that the HSN tumour vasculature is selectively responsive to IRL 1620 at doses > 1 nmol kg(-1) compared with the majority of normal tissues with the exception of the small intestine, and that only the tumour response is highly sensitive to BQ-788 antagonism, under the experimental dosing regime investigated."	( Modification of blood flow in the HSN tumour and normal tissues of the rat by the endothelin ET(B) receptor agonist, IRL 1620. Bell, KM; Chaplin, DJ; Poole, BA; Prise, VE; Tozer, GM, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response curves were obtained for the effects of several 5-HT2 receptor antagonists on response magnitude."	( Effect of 5-HT2 receptor antagonists on a cranial nerve reflex in the rabbit: evidence for inverse agonism. Harvey, JA; Hood, H; Romano, AG; Welsh, SE, 1999)	0.3
" The newer mast-cell stabilizing agent nedocromil sodium has a similar safety profile to sodium cromoglycate, but is more potent and has a more convenient twice-daily dosing regimen."	( Treating severe eye allergy. Verin, P, 1998)	0.3
" Twelve-lead electrocardiography was performed before dosing on day 1 and repeated 4 hours postdose on days 1, 5, and 10."	( Pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effect of ebastine in young versus elderly healthy subjects. Argenti, D; Garcia, J; Heald, D; Huang, MY; Wilson, J, 1998)	0.3
" Major reasons for noncompliance among these patients were an absence of symptoms and an inconvenient dosage schedule."	( Compliance with therapy for ulcer disease: clinical experience and review of the literature. Battaglia, G; Bo, ND; DiMario, F; Ferrana, M; Mela, GS; Pilotto, A; Salandin, S; Savarino, V; Vianello, F; Vigneri, S, )	0.13
" This large trial uses twice daily dosage regimens to produce the plasma concentrations which were associated with less bleeding in the earlier dose-ranging trial."	( Sibrafiban. Dooley, M; Goa, KL, 1999)	0.3
" The mean log(AUC) values after multiple dosing were significantly higher than the values obtained after a single dose."	( Pharmacokinetic profiles of repaglinide in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes. Hatorp, V; Huang, WC; Strange, P, 1999)	0.3
" Emesis induced by RS14203 exhibited a dose-response relationship but no such relationship was seen for R-rolipram or CT-2450."	( Emesis induced by inhibitors of type IV cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE IV) in the ferret. Choudhury, I; Robichaud, A; Rodger, IW; Tattersall, FD, 1999)	0.3
" A dose-response effect was evident, with the 10 mg/day donepezil group demonstrating greater benefits in all outcome measures than the 5 mg/day group."	( The effects of donepezil in Alzheimer's disease - results from a multinational trial. Burns, A; Friedhoff, LT; Gauthier, S; Hecker, J; Möller, HJ; Petit, H; Rogers, SL; Rossor, M, )	0.13
" These benefits, as well as a simple, once-daily dosing regimen, make donepezil a viable therapeutic option for AD patients."	( Clinical benefits of a new piperidine-class AChE inhibitor. Doody, RS, 1999)	0.3
" At the higher doses, ADP-induced platelet aggregation was almost completely inhibited while a clear dose-response could be observed with TRAP-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation at sibrafiban doses of 5 to 12 mg."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Ro 44-3888 after single ascending oral doses of sibrafiban, an oral platelet aggregation inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Goggin, T; Machin, SJ; Mackie, IJ; Timm, U; Wittke, B; Zell, M, 1999)	0.3
" There was no obvious synergistic or antagonistic toxicity when flavopiridol was combined with radiotherapy or cisplatin dosed at the IC50 despite the observation that radiotherapy and flavopiridol led to more profound G2/M arrest than either agent alone."	( In vitro evaluation of flavopiridol, a novel cell cycle inhibitor, in bladder cancer. Astumian, M; Chien, M; Liebowitz, D; Rinker-Schaeffer, C; Stadler, WM, 1999)	0.3
" Methysergide counteracted the effect of thioperamide in the open-field test only at a high dosage (50 mg/kg)."	( Combined action of thioperamide plus scopolamine, diphenhydramine, or methysergide on memory in mice. Di Carlo, G; Ghi, P; Molinengo, L, 1999)	0.3
" A flexible preprandial only dosing regimen of repaglinide significantly lowers the risk of hypoglycaemia if a meal is missed or postponed."	( Repaglinide: a new short-acting insulinotropic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Owens, DR, 1999)	0.3
" Once-daily dosing resulted in high peak-trough excursions in active drug concentrations: trough concentrations were 21% +/- 6% of peak."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sibrafiban, an orally administered IIb/IIIa antagonist, in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Braunwauld, E; Cannon, CP; Modi, NB; Novotny, W; Reimann, JD, 1999)	0.3
" They both potentiated the effects of L-DOPA in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat, a model of Parkinson's disease, dosed at 10 mg/kg ip, but 48 was not active at 30 mg/kg po."	( Subtype-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists: synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-(arylalkynyl)-4-benzylpiperidines. Bigge, CF; Boxer, PA; Cai, SX; Gregory, TF; Hawkinson, JE; Konkoy, CS; Meltzer, LT; Serpa, K; Whittemore, ER; Wise, LD; Woodward, RM; Wright, JL; Zhou, ZL, 1999)	0.51
" Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the cannabinoid CB1 receptor with the cannabinoid CP 55,940, {(-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hyd roxypropyl) cyclohexan-1-ol} resulted in cyclic AMP accumulation in a dose-response manner, an accumulation blocked by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor-specific antagonist SR 141716A, {N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-me thyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide hydrochloride}."	( Dual intracellular signaling pathways mediated by the human cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Calandra, B; Carillon, C; Delpech, M; Ferrara, P; Kernéis, A; Le Fur, G; Portier, M; Shire, D, 1999)	0.3
" One of the most important and difficult steps in the drug development process is defining the dose-response relationship."	( The role of positron emission tomography in the drug development of M100907, a putative antipsychotic with a novel mechanism of action. Nyberg, S; Offord, SJ; Wong, DF, 1999)	0.3
"To report toxicity resulting from donepezil administration following a tenfold dosing error."	( Donepezil overdose: a tenfold dosing error. Edwards, R; Klein-Schwartz, W; Shepherd, G, )	0.13
"A tenfold dosing error caused donepezil toxicity."	( Donepezil overdose: a tenfold dosing error. Edwards, R; Klein-Schwartz, W; Shepherd, G, )	0.13
", but without changing the maximum response or the bell-shaped nature of the dose-response curve for granisetron."	( 5-HT4 receptor antagonism potentiates inhibition of intestinal allodynia by 5-HT3 receptor antagonism in conscious rats. Banner, SE; Sanger, GJ; Smith, MI, 1999)	0.3
" Studies were carried out in control animals and after dosing with phenserine, a selective centrally active AChE inhibitor; neostigmine, a peripheral cholinesterase inhibitor; and a combination of the two drugs."	( Simplified methods for in vivo measurement of acetylcholinesterase activity in rodent brain. Kilbourn, MR; Sherman, PS; Snyder, SE, 1999)	0.3
" Nonetheless, our data show that the postoperative requirement for these rapidly acting drugs is qualitatively similar to that for other opioids in that dosage escalation does not occur."	( Lack of rapid development of opioid tolerance during alfentanil and remifentanil infusions for postoperative pain. Checketts, MR; Kenny, GN; Schraag, S, 1999)	0.3
" HPLC dosage of BM 212, using a specific method, showed that BM 212 represented 62% of the urine radioactivity."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and bioavailability of the new anti-allergic drug BM 113. Part III: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, dose dependency and gender effect after single or repeated administration to human healthy volunteers. Buzas, A; Duchêne, P; Houin, G; Ladure, P; Laneury, JP; Merour, JY; Ollivier, R; Tran, G, 1999)	0.3
" Within 96 h of dosing with (14)C-repaglinide, 90% of the administered dose appeared in the faeces and 8% was excreted in urine."	( Absorption, metabolism and excretion of a single oral dose of (14)C-repaglinide during repaglinide multiple dosing. De Merbel, NC; Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Jonkman, JH; Kramer Nielsen, K; Oosterhuis, B; van Heiningen, PN; van Lier, JJ, 1999)	0.3
"After oral dosing with repaglinide, the mean peak plasma concentration was rapidly attained and, thereafter, plasma concentrations decreased promptly."	( Absorption, metabolism and excretion of a single oral dose of (14)C-repaglinide during repaglinide multiple dosing. De Merbel, NC; Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Jonkman, JH; Kramer Nielsen, K; Oosterhuis, B; van Heiningen, PN; van Lier, JJ, 1999)	0.3
" When dosed orally, this compound potentiates the effects of L-DOPA in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat, a model of Parkinson's disease."	( Discovery of subtype-selective NMDA receptor ligands: 4-benzyl-1-piperidinylalkynylpyrroles, pyrazoles and imidazoles as NR1A/2B antagonists. Boxer, PA; Gregory, TF; Meltzer, LT; Serpa, KA; Wise, LD; Wright, JL, 1999)	0.3
"Our study shows clearly that the efficacy of a single therapeutic dosage of cetirizine is greater and consistently better than that of ebastine for suppression of cutaneous reactivity to histamine 4 h after treatment in healthy volunteers."	( Consistency and efficacy of cetirizine (10 mg) versus ebastine (20 mg) at 4 h on skin reactivity. Benabdesselam, O; Duvernelle, C; Frossard, N; Melac, M; Pauli, G; Purohit, A, 1999)	0.3
" Dosage requirements, vital functions, oxygen saturation (as achieved by pulse oximetry, psO(2)), adverse drug effects and the level of sedation (LOS 1-5; 1 = asleep/unarousable, 4 = calm/awake) were recorded."	( [Remifentanil for oocyte retrieval: A new single-agent monitored anaesthesia care technique]. Biedler, A; Fleser, R; Grüness, V; Hammadeh, ME; Wilhelm, W, 1999)	0.3
" In this dose-response study, we evaluated the efficacy of a remifentanil infusion in maintaining hemodynamic stability during intracranial surgery under desflurane anesthesia."	( The use of a remifentanil infusion for hemodynamic control during intracranial surgery. Gesztesi, Z; Mootz, BL; White, PF, 1999)	0.3
" The dose-response relations for extracellular Mg2+ blockade of INMDA indicated a high affinity binding of Mg2+ to NMDA receptors at membrane potentials more negative than -60 mV, independent of postnatal age."	( Early postnatal switch in magnesium sensitivity of NMDA receptors in rat CA1 pyramidal cells. Kirson, ED; Konnerth, A; Schirra, C; Yaari, Y, 1999)	0.3
" It is therefore used in a meal-related dosing regimen; repaglinide is taken with each main meal."	( Repaglinide--a new compound for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Wolffenbuttel, BH, 1999)	0.3
" The dose-response curve of WIN55212-2 is shifted parallel to the right by SR141716A."	( Involvement of cannabinoid receptors in the intraocular pressure-lowering effects of WIN55212-2. Slowey, CA; Song, ZH, 2000)	0.31
" The first large-scale study designed to evaluate the efficacy of Aricept administered at a daily dosage of 5 to 10 mg was conducted over 14 weeks."	( [Cholinergic hypothesis and Alzheimer's disease: the place of donepezil (Aricept)]. Bertogliati, C; Gokalsing, E; Robert, PH, 1999)	0.3
" Initial studies determined the dose-response relationship for each of the two drugs given intraperitoneally twice a day, while monitoring systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) measured by the tail-cuff method."	( Kappa-opioid receptors behind the blood-brain barrier are involved in the anti-hypertensive effects of systemically administered kappa-agonists in the conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat. Ingenito, AJ; Shen, S, 1999)	0.3
" There was no dose-response relation for Vf (10."	( Rate of CSF formation and resistance to reabsorption of CSF during sevoflurane or remifentanil in rabbits. Artru, AA; Momota, T, 2000)	0.31
" Beyond the dosing site, cystic degeneration of the liver was described in 2-year 200-mg KBR 3023/kg body wt/day males."	( Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity testing in the Sprague-Dawley rat of a prospective insect repellant (KBR 3023) using the dermal route of exposure. Christenson, WR; Croutch, C; Lake, SG; Sangha, GK; Sheets, LP; Wahle, BS, 1999)	0.3
" No direct drug-drug interactions were found in these studies, suggesting that repaglinide may be coprescribed with cimetidine, digoxin, or theophylline at the dosage used for monotherapy."	( Drug interaction studies with repaglinide: repaglinide on digoxin or theophylline pharmacokinetics and cimetidine on repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2000)	0.31
" Although adjustment of starting doses of repaglinide is not necessary for renal impairment or renal failure, severe impairment may require more care when upward adjustments of dosage are made."	( Pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in subjects with renal impairment. Andersen, MP; Hatorp, V; Huang, WC; Marbury, TC; Nielsen, KK; Ruckle, JL; Strange, P, 2000)	0.31
" Compound 11a also potentiated the effects of L-DOPA in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat), dosed at 30 mg/kg orally."	( Subtype-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists: benzimidazalone and hydantoin as phenol replacements. Meltzer, LT; Schelkun, RM; Serpa, K; Whittemore, ER; Wise, LD; Woodward, RM; Yuen, PW, 2000)	0.31
" Donepezil (5 and 10 mg) is an agent with a simple once-daily dosage schedule which improves cognition and global clinical function in the short (up to 24 weeks) and long term (up to about 1 year) in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease."	( Donepezil: a review of its use in Alzheimer's disease. Dooley, M; Lamb, HM, 2000)	0.31
" On the basis of these results, a dosing regimen was selected for the phase III Blockage of the Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor to Avoid Vascular Occlusion (BRAVO) trial based on pharmacodynamics and drug tolerability."	( Design of the blockade of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor to avoid vascular occlusion (BRAVO) trial. Amarenco, P; Califf, R; Chan, R; Davis, S; Diener, HC; Easton, JD; Ferguson, J; Fitzgerald, D; Graffagnino, C; Granett, J; Harrington, R; Ilson, B; Koudstaal, PJ; Samuels, R; Shuaib, A; Theroux, P; Topol, EJ; Van de Werf, F; Willerson, JT, 2000)	0.31
" Ifenprodil dose-response curves for all receptors were biphasic."	( Electrophysiological analysis of NMDA receptor subunit changes in the aging mouse cortex. Kuehl-Kovarik, MC; Magnusson, KR; Partin, KM; Premkumar, LS, 2000)	0.31
"We examined the effects of Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta 9-THC), (R)-(+)-arachidonyl-1'-hydroxy-2'-propylamide ((R)-methanandamide, AM 356), SR 141716, and d-amphetamine on fixed-ratio (FR) responding maintained by food in rats before and during daily dosing with Delta 9-THC."	( Effects of Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, (R)-methanandamide, SR 141716,and d-amphetamine before and during daily Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol dosing. Goutopoulos, A; Järbe, TU; Lamb, RJ; Lin, S; Makriyannis, A, 2000)	0.31
" In the REM groups, the dosage of PRO (75 microg."	( Recovery after anesthesia with remifentanil combined with propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane for otorhinolaryngeal surgery. Loop, T; Priebe, HJ, 2000)	0.31
"Overall, 451 patients with a recent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular acute ischemic event were randomized in a double-blind fashion to 1 of 5 dosing regimens for 12 weeks: placebo or 5, 20, 50, or 100 mg lotrafiban, both twice daily with 300 to 325 mg/d aspirin."	( Dose-finding, safety, and tolerability study of an oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, lotrafiban, in patients with coronary or cerebral atherosclerotic disease. Armstrong, PW; Califf, RM; Card, T; Chan, R; Graffagnino, C; Granett, J; Harrington, RA; Joseph, DM; Kereiakes, DJ; Samuels, R; Sigmon, KN; Topol, EJ; Van De Werf, F, 2000)	0.31
" Linking up with the previous studies, the paper investigated the effects of two auxiliary substances--cellulose derivatives (hydroxyethylcellulose, methylcellulose)--and their concentration on the pharmaceutical availability of the potential drug XX B from the dosage form."	( [Effect of macromolecular substances on pharmaceutical availability of a potential local anesthetic]. Svehlová, E, 2000)	0.31
" The pharmacokinetic profile of R is organ-independent and the dosing regimen must be regulated in elderly patients by reducing the bolus and infusion doses, and in obese subjects by calculating the intravenous dosages as a function of age and lean body mass."	( [Remifentanil in anesthesia and intensive care]. Cafiero, T; De Cillis, P; Mastronardi, P, 2000)	0.31
" In studies in mesenteric artery rings suspended in myographs, we observed a leftward shift in the dose-response curve for ET-1 after selective blockade of ET(B) receptors with BQ-788 in 3- but not 35-day-old swine."	( Endothelin-mediated vasoconstriction in postischemic newborn intestine. Miller, CE; Nankervis, CA; Schauer, GM, 2000)	0.31
" On the other hand, lubeluzole treatment by the current dosage schedule was not associated with a significant safety problem."	( Lubeluzole in acute ischemic stroke treatment: A double-blind study with an 8-hour inclusion window comparing a 10-mg daily dose of lubeluzole with placebo. Cortens, M; Diener, HC; Ford, G; Grotta, J; Hacke, W; Kaste, M; Koudstaal, PJ; Wessel, T, 2000)	0.31
" However, these trials employed fixed dosing and mealtime regimens, so repaglinide was not used as intended."	( Prandial glucose regulation with repaglinide: its clinical and lifestyle impact in a large cohort of patients with Type 2 diabetes. Bauer, C; Dieken, ML; Frank, M; Landgraf, R, 2000)	0.31
" However, the incidence of intraoperative adverse events and other postoperative sequelae, recovery times, pain and nausea visual analog scale scores, opioid analgesic dosage requirements in the postanesthetic care unit, and satisfaction survey responses were similar between groups."	( A comparison of the cost-effectiveness of remifentanil versus fentanyl as an adjuvant to general anesthesia for outpatient gynecologic surgery. Beers, RA; Calimlim, JR; Camporesi, EM; Esposito, BF; Uddoh, E, 2000)	0.31
" The MOR internalization is dose-dependent, with a similar dose-response to that observed for opioid-induced increases in potassium conductance."	( Postsynaptic signaling via the [mu]-opioid receptor: responses of dorsal horn neurons to exogenous opioids and noxious stimulation. Abbadie, C; Basbaum, AI; Marek, K; Trafton, JA, 2000)	0.31
" A comparable bell-shaped dose-response relation was seen in the social exploration test in rats."	( NKP608: a selective NK-1 receptor antagonist with anxiolytic-like effects in the social interaction and social exploration test in rats. Brugger, F; Gentsch, C; Hauser, K; Ofner, S; Schilling, W; Vassout, A; Veenstra, S, 2000)	0.31
" The present study investigated the dose-response characteristics of donepezil, tacrine, rivastigmine and metrifonate in inducing tremor, lacrimation, salivation and hypothermia and the duration of action of these compounds in Lister hooded rats."	( Comparison of donepezil-, tacrine-, rivastigmine- and metrifonate-induced central and peripheral cholinergically mediated responses in the rat. Dronfield, S; Egan, K; Green, AR; Marsden, CA, 2000)	0.31
"25 microgram/kg/min, or sufentanil (S-group) 1 microgram/kg before surgery with dosage adjustments according to haemodynamic parameters."	( [Endocrine stress parameters during TIVA with remifentanil or sufentanil]. Bastian, C; Brockmann, C; Raasch, W, 2000)	0.31
" This compound has excellent oral activity at 4 h after oral dosing (1 mg/kg), inhibiting methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in dogs, and may be useful in clinical situations in which M(3) over M(2) selectivity is desirable."	( A potent, long-acting, orally active (2R)-2-[(1R)-3, 3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamide: novel muscarinic M(3) receptor antagonist with high selectivity for M(3) over M(2) receptors. Hasegawa, T; Hirose, H; Kakikawa, T; Kawakami, K; Kimura, T; Kobayashi, K; Mase, T; Mitsuya, M; Noguchi, K; Numazawa, T; Ogino, Y; Ohtake, N; Sato, A; Satoh, A, 2000)	0.31
" The dose-response relationship and the effective dose for at least 50% of the subjects (ED(50)) were determined."	( The effect of remifentanil on the heat pain threshold in volunteers. Brannath, W; Felleiter, P; Gustorff, B; Hoerauf, KH; Kress, HG; Nahlik, G; Spacek, A, 2001)	0.31
" When injected alone, SR141716A produced, with the highest dosage used, a significant reduction in the latency of the NR."	( Metabotropic and NMDA glutamate receptors participate in the cannabinoid-induced antinociception. Berrino, L; de Novellis, V; Maione, S; Marabese, I; Oliva, P; Palazzo, E; Rossi, F, 2001)	0.31
" Constant infusion of physostigmine at a dosage of 250 microg/kg/min produced an identical increase in radioligand binding."	( Acetylcholinesterase inhibition increases in vivo N-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-4-piperidyl benzilate binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Kilbourn, MR; Sherman, PS; Skaddan, MB; Snyder, SE, 2001)	0.31
"SCH 66336 can be administered safely using a continuous oral bid dosing regimen."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the oral farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH 66336 given twice daily to patients with advanced solid tumors. Awada, A; Cutler, DL; de Jonge, MJ; Eskens, FA; Faber, MN; Hanauske, AR; Luyten, GP; Piccart, M; Sparreboom, A; Statkevich, P; Verweij, J, 2001)	0.31
" In order to maximize and prolong positive drug effects, it is important to start early and adjust dosage during the treatment."	( Cholinesterase inhibitors stabilize Alzheimer's disease. Giacobini, E, 2000)	0.31
"This double-blind randomized placebo-controlled parallel group study assessed the efficacy and safety (with particular regard to body weight and hypoglycemia) of repaglinide when used in a flexible mealtime dosing regimen in a situation close to everyday clinical practice."	( Flexible meal-related dosing with repaglinide facilitates glycemic control in therapy-naive type 2 diabetes. Dedov, I; Frandsen, KB; Gomis, R; Moses, RG; Schlienger, JL, 2001)	0.31
" Patients were free to choose a flexible meal pattern, adjusting the dosing schedule from two to four preprandial doses per day in accordance with a "one meal, one dose; no meal, no dose" principle."	( Flexible meal-related dosing with repaglinide facilitates glycemic control in therapy-naive type 2 diabetes. Dedov, I; Frandsen, KB; Gomis, R; Moses, RG; Schlienger, JL, 2001)	0.31
"Mealtime dosing with repaglinide is effective in improving overall glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients for which control is suboptimal using diet alone."	( Flexible meal-related dosing with repaglinide facilitates glycemic control in therapy-naive type 2 diabetes. Dedov, I; Frandsen, KB; Gomis, R; Moses, RG; Schlienger, JL, 2001)	0.31
" Vascular segments were obtained in 34 patients who had undergone revascularization procedures, and isometric dose-response curves (DRCs) were constructed using the isolated tissue bath procedure as follows: 1) cumulative DRCs to norepinephrine; and 2) DRCs to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside in the absence and presence of bosentan, BQ-123, or BQ-788."	( Augmentation of endothelial function by endothelin antagonism in human saphenous vein conduits. Anderson, TJ; Dumont, AS; Lovren, F; McNeill, JH; Sutherland, GR; Triggle, CR; Verma, S, 2001)	0.31
" Although careful titration of repaglinide dose is recommended for patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, no dosage adjustment is otherwise needed in the elderly."	( Repaglinide: prandial glucose regulation in clinical practice. McDougall, A; Owens, DR, 2000)	0.31
" Double-blind, active-comparator studies have shown repaglinide to have an antidiabetic efficacy that is at least equivalent to sulphonylureas, even when food intake and dosing intervals were controlled according to the requirements of sulphonylureas."	( A review of clinical experience with the prandial glucose regulator, repaglinide, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Moses, R, 2000)	0.31
" In a placebo-controlled cross-over study, we investigated the effect of SR 48968C, administrated orally once-daily in a dosage of 100 mg during 9 days, on airway responsiveness to adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) in 12 allergic asthmatic patients."	( The NK-2 receptor antagonist SR 48968C does not improve adenosine hyperresponsiveness and airway obstruction in allergic asthma. Kraan, J; Postma, DS; Vink-Klooster, H, 2001)	0.31
" Additionally, AH11110A enhanced the general contractility of rat vas deferens, produced a bell-shaped dose-response curve of vasodilation in perfused rat kidney, and its antagonism in most other tissues was not simply competitive."	( Failure of AH11110A to functionally discriminate between alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes A, B and D or between alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. Eltze, M; Grebe, T; König, H; Ullrich, B, 2001)	0.31
" This study was designed to evaluate the dose-response effect of lanepitant in patients with daily moderate to severe, bilateral, distal neuropathic pain."	( Dose-response study of the analgesic effect of lanepitant in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Gitter, BD; Goldstein, DJ; Iyengar, S; Wang, O, )	0.13
" h/mL, the severity of adverse bleeding events increased considerably; this suggested that dosing recommendations should be generated to minimize the likelihood of patients having an area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 hours in excess of this value."	( A population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic and logistic regression analysis of lotrafiban in patients. Aluri, J; Chapelsky, M; Granett, J; Mould, D; Samuels, R; Swagzdis, J, 2001)	0.31
" Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) was elevated progressively over a 5-d course of daily oral dosing in dogs."	( Preclinical pharmacology of CP-424,391, an orally active pyrazolinone-piperidine [correction of pyrazolidinone-piperidine] growth hormone secretagogue. Carpino, PA; Chidsey-Frink, K; DaSilva-Jardine, PA; Lefker, BA; Lu, B; MacLean, DB; Mullins, MA; Nettleton, DO; Ng, O; Nickerson, DF; Pan, LC; Pettersen, JC; Pirie, CM; Ragan, JA; Tess, DA; Thompson, DD; Toler, SM, 2001)	0.31
"0 mg/kg) produced a rightward shift in the (+)-7-OH-DPAT dose-response curve."	( Antagonism of the discriminative stimulus effects of (+)-7-OH-DPAT by remoxipride but not PNU-99194A. Baker, LE; Christian, AJ; Goodwin, AK, 2001)	0.31
" Notably, the interaction isobole of the (clinically readily available) infusion rates provides a useful dosing recommendation for the coadministration of propofol and remifentanil during maintenance of anesthesia."	( Propofol and remifentanil pharmacodynamic interaction during orthopedic surgical procedures as measured by effects on bispectral index. Bouillon, T; Cuhls, M; Hoeft, A; Könen-Bergmann, M; Röpcke, H, 2001)	0.31
"The goals of this study were to determine the CDB-4022 dose-response relationship for induction of acute decreases in testicular weight and germ cell depopulation in rats; establish the threshold dose of CDB-4022 required to induce infertility; and investigate whether CDB-4022-induced testicular damage could be prevented by a GnRH agonist (Lupron Depot)."	( Lupron depot prevention of antispermatogenic/antifertility activity of the indenopyridine, CDB-4022, in the rat. Blye, RP; Hild, SA; Meistrich, ML; Reel, JR, 2001)	0.31
"The pharmacodynamics and dose-response relationship of repaglinide, a novel oral hypoglycemic agent, were evaluated in steady-state treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dose-response relationship of repaglinide in type 2 diabetes. Goldberg, RB; Graf, RJ; Huang, WC; Marbury, TC; Polvino, W; Schwartz, SL; Strange, P; Weston, I, 1999)	0.3
"5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, and 4 mg) was compared to that of placebo in a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, 4-week dose-response clinical trial in 143 patients."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dose-response relationship of repaglinide in type 2 diabetes. Goldberg, RB; Graf, RJ; Huang, WC; Marbury, TC; Polvino, W; Schwartz, SL; Strange, P; Weston, I, 1999)	0.3
" A well-defined dose-response relationship was observed for BGmean and FSG values."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dose-response relationship of repaglinide in type 2 diabetes. Goldberg, RB; Graf, RJ; Huang, WC; Marbury, TC; Polvino, W; Schwartz, SL; Strange, P; Weston, I, 1999)	0.3
" If necessary, the dosis should be progressively increased, depending on the individual response, up to 4 mg before meal (maximal daily dosage of 16 mg), in order to optimize blood glucose control."	( [Pharma-clinics. Medication of the month. Repaglinide (NovoNorm)]. Scheen, AJ, 2001)	0.31
"3 and 1 mg/kg) produced rightward shifts in the Delta9-THC dose-response curve for Delta9-THC-appropriate responding and for (R)-methanandamide-appropriate responding (surmountable antagonism)."	( (R)-methanandamide and Delta 9-THC as discriminative stimuli in rats: tests with the cannabinoid antagonist SR-141716 and the endogenous ligand anandamide. Järbe, TU; Lamb, RJ; Lin, S; Makriyannis, A, 2001)	0.31
"Pharmacokinetics of roxatidine acetate is affected by hepatic function, and the dosage of roxatidine acetate for patients with liver disease, especially cirrhosis, should be modified."	( Pharmacokinetics of roxatidine acetate in patients with chronic liver disease. Takase, S; Tsutsumi, M; Ueshima, Y, 2001)	0.31
" Recovery profile was assessed by recording time spent in the postanesthesia care unit and step-down recovery unit, number and timing of adverse events, timing and dosage of rescue medications, and time to eligibility for discharge (to home or to hospital room)."	( Hemodynamics and emergence profile of remifentanil versus fentanyl prospectively compared in a large population of surgical patients. Fleisher, LA; Hogue, S; Jamerson, B; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2001)	0.31
" The desensitization was dose-dependent, and it shifted the oxytocin and ACTH dose-response curves of 8-OH-DPAT to the right (increased ED(50)) with no change in their maximal responses (E(max))."	( Characterization of the functional heterologous desensitization of hypothalamic 5-HT(1A) receptors after 5-HT(2A) receptor activation. Battaglia, G; D'Souza, D; Garcia, F; Muma, NA; Raap, DK; Van de Kar, LD; Zhang, Y, 2001)	0.31
") caused dose-dependent rightward shift in the pressor dose-response curve induced by B-HT 920."	( alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist properties of OPC-28326, a novel selective peripheral vasodilator. Hashimoto, A; Imaizumi, T; Kambe, T; Kishi, M; Mori, T; Nakazawa, T; Orito, K, 2001)	0.31
" Dosage was titrated against clinical response to perioperative stimulation and the infusion was terminated at the end of the operation."	( Effect of age on recovery from remifentanil anaesthesia. Hung, CT; Lai, A, 2001)	0.31
" However, considering the selected dosing regimen, recovery times were significantly shorter for children after TIVA."	( [Propofol-remifentanil versus sevoflurane-remifentanil for anesthesia for pediatric procedures in infants, children and adolescents]. Albrecht, S; Carbon, R; Fechner, J; Fritsch, B; Rösch, W; Schmidt, J; Schmitz, B, 2001)	0.31
" The ET-1 dose-response was biphasic in normal muscles."	( Myocardial contractile responsiveness to endothelin-1 in the post-infarction rat model of heart failure: effects of chronic quinapril. Cernacek, P; Nguyen, QT; Picard, P; Qi, XL; Rouleau, JL; Sia, YT; Sirois, M; Stewart, DJ; Wei, G, 2001)	0.31
"5 mg/kg), dipentylphthalate (DPP; 2200 mg/kg; a Sertoli cell toxicant), or vehicle and were necropsied 3, 6, or 12 h after dosing to determine acute effects."	( Disruption of spermatogenesis and Sertoli cell structure and function by the indenopyridine CDB-4022 in rats. Blye, RP; Hild, SA; Larner, JM; Reel, JR, 2001)	0.31
" Dose-response analysis showed that both flavopiridol and roscovitine reversibly suppressed HIV-1 transcription in podocytes in vitro at an IC(50) of 25 nM and 3 microM, respectively."	( Suppression of HIV-1 expression by inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases promotes differentiation of infected podocytes. Gelman, IH; Klotman, PE; Nelson, PJ, 2001)	0.31
" However, plasma concentrations increased from the first minute after intranasal dosing suggesting that sumatriptan and naratriptan are absorbed into the general systemic circulation from the nasal cavity in rats in a first-order fashion with no lag time."	( Intranasal absorption of sumatriptan and naratriptan: no evidence of local transfer from the nasal cavities to the brain arterial blood in male rats. Deprez, S; Einer-Jensen, N; Larsen, L; Schwartz, S; Starns, E, 2001)	0.31
" dosing and 15-16% and 16% of the administered dose within 24 and 48 h, respectively, after oral dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of halofuginone (NSC 713205) in CD2F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats. Covey, JM; Egorin, MJ; Eiseman, JL; Hamburger, DR; Parise, RA; Stecklair, KP, 2001)	0.31
" If mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased >80 mm Hg during maximal dosage of isoflurane or remifentanil, labetalol was administered."	( Remifentanil provides hemodynamic stability and faster awakening time in transsphenoidal surgery. Cozzi, S; Gemma, M; Losa, M; Mortini, P; Narcisi, S; Soldarini, A; Tommasino, C, 2002)	0.31
" When multiple dosages of a drug were tested, the results of the highest approved dosage were used."	( Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes: scientific review. Inzucchi, SE, 2002)	0.31
"), showed an anxiogenic-like effect that reached a maximum with the dosage of 5 mg/kg."	( Mouse light/dark box test reveals anxiogenic-like effects by activation of histamine H1 receptors. Bartolini, A; Ipponi, A; Malmberg-Aiello, P; Schunack, W, )	0.13
" The purpose of this pharmacodynamic study was to validate a prandial regimen of repaglinide by comparing meal-related dosing with a regimen in which the same total daily dose was divided into only two doses at morning and evening meals."	( Optimizing insulin secretagogue therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind study with repaglinide. Andersen, PH; Jønler, M; Lund, S; Pørksen, N; Schmitz, O, 2002)	0.31
"These data support the strategy of mealtime dosing with repaglinide."	( Optimizing insulin secretagogue therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind study with repaglinide. Andersen, PH; Jønler, M; Lund, S; Pørksen, N; Schmitz, O, 2002)	0.31
" Overall, ERA-923 was safe and well tolerated in postmenopausal women dosed for 28 days."	( Multiple-dose, safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a new selective estrogen receptor modulator, ERA-923, in healthy postmenopausal women. Burghart, PH; Cotreau, MM; Dykstra, KH; Gandhi, T; Gutierrez, M; Park, Y; Schwertschlag, US; Stonis, L; Xu, J, 2002)	0.31
" The U-shaped dose-response relationship and the time dependency of the effect of thioperamide indicated that the drug acts on mechanisms involved in memory consolidation."	( Histamine H3-receptor blockade in the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis improves place recognition memory. Ferretti, C; Gamalero, R; Ghi, P; Orsetti, M, 2002)	0.31
" Dosing of mice with LY303870, a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, reduced the severity of IBD, and treatment of mice with preexisting IBD allowed partial healing of lesions."	( Treatment with neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist reduces severity of inflammatory bowel disease induced by Cryptosporidium parvum. Akili, D; Harp, JA; Palmer, MV; Sonea, IM, 2002)	0.31
"The objective of this study was to determine a dosing regimen for remifentanil-sevoflurane anaesthesia that achieves an optimal balance between quality of anaesthesia and time to recovery."	( Remifentanil-sevoflurane anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: comparison of three dose regimens. Bencini, AF; Ephraim, EP; Frietman, RC; Houweling, PL; Mulder, PG; van Delden, PG; van Niekerk, J; van Stolk, MA; Verheijen, R; Wajer, OJ, 2002)	0.31
" Female rhesus macaques were ovariectomized and orally dosed with vehicle, estradiol 17beta, raloxifene or arzoxifene once per day by sipper bottles for 30 days."	( Effects of oral estrogen, raloxifene and arzoxifene on gene expression in serotonin neurons of macaques. Bethea, CL; Michelson, D; Mirkes, SJ; Su, A, 2002)	0.31
"The short onset and offset of remifentanil may allow for accurate dosing of sedative effect with few side-effects and rapid recovery."	( Remifentanil sedation compared with propofol during regional anaesthesia. Aitkenhead, A; Hanson, AL; Lauwers, MH; Martisson, S; Marty, J; Merle, JC; Raeder, JC; Reite, K; Servin, FS; Wattwil, M; Wostyn, L, 2002)	0.31
"The optimization of oral dosage form formulation has been developed for N-4472, N-[2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenethyl)-4,6-difluorophenyl]-N'-[4-(N-benzylpiperidyl)] urea, which was a poorly water-soluble drug having a lipid-lowering effect."	( Improvement of physicochemical properties of N-4472 part I formulation design by using self-microemulsifying system. Itoh, K; Oguchi, T; Tozuka, Y; Yamamoto, K, 2002)	0.31
" The first series of experiments was designed to determine if Delta(9)-THC-mediated changes in cerebral metabolism followed a clear dose-response relationship."	( Dose-dependent effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on rates of local cerebral glucose utilization in rat. Freedland, CS; Miller, MD; Porrino, LJ; Whitlow, CT, 2002)	0.31
"Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are dosed in two phases for the treatment of dementia, an initial dose-escalation phase to achieve a therapeutic dose and a maintenance phase where the therapeutic dose is given for long-term therapy."	( The tolerability and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia. Inglis, F, 2002)	0.31
" Beneficial effects in other similar patients or at higher dosage cannot be excluded."	( An N-of-1 randomized controlled trial ('N-of-1 trial') of donepezil in the treatment of non-progressive amnestic syndrome. Grimley Evans, J; Price, JD, 2002)	0.31
" Further investigation into flavopiridol as a clinical agent should focus on alternative dosing schedules and the compound's potential use in combination chemotherapeutic regimens."	( Seventy-two hour continuous infusion flavopiridol in relapsed and refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Howard, OM; Kim, HH; Lin, TS; Neuberg, DS; Shipp, MA, 2002)	0.31
" After Ramadan, patients resumed their regular meal pattern and treatment dosage for 4 weeks."	( Repaglinide versus glibenclamide treatment of Type 2 diabetes during Ramadan fasting. Mafauzy, M, 2002)	0.31
" Improvement in behavioural symptoms also occurs, but without a dose-response relationship."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cholinesterase inhibitors. Jann, MW; Shirley, KL; Small, GW, 2002)	0.31
" Both medications were administered open label according to recommended dosing regimens from the respective product labelling available during the conduct of the study."	( A multinational, randomised, 12-week, comparative study of donepezil and rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Bahra, RS; Bullock, R; Engelbrecht, I; Hock, C; Hopker, SW; Ieni, JR; Maud, CM; Passmore, AP; Potocnik, FC; Smith, R; Wilkinson, DG, )	0.13
" There were, however, no adverse cardiovascular or CNS side-effects seen at this dosing level."	( Pharmacological characterization of Ro 63-1908 (1-[2-(4-hydroxy-phenoxy)-ethyl]-4-(4-methyl-benzyl)-piperidin-4-ol), a novel subtype-selective N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist. Alanine, A; Bourson, A; Buttelmann, B; Fischer, G; Gill, R; Heitz, MP; Kemp, JA; Kew, JN; Levet-Trafit, B; Lorez, HP; Malherbe, P; Miss, MT; Mutel, V; Pinard, E; Roever, S; Schmitt, M; Trube, G; Wybrecht, R; Wyler, R, 2002)	0.31
" Both compounds maintained responding with sigmoidal or biphasic dose-response functions (0."	( Reinforcing strength of a novel dopamine transporter ligand: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms. Kozikowski, A; Ordway, GA; Paul, IA; Petukhov, P; Ranaldi, R; Wang, Z; Woolverton, WL, 2002)	0.31
" When used in a flexible dosing regime in a large cohort of patients, it is associated with better glycaemic control, a reduction in HbA1c, weight loss and improved quality of life compared to sulphonylureas."	( Insulin secretagogues. Davies, MJ, 2002)	0.31
"In direct head-to-head comparative clinical trials, oral rizatriptan 10 mg enabled more migraine sufferers to function normally at 2 h after dosing than oral sumatriptan, naratriptan, and zolmitriptan."	( Restoring migraine sufferers' ability to function normally: a comparison of rizatriptan and other triptans in randomized trials. Bussone, G; D'Amico, D; Gerth, W; Lines, CR; McCarroll, KA, 2002)	0.31
" Repeat oral dosing of 4 in dogs for 29 days (6 mg/kg) resulted in a significant down-regulation of the post dose GH response and a 60 and 40% increase in IGF-1 levels relative to pre-dose levels at the 8- and 24-h post dose time points."	( Discovery and biological characterization of capromorelin analogues with extended half-lives. Carpino, PA; Chidsey-Frink, KL; Cook, ER; DaSilva-Jardine, PA; DeNinno, SL; DiBrino, JN; Hada, WA; Hadcock, JR; Inthavongsay, J; Lefker, BA; Lewis, SK; Mangano, FM; Mullins, MA; Murray, MC; Ng, O; Nickerson, DF; Pan, LC; Pettersen, JC; Pirie, CM; Ragan, JA; Rose, CR; Tess, DA; Thompson, DD; Toler, SM; Wilson, TC; Wright, AS; Yu, L; Zawistoski, MP, 2002)	0.31
"As a result of the higher incidence of adverse respiratory effects with remifentanil and similar sedative effects, propofol is preferable for sedation during cervical plexus block in elderly patients with comorbid disease at the dosage used."	( Remifentanil or propofol for sedation during carotid endarterectomy under cervical plexus block. Deusch, E; Fitzgerald, RD; Jellinek, H; Krenn, H; Oczenski, W, 2002)	0.31
" It seems that remifentanil dosage does not need to be changed in patients with butyrylcholinesterase deficiency."	( In vitro remifentanil metabolism: the effects of whole blood constituents and plasma butyrylcholinesterase. Davis, PJ; Egan, TD; McGowan, FX; Muir, KT; Stiller, RL; Wilson, AS, 2002)	0.31
" More importantly, even millimolar concentrations of CX516 did not influence the dose-response relation for CX546, suggesting the possibility that they bind to different sites."	( Benzamide-type AMPA receptor modulators form two subfamilies with distinct modes of action. Arai, AC; Kessler, M; Lynch, G; Rogers, G; Xia, YF, 2002)	0.31
" SCH 66336 can be safely administered using a continuous oral OD dosing regimen."	( Phase I and pharmacological study of the oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor SCH 66336 given once daily to patients with advanced solid tumours. Awada, A; Bleiberg, H; Cutler, DL; Eskens, FA; Faber, MN; Fumoleau, P; Piccart, M; Statkevich, P; van der Gaast, A; Verweij, J; Wanders, J, 2002)	0.31
" A pre-defined dosing algorithm permitted initial titration of the opioids to predetermine the optimal level of sedation and pain score."	( Remifentanil vs morphine for patients in intensive care unit who need short-term mechanical ventilation. Chinachoti, T; Kessler, P; Kirkham, A; Werawatganon, T, 2002)	0.31
" The dose-response relationship indicated that percent drug lever responding was dose-dependent."	( Discriminative stimulus properties of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane [(+/-)DOI] in C57BL/6J mice. Barrett, RJ; Sanders-Bush, E; Smith, RL, 2003)	0.32
" Concurrent dosing of dihydrocodeine and ebastine produced a significant place preference."	( Effects of second generation of histamine H1 antagonists, cetirizine and ebastine, on the antitussive and rewarding effects of dihydrocodeine in mice. Kamei, J; Miyata, S; Morita, K; Onodera, K, 2003)	0.32
"The anesthetic management of a 58 year-old-male suffering from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis associated with a previous experience of altered dose-response relationship to muscle relaxants is reported."	( [Tracheal intubation in a case of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using remifentanil and propofol without muscle relaxants]. Burrelli, R; Cafiero, T; Gargiulo, G; Mastronardi, P, 2002)	0.31
"We determined the effect of a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist (AM-251; N-(Piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) on food intake, body weight and adipose tissue mass in Western diet-induced obese (DIO) mice using a chronic, interrupted, oral dosing paradigm."	( Antiobesity effects of chronic cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist treatment in diet-induced obese mice. Black, SC; Hildebrandt, AL; Kelly-Sullivan, DM, 2003)	0.32
" The results indicate that no clinically meaningful drug interactions occurred between risperidone 1 mg daily and donepezil 5 mg daily at steady state, and therefore no dosage adjustment is required when both drugs are combined with the dosage regimen studied."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments of concurrent administration of risperidone and donepezil. Jia, X; Parier, JL; Pesco-Koplowitz, L; Xie, C; Zhao, Q, 2003)	0.32
" The present study indicates that clinically relevant concentrations of the tested thrombin inhibitors interfere with endothelial-mediated APC generation, which may offer an explanation for the lack of a dose-response effect in clinical trials with thrombin inhibitors."	( Inhibition of endothelial cell-mediated generation of activated protein C by direct and antithrombin-dependent thrombin inhibitors. Frebelius, S; Jansson, K; Linder, R; Swedenborg, J, 2003)	0.32
"Lean and obese Zucker rats were orally dosed with SR 141716 (3, 10, 30 mg/kg PO), sibutramine (5 mg/kg PO) or vehicle for one week."	( Preferential effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR 141716, on food intake and body weight gain of obese (fa/fa) compared to lean Zucker rats. Dourish, CT; Kennett, GA; Vickers, SP; Webster, LJ; Wyatt, A, 2003)	0.32
"To identify the remifentanil dosing regimen providing safe and optimal anesthetic conditions during coronary artery bypass graft surgery and to evaluate postoperative recovery characteristics."	( Comparison of three remifentanil dose-finding regimens for coronary artery surgery. Howie, MB; Hug, CC; Jopling, MW; Michelsen, LG; Porembka, DT; Shaikh, S; Warren, SM, 2003)	0.32
"Within subjects, latencies were most consistent from infusion to infusion at unit doses on the descending limb of the dose-response curve."	( Variability of drug self-administration in rats. Katz, JL; Panlilio, LV; Pickens, RW; Schindler, CW, 2003)	0.32
"1-1 microM), which correlates with the cerebrospinal fluid concentration of the drug at the recommended daily dosage of 16 to 24 mg."	( Galantamine is an allosterically potentiating ligand of neuronal nicotinic but not of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Albuquerque, EX; Christner, C; Fehrenbacher, A; Höffle, A; Jostock, R; Lübbert, H; Ludwig, J; Maelicke, A; Pereira, EF; Radina, M; Samochocki, M; Ullmer, C; Zerlin, M, 2003)	0.32
" If the combination is considered necessary, repaglinide dosage should be greatly reduced and blood glucose concentrations carefully monitored."	( Effects of gemfibrozil, itraconazole, and their combination on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide: potentially hazardous interaction between gemfibrozil and repaglinide. Backman, JT; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M, 2003)	0.32
" The prandial glucose regulator repaglinide has been studied in combination with metformin (an inhibitor of hepatic glucose production), neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH)-insulin (which has a long duration of effect, but at the risk of early hypoglycaemia and late hyperglycaemia in the dosing interval) and three thiazolidinediones (TZDs--troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, which stimulate nuclear receptors to increase insulin sensitivity and reduce insulin resistance) in patients whose diabetes was inadequately controlled by previous monotherapy or combination therapy."	( Repaglinide in combination therapy. Moses, R, 2002)	0.31
" Dose-response studies indicated that c-Fos protein expression was induced at doses (0."	( The novel analgesic and high-efficacy 5-HT1A receptor agonist, F 13640 induces c-Fos protein expression in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. Besson, JM; Buritova, J; Colpaert, F; Tarayre, JP, 2003)	0.32
" It is currently debated if the steep ascending part of the biphasic dose-response curve typically obtained in multiple-dosing lever-press-based operant conditioning procedures represents a satiety-driven, all-or-none response or if the response is gradual and tightly adjusted to the various doses of the reinforcer."	( Opioids, cocaine, and food change runtime distribution in a rat runway procedure. Saria, A; Sturm, K; Wakonigg, G; Zernig, G, 2003)	0.32
" In conclusion, this study shows that, at the end of the conventional dosing interval, ebastine 10 mg and cetirizine 10 mg once daily in repeated doses suppressed the histamine wheal more effectively than did loratadine 10 mg once daily or fexofenadine 60 mg twice daily."	( Inhibition of the histamine wheal by ebastine compared with cetirizine, fexofenadine and loratadine at steady state. Boyce, M; Carey, W; Luria, X; Warrington, S, 2002)	0.31
"Knowledge of the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol is important to permit optimal dosage strategies."	( Modelling the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by EEG-controlled dosing. Albrecht, S; Fechner, J; Hering, W; Ihmsen, H; Palmaers, T; Schüttler, J, 2003)	0.32
" Both drugs were dosed and titrated based on computer-assisted pharmacokinetic models to maintain constant plasma concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetic-based total intravenous anaesthesia using remifentanil and propofol for surgical myocardial revascularization. De Cosmo, D; De Stefani, R; Guarracino, F; Penzo, D; Vardanega, A, 2003)	0.32
" A mixed-effects population study was carried out in order to analyze the sparse data and to create covariate models which could be used to derive dosage recommendations."	( Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lerisetron in the rat: a population pharmacokinetic model. Calvo, R; de la Fuente, L; Jauregizar, N; Quintana, A; Raczka, E; Suarez, E, )	0.13
" In conclusion, flexible mealtime dosing with oral medication appears to be well accepted by pharmacotherapy-naïve patients with Type 2 diabetes."	( The effect of prandial glucose regulation with repaglinide on treatment satisfaction, wellbeing and health status in patients with pharmacotherapy naïve Type 2 diabetes: a placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Bech, P; Gomis, R; Moses, R, 2003)	0.32
" Profiles of blood glucose concentration following repaglinide dosing were altered by less than 8% by both ketoconazole and rifampicin."	( Influence of drugs interacting with CYP3A4 on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of the prandial glucose regulator repaglinide. Hansen, KT; Hatorp, V; Thomsen, MS, 2003)	0.32
" A cumulative dose-response relationship was observed between longer-term sustained donepezil use and delay of NHP."	( Donepezil is associated with delayed nursing home placement in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Geldmacher, DS; Ieni, JR; Mastey, V; McRae, T; Provenzano, G, 2003)	0.32
" This includes the anaesthesia induction sequence, the choice and dosage of anaesthetics when used as adjuncts to remifentanil, and even more, the proper planning of postoperative pain management."	( [Remifentanil. An update]. Kreuer, S; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W; Wrobel, M, 2003)	0.32
" In this study, our aim was to determine an appropriate dosage regimen of remifentanil for awake nasotracheal fiberoptic intubation."	( Awake nasotracheal fiberoptic intubation: patient comfort, intubating conditions, and hemodynamic stability during conscious sedation with remifentanil. Andel, D; Gonano, C; Holzer, A; Illievich, UM; Machata, AM; Spiss, CK; Zimpfer, M, 2003)	0.32
" We show that at therapeutic dosage (or at micromolar range), flavopiridol almost completely prevents colchicine-induced apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurones."	( Neuroprotective action of flavopiridol, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in colchicine-induced apoptosis. Bravo, R; Bruna, A; Caelles, C; Camarasa, J; Camins, A; Canudas, AM; Escubedo, E; Jiménez, A; Jorda, EG; Pallàs, M; Pubill, D; Verdaguer, E, 2003)	0.32
" In two experiments using Aedes aegypti, one using a single identical dose and one with varying doses used to develop a dose-response curve, SS220 was as effective as Deet and both compounds were more effective than Bayrepel."	( Synthesis and repellent efficacy of a new chiral piperidine analog: comparison with Deet and Bayrepel activity in human-volunteer laboratory assays against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. Debboun, M; Khrimian, A; Klun, JA; Kramer, M; Margaryan, A, 2003)	0.32
"Increased dosage was necessary only for 10 min during the procedure."	( Efficacy and safety of continuous intravenous infusion of remifentanil in preterm infants undergoing laser therapy in retinopathy of prematurity: clinical experience. Bocci, MG; Conti, G; Ferro, G; Lepore, D; Mercurio, G; Molle, F; Papacci, P; Sammartino, M, 2003)	0.32
" This comparison suggests that 25 mg of picenadol is a more acceptable dosage since both 25 and 50 mg were effective dosages."	( Intramuscular picenadol in patients with postoperative pain. Brunelle, RL; George, RE; Goldstein, DJ; Zimmerman, DM, 1993)	0.29
" Some differences in side-effects at equi-analgesic dosage were observed, particularly a reduction in histamine release."	( Pharmacological actions of two new pethidine analogues. LISTER, RE, 1960)	0.24
"2% in oxygen and nitrous oxide and the opioid dosing was titrated to autonomic responses."	( Remifentanil infusion for cleft palate surgery in young infants. Dagher, C; Desjeux, L; Gall, O; Murat, I; Roulleau, P, 2003)	0.32
" A small but significant effect on uterine wet weight was noted with raloxifene dosed at 1 mg/kg."	( Effects of SP500263, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator, on bone, uterus, and serum cholesterol in the ovariectomized rat. Anderson, DW; Bhagwat, SS; Brady, H; Gayo-Fung, LM; Leisten, J; Lipps, SG; McKie, JA; O'Leary, E; Patnaik, N; Stein, B; Sutherland, MK, 2003)	0.32
" Dose-response curves for buprenorphine-induced antinociception display ceiling effects or are bell shaped, which have been attributed to the partial agonist activity of buprenorphine at opioid receptors."	( Buprenorphine-induced antinociception is mediated by mu-opioid receptors and compromised by concomitant activation of opioid receptor-like receptors. Bryant, CD; Carroll, FI; Eitan, S; Evans, CJ; Kieffer, BL; Lutfy, K; Maidment, NT; Saliminejad, N; Takeshima, H; Walwyn, W; Yang, YC, 2003)	0.32
" Moreover, the CB1 antagonists right-shifted A1 agonist dose-response curves without affecting maximal responses, suggesting competitive mode of antagonist action."	( An optimized approach to study endocannabinoid signaling: evidence against constitutive activity of rat brain adenosine A1 and cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Järvinen, T; Laitinen, JT; Niemi, R; Saario, SM; Savinainen, JR, 2003)	0.32
"The dose-response curve for the effect of volatile anesthetics on the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) is well described, but for propofol, the large dose segment of the curve is undefined."	( Propofol suppresses the cortical somatosensory evoked potential in rats. Cronin, AJ; DiVittore, NA; Kreiser, S; Li, BH; Li, DP; Logginidou, HG; Lohmann, JS; Schuler, HG, 2003)	0.32
"3 nM for this subtype (compared to NR1(A)/2A: 35 microM and NR1(A)/2C>100 microM) and was active in rat at a relatively low dosage (10mg/kg po)."	( Synthesis, radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of 5-[3-(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)prop-1-ynyl]-1,3-dihydrobenzoimidazol-2-[(11)C]one, as a potent NR(1A)/2B subtype selective NMDA PET radiotracer. Besret, L; Bottlaender, M; Bramoullé, Y; Coulon, C; Dollé, F; Kassiou, M; Lagnel, B; Ottaviani, M; Roger, G; Valette, H, 2003)	0.32
" It is important to prevent dosing errors in cooperation with medical providers, patients and families."	( [A case of acute cholinergic adverse effects induced by donepezil overdose: a follow-up of clinical course and plasma concentration of donepezil]. Fukuhara, Y; Kowa, H; Nakashima, K; Wada, K; Yano, H, 2003)	0.32
" For this purpose, 129/SVE and C57BL/6 male mice were acutely dosed intraperitoneally (i."	( Antidepressant-like and anorectic effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor inverse agonist AM251 in mice. Fleischer, R; Rocha, BA; Rosko, KM; Shearman, LP; Tong, XS; Wang, J; Xu, S, 2003)	0.32
" Coadministration of lonafarnib could thus reduce chemotherapy dosage and hence produce lower exposure to normal cells and less undesired toxicity."	( The farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor lonafarnib (SCH66336) is an inhibitor of multidrug resistance proteins 1 and 2. Johnson, WW; Wang, EJ, 2003)	0.32
"A simple, precise and rapid RP-HPLC method was developed for the determination of repaglinide in pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( Determination of repaglinide in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC with UV detection. Gandhimathi, M; Ravi, TK; Renu, SK, 2003)	0.32
"In this 12-week, open-label, multicentre trial, patients with probable mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease received donepezil 5 mg/day for 28 days, after which the dosage was increased to 10 mg/day according to the investigating clinician's judgement."	( Efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a global, multinational, clinical experience study. Bahra, R; Baloyannis, S; Boada-Rovira, M; Brodaty, H; Cras, P; Emre, M; Zhang, R, 2004)	0.32
" Side effects were associated with dosage increases."	( Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Brandt, J; Grill, S; Leroi, I; Lyketsos, CG; Marsh, L; Reich, SG; Thompson, R, 2004)	0.32
" However, variable tolerability in our sample underscores the need for careful monitoring when prescribing donepezil to patients with PD, especially with dosage increases."	( Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Brandt, J; Grill, S; Leroi, I; Lyketsos, CG; Marsh, L; Reich, SG; Thompson, R, 2004)	0.32
" Increased remifentanil dosage was associated with reduced plasma cortisol during surgery (P<0."	( Effect of remifentanil infusion rate on stress response to the pre-bypass phase of paediatric cardiac surgery. Cooper, R; Nolan, J; Rogers, CA; Weale, NK; Wolf, AR, 2004)	0.32
" Pioglitazone dosage was fixed at 30 mg per day."	( Treatment of type 2 diabetes with a combination regimen of repaglinide plus pioglitazone. Gooch, B; Greco, S; Hale, PM; Hassman, DR; Jain, R; Jovanovic, L; Khutoryansky, N, 2004)	0.32
" Nevertheless, the dosage used in severely impaired patients (10mg daily) was half that used in patients with mild to moderate impairment, and any comedication did not include drugs affecting liver function; in clinical practice, both these factors should be taken into account."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of ebastine in patients with impaired hepatic function compared with healthy volunteers: a phase I open-label study. Dilzer, SC; Lasseter, KC; Noveck, RJ; Vargas, R; Waldman, S, 2004)	0.32
" Dose-response curves for tremor (central effect) and salivation (peripheral effect) showed that donepezil and icopezil possess a more favourable therapeutic index than the nonselective inhibitors, tacrine and heptylphysostigmine."	( Pharmacology of selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: implications for use in Alzheimer's disease. Chapin, D; Hubbard, ST; Jones, SB; Liston, DR; Nason, D; Nielsen, JA; Ramirez, A; Shalaby, IA; Villalobos, A; White, WF, 2004)	0.32
" However, combined oral dosing of nalmefene and subthreshold doses of AM251, a cannabinoid CB1 receptor inverse agonist, led to a significant reduction in food intake in both lean and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice."	( Synergistic effects of cannabinoid inverse agonist AM251 and opioid antagonist nalmefene on food intake in mice. Chen, RZ; Fong, TM; Huang, RR; MacNeil, DJ; Shen, CP, 2004)	0.32
" In contrast, continuous treatment of mice bearing established GEO xenografts with ZD6474 resulted in efficient tumor growth inhibition for the entire duration of dosing (up to 150 days)."	( Antitumor activity of ZD6474, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in human cancer cells with acquired resistance to antiepidermal growth factor receptor therapy. Bianco, AR; Bianco, R; Caputo, R; Ciardiello, F; Damiano, V; De Placido, S; De Vita, F; Melisi, D; Tortora, G; Troiani, T, 2004)	0.32
" Activities of daily living and social behaviour: On the Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL) scale, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups taking donepezil 5mg per day donepezil and placebo, but the group taking 10 mg of donepezil a day showed benefit compared with placebo There were statistically significant benefit for donepezil at either dosage compared with placebo on the Alzheimer's Disease Functional Assessment and Change Scale (ADFACS)."	( Donepezil for vascular cognitive impairment. Birks, J; Malouf, R, 2004)	0.32
" Fentanyl was similar, probably because the dosing algorithm demanded frequent monitoring and adjustment, thereby preventing over-sedation."	( Remifentanil versus fentanyl for analgesia based sedation to provide patient comfort in the intensive care unit: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial [ISRCTN43755713]. Bonome, C; Cross, MH; Kirkham, AJ; López, A; Morrison, L; Muellejans, B, 2004)	0.32
" According to a logistic regression model fitted to the experimental data, the dose-response relationship for the two repellents was the same within each species, thus pooled ED values were assessed for each mosquito separately."	( Evaluation of the sensitivity of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes to two insect repellents: DEET and KBR 3023. Badolo, A; Costantini, C; Ilboudo-Sanogo, E; Ouédraogo, AP, 2004)	0.32

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	6865 (17.83)	18.7374
1990's	5853 (15.20)	18.2507
2000's	10111 (26.25)	29.6817
2010's	12161 (31.58)	24.3611
2020's	3522 (9.15)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	5,221 (12.98%)	5.53%
Reviews	3,071 (7.63%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1,854 (4.61%)	4.05%
Observational	130 (0.32%)	0.25%
Other	29,959 (74.46%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	5.95	4	1	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
chloroacetaldehyde [no description available]	2.67	3	0	organochlorine compound
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.21	1	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	3.42	7	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
3-phenylpropionic acid 3-phenylpropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-phenylpropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.	2.07	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid	antifungal agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	14.59	248	5	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.96	4	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid 5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.	2.67	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	human metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	6.5	61	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.89	34	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	3.48	8	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.46	2	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	3.58	9	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	28.08	1,788	296	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	3.12	5	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	7.63	18	3	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	1.94	1	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	4.27	19	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	5.26	16	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.01	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	6.08	9	1	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.33	6	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	1.98	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	3.62	9	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0	aryl phosphate
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	13.58	38	4	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.	3.53	1	1	gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	6.91	27	3	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.71	3	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	3.97	14	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	29.53	925	165	amino-acid anion
carbamic acid carbamic acid : A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.	2.17	1	0	carbon oxoacid; one-carbon compound; organonitrogen compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	5.38	14	1	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	3.11	5	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	1.96	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	5.72	10	2	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.94	4	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	8.47	25	2	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	1.96	1	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
chloroacetic acid chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.	2.17	1	0	chlorocarboxylic acid; haloacetic acid	alkylating agent; herbicide
choline [no description available]	10.25	100	2	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	8.27	26	4	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	8.43	96	4	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	5.57	23	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.75	3	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
cuminaldehyde cuminaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities.	2.31	1	0	benzaldehydes	insecticide; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	7.21	11	2	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
aminoethylphosphonic acid Aminoethylphosphonic Acid: An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.. (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.	2.03	1	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.94	4	0	alkane	xenobiotic
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	2.95	4	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
2,3-diaminopropionic acid 3-aminoalanine : A diamino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an amino group.	1.99	1	0	alanine derivative; amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid; diamino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	4.08	15	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	1.98	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
2-nitropropane 2-nitropropane: RN given refers to cpd with locant for nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitropropane : A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).	2.1	1	0	secondary nitroalkane	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent; xenobiotic
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.79	3	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
trimethylenediamine trimethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a propane skeleton with amino substituents at positions 1 and 3.	1.99	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; reagent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	3.83	2	1	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	11.22	23	2	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
3-chlorobenzoic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	drug metabolite
n(1)-methylnicotinamide N(1)-methylnicotinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinium ion comprising nicotinamide having a methyl group at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of nicotinamide which was initially considered to be biologically inactive but has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent.	3.06	5	0	pyridinium ion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	4.62	6	1	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	3.45	8	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
2,4-diaminobutyric acid 2,4-diaminobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid : A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups.	2.21	1	0	diamino acid; gamma-amino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.4	2	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	2.25	1	0	alpha-amino acid
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2.04	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.45	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	5.22	50	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	5.9	9	3	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	4.6	8	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.61	25	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.71	29	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.92	4	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	5.61	72	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.	2.39	2	0	carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	solvent
glutaric acid glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.	2.97	4	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	14.86	169	14	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.71	3	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glyceric acid glyceric acid: found in urine of patient with D-glyceric acidemia & hyperglycinaemia; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. glycerol ether : Any ether having glyceryl as at least one of the O-substituents.. glyceric acid : A trionic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted at positions 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.	2.05	1	0	trionic acid	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	7.6	25	2	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glycolaldehyde [no description available]	2.05	1	0	glycolaldehydes	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.69	3	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	2	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbonic acid Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.67	3	0	carbon oxoacid; chalcocarbonic acid	mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	2.34	2	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	8.29	22	5	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.51	8	0
histamine [no description available]	21.43	405	33	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	13.61	48	3	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	5.05	13	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	5.02	12	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	4.61	8	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.42	2	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	4.02	14	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	7.02	44	2	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	5.97	4	1	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	9.71	30	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	5.46	4	1	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.44	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
malonic semialdehyde malonic semialdehyde: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	aldehydic acid
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.31	1	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	9.82	53	6	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	10.06	16	7	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	8.09	17	5	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	3.11	5	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
acetanilide acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.34	2	0	acetamides; anilide	analgesic
naphthalene [no description available]	2.67	3	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	6.8	19	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	16.46	156	8	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	5.43	20	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	9.54	42	2	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.66	3	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	7.44	21	1	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	8.08	43	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	17.76	119	57	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.49	2	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	1.96	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	4.61	8	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	3.76	11	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
triphosphoric acid triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	3.54	8	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	2.35	2	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	4.02	4	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol [no description available]	3.16	5	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.66	3	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	4.22	5	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.79	3	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	4.74	9	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	1.93	1	0	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.73	3	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aralkylamino compound; dicarboxylic acid; pyrroles	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	5.93	7	1	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.52	24	2	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.11	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	2.72	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.67	3	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	3.93	13	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	4.19	3	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazinoic acid pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.	2.05	1	0	pyrazinecarboxylic acid	antitubercular agent; drug metabolite
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	3.86	11	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	6.45	34	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	3.58	9	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	3.04	5	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.37	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.97	4	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	4.36	6	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	1.95	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	5.5	8	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
selenious acid Selenious Acid: A selenium compound with the molecular formula H2SO3. It used as a source of SELENIUM, especially for patients that develop selenium deficiency following prolonged PARENTERAL NUTRITION.	2.1	1	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	3.78	2	1	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	4.91	36	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	5.15	46	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	5.45	4	1	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.71	3	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	4.61	1	1	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	4.54	24	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	5.69	11	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	3.7	10	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	8.55	29	5	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	5.06	10	1	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	21.31	291	80	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	6.75	10	2	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	18.34	239	28	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.5	2	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	3.08	5	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
delta(1)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid delta(1)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid: proposed intermediate in pathway of lysine metabolism. 1-piperideine-2-carboxylic acid zwitterion : A zwitterion resulting from the transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the nitrogen of 1-piperideine-2-carboxylic acid	1.94	1	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; zwitterion
isocitric acid isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.	2.25	1	0	secondary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	7.11	108	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
sk&f 81297 [no description available]	3.29	6	0	benzazepine
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.71	10	0	tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	5.91	99	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	6.18	42	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sk&f 82958 [no description available]	3.1	5	0	benzazepine
2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid 2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid: effective antagonist at all three types of excitatory amino acid receptors; does not depress responses to acetylcholine or substance P	2.37	2	0
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	5.83	36	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	6.5	70	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone 1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source	3.6	9	0
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	5.61	14	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	3.76	11	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	3.2	6	0	catecholamine
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin 2-(N-phenethyl-N-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin: potent, specific D2 dopamine receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	tetralins
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	4.66	28	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
1h-3-benzazepin-7-ol, 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl- 1H-3-benzazepin-7-ol, 8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-: stereoselective antagonist of dopamine receptor	2.03	1	0	benzazepine
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	5.16	6	2	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	6.61	21	0	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	6.57	14	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	2.37	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.7	3	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	1.97	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	3.73	10	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.42	2	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
my 5445 MY 5445: potential platelet aggregation inhibitor	1.99	1	0	pyridazines; ring assembly
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide 1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide: RN given refers to parent cp; a 5-HT3 receptor agonist	2.72	3	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	5.65	25	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse	2	1	0	imidazoles
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	7.45	25	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: crosses the blood brain barrier & enhances synaptic responses in freely moving animals	4.99	15	0	N-acylpiperidine
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	9.78	31	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
edelfosine edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.	3.07	5	0	glycerophosphocholine
1-oleoyl-2-acetoyl-sn-glycerol [no description available]	2.06	1	0
pd 173074 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; dimethoxybenzene; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid 14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.8	3	0	long-chain fatty acid
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2.57	2	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
17-octadecynoic acid octadec-17-ynoic acid : An acetylenic fatty acid that is octadecanoi acid (stearic acid) which has been doubly dehydrogenated at positions 17 and 18 to give the corresponding alkynoic acid.	2.73	3	0	acetylenic fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.14.14.94 (leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.15.3 (alkane 1-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	3.4	7	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	3.52	8	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.03	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.93	4	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.87	4	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-methyl-5-ht 2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist	3.7	10	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-n,n-diphenylcarbamate 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate: inhibits phospholipase C and serine esterases; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.75	3	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	4.54	25	0	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	6.16	50	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
phaclofen phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	organophosphate oxoanion; zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.44	2	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
tramiprosate tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.	1.96	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	3.14	1	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.07	5	0	phenols
3-methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.	2.07	1	0	monomethoxybenzene; phenols; phenylethylamine; primary amino compound	biomarker; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.07	5	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.97	4	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
pleconaril WIN 63843: structure given in first source	3.03	4	0
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;	2.04	1	0	benzoisoquinoline; dicarboximide
4-aminobenzamidine 4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	4.83	33	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	11.84	419	1	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	9.34	47	7	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	10.2	43	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site	4.7	11	0	quinolines
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	2.68	3	0	long-chain fatty acid
5,8,11-eicosatriynoic acid 5,8,11-eicosatriynoic acid: a lipoxygenase inhibitor. 5,8,11-icosatriynoic acid : A C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having three triple bonds in the 5-, 8- and 11-positions.	2	1	0	acetylenic fatty acid; icosanoid; long-chain fatty acid; polyunsaturated fatty acid	EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ag-1549 capravirine: a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor	2.04	1	0
5-dimethylamiloride 5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity	2.69	3	0
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	2.4	2	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source	3.93	13	0	tryptamines
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	10.57	75	6	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.	4	14	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist
phenanthridone phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.	2.41	2	0	lactam; phenanthridines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mutagen
7-chlorokynurenic acid 7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.	4.07	15	0	organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	3.9	12	0
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	2.7	3	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	2.44	2	0	oxopurine
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.78	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	12.85	145	2	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ro 48-8071 Ro 48-8071: a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor; structure in first source. Ro 48-8071 : An aromatic ketone that is 2-fluoro-4'-bromobenzophenone in which the hydrogen at position 4 (meta to the fluoro group) is replaced by a 6-[methyl(prop-2-en-1-yl)amino]hexyl}oxy group. An inhibitor of lanosterol synthase.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; bromobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; olefinic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.4.99.7 (lanosterol synthase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	3.38	7	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.69	3	0	monoazo compound
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	3.05	1	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
aceclidine aceclidine: was heading 1975-94; use QUINUCLIDINES to search ACECLIDINE 1975-94; cholinomimetic used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma	2.69	3	0	quinuclidines
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	14.39	69	24	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	3.57	9	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
n-acetyltryptophan N-acetyltryptophan : An N-acetylamino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of tryptophan.	2.07	1	0	N-acetyl-amino acid; tryptophan derivative	metabolite
acridone acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.	2.05	1	0	acridines; cyclic ketone
ethacridine Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.	2.43	2	0	acridines
afloqualone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
tyrphostin a23 tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	catechols
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
alaproclate alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	4.67	5	0	alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	10.11	28	11	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	5.49	12	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alosetron alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.	2	1	0	imidazoles; pyridoindole	antiemetic; gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic antagonist
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	2.06	1	0
alpha-methylserotonin alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.91	4	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6004	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	6.03	5	2	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.88	4	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
aluminum fluoride [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aluminium coordination entity
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	15.52	909	1	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	9.94	32	6	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	4.16	3	1	aromatic amine
amfonelic acid amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant	1.96	1	0
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	1.98	1	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	2.37	2	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	3.11	5	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	4.08	3	1	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.	1.96	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid
theophylline [no description available]	9.74	42	7	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	10.89	54	2	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
dan 2163 [no description available]	4.04	4	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	11.9	64	19	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene	anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	3.13	5	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	4.83	8	1	barbiturates
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2.39	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	1.96	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amprolium Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.	3.36	7	0	pyridinium ion	coccidiostat
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	1.98	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	4.8	3	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
aniracetam [no description available]	3.51	8	0	N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones
antazoline Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	5.72	3	2	aromatic amine; imidazolines; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
9-anthroic acid 9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.	1.98	1	0	anthroic acid
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	5.79	12	2	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version	2.43	2	0
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	3.32	6	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
aprindine Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	8.2	16	1	indanes
arcaine arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.	4.08	15	0	guanidines
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	4.34	20	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	14.53	89	17	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	8.46	25	2	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	6.74	10	2	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
aurintricarboxylic acid Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.	2.69	3	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; quinomethanes; tricarboxylic acid	fluorochrome; histological dye; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azasetron azasetron: a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source;	3.44	7	0	benzoxazine
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	5.15	7	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	10.02	13	6	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	2.97	4	0	azobenzenes
azepexole [no description available]	3.06	1	0
baclofen [no description available]	7.09	26	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	3.7	10	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bemegride Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.	4.46	24	0	piperidones
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	2.02	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benextramine benextramine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
benoxathian benoxathian: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
benproperine benproperine: has antineoplastic activity. benproperine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-benproperine. It is used as a cough suppressant in non-productive cough.. 1-[1-(2-benzylphenoxy)propan-2-yl]piperidine : An aromatic ether that is the 2-benzylphenyl ether of 2-(piperidin-1-yl)propanol.	5.04	9	1	diarylmethane
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	5.07	10	1	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	3.84	11	0	benzamides
benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.	3.37	7	0	benzenes; carboxamidine	serine protease inhibitor
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	1.96	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	4.27	18	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	2.36	2	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	5.08	2	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
butylbenzyl phthalate spatozoate: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	benzyl ester
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	4.96	12	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	3.44	7	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	1.96	1	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	5.35	13	1	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
bethanidine Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.	4.26	3	0	guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent
betaxolol [no description available]	2.89	4	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	8.44	33	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	3.89	2	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bifemelane bifemelane: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.	10.42	84	12	piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	4.54	4	0	diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	4.74	11	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	2.41	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bithionol Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.	1.95	1	0	aryl sulfide; bridged diphenyl antifungal drug; bridged diphenyl fungicide; dichlorobenzene; organochlorine pesticide; polyphenol	antifungal agrochemical; antiplatyhelmintic drug
bml 190 indomethacin morpholinylamide: an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor	2.42	2	0	N-acylindole
bretylium bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	5.17	6	0	quaternary ammonium ion	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	3.34	1	1	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
bromopride bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.31	2	2	benzamides
bromperidol bromperidol: bromine-substituted for chlorine in haloperidol; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure	2.7	3	0	aromatic ketone
seratrodast [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
brotizolam brotizolam: structure	3.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
buflomedil buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure	2.38	2	0	aromatic ketone
bumetanide [no description available]	3.49	8	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin bunazosin: structure	1.97	1	0	quinazolines
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	12.42	55	24	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	5.96	20	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	1.98	1	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	11.28	57	6	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	12.5	127	3	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
pantogab pantogab: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym hopantenic acid refers to (R)-isomer; synonym pantogam refers to Ca salt (2:1), ((R)-isomer	3.06	5	0
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	2.39	2	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.68	3	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	2.04	1	0	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	6.53	5	2	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cannabinol Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.	3.14	5	0	dibenzopyran
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	7.71	19	3	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbetapentane carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	benzenes
carcinine carcinine: structure. carcinine : A beta-alanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of beta-alanine with the primary amino group of histamine.	2.03	1	0	beta-alanine derivative; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound	antioxidant; crustacean metabolite
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	2.85	4	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2.67	3	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carpipramine carpipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
carvedilol [no description available]	2.53	2	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	3.3	6	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	4.43	20	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.	2.91	1	0	aromatic ketone
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	15.5	53	27	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetraxate [no description available]	1.97	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.73	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cgp 12177 CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.	2.68	3	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	4.39	20	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	4.31	6	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	13.6	26	14	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	7.87	36	1	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	2.63	3	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	8.96	43	2	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	2.63	3	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	9.4	49	7	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	11.97	140	15	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.86	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.96	4	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	3.51	1	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.38	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cifenline [no description available]	5.02	5	0	diarylmethane
ciclopirox [no description available]	2	1	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
cilostamide cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure	2.11	1	0	quinolines
cilostazol [no description available]	4.68	6	1	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	13.88	149	17	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.15	1	0
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	6.42	9	1	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cirazoline cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	22.38	729	242	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	13.23	77	8	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
cl 387785 CL 387785: structure in first source. N-{4-[(3-bromophenyl)amino]quinazolin-6-yl}but-2-ynamide : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 4,6-diaminoquinazoine in which the one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group at position 4 has been replaced by a m-bromophenyl group while one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group at position 6 has been replaced by a but-2-ynoyl group.	2.03	1	0	bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; ynamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
clebopride clebopride: antidopaminergic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	6.91	7	2	piperidines
clemizole clemizole: was heading 1966-94 (see under BENZIMIDAZOLES 1966-90); use BENZIMIDAZOLES to search CLEMIZOLE 1966-94; a histamine H1- blocker used to treat allergies. clemizole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl and a 4-chlorobenzyl groups at positions 2 and 1 respectively.	2.45	2	0	benzimidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolidines	histamine antagonist
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.66	3	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clidinium clidinium: see also record for clidinium compounds; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. clidinium : The ester resulting from formal condensation of benzilic acid and 3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. It is used, generally as the bromide, for the symptomatic treatment of peptic ulcer disease and also to help relieve abdominal or stomach spasms or cramps due to colicky abdominal pain, diverticulitis, and irritable bowel syndrome.	2.38	2	0	diarylmethane
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	5.01	5	2	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	2.75	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clobenpropit clobenpropit: histamine H3 receptor antagonist. clobenpropit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea bearing S-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propyl and N-4-chlorobenzyl substituents. An extremely potent histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist (pA2 = 9.93). Also displays partial agonist activity at H4 receptors; induces eosinophil shape change with an EC50 of 3 nM.	6.22	44	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester; organochlorine compound	H3-receptor antagonist; H4-receptor agonist
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	4.35	7	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	5.42	15	1	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clofilium clofilium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.59	8	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	11.31	37	5	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	5.57	9	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	15.22	86	13	clonidine; imidazoline
cloperastine cloperastine: RN given refers to parent cpd	8.55	20	2	diarylmethane
clotrimazole [no description available]	4.05	5	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	2.45	2	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors	3.03	4	0
cx546 1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source	6.63	38	0
cyclandelate Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.	1.97	1	0	carboxylic ester; secondary alcohol	vasodilator agent
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	3.07	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclopentolate Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.. cyclopentolate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.	2.44	2	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; muscarinic antagonist; mydriatic agent; parasympatholytic
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	5.13	14	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cycrimine cycrimine: structure. cycrimine : A member of the class of piperidines that is 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol in which one of the hydrogen atoms at the 1-position is substituted by cyclopentyl, and the other is substituted by phenyl. A central anticholinergic, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the management and treatment of Parkinson's disease.	3.33	7	0	piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	2.41	2	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	10.16	65	3	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cystamine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
danthron danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.	1.96	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	4.87	6	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.42	2	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	2.39	2	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	4.6	6	1	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
decamethonium decamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. decamethonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is a depolarising muscle relaxant whose structure comprises a decane-1,10-diamine core in which each amino group carries three methyl substituents.	2.86	4	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	2.02	1	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.41	2	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
atenolol [no description available]	2.4	2	0
dequalinium Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.	2.03	1	0	quinolinium ion	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	8.45	61	2	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.	3.35	1	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; human metabolite; sedative
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	9.75	146	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	4.01	4	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	4.64	8	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	13.83	116	16	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	1.98	1	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	4.62	3	2	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	4.96	15	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	11.29	33	10	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	3.76	3	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	1.95	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; diarylmethane
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.37	2	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	4.88	8	1	carboxylic ester; tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	2.87	4	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	1.98	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.91	4	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diphenidol diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.	8.57	42	4	benzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	antiemetic
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	1.98	1	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	4.56	25	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	1.96	1	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dinitolmide Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.38	2	0	dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	15.38	67	6	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.44	2	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.43	2	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
diphenylpyraline diphenylpyraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allergen : A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.. diphenylpyraline : A member of the class of piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.	5.9	25	1	piperidines; tertiary amine	cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	6.24	15	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	8.72	58	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
stallimycin [no description available]	2.46	2	0
disulfiram [no description available]	2.88	4	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	8.68	21	1	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.6	8	0
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	4.87	11	0
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	5.41	20	0
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	3.95	13	0	N-acyl-amino acid
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.	2.1	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	14.39	144	25	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	28.28	2,228	481	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
adtn ADTN: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.88	4	0
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	4.63	3	2	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	2.47	2	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	6.47	6	3	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	10.84	23	12	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dipropizine [no description available]	4.88	2	1	piperazines
dsp 4 DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.23	6	0
dup 697 DuP 697: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	thiophenes
e 4031 E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD	12.33	308	1	sulfonamide
ebastine [no description available]	17.33	182	63	organic molecular entity
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.81	3	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	3.49	8	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase	2.03	1	0
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.74	3	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
emedastine emedastine: structure given in first source. emedastine : 1-Methyl-1,4-diazepane in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl group. A relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist, it is used as the difumatate salt for allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and pruritic skin disorders, and in eyedrops for the symptomatic relief of allergic conjuntivitis.	8.3	8	5	benzimidazoles	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.58	2	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
emorfazone emorfazone: structure	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	4.35	2	2	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
eperisone eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.	2.89	4	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines
epinastine epinastine: RN given refers parent cpd. epinastine : A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.	6.44	7	2	benzazepine; guanidines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; ophthalmology drug
epirizole Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.	3.76	2	1	aromatic ether
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.84	11	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	3.2	6	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	3.79	11	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	3.48	8	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethoxyresorufin ethoxyresorufin: structure	2.21	1	0	phenoxazine
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	3.51	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	2.15	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amidoline amidoline: has myolytic activity on extravascular smooth muscle	1.95	1	0	organic molecular entity
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	11.93	64	9	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.72	3	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.12	1	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	8.45	45	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	5.7	5	4	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	5.72	6	1	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	22.3	434	218	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	11.62	31	8	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
flavoxate Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.	1.96	1	0	carboxylic ester; flavones; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	14.72	205	20	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	6.35	6	1	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	3.78	3	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	8.25	31	11	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	8.06	23	2	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	3.48	8	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	10.85	34	7	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	14.11	95	7	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	2.93	4	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	9.17	18	6	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fp 83 FP 83: structure given in first source	7.3	4	4	organic molecular entity
fluspirilene Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.	5.53	9	2	diarylmethane
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	3.49	8	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
fpl 64176 FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.	2.05	1	0	carboxylic ester; pyrroles	calcium channel agonist
furazolidone Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.	1.96	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic; oxazolidines	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antitrichomonal drug; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	7.41	28	5	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	11.31	29	5	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	3.53	2	0	benzoate ester
gaboxadol gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure	5.04	13	0	oxazole
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	4.53	24	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gbr 12935 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).	3.25	6	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil [no description available]	8.9	16	7	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.11	5	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.06	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	9.84	22	9	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	11.88	33	8	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	8.39	19	6	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	3.49	8	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	9.88	37	0	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	15.41	113	20	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	2.42	2	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
gö6983 [no description available]	2.47	2	0	indoles; maleimides
go 6976 [no description available]	2.7	3	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	3.53	2	0
gr 89696 GR 89696: a potent & selective kappa opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (E)-2-butenedioate(1:1); RN for parent cpd not available 11/92; GR 103545 is the (R)-isomer	2.25	1	0	acetamides
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	9.75	28	4	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	5.18	19	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	3.82	3	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.6	9	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
guvacine guvacine: RN given refers to parent cpd. guvacine : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which has been hydrogenated at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions of the pyridine ring.	1.92	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; beta-amino acid; pyridine alkaloid; secondary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	GABA reuptake inhibitor; plant metabolite
gyki 52466 GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	benzodiazepine
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	3.73	10	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	3	4	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
ha14-1 ethyl 2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate: a BH3 mimetic; synergistic induction of apoptosis by simultaneous disruption of the Bcl-2 and MEK/MAPK pathways in acute myelogenous leukemia	2.71	3	0	1-benzopyran
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	17.9	415	37	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	12.81	48	5	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	3.37	7	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hexadecanesulfonyl fluoride AM 374: a palmitylsulfonyl fluoride; inhibits anandamide amidase; structure given in first source	3.81	3	0	acyl fluoride
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.65	3	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	2.96	4	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexahydrosiladifenidol [no description available]	6.97	58	0
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol [no description available]	5.49	65	0
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	5.19	48	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol [no description available]	2.68	3	0	stilbenoid
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	4.3	20	0	barbiturates
hexoprenaline Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.	6.2	4	1
tele-methylhistamine tele-methylhistamine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist. N(tele)-methylhistamine : A primary amino compound that is the N(tele)-methyl derivative of histamine.	4.98	12	0	imidazoles; primary amino compound	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-methylhistamine alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.	5.91	100	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	animal metabolite; H3-receptor agonist
hexamethylene bisacetamide N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208	2.08	1	0	acetamides
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	3.98	13	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
huprine x huprine X: structure in first source	3.13	1	0
hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.	1.97	1	0	thioxanthenes	mutagen; schistosomicide drug
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	4.84	8	1	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	6.3	11	4	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
p-hydroxyamphetamine p-Hydroxyamphetamine: Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects. It is sometimes called alpha-methyltyramine, which may also refer to the meta isomer, gepefrine.	2.72	3	0	amphetamines
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	5.4	10	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	4.27	5	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	8.45	22	6	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
ibudilast [no description available]	4.89	6	0	pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	7.61	14	2	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	7.94	21	1	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	18.62	207	51	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
mephentermine Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.	2.85	4	0	amphetamines
idebenone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
idra 21 IDRA 21: modulates AMPA receptor desensitization ; structure given in first source	3.52	2	0	benzothiadiazine
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	17.09	611	10	piperidines
ifosfamide [no description available]	4.48	1	1	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imetit imetit: structure given in first source. imetit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea in which the thiol hydrogen is substituted by a 2-(imidazol-4-yl)ethyl group. An extremely potent, high affinity agonist at H3 and H4 receptors (Ki values are 0.3 and 2.7 nM respectively). Induces shape change in eosinophils with an EC50 of 25 nM. Centrally active following systemic administration.	4.58	25	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester	H3-receptor agonist; H4-receptor agonist
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	15.23	146	28	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	1.99	1	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	2.67	3	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indeloxazine indeloxazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	indene
indirubin-3'-monoxime indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.	2.44	2	0
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	3.21	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	7.56	128	1	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	3.06	1	0
iofetamine Iofetamine: An amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs and from there redistributed primarily to the brain and liver. It is used in brain radionuclide scanning with I-123.	4.5	5	1
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	4.14	3	1	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	2.47	2	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iodipamide Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.	1.95	1	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound; secondary carboxamide	radioopaque medium
ipriflavone ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.	3.09	1	0	aromatic ether; isoflavones	bone density conservation agent
iproniazid [no description available]	3.64	10	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	3.23	5	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.86	12	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)	4.13	5	0	benzenes
isoetharine Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.	3.46	2	0	catecholamine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	17.73	209	129	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.59	8	0	tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	6.1	11	3	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
piperidine-4-carboxamide piperidine-4-carboxamide: structure in first source	3.44	6	0	piperidinecarboxamide
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid 4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source	2.49	2	0
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	4.56	25	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	12.17	137	10	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	2.36	2	0	alkylbenzene
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	3.08	5	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline WHI P131: a quinazoline derivative, inhibitor of glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration	3.12	1	0
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	3	4	0
nsc 664704 kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).	2.42	2	0	indolobenzazepine; lactam; organobromine compound	cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	20.15	209	70	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	18.35	564	78	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	10.79	27	9	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	6.79	10	2	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	6.81	6	4	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	11.19	76	29	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.89	4	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	5.55	13	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	5.91	39	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.	3.25	6	0	alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phosphonic acids	human metabolite; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
mimosine Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.	1.92	1	0	alpha-amino acid
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	2.02	1	0
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	5.04	5	2	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	8.13	7	1	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	9.75	18	11	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.83	3	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.49	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
lavendustin a lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source	2.97	1	0	aromatic amine
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	4.91	5	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	4.39	4	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
levallorphan dextrallorphan: RN given refers to (9alpha,13alpha,14alpha)-isomer	2.39	2	0
lg 100268 LG 100268: a retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective compound; structure given in first source	2.93	4	0
qx-314 QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion	2.71	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	local anaesthetic
lidoflazine Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.	3.47	2	0	diarylmethane
linopirdine linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug	2.42	2	0	indoles
lomustine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	15.76	225	59	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	14.81	63	22	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	10.25	16	5	benzodiazepine
lorglumide lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.	2.4	2	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; dichlorobenzene; glutamic acid derivative
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	5.58	16	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	2.67	3	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	3.85	2	1	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
ly 278584 LY 278584: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.69	3	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	4.39	20	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.	2	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.75	3	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	7.08	14	7	anthracenes
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	5.39	11	0	organic molecular entity
edaravone [no description available]	3.04	4	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
1,5-(diethylamino)piperidine 1,5-(diethylamino)piperidine: structure given in first source; a spermidine analogue that activates the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated polyamine site	1.98	1	0
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	5.92	39	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	2	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	2.36	2	0	diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.09	5	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.	2.35	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
medazepam Medazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used in the treatment of anxiety. It has sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. One of its metabolites is DIAZEPAM and one of its excretion products is OXAZEPAM.	3.74	2	1	organic molecular entity
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.48	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
mefruside Mefruside: A benzene-sulfonamide-furan. It is used as a diuretic that affects the concentrating ability of the KIDNEY, increases SODIUM CHLORIDE excretion, but may not spare POTASSIUM. It inhibits CARBONIC ANHYDRASES and may increase the blood URIC ACID level.	3.34	1	1	organic molecular entity
memantine [no description available]	19.53	244	28	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.02	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mepenzolate mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	5.62	18	1	diarylmethane
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	15.09	107	28	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	3.96	4	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	3.82	12	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	6.82	21	1	organic molecular entity
mequitazine mequitazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4.64	3	2	phenothiazines
merbromin Merbromin: A once-popular mercury containing topical antiseptic.. merbromin : An organic sodium salt that is 2,7-dibromo-4-hydroxymercurifluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.41	1	0
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	4.9	6	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	6.05	23	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.	1.99	1	0	phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	4.03	3	1	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	21.29	191	66	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	11.06	30	5	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methamidophos methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.	2.42	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide
methantheline Methantheline: A quaternary ammonium compound that acts as an antimuscarinic agent. It has been used in the treatment of PEPTIC ULCER, in gastrointestinal disorders associated with smooth muscle spasm, and in the management of urinary incontinence, and may also be used for the treatment of HYPERHIDROSIS.	3.31	7	0	xanthenes
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	1.95	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.85	4	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	5.6	24	0	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
methoxyamine methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.19	5	0	organooxygen compound
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	3.96	4	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
nocodazole [no description available]	3.41	7	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	4.61	1	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
5-methylfurtrethonium 5-methylfurtrethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0	aralkylamine
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.96	4	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	11.56	89	2	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
methyprylon methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94	3.18	6	0	organic molecular entity
methixene methixene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.36	2	0	piperidines; thioxanthenes	antiparkinson drug; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	17.17	128	36	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolachlor metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amide; benzenes; ether; organochlorine compound
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	7.02	13	7	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	5.46	8	2	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	3.62	9	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	10.92	43	3	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
n-methyl-d-glucamine dithiocarbamate N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate: antidote for cadmium intoxication; repeated administration can result in reduction in cadmium levels of kidney & liver; structure given in first source	2.88	4	0
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	9.66	47	4	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	3.14	5	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	18.82	170	96	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.	2.02	1	0	amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol	alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone [no description available]	2.91	4	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minaprine minaprine: Agr 1240 refers to di-HCl; short-acting type A MAO inhibitor (MAOI) of mild potency; structure	2.67	3	0	morpholines; pyridazines; secondary amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; cholinergic drug; dopamine uptake inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	5.07	10	1	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	4.38	6	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	1.95	1	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	9.56	20	10	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
ml 7 ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).	2.01	1	0	N-sulfonyldiazepane; organoiodine compound	EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	9.09	26	2	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	12.3	26	5	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	3.38	7	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
moperone moperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	2.35	2	0	monoterpenoid
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	5.97	34	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	10.62	89	2	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	3.58	9	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-arylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	1.99	1	0	naphthalenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; sulfonamide
acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.	3.75	2	1	acetamides; benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	4.1	16	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142 FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist	3.16	5	0	beta-carbolines
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	5.88	32	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	3.08	1	0	catecholamine
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.4	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	12.84	43	15	purine nucleoside
n(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide N(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide: thrombin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	7.18	51	0
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	3.21	1	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nafoxidine Nafoxidine: An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.	3.08	5	0	benzenes; naphthalenes; ring assembly
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	2.01	1	0	naphthalenes
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.64	3	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
nan 190 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.	3.61	3	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phthalimides	serotonergic antagonist
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	3.01	4	0
naphazoline Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.	4.46	1	1	naphthalenes
naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source	16.08	170	20	heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	3.08	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.	4.7	2	1	benzoxazocine; tertiary amino compound
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	18.46	84	5	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	3.86	2	1	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	5.06	14	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	7.91	17	3	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.03	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	6.35	51	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.43	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilvadipine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester; nitrile
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	3.27	6	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	4.15	16	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.91	4	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	4.3	7	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nisoxetine nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	1.94	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	3.6	9	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	11.09	33	14	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	5.56	17	1	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	1.97	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
norfluoxetine norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	8.26	14	1	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
npc 15437 NPC 15437: interacts with th C1 doamin of protein kinase C	4.95	37	0
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.69	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	3.28	6	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
nylidrin Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.	4.04	3	1	alkylbenzene
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	1.94	1	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	5.53	4	1	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	5.4	11	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	16.4	78	27	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	14.41	68	26	carbazoles
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	4.06	3	1	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	6.44	4	1	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
1,2-cyclohexanediamine 1,2-cyclohexanediamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
oxatomide oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.	2.67	3	0	benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	5.94	8	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	5.75	82	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine m oxotremorine M: structure given in first source	5.86	18	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	7.54	73	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	3.34	1	1	aromatic ether
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	2.46	2	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
benoxinate benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.	1.98	1	0	amino acid ester; benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; local anaesthetic; topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	9.97	22	6	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	2.44	2	0	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	3.73	2	1	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
oxyphencyclimine oxyphencyclimine: minor descriptor (65-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PYRIMIDINES (65-85); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.21	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	5	40	0	phenylalanine derivative
4-iodoclonidine 4-iodoclonidine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
4-(2'-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2'-(n-(2''-pyridinyl)-4-iodobenzamido)ethyl)piperazine 4-(2'-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2'-(N-(2''-pyridinyl)-4-iodobenzamido)ethyl)piperazine: a 5-HT(1A) ligand; structure in first source	3.12	5	0
palmidrol palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	6.45	32	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine	anti-inflammatory drug; anticonvulsant; antihypertensive agent; neuroprotective agent
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	4.01	2	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	8.14	45	2	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol 4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.	2.03	1	0	monochlorophenol
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	5.68	26	0	aromatic amine
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	4.94	36	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	4.84	8	1	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	3.15	5	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	7.64	48	1	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	5.03	7	0	oxopurine
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	14.12	233	61	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	8.72	24	9	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	5.28	7	2	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	4.3	2	2	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	1.93	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.	4.56	8	0	pyridines; tertiary amino compound
phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.	5.69	16	0	morpholines	metabolite; sympathomimetic agent
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	7.12	26	4	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	4.74	7	1	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	4.79	33	0	aromatic amine
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	5.42	8	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	2.81	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.03	1	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenyl biguanide phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.	3.26	6	0	guanidines	central nervous system drug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	6.04	9	1	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	3.62	9	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
pilsicainide pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.	4.59	8	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker
pimethixene pimethixene: structure	3.33	7	0	thioxanthenes
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	3.61	9	0	pyridines
pindobind [no description available]	2	1	0
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	7.41	25	2	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	16.9	72	20	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipamperone pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.	5.23	12	1	aromatic ketone; bipiperidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.	1.96	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pipenzolate pipenzolate: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to bromide; structure	3.44	8	0	diarylmethane
piperazine [no description available]	12.61	56	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist	4.72	30	0
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	5.52	12	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenperone [no description available]	5.38	60	0	aromatic ketone
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	12.29	348	3	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.	2.69	3	0	N-arylpiperazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	6.98	72	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	4.75	30	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.74	3	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2.94	4	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	4.03	3	1	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
pramoxine pramoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pramocaine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 3-(4-butoxyphenoxy)propyl group.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; morpholines	local anaesthetic
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.44	2	0	chromones
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	9.44	70	2	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
pridinol pridinol: antispasmodic & muscle relaxant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7539. pridinol : A piperidine substituted at position 1 by a 3-hydroxy-3,3-diphenylpropyl group.	6.86	21	1	piperidines; tertiary alcohol	antiparkinson drug; muscle relaxant
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	3.57	9	0	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	4.31	6	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	2.37	2	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	3.66	10	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.46	8	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.67	3	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	9.54	38	1	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	6.23	35	1	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procaterol Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.	1.97	1	0	quinolines
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	7.21	12	3	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.	5.7	11	2	pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	4.33	6	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	5.83	13	2	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	8.1	23	4	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
prometryne Prometryne: A triazine used as a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). prometryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylsulfanediyl group at position 6.	2.1	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	8.5	22	1	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	5.14	6	2	xanthenes
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	5.65	9	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propiverine propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome	3.1	5	0	diarylmethane
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	27.01	1,349	756	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	12.39	106	9	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	2.31	1	0
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	3.36	1	1	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	6.94	93	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	9.31	18	4	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
pyrithyldione pyrithyldione: structure	1.92	1	0	tetrahydropyridine
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	5.04	42	0	piperazines; pyridines
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	6.42	9	5	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
rbi 257 RBI 257: ligand for dopamine D4 receptors; structure in first source	2.4	2	0
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	3.85	2	1	secondary carboxamide
1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase	3.69	9	0	carbamate ester; organonitrogen compound
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	5.53	12	0	benzothiazoles
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	3.79	3	0	alkylamine
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	19.29	268	56	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	12.8	200	33	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate	10.81	39	3	tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	3.38	7	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	1.99	1	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	4.74	3	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	4.66	10	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole [no description available]	2.86	3	0	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
roxarsone Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.	2.65	3	0	2-nitrophenols; organoarsonic acid	agrochemical; animal growth promotant; antibacterial drug; coccidiostat
roxatidine acetate roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source	14.61	113	37	piperidines
3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2h,5h-(1)benzopyrano(4,3-b)-1,4-oxazin-9-ol 3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-propyl-2H,5H-(1)benzopyrano(4,3-b)-1,4-oxazin-9-ol: RN given refers to (+/-)-isomer; RN, RRs & structure given in first source	3.63	9	0
3-(3-cyanophenyl)-n-n-propylpiperidine 3-(3-cyanophenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine: a dopamine autoreceptor antagonist; RN given for (+-)-isomer	3.24	6	0
s-methylisothiopseudouronium S-methylisothiopseudouronium: inhibits nitric oxide synthase; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	3.47	7	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	3.06	5	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
salicyl alcohol salicyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd; saligenin is the aglycone of salicin; structure; it is oxidatively metabolized to gentisic acid. salicyl alcohol : A hydroxybenzyl alcohol that is phenol substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at C-2.	3.05	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; hydroxybenzyl alcohol	human urinary metabolite
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.48	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sarpogrelate sarpogrelate: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	hemisuccinate; stilbenoid
sb 206553 SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source	3.71	10	0	pyrroloindole
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.96	4	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sc-10 N-(m-heptyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: protein kinase C activator	2.4	2	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
dpi 201-106 DPI 201-106: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane
sdz 205-557 [no description available]	3.37	7	0	methoxybenzoic acid
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	1.94	1	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
carbamylhydrazine carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	carbohydrazide; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound; ureas
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	21.76	390	218	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	9.88	59	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	2.66	3	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.25	6	0	morpholines
sk&f 91488 SK&F 91488: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; PI: APT (80-92) (not an active MH record; now NM)	2.42	2	0
sodium fluoride [no description available]	6.13	5	1	fluoride salt	mutagen
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	3.42	2	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	8.95	33	2	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	8.74	86	1	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.93	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	8.15	17	2	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	11.99	58	14	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	3.77	2	1	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	1.99	1	0	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	4.87	2	1	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	3.38	7	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	1.95	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	5.13	8	0
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	3.76	3	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	1.94	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	3.49	8	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	5.65	3	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	10.07	52	2	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	13.35	84	5	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	5.34	10	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	3.85	12	0	azepine
tegafur [no description available]	6.44	4	1	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
telenzepine telenzepine: structure given in first source	5.48	12	0	benzodiazepine
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	3.77	2	1	benzodiazepine
temozolomide [no description available]	10.22	27	6	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
tempol-h TEMPOL-H: hydroxylamine (protonated, reduced) form of TEMPOL; a N-hydroxyl form of LASTAR A; TEMPOL is paramagnetic radical used in NMR as SPIN LABELS whereas TEMPOL-H is not. 4-hydroxy-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4. It is a radical scavenger which exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.	2.78	3	0
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	1.99	1	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	7.37	8	3	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	14	81	19	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	5.05	10	1	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	4.75	30	0	quaternary ammonium ion
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	1.96	1	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
tetrahydrozoline tetrahydrozoline: used as nasal decongestant; Visine is a form of eye drops; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.38	1	1	carboxamidine; imidazolines	nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.	1.97	1	0	phosphoramide
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	15.64	75	7	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	2.89	4	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	5.05	5	0	thiazolidenedione
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	7.43	29	5	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiothixene Thiothixene: A thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. Its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.	6.04	11	3	thioxanthenes
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	2.77	3	0	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
tiaramide tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0	benzothiazoles
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	9.09	14	2	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	2.4	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tipepidine tipepidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	8.28	25	4	piperidines
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.36	7	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	2.86	4	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	1.94	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	3.2	6	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	6.95	12	2	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	3.77	3	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)	4.28	4	1	aromatic ketone
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	2.71	3	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.59	2	0
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	3.32	2	0	amino acid
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	7.11	11	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tremorine [no description available]	4.43	5	1	N-alkylpyrrolidine
trequinsin trequinsin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.92	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	1.94	1	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	3.37	1	1	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
triclosan [no description available]	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	7.29	25	5	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)	7.49	31	5	aromatic ketone
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.35	2	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trifluralin Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.	2.01	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.82	3	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	8.59	31	5	amine
trimebutine Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.	2.39	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.	2.36	2	0	phenothiazines
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	4.25	4	1	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	4.28	4	1	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.	3.49	2	0	dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	4.74	10	0	aromatic amine
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	10.43	17	1	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tropicamide Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.	4.38	20	0	acetamides
troxipide troxipide: RN given refers to parent cpd	5.18	15	0	benzamides
tyramine [no description available]	9.61	46	3	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
u 101958 U 101958: structure in first source	3.6	9	0
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	1.99	1	0	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil [no description available]	3.97	2	0	piperazines
5-methylurapidil [no description available]	2.7	3	0
urethane [no description available]	4.42	22	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vesamicol vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	9.14	230	0	piperidines
vesnarinone [no description available]	3.78	3	0	organic molecular entity
vigabatrin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.	4.05	3	1	aromatic ether
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	3.09	5	0
wb 4101 N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	2.89	4	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxine; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	1.96	1	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	4.76	7	1	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.08	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	2.25	1	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.43	2	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	6.45	7	1	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	4.33	3	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	2.41	2	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
zotepine zotepine: structure	3.37	7	0	dibenzothiepine; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic drug
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	6.18	9	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.	2.35	2	0	acylcholine
corticosterone [no description available]	6	105	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	7.94	14	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	9.9	88	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	10.92	174	3	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	1.95	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	9.12	51	2	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	4.97	9	1	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	3.31	6	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	4.81	33	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	2.11	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.72	3	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	3.16	5	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
dichloroisoproterenol dichloroisoproterenol: was heading 1968-94; was DICHLORISOPROTERENOL 1963-76; DCI was see DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL 1975-94; use ISOPROTERENOL to search DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL 1968-94 & DICHLORISOPROTERENOL 1966-67	2.34	2	0
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	6.56	18	1	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	5.52	16	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.	2.86	4	0
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	8.58	74	1	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	9.29	246	1	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	4.57	7	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	8.98	32	7	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	2.89	4	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	4.17	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	6.35	13	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	14.26	59	12	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	5.82	8	1	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	1.95	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	4.21	6	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	3.44	7	0
adrenochrome Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.	3.03	1	0	indoles
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	4.15	5	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
metaraminol Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.	4.04	3	1	phenylethanolamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	6.96	56	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	4.05	15	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	6.67	85	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	3.6	9	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	3.91	13	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.	4.87	35	0
pheniprazine pheniprazine: was heading 1963-94; use HYDRAZINES to search PHENIPRAZINE 1966-94	2.34	2	0	amphetamines
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	3.99	14	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	7.61	30	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	6.43	12	1	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	10.26	50	1	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	6.26	45	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.25	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.67	3	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.49	8	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	9.88	71	3	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	8.34	15	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	15.06	71	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	3.43	7	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	7.7	30	1	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	11.16	110	2	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2.03	1	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	6.35	49	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	7.53	19	3	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.11	1	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	10.44	59	4	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	5.17	15	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	11.06	196	3	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	8.92	52	13	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	8.7	33	2	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	2.25	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	8.52	72	6	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.73	3	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	4.89	11	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.66	3	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	4.47	22	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	5.3	17	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	16.19	238	10	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
piperoxan Piperoxan: A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.	4.56	26	0
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	10.61	70	4	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
benzoxazolone benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	benzoxazole	allelochemical; phytoalexin
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	14.3	123	16	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	4.17	17	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	2.37	2	0	azobenzenes
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	11.13	74	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	3.08	5	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
veratramine veratramine: structure. veratramine : A piperidine alkaloid comprising the 14,15,16,17-tetradehydro derivative of veratraman having two hydroxy groups at the 3- and 23-positions.	2.38	2	0	piperidine alkaloid
phlorhizin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
mepazine mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.	2.11	1	0	phenothiazines
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	3.76	2	1	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	8.24	20	3	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.46	15	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
n,n-dimethyltryptamine N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.. N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.	1.96	1	0	tryptamine alkaloid; tryptamines
dipropyltryptamine dipropyltryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.73	3	0
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	3.04	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	5.88	7	1	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	5.01	5	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.49	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	1.96	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	4.38	21	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.02	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	8.88	48	3	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	3.52	8	0	anilines; primary arylamine
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	2.4	2	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	3.66	10	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
diphemanil methylsulfate diphemanil methylsulfate : The alkene resulting from the formal Wittig olefination of benzophenone and 1,1-dimethyl-4-bromopiperidinium methylsulfate. A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic, it binds muscarinic acetycholine receptors and thereby decreases secretory excretion of stomach acids, saliva and sweat, It is used topically in the treatment of hyperhidorsis (excessive sweating).	7.68	61	3	piperidines; quaternary ammonium salt	bronchodilator agent; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	3.7	10	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.52	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	3.47	8	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	6.56	24	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	3.39	7	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	15.2	113	9	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	5.26	20	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	5.91	13	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
etimizol Etimizol: A xanthine-related, putative nootropic drug.	1.97	1	0
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	8.21	50	1
cytidine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
strophanthidin Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.	1.95	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolides; steroid aldehyde
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	6.6	26	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	1.99	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	5.13	44	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	3.88	13	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.88	4	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethyl sulfone [no description available]	2	1	0	sulfone
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	4.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	2.01	1	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	3.38	1	1	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
bromoacetate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	carboxylic acid; organohalogen compound
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	3.78	11	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	4.94	11	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	3.45	1	1	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
chlorisondamine Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.	1.99	1	0	isoindoles
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	2.77	3	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.43	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	5.24	12	1	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	12.51	33	11	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.71	3	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	5.59	14	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	3.73	10	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	3.21	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	7.71	49	1	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	1.94	1	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	4.07	3	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	7	39	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.14	15	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	4.56	8	0	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
alizarin [no description available]	3.4	1	1	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)	1.94	1	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	xenobiotic metabolite
chlorquinaldol Chlorquinaldol: Local anti-infective agent used for skin, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections with fungi, protozoa, and certain bacteria. In animals, it causes central nervous system damage and is not administered parenterally. It is also used as antiseptic, fungistat, or deodorant.. chlorquinaldol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by chlorine at positions 5 and 7. An antifungal and antibacterial, it was formerly used for topical treatment of skin conditions and vaginal infections.	2.35	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antiprotozoal drug; antiseptic drug
etozolin etozolin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	5.64	7	3	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	9.62	58	1	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.45	7	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	8.4	93	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl bromide methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.	2.86	4	0	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes; methyl halides	algal metabolite; fumigant insecticide; marine metabolite
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.07	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	5.43	4	1	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	3.38	7	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	2.91	4	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	3.1	5	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	3.32	6	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	4.35	19	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
ethyl chloride Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.	1.95	1	0	chloroethanes	antipruritic drug; inhalation anaesthetic; local anaesthetic
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.17	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.86	11	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.91	4	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	2.11	1	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	3	4	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	1.95	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
isopropyl iodide isopropyl iodide: structure	1.93	1	0
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	2.37	2	0	acyl chloride
fluoroform fluoroform: structure	2.45	2	0	fluoromethanes	refrigerant
nitromethane nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.	2.02	1	0	primary nitroalkane; volatile organic compound	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; explosive; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	2.7	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tetrafluoromethane tetrafluoromethane: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	fluorocarbon; fluoromethanes	refrigerant
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	1.93	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.8	3	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
methyl sulfate methyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl sulfate : An alkyl sulfate that is the monomethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2.62	3	0	alkyl sulfate; one-carbon compound
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.91	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.74	3	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	3.86	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
bromcresol green Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.	1.99	1	0	benzofurans
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.78	3	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	11.78	279	3	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
caramiphen caramiphen: structure	3.51	2	0	benzenes
chlorphenoxamine chlorphenoxamine: minor descriptor (66-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ETHYLAMINES (66-84); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane	anticoronaviral agent
carbromal carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94	2.62	3	0	N-acylurea
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	2.05	1	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
dimethyl sulfate dimethyl sulfate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. dimethyl sulfate : The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	5.45	12	0	alkyl sulfate	alkylating agent; immunosuppressive agent
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	4	4	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.03	1	0
pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.	3.73	2	1	pentaerythritol nitrate	explosive; vasodilator agent
triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.	1.99	1	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.36	2	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	1.93	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2.66	3	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
chloroacetyl chloride [no description available]	2.17	1	0	acyl halide
propionamide [no description available]	2.86	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; primary fatty amide
acrylamide [no description available]	4.32	5	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	6.03	8	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
peracetic acid Peracetic Acid: A liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent. It has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.. peracetic acid : A peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group. It is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.	1.98	1	0	a peroxy acid	disinfectant; oxidising agent
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pempidine Pempidine: A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.	4.18	18	0	piperidines
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	3.06	5	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.99	4	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
terpin terpene : A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2].	4.58	7	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.11	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	4.25	4	1	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	3.52	8	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	5.03	2	1	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
cyclizine Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.	3.97	4	0	N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic
skatole [no description available]	1.99	1	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	8.73	17	2	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.82	10	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone: request from searcher	2.51	2	0
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	2.73	3	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.67	3	0	organobromine compound; pyridines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
propoxycaine Propoxycaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)	2.35	2	0	benzoate ester
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	carbazole
salicylanilide salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.	2.37	2	0	benzanilide fungicide; salicylamides; salicylanilides
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	3.23	6	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
gramine gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.	2.17	1	0	aminoalkylindole; indole alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.51	2	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	6.61	15	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-sulfanilic acid 2-aminobenzenesulfonic acid : An aminobenzenesulfonic acid carrying an amino group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	aminobenzenesulfonic acid
anthranilamide [no description available]	2.43	2	0	substituted aniline
picryl chloride Picryl Chloride: A hapten that generates suppressor cells capable of down-regulating the efferent phase of trinitrophenol-specific contact hypersensitivity. (Arthritis Rheum 1991 Feb;34(2):180).. 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene : The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	3.56	2	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; explosive; hapten
picric acid picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.69	3	0	C-nitro compound	antiseptic drug; explosive; fixative
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.49	2	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
alpha-bromonaphthalene [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-chloronaphthalene 1-chloronaphthalene: word preservative; in xylamon the active ingredient is 60% 1-chloronaphthalene; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2126	2	1	0
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	2.44	2	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
xanthone xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.	2.21	1	0	xanthones	insecticide
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	3.85	2	1	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diethylpropion Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.	4.49	4	0	aromatic ketone; tertiary amine	appetite depressant
benzohydrol diphenylmethanol : A secondary alcohol that is diphenylmethane which carries a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.86	4	0	benzyl alcohols; secondary alcohol	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; rat metabolite
decalin decalin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; don't confuse with decaline which has a nitrogen at the juncture of the two rings;. trans-decalin : The trans-stereoisomer of decalin.. decalin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is the decahydro- derivative of naphthalene.	2	1	0	ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon	solvent
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	12.39	156	1	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified	2.17	1	0	isoquinolines
quinoline [no description available]	3.27	6	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	2.06	1	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-chloronaphthalene 2-chloronaphthalene: structure in first source	2	1	0
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.65	3	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
2-naphthalenethiol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	naphthalenes
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	2.07	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
phenyltoloxamine phenyltoloxamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.68	3	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	8.75	11	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
phenylpiperazine phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	8.26	6	0
proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.	1.98	1	0	aminoacridines	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	8.58	40	1	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	5.94	21	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
2-methoxynaphthalene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	naphthalenes
2-naphthoic acid 2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	naphthoic acid	mouse metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
styrene glycol styrene glycol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	benzenes
methyl nicotinate methyl nicotinate: erythema provoked is basis of a methylnicotinate test of anti-inflammatories	2	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
cdaa CDAA: structure	3.31	1	0	tertiary carboxamide
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.71	3	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
piperonylic acid piperonylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. piperonylic acid : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a carboxy group at position 5. It is a natural product isolated from several plant species. It is a selective mechanism-based inactivator of the trans-cinnamate 4-hydroxylase enzyme and exhibits antifungal and skin wound healing properties.	2.11	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; benzodioxoles; monocarboxylic acid	antifungal agent; EC 1.14.14.91 ( trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; vulnerary
monosulfiram monosulfiram: monosulfide derivative of disulfide DISULFIRAM; structure	1.98	1	0	organosulfur compound
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	2.44	2	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiophene [no description available]	3.15	5	0	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	2.46	2	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.	2.41	1	0	phenylenediamine	hydrogen donor
2,4,5-trichlorophenol 2,4,5-trichlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4,5-trichlorophenol : A trichlorophenol carrying chloro groups at positions 2, 4 and 5.	2.01	1	0	trichlorophenol
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	5.49	21	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	4.9	11	0	phosphonic ester
1,3-ditolylguanidine 1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain	5.35	57	0	toluenes
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
benzenearsonic acid benzenearsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0	arsonic acids; organoarsonic acid
arsanilic acid Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.	1.97	1	0	organoarsonic acid
4-toluenesulfonyl chloride [no description available]	2.41	1	0
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	7.4	36	1	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.05	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.44	2	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.08	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	4.96	2	1	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	1.98	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-hydroxyacetophenone 4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.	1.96	1	0	monohydroxyacetophenone	fungal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl bromide benzyl bromide: structure given in first source. benzyl bromide : A member of the class of benzyl bromides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with bromine.	2.04	1	0	benzyl bromides	lachrymator
ethylbenzene [no description available]	4.8	1	1	alkylbenzene
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.77	3	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	1.96	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.17	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	1.93	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
n-nitrosopiperidine N-nitrosopiperidine: structure. N-nitrosopiperidine : A nitrosamine that is piperidine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. One of the many carcinogens detected in cigarette smoke, it is found in meat, cheese and spices that have been treated with the preservative sodium nitrite.	3.9	13	0	nitrosamine; piperidine	apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mutagen
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	14.77	281	10	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	3.41	7	0	pyridinium salt
diphenylmethane diphenylmethane : A diarylmethane that is methane substituted by two phenyl groups.	2.62	3	0	diarylmethane
1,2-dihydrostilbene 1,2-dihydrostilbene: intermdiate in biosynthesis of dihydrophenanthrenes from phenylalanine. 1,2-dihydrostilbene : A diphenylethane that is the 1,2-dihydro derivative of stilbene.	2.08	1	0	diphenylethane
dibenzylamine dibenzylamine: used in detection of cobalt, cyanate, & iron; RN given refers to parent cpd; CAUTION: synonym iminodibenzyl is not unique to this cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	aromatic amine
n-propylbenzene n-propylbenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. propylbenzene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene having one of its aromatic hydrogens substituted by a propyl group.	2.11	1	0	alkylbenzene
3-phenylpropanal 3-phenylpropanal : A benzene which is substituted by a 3-oxopropyl group at position 1.	2.06	1	0	aldehyde; benzenes	flavouring agent; plant metabolite
ethyl bromoacetate [no description available]	2	1	0
ethyl carbonate [no description available]	1.92	1	0	carbonate ester
caprolactam Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.61	1	1	caprolactams	human blood serum metabolite
4-bromophenol 4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.	2.11	1	0	bromophenol	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; persistent organic pollutant; rat metabolite
dimethyl succinate dimethyl succinate: potent insulin secretagogue	1.99	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester
1,2-epoxybutane 1,2-epoxybutane: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	epoxide
epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.	2.61	2	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound
1-butene but-1-ene : A butene with unsaturation at position 1.	1.93	1	0	butene
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	2.45	2	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	5.34	12	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allyl chloride [no description available]	2.21	1	0	organochlorine compound
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.38	2	0	alkylamine
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.52	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.75	3	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	2.9	3	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	2.65	3	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	3.25	6	0	alkane
isoamylamine isoamylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. isopentylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butan-1-amine carrying a methyl substituent at position 3.	1.96	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.76	3	0
deanol Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.	3.95	4	0	ethanolamines; tertiary amine	curing agent; radical scavenger
diisopropylamine diisopropylamine: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
acetic anhydride acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.	7.5	2	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride	metabolite; reagent
gamma-valerolactone gamma-valerolactone: metabolite of n-hexane; RN given refers to cpd with methyl moiety in position 5. gamma-valerolactone : A butan-4-olide that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 5. It has been found in the urine samples of humans exposed to n-hexane.	2.21	1	0	butan-4-olide	flavouring agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
gamma-collidine gamma-collidine: structure	2.47	2	0	methylpyridines
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.13	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene [no description available]	2.51	2	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2.17	1	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	9.65	235	2	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
cyclohexanone [no description available]	2.37	2	0	cyclohexanones	human xenobiotic metabolite
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2.04	1	0	aryl thiol
3-hydroxypyridine 3-hydroxypyridine: RN given refeirs to parent cpd. 3-pyridinol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It has been detected as a thermal degradation product from the smoke of the burning leaves of Salvia divinorum, a Mexican psychoactive plant.	2.1	1	0	monohydroxypyridine
4-methylmorpholine [no description available]	2.17	1	0
2-methylpiperidine 2-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	3.59	9	0	piperidines
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.46	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
n-butylamine n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.02	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
dicyanmethane malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.68	3	0	aliphatic nitrile; dinitrile
diethylamine [no description available]	2.7	3	0	secondary aliphatic amine
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	27.97	1,360	277	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.44	2	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	7.49	2	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	19.15	337	82	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine : An ethylenediamine derivative in which each nitrogen carries two methyl substituents. It is widely employed both as a ligand for metal ions and as a catalyst in organic polymerisation.	2.71	3	0	ethylenediamine derivative	catalyst; chelator
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	4.61	1	1	fatty acid ester
1,4-butanediol butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).	2.11	1	0	butanediol; glycol	neurotoxin; prodrug; protic solvent
dimethylethylenediamine dimethylethylenediamine: structure in first source	2	1	0
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.89	4	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	11.6	759	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	5.78	28	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
hexylamine hexylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-hexanamine : A 6-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.13	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
diethylenetriamine diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.09	5	0	polyazaalkane; triamine
hexahydroazepine hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	1.97	1	0	azacycloalkane; azepanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
heptanol Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.	2.41	2	0	heptanol; primary alcohol	flavouring agent; fragrance; gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; plant metabolite
nonane iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.	2.17	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
octylamine octylamine: RN given refers to 1-octylamine. octan-1-amine : An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	metabolite
carbitol carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.	2.88	3	0	diether; glycol ether; hydroxypolyether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
undecan-2-one undecan-2-one: Insect Repellents; 2-undecanone is the active ingredient of arthropod repellent BioUD; an efficacious alternative to deet. undecan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone with methyl and nonyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.07	1	0	dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone	plant metabolite; rodenticide
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	9.48	20	5	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
obidoxime chloride Obidoxime Chloride: Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.	3.07	5	0
propylene propylene: structure	2.73	3	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
bromphenol blue Bromphenol Blue: A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.. bromophenol blue : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.	2.01	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
pentaerythritol pentaerythritol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6904. pentaerythritol : A tetrol that is neopentane in which one of the methyl hydrogens of all four methyl groups are replaced by hydroxy groups. It is a chemical intermediate used in the production of explosives, plastics, paints, appliances, and cosmetics.	1.94	1	0	primary alcohol; tetrol	flame retardant; laxative
ambenonium chloride Ambenonium Chloride: A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112). ambenonium chloride : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium salt having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	2.42	2	0	organic chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotransmitter agent
phenyl salicylate phenyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the phenyl ester of salicylic acid. Also known as salol, it can be formed by heating salicylic acid with phenol and is used in the manufacture of some polymers, lacquers, adhesives, waxes and polishes.	2.1	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols; salicylates	ultraviolet filter
etryptamine etryptamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.93	1	0	indoles
chloranil Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
2-chlorobenzoic acid 2-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. chlorobenzoic acid : Any member of the class of benzoic acids in which the benzene ring is substituted by at least one chloro group.. 2-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid having the chloro group at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	2-halobenzoic acid; monochlorobenzoic acid	plant hormone; plant metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	6.33	12	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin [no description available]	2.38	2	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
tetralin tetralin: structure given in first source. tetralin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.	2.36	2	0	ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon; tetralins
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.72	3	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
dimethoxyphenylethylamine Dimethoxyphenylethylamine: A derivative of phenethylamine containing two substituent methoxy groups in the phenyl ring.. 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine : An aromatic ether that is the derivative of 2-phenylethylamine with methoxy substituents at the 3- and 4-positions. It is an alkaloid isolated from the Cactaceae family.	2.11	1	0	alkaloid; aromatic ether; phenylethylamine	allergen; plant metabolite
piperonal piperonal: has been used as a pediculicide; structure. piperonal : An arenecarbaldehyde that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a formyl substituent at position 5. It has been isolated from Piper nigrum.	2.58	2	0	arenecarbaldehyde; benzodioxoles	fragrance; insect repellent; plant metabolite
2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.01	1	0	dichlorophenol
n-methylpyrrolidine N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.66	3	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.97	4	0	tertiary amine
carbarson Carbarson: sometimes used in treatment of intestinal amoebiasis; structure in first source	1.97	1	0	ureas
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	3.58	8	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
iodoantipyrine [no description available]	2.4	2	0
pamoic acid pamoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.15	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
dimethyl phthalate dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure	1.96	1	0	diester; methyl ester; phthalate ester
2,6-diaminoanthraquinone 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	3.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	4.2	5	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	6.13	13	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
benzil benzil: structure. benzil : An alpha-diketone that is ethane-1,2-dione substituted by phenyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.	2.06	1	0	alpha-diketone; aromatic ketone
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	4.22	17	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
2-aminothiophenol 2-aminothiophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-aminothiophenol : An aryl thiol that is thiophenol substituted at position 2 by an amino group.	2.02	1	0	aryl thiol; substituted aniline	plant metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)	2	1	0	NTA; tricarboxylic acid	carcinogenic agent; nephrotoxic agent
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	2.25	1	0	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
n-butyl acrylate butyl acrylate : An acrylate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol with the carboxy group of acrylic acid.	2.02	1	0	acrylate ester
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.43	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanidine carboxamide guanidine carboxamide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	organooxygen compound
ethyl acetoacetate ethyl acetoacetate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. ethyl acetoacetate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid with ethanol.	2	1	0	ethyl ester	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2	1	0	monohydroxypyridine	plant metabolite
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.38	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
piperazine adipate piperazine adipate : A piperazinium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of piperazine and adipic acid.	2.34	2	0	piperazinium salt	anthelminthic drug; antinematodal drug
isopropyl palmitate isopropyl palmitate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of palmitic acid with propan-2-ol. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.07	1	0	fatty acid ester; isopropyl ester	human metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	3.1	5	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
anileridine anileridine: minor descriptor (64-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search ISONIPECOTIC ACIDS (68-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. anileridine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of isonipecotic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxyl group is substituted by a phenyl group, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl group.	2.01	1	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; substituted aniline	opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist
pregnenolone [no description available]	5	12	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	5.43	62	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	3.09	5	0	purine nucleoside
copper phthalocyanine copper phthalocyanine: structure. copper(II) phthalocyanine : A metallophthalocyanine that is copper(2+) forming a coordination complex with phthalocyanine. It is a synthetic blue pigment which is used as a colorant in paints and dyes.	1.99	1	0
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	13.27	112	17	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	3.36	7	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.46	2	0	organic molecular entity
potassium cyanide [no description available]	6.35	14	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
aziridine [no description available]	8.15	5	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	6.58	11	5	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
octamethyl pyrophosphoramide octamethyl pyrophosphoramide: structure	1.96	1	0	phosphorodiamide
cycloguanil cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.	1.96	1	0	triazines	antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	10.52	20	3	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	3.14	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
homoarginine L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.	1.97	1	0	homoarginine; L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; human metabolite; rat metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	5.52	21	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
cinnoline cinnoline: structure in first source. cinnoline : An azaarene that is the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of cinnolines.	2.17	1	0	azaarene; cinnolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	24.45	918	105	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	6.33	21	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
5-azaindole [no description available]	2.05	1	0
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	20.88	264	51	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	2.31	1	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	8.01	38	1	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
indolizine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	indolizines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	19.48	107	3	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	6.71	44	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	20.8	389	60	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	12.3	126	6	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	22.02	631	68	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	2.08	1	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyridazine pyridazine: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	diazine; pyridazines
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	4.76	9	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	18.32	181	15	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	3.8	2	1	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	3.41	7	0	organic cation
indopan indopan: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.	2.17	1	0	tryptamines
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	9.31	24	3	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	4.76	31	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	10.51	51	2	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
benactyzine Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.	5.57	14	0	diarylmethane
pirinitramide Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.	8.67	10	8	nitrile
2h-benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 2H-Benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-Ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-: Proposed catecholamine depletor.	1.98	1	0
pentamine pentamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck	1.93	1	0
perfluorodecalin perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute.	2.68	3	0	fluorocarbon	blood substitute; solvent
paraoxon [no description available]	3.7	10	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	4.59	26	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	4.35	20	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	3.8	11	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
opipramol Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.	2.36	2	0	dibenzoazepine
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	7.04	16	6	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	4.17	3	1	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
nicarbazin Nicarbazin: An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry.	3.48	8	0	organic molecular entity
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	1.95	1	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
tetrapropylammonium tetrapropylammonium: more than 12 salts of above cpd in Chemline. tetrapropylammonium : A quarternary ammonium cation with four propyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2.31	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	20.21	317	29	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	3.04	4	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	11.11	95	4	ergoline alkaloid
phenylbenzoquinone phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0
trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride trans-1,4-Bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane Dihydrochloride: An anti-cholesteremic agent that inhibits delta 7-reductase, delta 14 reductase, and sterol biosynthesis.	1.99	1	0
cuprizone [no description available]	2.59	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
cyanoacetic acid cyanoacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acetic acid bearing a cyano substituent.	2.17	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.91	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	2.69	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)	7.52	10	5	diarylmethane
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.	2.05	1	0
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	2.39	2	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.38	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	1.95	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
xanthinol niacinate Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.	1.95	1	0
alpha-benzoin oxime alpha-benzoin oxime: used in spectrophotometric determination of chromium(III) ion	2.21	1	0
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.36	2	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride 4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride: inhibitor of peptide hydrolases; structure in second source	1.99	1	0
coniine coniine: alkaloid isolated from Conium maculatum L.; properties as an analgesics, antineuralgic, & teratogen; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	11.95	40	0
dicyandiamido dicyandiamido: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a cyano group. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, explosives, oil well drilling muds, and dyestuffs.	2.95	4	0	guanidines; nitrile	curing agent; explosive; fertilizer; flame retardant; nitrification inhibitor
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	6.86	21	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)	3.56	9	0	amphetamines
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	15.38	328	12	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2.15	1	0	ketene
beta-erythroidine beta-erythroidine: alkaloid found in various species of Erythrina; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic indole alkaloid isolated from the seeds and other parts of Erythrina species. It differs from the alpha isomer in having the double bond of the dihydropyranone ring located beta,gamma- to the lactone carbonyl group instead of alpha,beta-.	2.03	1	0	delta-lactone; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	muscle relaxant; plant metabolite
pipradrol pipradrol: was heading 1963-94; PIPRADOL was see PIPRADROL 1978-94; use PIPERIDINES to search PIPRADROL 1966-94	7.89	61	0	diarylmethane
jervine jervine: teratogen from Veratrum grandiflorum; RN given refers to parent cpd(3beta,23beta)-isomer; structure	2.9	4	0	piperidines
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	3.34	7	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
ketobemidone ketobemidone: structure	4.95	3	1	piperidines
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	2.13	1	0	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.82	2	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
liriodenine liriodenine: structure given in first source. liriodenine : An oxoaporphine alkaloid that is 4,5,6,6a-tetradehydronoraporphin-7-one substituted by a methylenedioxy group across positions 1 and 2. It is isolated from Annona glabra and has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.	1.98	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; cyclic ketone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxacycle; oxoaporphine alkaloid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	6.39	7	1
berbamine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	phenylpropanoid
2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide 2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide: was heading 1975-94 (see under LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-90); BROMO-LSD was see 2-BROMOLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-94; use LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE to search 2-BROMOLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-94; a serotonin antagonist	2.41	2	0
indirubin [no description available]	3.51	2	0
lucanthone Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.	3.04	1	0	thioxanthenes	adjuvant; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; mutagen; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; schistosomicide drug
retronecine retronecine: RN given refers to (1R-trans)-isomer; structure	2.03	1	0	pyrrolizines
phthalimidine phthalimidine: structure given in first source. isoindolin-1-one : A member of the class of isoindoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole in which the hydrogens at positon 1 are replaced by an oxo group.	2.06	1	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.77	3	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	2.13	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	3.83	4	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
cytisine [no description available]	4.81	10	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	5.54	68	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
anagyrine anagyrine: RN given refers to (7R-(7alpha,7abeta,14alpha))-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0	alkaloid
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	9.85	63	1	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
bufotenin Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.	3.46	2	0	tertiary amine; tryptamine alkaloid	coral metabolite; hallucinogen
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	4.18	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	5.49	16	1	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	4.66	8	0	indoles
dithiol dithiol: structure	2.43	2	0
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	7.43	2	0	butenolide
cis methyldioxolane [no description available]	1.98	1	0
arecaidine [no description available]	2.7	3	0	citraconoyl group
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	2.47	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	1.93	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	3.61	9	0	quinone imine	dye
phenylcarbamic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	amino acid
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	epsilon-lactone
citronellic acid citronellic acid: structure in first source. citronellic acid : A monounsaturated fatty acid that is oct-6-enoic acid carrying methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.	2.07	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; monoterpenoid; monounsaturated fatty acid	flavouring agent; plant metabolite
azetidine [no description available]	3.19	5	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
oxetane oxetane: structure. oxetane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.	2.46	2	0	oxetanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	13.31	140	1
1,3-propanediol propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.	1.93	1	0	propane-1,3-diols	metabolite; protic solvent
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	7.12	15	1	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	3.51	1	1	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	3.08	5	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.14	5	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
tetranitromethane [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organonitrogen compound
methadyl acetate Methadyl Acetate: A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action.	2	1	0	diarylmethane
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	5.55	13	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
echothiophate iodide Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.. ecothiopate iodide : The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.	1.95	1	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antiglaucoma drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.41	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.55	2	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
noramidopyrine noramidopyrine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-(methylamino)antipyrine : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methylamino group. It is a metabolite of aminopyrine and of metamizole.	1.96	1	0	pyrazoles; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
mepiperphenidol [no description available]	4.1	16	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.59	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
psilocybin Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").	5.79	12	0	organic phosphate; tertiary amino compound; tryptamine alkaloid	fungal metabolite; hallucinogen; prodrug; serotonergic agonist
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	3.79	3	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.	2.37	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	6.65	20	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.11	1	0
angelicin angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure	2.15	1	0	furanocoumarin
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	6.28	5	3	diarylmethane
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.06	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	3.88	2	1	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	4.08	3	1	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.36	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	2.01	1	0	cellobiose	epitope
1,1-diphenylethylene 1,1-diphenylethylene: structure	2.03	1	0
piperocaine piperocaine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.54	9	0	benzoate ester
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	3.98	4	0	thiazoles
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	2.11	1	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	8.08	39	7	methoxybenzenes; phenols
perillyl alcohol perillyl alcohol: inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase; structure in first source. perillyl alcohol : A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.	3.1	1	0	limonene monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
phenylacetylene phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS	2.06	1	0	benzenes
diperodon diperodon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	3.28	6	0	carbamate ester
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	9.81	100	2	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
cyclomethycaine [no description available]	2.85	4	0	benzoate ester
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	1.98	1	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
4-iodophenol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	iodophenol
aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.	2.78	3	0
uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0
maleimide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
furtrethonium furtrethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; minor descriptor (75-79); on-line and Index Medicus search AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (75-81)	1.96	1	0	aralkylamine
muscone muscone: structure in first source	4.61	1	1
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	10.39	73	4	dialdehyde	biomarker
aceturic acid aceturic acid: structure. N-acetylglycine : An N-acylglycine where the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.13	1	0	N-acetyl-amino acid; N-acylglycine	human metabolite
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.17	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
n-hexadecane n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.	2.31	1	0	long-chain alkane	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
triethylenephosphoramide Triethylenephosphoramide: An insect chemosterilant and an antineoplastic agent.	1.99	1	0	phosphoramide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	4.81	12	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.41	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	2.7	3	0
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.54	2	0	phenoxazine
paeonol paeonol: structure	2.54	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	2.41	1	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	3.33	2	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	4.86	6	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	2.41	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
tristearin tristearoylglycerol : A triglyceride that is glycerol in which all three hydroxy groups have been formally esterified with stearic acid.	2.05	1	0	triacylglycerol 54:0	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
tripalmitin tripalmitin: structure. tripalmitin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.48	2	0	triglyceride
carbon tetrabromide tetrabromomethane : A one-carbon compound substituted by 4 bromo groups.	2.1	1	0	bromomethanes
phenoperidine Phenoperidine: A narcotic analgesic partly metabolized to meperidine in the liver. It is similar to morphine in action and used for neuroleptanalgesia, usually with droperidol.	3.73	2	1	piperidines
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	5.73	5	4	glycerophosphocholine
formestane [no description available]	2.91	4	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enol; hydroxy steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2.02	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	4.37	6	0	bis(azo) compound
2,6-xylenol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydroxytoluene
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	1.96	1	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	3.07	4	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.	2.08	1	0	carbonate salt; potassium salt	catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	2.77	3	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
nitrosobenzene [no description available]	2	1	0	benzenes; nitroso compound	xenobiotic metabolite
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	4.51	7	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
3-tyramine 3-tyramine: MH Tyramine refers to 4-tyramine; RN given refers to parent cpd. m-tyramine : A primary amino compound that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	primary amino compound; tyramines	human urinary metabolite; neurotransmitter
allyl acetate allyl acetate: potential fumigant for treating stored grains	2.11	1	0
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	3.84	3	0	organic sulfide
megestrol acetate [no description available]	3.38	1	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	7.93	9	6	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.11	1	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
1,1'-binaphthyl 1,1'-binaphthyl: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	2.03	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.96	1	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
2-anthramine 2-anthramine: structure	1.96	1	0	anthracenamine
n-methylbenzamide N-methylbenzamide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid: structure. (2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of phenylalanine and is excreted in the urine of patients suffering from diseases like phenylketonuria.	1.98	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; phenols	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methyl carbonate methyl carbonate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure. dimethyl carbonate : A carbonate ester that is carbonic acid in which both hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A flammable, colourless liquid (m.p. 2-4degreeC, b.p. 90degreeC) with a characterstic ester-like odour, it is used as a 'green' methylating agent and as a solvent.	1.92	1	0	carbonate ester	reagent; solvent
trimecaine Trimecaine: Acetanilide derivative used as a local anesthetic.	3.21	6	0	amino acid amide
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	7.11	25	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
benzenesulfinic acid [no description available]	2.42	2	0	organosulfinic acid
4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0
5-methyl-2-furfural 5-methyl-2-furfural: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified	2	1	0	aldehyde; furans	EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; human metabolite; Maillard reaction product
2,5-dimethylpyrrole 2,5-dimethylpyrrole: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	pyrroles
6-methyluracil 6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.	2.06	1	0	pyrimidone	metabolite
n-methylpiperidine N-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.84	12	0
propylurea [no description available]	7.02	1	0
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.02	1	0
clopenthixol Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	3.37	1	1	N-alkylpiperazine; primary alcohol; thioxanthenes	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
clopamide Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	9.44	83	14	sulfonamide
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	4.16	6	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aminoglycoside
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	11.42	29	3	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
formal glycol [no description available]	2.89	4	0	cyclic acetal; dioxolane
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	4.31	4	1	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
isosorbide Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
tetracyanoethylene tetracyanoethene: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	2.35	2	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	10.19	149	3	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
dibutyldichlorotin [no description available]	2.44	2	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	3.61	9	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
pyridine n-oxide pyridine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyridine N-oxide : The pyridine N-oxide derived from the parent pyridine. It is a drug metabolite of the antihypertensive agent pinacidil.	7.08	1	0	pyridine N-oxides	drug metabolite
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.03	1	0
disperse orange 3 4-(4-nitrophenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at the phenyl 4-positions by an amino and a nitro group.	2.1	1	0	azobenzenes; primary arylamine	allergen; dye
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.37	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
n-cyclohexylformamide [no description available]	2.4	2	0	alicyclic compound; formamides	mouse metabolite
o,p'-ddt o,p'-DDT: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation.	2.06	1	0	diarylmethane
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	7.33	4	3	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
tempidon 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source	3.9	13	0	piperidones
phenylcyclohexane phenylcyclohexane: pyrolysis product of phencyclidine	2.17	1	0
4-nitrophenyl acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenyl acetates
3-hydroxypicolinic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxypyridine	MALDI matrix material
terbutryne terbutryn : A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by a tert-butylamino and an ethylamino group at positions 2 and 4 respectively.	1.98	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine; methylthio-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
etonitazene etonitazene: was heading 1979-94 (see under BENZIMIDAZOLES 1979-90); ETONITAZIN was see ETONITAZENE 1979-94; use BENZIMIDAZOLES to search ETONITAZENE 1979-94; narcotic analgesic similar to morphine in action; used mainly to study narcotic habituation, tolerance, and withdrawal in laboratory animals	2.47	2	0
diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.	9.17	19	11	ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine	antidiarrhoeal drug
cyclopentenone 2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.	2.05	1	0	alicyclic ketone; enone	Hsp70 inducer
n-nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrosopyrrolidine: Carcinogenic nitrosamine that may be formed from preservatives in meats during their preparation or in the liver during metabolism.	3.06	5	0	pyrrolidines
n-nitrosoperhydroazepine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
2-aminobenzimidazole 2-aminobenzimidazole: metabolite of benomyl; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-aminobenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.	2.47	2	0	benzimidazoles	marine xenobiotic metabolite
n-phenylmaleimide N-phenylmaleimide: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7104	2.07	1	0
diphenyl sulfoxide diphenyl sulfoxide: electron acceptor for liver aldehyde oxidase	2	1	0	sulfoxide
deoxycytidine [no description available]	14.47	51	18	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.7	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyadenosine 2'-deoxyformycin A: RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzohexonium benzohexonium: RN given refers to dibenzenesulfonate salt; see also hexamethonium: 60-26-4	2	1	0
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	7.91	7	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isodesmosine Isodesmosine: 2-(4-Amino-4-carboxybutyl)-1-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-3,5-bis(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pyridinium. A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.. isodesmosine : A pyridinium ion obtained by formal condensation of four molecules of lysine.	1.99	1	0	lysine derivative; pyridinium ion	biomarker
chlormequat Chlormequat: A plant growth regulator that is commonly used on ornamental plants.. chlormequat : A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.	3.93	12	0	quaternary ammonium ion	plant growth retardant
2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine: see also 2,4,6-triaminopyridinium (cation). 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine core carries amino substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.01	1	0	aminopyrimidine
bunamidine bunamidine: veterinary anti-platyhelmintic agent used for taenia infestations; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search AMIDINES (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	3.97	2	1	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
phenylglyoxal [no description available]	2.06	1	0	phenylacetaldehydes
nicotinamide mononucleotide Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.	4.23	16	0	nicotinamide mononucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrithioxin Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.	3.1	1	0	methylpyridines
4-dimethylaminopyridine 4-dimethylaminopyridine: catalyst for acetylation of hydroxy cpds; structure	1.98	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
n'-nitrosoanabasine N'-nitrosoanabasine: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.95	1	0	citraconoyl group
2,2'-dipyridylamine dipyridin-2-ylamine: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
phenazocine Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)	6.46	58	0
calcium peroxide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	calcium oxides
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.13	1	0
potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH	1.97	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.79	11	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	5.9	3	2	zinc molecular entity
beta-pinene beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.	2.07	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	2.74	3	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sorbitan monostearate sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH	2.25	1	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.93	4	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346 sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.	2.07	1	0	nucleoside analogue	protein kinase inhibitor
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	5.57	4	1	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	14.86	51	13	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	6.15	3	1
lysergol lysergol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (8beta)-isomer. lysergol : An alkaloid of the ergoline family that occurs as a minor constituent in some species of fungi and in the morning glory family of plants. Its structure is that of ergoline with a methyl group at N-6 and a beta-hydroxymethyl substituent at C-8.	3.19	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
1,2-epoxyhexane [no description available]	4.61	1	1
isonicotinamide isonicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of isonicotinic acid.	7.52	2	0	pyridinecarboxamide
fluanisone fluanisone: former provisional as haloanisone; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone
flurandrenolone Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)	2.07	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.	3.44	1	1	diarylmethane
vincamine Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.	2.37	2	0	alkaloid ester; hemiaminal; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; vinca alkaloid	antihypertensive agent; metabolite; vasodilator agent
metylperon metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd	6.77	12	6	aromatic ketone
cyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyclopropanecarboxylic acid: 0	2.04	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid
aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane aminoethyl-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane: RN given refers to parent cpd; a silylating agent	2.03	1	0
azacyclonol azacyclonol: major descriptor (65-84); on-line search PIPERIDINES (65-84); Index Medicus search AZACYCLONOL (65-84); RN given refers to parent cpd	5.62	79	0	diarylmethane
stearylamine stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.04	1	0	primary aliphatic amine	film-forming compound
norfenfluramine Norfenfluramine: A FENFLURAMINE analog that inhibits serotonin uptake and may provoke release of serotonin. It is used as an appetite depressant and an experimental tool in animal studies.	2.66	3	0	amphetamines
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	2.52	2	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	3.66	9	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
pristane pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.	2.66	2	0	long-chain alkane; norterpene	biomarker; immunological adjuvant
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	12.28	129	3	tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.43	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.07	1	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
5-hydroxyindole [no description available]	3.35	1	1	hydroxyindoles	human metabolite
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	16.9	431	9	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	2.05	1	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	4.44	22	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
meldrum's acid Meldrum's acid: structure given in first source	7.1	1	0
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	3.21	1	0	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	6.15	32	1	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
benperidol Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)	4.02	15	0	aromatic ketone
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	1.98	1	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
diallyl disulfide diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.	4.57	1	1	organic disulfide	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.98	4	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
mirex Mirex: An organochlorine insecticide that is carcinogenic.	3.04	1	0	chlorocarbon; organochlorine insecticide	persistent organic pollutant
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	4.17	3	1	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	6.13	17	2	thioxanthenes
amo-1618 AMO-1618: RN given refers to chloride with piperidinyl group in position 1; structure	2.63	3	0
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	4.07	3	1	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	8.29	8	3	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
n-acetylimidazole [no description available]	1.97	1	0	N-acylimidazole
butyrylcholine butyrylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.14	1	0	acylcholine
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	3.46	1	1	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	4.09	3	1	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
acadesine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
squaric acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	alicyclic ketone; carbon oxoacid	metabolite
methyl methanethiosulfonate S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.	2	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative; thiosulfonate ester	metabolite
clopidol pharmcoccide: Russian drug; no other info available 1/1/79	2.66	3	0	chloropyridine
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	2.17	1	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tetrahydropapaveroline Tetrahydropapaveroline: A leukomaine (animal alkaloid) formed in brain and liver from dopamine and L-dopa; it may be implicated in psychiatric problems.	2.03	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	human metabolite
methional [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	prostaglandin antagonist
mepiquat mepiquat : A quaternary ammonium ion has that has two methyl groups and a pentamethylene-1,5-diyl group attached to the nitrogen. Its salts are used as plant growth inhibitors.	5.16	42	0	quaternary ammonium ion	agrochemical; Maillard reaction product; plant growth retardant
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.08	1	0	thujene	plant metabolite
2,3-diketogulonic acid 2,3-Diketogulonic Acid: Metabolite of ASCORBIC ACID and the oxidized form of the lactone DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID.. 2,3-diketogulonic acid : A carbohydrate acid formally derived from gulonic acid by oxidation of the -OH groups at positions 2 and 3 to keto groups.	2.02	1	0
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	3.24	6	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.26	6	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
cyclazocine Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.	3.84	12	0
1-benzyl-4-piperidone 1-benzyl-4-piperidone: structure in first source	7.03	1	0
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	9.76	33	6	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
nafenopin Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid
streptomycin [no description available]	3.06	5	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	4.55	8	0	carbon oxoanion
dodeconium dodeconium: RN given refers to dichloride; see also record for ethonium	1.95	1	0
n-methylacetamide-oxotremorine m N-methylacetamide-oxotremorine M: RN given refers to iodide; structure given in first source	1.93	1	0
azatadine azatadine: indulian (UD 21;71k) is dimaleate; do not confuse with AZACITIDINE. azatadine : A benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine having a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group at the 11-position.	1.97	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
cladribine [no description available]	7.18	5	3	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
methamilane methiodide methamilane methiodide: muscarinic agonist; RN given refers to iodide without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	6.46	8	6
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	2.42	2	0
butyrylthiocholine Butyrylthiocholine: A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.. butyrylthiocholine : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of butyric acid with the thiol group of thiocholine. It is used as a reagent for determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.	2.02	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
st 91 ST 91: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	substituted aniline
n-hydroxypiperidine [no description available]	3.3	6	0
ochratoxin b ochratoxin B: structure given in first source. ochratoxin B : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid. Ochratoxin B differs from the more naturally abundant ochratoxin A in the absence of the dihydroisocoumarin chlorine atom. It has cytotoxic effects on kidney and liver cells in vitro but only minor effects in vivo, due to its rapid metabolism and excretion. It inhibits cell proliferation of human liver HepG2 cells at doses as low as 1 mug/ ml but lacks the genotoxic activity of ochratoxin A, even at higher concentrations.	2.03	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
metanephrine Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.	2.36	2	0	catecholamine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.42	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	3.47	1	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
1-(piperidinomethyl)-2-naphthol 1-(piperidinomethyl)-2-naphthol: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	13.23	39	9	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
iprindole Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)	2.37	2	0	indoles
chlorpyrifos-methyl chlorpyrifos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	4.03	4	0	dioxolane
dimethindene Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.	3.76	2	1	indene
piminodine piminodine: structure in first source	3.04	5	0	piperidines
maleic hydrazide Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.	2.08	1	0	pyridazinone
ferrous lactate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	lactate salt
terbutylazine terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.31	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.42	2	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	11.27	230	2	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
xylamidine xylamidine: structure	2.68	3	0
bipiperidyl mustard bipiperidyl mustard: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.46	2	0
coralyne coralyne: RN given refers to parent cpd; at this time it is not known for which salt NSC-154890 is synonym; structure; DNA topoisomerse antagonist	2.03	1	0	isoquinolines
ormetoprim ormetoprim: proposed chemotherapeutic agent; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PYRIMIDINES (75-84)	2.38	2	0	dimethoxybenzene
terodiline [no description available]	2.41	2	0	diarylmethane
trimethaphan Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.	1.98	1	0	sulfonium compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antihypertensive agent; nicotinic antagonist; vasodilator agent
molindone Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)	3.12	1	0	indoles
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	3.89	11	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	3.25	6	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	6.87	21	1	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	6.24	11	1	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	6.39	7	1	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	2.65	3	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	7.66	44	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	8.91	20	4	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	5.04	12	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	4.24	17	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.74	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
scandium Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.	2.07	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	12.31	10	2	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	2.08	1	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	3.67	10	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.1	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
thulium Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.	4.61	1	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	6.76	5	2	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	7.75	3	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	1.93	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	4.48	23	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	7.53	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2.78	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.45	8	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	12.13	26	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.34	2	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	5.26	3	1	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	7.28	12	3	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.05	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.74	3	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.59	2	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	10.15	16	11	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	6.8	11	1	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
hexocyclium hexocyclium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.67	3	0	amine
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	3.37	1	1	sodium phosphate
stannic chloride [no description available]	2.04	1	0
2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride 2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride: structure	2.21	1	0
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	3.26	5	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	10.88	30	5	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
zirconium oxychloride zirconium oxychloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zirconyl chloride : A zirconium coordination entity consisting of zirconium(IV) bound to oxygen via a double bond and to two chlorines.	2.05	1	0
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	3.31	6	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.06	1	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
thionyl chloride thionyl chloride: methylating agent; structure given in first source. thionyl chloride : A sulfinyl halide in which both of the halide atoms are chorines.	2.04	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; sulfinyl halide
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	2.43	2	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.42	2	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	3.5	2	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	3.48	8	0	diatomic bromine
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	6.13	7	5	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	4.8	1	1	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	3.47	1	1	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	5.48	4	1	calcium phosphate
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.64	3	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	3.5	8	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
metoprine metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist	3.09	5	0
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.39	2	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
calcium hypochlorite calcium hypochlorite: structure	1.97	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt	bleaching agent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	4.81	33	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	8.15	60	5	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	4.26	19	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nitrous acid Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.98	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
antimony pentafluoride antimony pentafluoride: often mixed with acids to form super acids	2.45	2	0	antimony molecular entity; inorganic fluoride salt	Lewis acid; NMR solvent
silver chloride [no description available]	2.06	1	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	4.19	6	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
chlorosulfonic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0
sulfonyl chloride [no description available]	2.41	1	0	sulfuryl halide
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.05	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	3.51	1	1
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	5.23	3	1
sodium hydride [no description available]	2.08	1	0
hexamethyldisiloxane dimethicone: a linear silicone; an ingredient of SIMETHICONE; lotion of dimeticone in a volatile silicone base has been used to treat LICE	2.03	1	0	organosiloxane
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	3.54	8	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	5.78	6	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.05	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.71	3	0	cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.94	4	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	3.65	9	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	4.47	22	0
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.	3.77	2	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent; androgen
chloropyramine chloropyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine
rhamnose [no description available]	2.44	2	0	L-rhamnose
chloramine [no description available]	2	1	0	halide
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	2.08	1	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
suritozole [no description available]	1.98	1	0	triazoles
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	3.56	9	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
cysteic acid Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.	1.98	1	0	alanine derivative; amino sulfonic acid; carboxyalkanesulfonic acid; cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	animal metabolite
monoethylcholine monoethylcholine: competitively inhibits transport of choline; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	1.96	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0	pyrenes
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	5.01	2	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	2.36	2	0
beryllium nitrate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	2.41	1	0	anthraquinone
nequinate nequinate: minor descriptor (75-88); on line & & INDEX MEDICUS search QUINOLINES (75-88)	1.99	1	0	quinolines
salen disalicylaldehyde ethylenediamine: reagents for determination of iron	2.05	1	0
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester 4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.68	3	0
tiletamine Tiletamine: Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.	1.96	1	0	aralkylamine
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.05	14	0
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	2.4	2	0
4-benzoylpyridine 4-benzoylpyridine: used to measure reductase activity	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
menoctone [no description available]	1.96	1	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	9.62	30	2	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.76	2	1	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
clobutinol clobutinol: was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)	2.71	3	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	8.58	19	8	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
pizotyline Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.	5.14	15	0	benzocycloheptathiophene	histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
trimethylolpropane triacrylate trimethylolpropane triacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; causes contact dermatitis	2.05	1	0	carbonyl compound
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	13.51	63	39	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
2,2',6,6'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,2',6,6'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: structure in first source	2	1	0
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	1.98	1	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
gestrinone Gestrinone: A non-estrogenic contraceptive which is a weak progestin with strong anti-progesterone properties. It is effective if used once a week orally or can also be used in intravaginal devices.	1.97	1	0	oxo steroid
eedq EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent	3.68	10	0
ferric nitrilotriacetate ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)	2	1	0	iron chelate	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
thenalidine thenalidine: antihistaminic, antipruritic; RN in Chemline for thenalidine calcium: 67250-62-8; structure	3.64	10	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
stearoylethanolamide N-(octadecanoyl)ethanolamine : An N-acylethanolamine 18:0 that is the ethanolamide of octadecanoic acid.	2.04	1	0	N-acylethanolamine 18:0
n'-nitrosonornicotine N'-nitrosonornicotine: structure; a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals	2.35	2	0	pyridines; pyrrolidines
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	7.32	53	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
gold tetrachloride, acid gold tetrachloride, acid: used in root canal therapy; RN given refers to (SP-4-1)	2.08	1	0
fluorides [no description available]	3.59	9	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	2.92	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
didesethylflurazepam didesethylflurazepam: major metbolite of flurazepam; RN given refers to parent cpd. didesethylflurazepam : A primary amino compound resulting from the dealkylation of both ethyl groups of the anti-insomnia drug flurazepam. It is the major metabolite of flurazepam.	2.03	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; drug metabolite; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	5.62	30	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	6.37	22	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
decoquinate Decoquinate: A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.67	3	0
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	14.8	36	1	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
taurolidine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	thiadiazinane
n-n-propylnorapomorphine N-n-propylnorapomorphine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4.86	11	0
iodine [no description available]	5.17	15	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
cannabichromene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1-benzopyran
osmium tetroxide Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.	5.29	10	0	osmium coordination entity	fixative; histological dye; oxidising agent; poison
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	8.33	20	2	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.39	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine
cephapirin Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.15	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	3.35	6	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
dexetimide Dexetimide: A muscarinic antagonist that has been used to treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Benzetimide is the (-)-enantimorph of dexetimide.	6.54	27	2	piperidines
levetimide levetimide: inactive enantiomer of dexetimide	1.97	1	0
ethonium Ethonium: Russian drug; RN given refers to dichloride	1.95	1	0
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	8.91	20	4	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	2.1	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
zingerone zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.	4.48	5	1	methyl ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antiemetic; antioxidant; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent
1,2-diphenylhydrazine [no description available]	2	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	12.96	142	8	benzenes; phenyl acetates
n-phenylethanolamine [no description available]	3.42	7	0	aralkylamine
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	5.47	4	1	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
myrcene myrcene: structure in first source. beta-myrcene : A monoterpene that is octa-1,6-diene bearing methylene and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.21	1	0	monoterpene	anabolic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
paraldehyde Paraldehyde: A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9). paraldehyde : A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.63	3	0	trioxane	sedative
pyrrolidine [no description available]	6.83	49	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2.42	2	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
nonanal nonanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2.1	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human metabolite; plant metabolite
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.15	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	1.93	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	5.72	3	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	5.85	12	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.47	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
isothiuronium Isothiuronium: An undecenyl THIOUREA which may have topical anti-inflammatory activity.	3.7	10	0
rafoxanide Rafoxanide: Veterinary anthelmintic for grazing animals; used to treat fluke, hookworm and other infestations.	1.95	1	0
dihydro-beta-erythroidine Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.	2.73	3	0	delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	nicotinic antagonist
sulforidazine sulforidazine: structure in Merck	1.99	1	0	phenothiazines
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	3.72	10	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
dh 524 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
dihydroxyethyldithiocarbamate dihydroxyethyldithiocarbamate: mobilizes metallothionein-bound cadmium from tissue; increases biliary excretion of cadmium in rats	2.88	4	0
carticaine Carticaine: A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.	3.44	1	1	thiophenecarboxylic acid
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.59	2	0
tridemorph tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.	2.95	4	0	morpholines; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	2.42	2	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
alkenes [no description available]	9.39	88	2
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	12.35	291	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer	2.42	2	0	chlorphenamine
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	2.53	2	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
alovudine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	2.08	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2.47	2	0
bis(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide Bis(4-Methyl-1-Homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide: An inhibitor of the last step of noradrenaline biosynthesis.	1.98	1	0
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	5.28	53	0
7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid 7-amino-3-methyl-delta(3)-cephem-4-carboxylic acid: key intermediate in preparation of several semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics; structure. 7beta-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid : A cephem monocarboxylic acid derivative having a structure based on cephalosporanic acid, deacetoxylated and carrying a 7beta-amino group.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin; monocarboxylic acid
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.4	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	6.47	34	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	4.27	5	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	5.69	5	4	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	4.04	4	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
penfluridol Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.	11.45	82	21	diarylmethane
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	12.46	27	16	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	4.87	4	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
tetrahydrocannabivarin 9 tetrahydrocannabivarin 9: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.54	7	0
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.91	4	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.1	1	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate 1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC	2.07	1	0
toloxatone toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.	4	4	0	oxazolidinone; primary alcohol; toluenes
pirimiphos methyl pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.	2.71	3	0	aminopyrimidine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
moricizine Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.	7.93	12	1	carbamate ester; morpholines; phenothiazines	anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.	2.37	2	0	amino acid; carbocyclic fatty acid; carbotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.	4.47	23	0
levormeloxifene levormeloxifene: RN refers to (trans)-isomer	3.51	2	0
cyclindole cyclindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.15	1	0
amdinocillin Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.	3.1	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	14.55	93	17	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.	1.96	1	0	formamidines; tertiary amino compound	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
alinidine [no description available]	2.37	2	0
etoposide [no description available]	8.81	32	4	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	13.06	451	3	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
isoproturon isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.03	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
promegestone Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.	1.99	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	antineoplastic agent; progesterone receptor agonist; progestin
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	4.17	5	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
tertatolol tertatolol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	thiochromane
5,6-dihydroxy-2-dimethylaminotetralin 5,6-dihydroxy-2-dimethylaminotetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	tetralins
avridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	amino alcohol
propylbenzilylcholine mustard Propylbenzilylcholine Mustard: An analog of benzilylcholine mustard. It is an alkylating nitrogen mustard analog that binds specifically and irreversibly to cholinergic muscarinic receptors and is used as an affinity label to isolate and study the receptors.	2.67	3	0
4-methylhistamine 4-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 5 position on the ring.	3.11	5	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	histamine agonist; metabolite
penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.	1.98	1	0	ethanolamines
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	4.26	5	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	3.38	7	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ciclazindol ciclazindol: highly selective inhibitor of noradrenaline uptake; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.4	2	0
thiocholine Thiocholine: A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.	2.05	1	0
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	2.25	1	0
hydroxymaprotilin hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine 4-(4'-chlorophenyl)-4-piperidinol: structure given in first source; N-dealkylated model of haloperidol	3.12	5	0	piperidines
n-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Duxon: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.17	1	0
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	5.35	11	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
tocainide Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	9.97	34	1	monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic; sodium channel blocker
bezafibrate [no description available]	4.36	4	1	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	2.37	2	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	7.08	25	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
difenzoquat difenzoquat: quaternary ammonium cpd used as herbicide for wild oat control; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.63	9	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
supidimide supidimide: non-teratogenic analog of thalidomide; has mild tranquilizing action; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	7.89	22	10	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	7.23	146	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
amafolone amafolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to HCl	1.96	1	0
doxantrazole doxantrazole: structure	2	1	0
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	5.03	7	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	3.48	8	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.2	5	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
etoperidone etoperidone: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	piperazines
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	4.59	4	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.44	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
vindesine Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).	3.19	1	0	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
rp 31264 suriclone: recognizes receptors labeled by benzodiazepines	1.97	1	0
lodoxamide ethyl lodoxamide ethyl: inhibits anaphylactic reactions; structure	4.19	5	0
meptazinol Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.	2.06	1	0	azepanes
meglitinide meglitinide: structure given in first source & in Negwer, 5th ed, #6436	9.02	16	1
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	1.97	1	0	epoxide	intercalator
impromidine Impromidine: A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.	3.92	13	0
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.	1.96	1	0	dichlorobenzene
arprinocid arprinocid: structure	2.88	4	0	6-aminopurines
heptacaine heptacaine: structure; RN given refers to the HCl salt	6.52	62	0
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	16.97	97	58	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	15.28	109	76	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4.01	4	0
secoverine secoverine: RN given refers to parent; structure in first source	2.89	4	0
nufenoxole nufenoxole: structure	1.95	1	0
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	3.36	7	0
lorcainide [no description available]	14.16	137	22	acetamides
nafazatrom [no description available]	3.06	1	0
lidofenin [no description available]	3.36	1	1	amino acid amide
laurocapram laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	3.76	3	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.44	2	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
n-cyano-n'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-n''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine N-cyano-N'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-N''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine: potassium channel opener	2.01	1	0	pyridines
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	18.4	292	63	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	5.03	13	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bopindolol bopindolol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. bopindolol : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bopindolol and (S)-bopindolol. It is a non-selective antagonist of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors and a prodrug in which the ester group is hydrolysed to form the corresponding hydroxy derivative.. 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl benzoate : A methylindole that is 2-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(benzoyloxy)-3-(tert-butylamino)propyl group.	2.91	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoate ester; methylindole; secondary amino compound
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	2.38	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
brofaromine brofaromine: short-acting specific type A monoamine oxidase inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	14.33	112	41
indalpine indalpine: selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd	10.24	55	9	indoles
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	4.19	5	0
mezlocillin Kassinin: Dodecapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system of the amphibian Kassina senegalensis. It is similar in structure and action to other tachykinins, but is especially effective in contracting smooth muscle tissue and stimulating the micturition reflex.	2.41	2	0
salsoline salsoline: monomethylated metabolite of salsolinol; endogenous neurotoxin found in CSF of patients with Parkinson's disease	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	2.92	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.	12.41	59	27	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
lidamidine lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure	4.6	3	2	ureas
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2.9	4	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	2.91	4	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	4.67	9	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	8.11	74	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.01	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
encainide Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.	10.48	34	2	benzamides; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker
cianopramine [no description available]	3.75	3	0
trioxifene trioxifene: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.66	3	0
carbizocaine [no description available]	4.95	12	0
tiotidine tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	3.86	12	0	thiazoles
nedocromil Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.	8.21	10	4	dicarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fenoctimine fenoctimine: structure & RN from first source	5.14	11	1
amonafide xanafide: salt formulation of amonafide; DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor	2.17	1	0	isoquinolines
avobenzone [no description available]	2.01	1	0	dihydrochalcones
bucindolol bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative	1.96	1	0
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	18.77	127	77	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
sulotroban sulotroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist	3.77	3	0
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	14.13	137	11	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.	5.42	4	1	piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
swainsonine Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.. swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.	2.74	3	0	indolizidine alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite
indecainide indecainide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	fluorenes
cimoxatone [no description available]	2.89	4	0
haloperidol decanoate [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
dazoxiben dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.06	1	0
picenadol picenadol: racemic mixture of D-optical isomer (LY 97435) exhibiting potent morphine-like agonist activity & L-optical isomer (LY 97436) exhibiting nalorphine-like activity; RN given refers to parent cpd(trans)-(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source	6.14	12	3
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.81	3	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0	aminopyridine
rimcazole rimcazole: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source	5.16	15	0	carbazoles
fosfedil fosfedil: structure	1.99	1	0
dazmegrel [no description available]	1.96	1	0
milacemide milacemide: ampakine activity at AMPA Receptors; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
fanetizole [no description available]	1.96	1	0
levocabastine levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis	18.16	185	82	piperidines
castanospermine castanospermine: indolizidine alkaloid from seeds of Australian legume, Castanospermum australe. castanospermine : A tetrahydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that consists of octahydroindolizine having four hydroxy substituents located at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 (the 1S,6S,7R,8R,8aR-diastereomer).	2.71	3	0	indolizidine alkaloid	anti-HIV-1 agent; anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	8.18	11	3	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	3.7	10	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	8.34	14	2	dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	6.39	53	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
3-hydroxymethyl-n-methylpiperidyl (4-chlorophenoxy)acetate 3-hydroxymethyl-N-methylpiperidyl (4-chlorophenoxy)acetate: structure given in first source	3.06	5	0
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	8.45	18	2	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	4.35	4	1	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	4.06	2	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	18.03	278	21	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
n-methyl-n-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
ilmofosine ilmofosine: used in treatment of colonic adenocarcinoma in rats; structure given in first source; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt	2.38	2	0
gepirone gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0	N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	4.31	18	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	8.99	12	4	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
loxtidine loxtidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parenet cpd. loxtidine : A triazole that consists of 1,2,4-triazole bearing a methyl substituent at position 1, a hydroxymethyl substituent at position 3 and a {3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl}amino group at position 5. A highly potent and selective H2-receptor antagonist.	2.69	3	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; primary alcohol; triazoles	H2-receptor antagonist
temelastine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyrimidone
spiradoline spiradoline: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha,8beta)-(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.25	6	0
3-deazaguanine 3-deazaguanine: structure	2.13	1	0
disoxaril disoxaril: antipicornavirus agent	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether
tiospirone tiospirone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
detomidine detomidine: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
sarafloxacin sarafloxacin: RN & structure given in first source	3.85	2	0	quinolines
antineoplaston a10 antineoplaston A10: peptide analogue isolated from human urine	5.01	13	0
cilazapril, anhydrous Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; pyridazinodiazepine	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
fluorodopa f 18 fluorodopa F 18: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	3.41	1	1	(18)F radiopharmaceutical; 6-fluoro-L-dopa
tzu 0460 TZU 0460: RN given refers to HCl; structure given in first source	9.94	26	14	piperidines
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	4.99	2	1	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	4.22	6	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
ipsapirone [no description available]	3.22	6	0	N-arylpiperazine
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	4.48	23	0
quinelorane quinelorane: LY 175887 is dextrorotary isomer; LY 137157 is a racemic mixture	2.7	3	0	quinazolines
eticlopride eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	3.52	8	0	salicylamides
flesinoxan [no description available]	3.12	5	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.44	2	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	3.34	5	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
naxagolide naxagolide: structure given in first source. naxagolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine substituted by propyl and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, respectively. It is a potent dopamine D2-receptor agonist and its hydrochloride salt was under clinical development by Merck & Co as a potential antiparkinsonian agent (now discontinued).	2.43	2	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
pemirolast pemirolast: RN from Toxlit; structure given in first source; antiallergic drug	5.23	3	1	pyridopyrimidine
sdz 208-912 [no description available]	2.67	3	0
sematilide sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	2.9	4	0
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0	tetralins
fadrozole Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.	2.43	2	0	imidazopyridine
opc 14117 OPC 14117: has both brain function activating effect & protective effect against cerebral ischemia; structure given in first source	3.1	1	0
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	12.72	27	18	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
bidisomide bidisomide: RN given refers to parent cpd	8.25	21	5	acetamides
sabeluzole sabeluzole: structure given in first source	9.73	29	10	benzothiazoles
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	5.03	7	0	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
loxiglumide loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
aromasil [no description available]	4.08	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sergolexole sergolexole: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
sparfloxacin [no description available]	3.38	1	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
zileuton [no description available]	2.79	3	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide remacemide: structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	stilbenoid
ocfentanil [no description available]	6.2	9	1	anilide
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	8.44	16	1	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	5.9	7	1	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
marbofloxacin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	quinolines
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	2.73	3	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
risotilide risotilide: class III anti-arrhythmia agent	3.08	1	0
sch 37370 N-acetyldesloratadine: dual antagonist of platelet-activating factor and histamine	4.62	6	1
mirfentanil mirfentanil: selectively reverses the respiratory depressant effects of morphine; RN given refers to HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 9/91	3.09	1	0
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	4.37	4	1	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
eliprodil 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanol : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl group at position 1 and by a 4-fluorobenzyl group at position 4.	10.72	70	3	monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
trefentanil trefentanil: RN refers to hydrochloride; a short-acting analgesic	6.87	4	2
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	13.66	44	17	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt	3.09	5	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
fananserin fananserin: RN & structure given in first source	2.68	3	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
toborinone toborinone: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	quinolines
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	10.71	31	4	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
sipatrigine sipatrigine: a glutamate release inhibitor which protects against focal cerebral ischemic damage	3.09	1	0	pyrimidines
xanomeline xanomeline: a cholinergic agonist; used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; structure given in first source	2.73	3	0	tetrahydropyridine; thiadiazoles	muscarinic agonist; serotonergic agonist
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	30.74	3,245	1,535	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
mazapertine succinate mazapertine succinate: an arylpiperazine derivative; a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
atorvastatin [no description available]	7.7	16	4	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.44	2	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	10.45	27	5	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
aptiganel aptiganel: NMDA receptor antagonist used to study the effects of stroke; structure given in first source; RN given refers to hydrochloride	3.51	2	0	naphthalenes
pobilukast pobilukast: a leukotriene receptor antagonist; an antiasthmatic agent; structure in first source; RN refers to (R-(R,S)-isomer	1.98	1	0
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.8	3	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
atevirdine atevirdine: inhibits replication of HIV-1; U 87201E is the methanesulfonate salt	1.99	1	0
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.11	1	0
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	11.05	19	8	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	3.8	3	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	10.74	47	2	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0591 MK 0591: structure given in first source; MK 0591 was previously L-686,708; inhibits leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activating protein	2.4	2	0
relcovaptan relcovaptan: a nonpeptide vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.79	11	0	proline derivative
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	6.38	8	0	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	8.6	6	2	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
xemilofiban xemilofiban: SC-54684A was administered as the hydrochloride salt; inhibits platelet glycoprotein GPIIB IIIA receptor; structure given in first source	7.6	8	0
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	10.47	65	5	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
n-butyllithium [no description available]	2.47	2	0
perfluoroisobutylene [no description available]	2.02	1	0
trichloroacetamide [no description available]	2.07	1	0
nitroaniline nitroaniline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for nitro moiety. nitroaniline : A substituted aniline that carries one or more nitro groups.	1.96	1	0
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	2.11	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.48	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
bezitramide bezitramide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.36	2	0	nitrile
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	1.97	1	0
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine: RN given refers to (alpha)-isomer; a serotonin agonist that interferes with Meth A tumor growth in mice by selective vasoconstrictive action	2.42	2	0
carfentanil carfentanil : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.	4.3	5	0	methyl ester; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; tranquilizing drug
cathinone cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.	4.02	4	0	2-aminopropiophenone; monoamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; psychotropic drug
4-fluorofentanyl 4-fluorofentanyl: structure in first source. 4-fluorofentanyl : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.98	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.39	2	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.41	2	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	4.24	5	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
4-vinylphenol 4-vinylphenol: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified. 4-hydroxystyrene : A member of the class of phenols that is styrene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	2.05	1	0	phenols	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
n-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate N-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
n-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate: structure	2.65	3	0
1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile 1-piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile: intermediate in the chemical synthesis of phencyclidine; imperfectly synthesized PCP correlated with undue toxic effects; structure	3.21	6	0
pentaerythritol tetraacrylate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
rubidium chloride rubidium chloride : An inorganic chloride composed of rubidium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.	2.05	1	0	inorganic chloride; rubidium molecular entity	antidepressant; biomarker
3-carbethoxypsoralen [no description available]	1.97	1	0	ethyl ester; psoralens
tenocyclidine tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.	4.75	31	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	1.96	1	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
cisatracurium cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R,2'R)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.	10.09	33	15	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
halofuginone [no description available]	15.28	292	8	quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	6.78	10	2	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	3.73	10	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
lonetil m3 lonetil M3: Russian Drug; structure	1.96	1	0
febrifugine febrifugine: antimalarials; structure	7.79	50	0	quinazolines
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	6.56	6	3	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tetramethylenedisulfotetramine tetramethylenedisulfotetramine: induces convulsions; inhibitor of GABA; structure	2.1	1	0
2,4-diamino-5-adamantyl-6-methylpyrimidine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
u 37883a U 37883A: an antagonist of vascular ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	9.15	27	2	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
simvastatin acid simvastatin acid: structure given in first source	3.47	1	1	carbonyl compound
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	2.71	3	0
ursolic acid [no description available]	3.02	4	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	2.41	2	0
cyclen cyclen: macrocyclic polyamine metal-complexing agent. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane : An azacycloalkane that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.17	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
cyclam cyclam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	6.05	10	1	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.	2.02	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-methylhistidine 3-methylhistidine: marker for myofibrillar-protein breakdown; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 3-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-3.. N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring.	4.44	2	2	L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	4.61	1	1	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	4.69	8	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	3.8	3	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	1.97	1	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	2.1	1	0
diphenylcyclopropenone diphenylcyclopropenone: strong contact sensitizer; a photosensitizing agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. diphenylcyclopropenone : A cyclopropenone compound having phenyl substituents at the 2- and 3-positions.	2.21	1	0	cyclopropenone	drug allergen; hapten; photosensitizing agent
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	10.11	16	3	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	5.59	3	2	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
deoxyuridine triphosphate [no description available]	2.45	2	0	deoxyuridine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	1.99	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	1.96	1	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
6-sulfatoxymelatonin 6-sulfatoxymelatonin: metabolite of melatonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.37	1	1	acetamides
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	2.46	2	0
phosphoramidic acid phosphoramidic acid: urease inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; do not confuse with phosphoramidites, which are organophosphorus compounds	2	1	0	phosphoric acid derivative
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.81	3	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an aminocarbonyl group at position 3. It is the major catabolite and aglycon of ribavirin.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide; triazoles	drug metabolite; human urinary metabolite
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	3.21	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.	1.98	1	0	phosphatidylglycerol
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2.13	1	0
bathocuproine bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.07	1	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II): a fluorescent dye; structure in first source	2.43	2	0	ruthenium coordination entity	fluorochrome
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
nojirimycin nojirimycin: from Streptomyces ficellus; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.41	2	0	amino monosaccharide; hydroxypiperidine
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.96	4	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	3.25	6	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination: combination drug containing fanasil & pyrimethamine	3.46	2	0
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1	1.98	1	0	purine nucleoside
halopemide halopemide: structure	3.05	5	0
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	1.98	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
pirmenol pirmenol: an antiarrhythmic with class Ia activity	12.15	93	14	racemate
4-aminomethylbenzoic acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0	benzoic acids
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	6.06	15	2	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
3'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate [no description available]	2	1	0	purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent
fenpipramide fenpipramide: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
zatebradine [no description available]	3.52	8	0	benzazepine
litoxetine litoxetine: a serotonin uptake inhibitor	5.8	8	3
tiflucarbine tiflucarbine: structure given in first source; calmodulin antagonist	2.38	2	0
didrovaltrate didrovaltrate: RN given refers to (1S-(1alpha,4aalpha,6alpha,7beta,7aalpha))-isomer	1.96	1	0	iridoid monoterpenoid
lathosterol lathosterol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	1.99	1	0	3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid; Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prodipin [no description available]	6.08	6	2
ecabet ecabet: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	diterpenoid
trithiozine trithiozine: structure	3.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes
carebastine carebastine: active carboxylic acid metablite of ebastine; structure given in first source	10.31	35	8	diarylmethane
tedisamil tedisamil : A member of the class of diazabicyclononanes that is (1s,5s)-3,7-diazaspiro[bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9,1'-cyclopentane] in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 are replaced by cyclopropylmethyl groups. It is a potassium channel blocker and an antiarrhythmic agent currently currently in development for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.	2.68	3	0
milnacipran Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.	2.69	3	0	acetamides
nuvenzepine nuvenzepine: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
propisomide propisomide: RN from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 8/85; structure given in first source	3.23	6	0
eltoprazine eltoprazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; suppresses hyperpolarizing responses to serotonin in rat hippocampus	1.98	1	0
anpirtoline anpirtoline: structure given in first source	7.27	31	1	aryl sulfide
inaperisone inaperisone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.39	2	0	aromatic ketone
lercanidipine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	diarylmethane
physostigmine heptyl physostigmine heptyl: RN given for (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; possible use in therapy of Alzheimer's disease	3.25	6	0
mlv 6976 MLV 6976: structure given in first source	3.47	2	0
ecabapide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.9	4	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
umespirone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
mizolastine [no description available]	5.96	4	2	benzimidazoles
bepafant bepafant: RN given from Toxlit 6/90; PAF antagonist	1.98	1	0
dexloxiglumide dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.13	1	0	glutamic acid derivative
terikalant terikalant: experimental class II antiarrhythmic drug; RN gioven refers to terikalant ((S-(-))-isomer)	5.86	31	0	piperidines
setipafant Setipafant: platelet activating factor antagonist	3.07	1	0
repaglinide [no description available]	23.52	566	151	piperidines
furnidipine furnidipine: an L-type calcium channel blocker	1.99	1	0
sameridine sameridine: structure in first source	6.17	9	4
lerisetron [no description available]	4.89	11	0
lubeluzole lubeluzole: a benzothiazole compound; used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke; R-91154 is the inactive isomer	12.7	66	10	benzothiazoles
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.53	2	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alniditan alniditan: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
inogatran inogatran: a direct low molecular weight thrombin inhibitor	11.02	35	12
methacycline [no description available]	4.03	4	0	1,2-diglyceride
silver bromide [no description available]	2.06	1	0
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	4.9	6	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
dioxadrol dioxadrol: See also records for d- and l-forms which are referred to as dexoxadrol and levoxadrol, respectfully	6.04	38	0	diarylmethane
xenon radioisotopes Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.	1.99	1	0
cetiedil cetiedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.08	5	0	azepanes
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.13	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	3.4	6	0
violuric acid violuric acid: an antihypoxic agent	2	1	0
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	boronic acids
protoanemonin protoanemonin: a furanone found in RANUNCULACEAE plants; structure given in first source; has antifungal & antibiotic properties; ranunculine is hydrolyzed to protoanemonin which dimerizes to anemonin	2.01	1	0	butenolide
estradiol-17-stearate estradiol-17-stearate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer	1.97	1	0
3,3'-methyliminobis(n-methylpropylamine) 3,3'-methyliminobis(N-methylpropylamine): neurotoxic triamine; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
thiamorpholine thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.	3.14	5	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; thiomorpholines
phenoxazine phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.	1.94	1	0	phenoxazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2,4-diaminopyrimidine 2,6-diaminopyrimidine: structure in first source. pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.	2.51	2	0	aminopyrimidine
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	3.87	12	0	phenanthroline
1h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 1H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: structure given in first source. 4-azabenzimidazole : The [4,5-b]-fused isomer of imidazopyridine.	2.13	1	0	imidazopyridine
bicyclo(3.1.0)hexane [no description available]	2.1	1	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	23.51	256	19	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	2.03	1	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
1,2,4-triazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; triazine
triflic anhydride triflic anhydride: structure in first source	2.44	2	0	organosulfonic anhydride
formamidine formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.	1.99	1	0	carboxamidine; formamidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
pinocembrin pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.	2.41	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; dihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
1-piperideine 1-piperideine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	3.39	7	0	piperideine
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	1.97	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
coproporphyrin i coproporphyrin I: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants; see also record for coproporphyrin III; zinc coproporphyrin I is fluorescent and a characteristic component of meconium	2.21	1	0
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	benzodioxoles
hordenine [no description available]	1.93	1	0	phenethylamine alkaloid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide having a methylene group at the 3-position.	2.25	1	0	butan-4-olide	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.42	2	0
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	3.08	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
disobutamide [no description available]	3.67	10	0	acetamides
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites	1.99	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; steroid sulfate	antineoplastic agent; estrogen
toltrazuril toltrazuril: structure in first source	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether
methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate: structure	1.96	1	0
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	4.34	4	1	imidazoles
setoperone [no description available]	4.61	6	1
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	10.53	35	4	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	10.74	23	5	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfate; pyridines
floxacrine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
selfotel selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment	6.63	41	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	9.15	12	2	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
budipine budipine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6541	16.14	46	10	diarylmethane
orotirelin orotirelin: increases dopamine release from rat brain	1.97	1	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.81	3	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
nanofin nanofin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.05	5	0
etisulergine etisulergine: RN given refers to parent cpd; CQ 32084 is synonomous to HCl; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
mesulergine mesulergine: RN given refers to parent cpd; CU 32-085 is synonymous to mono-HCl; metabolized into dopaminergic agonists; structure given in first source. mesulergine : A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.	3.86	12	0	ergot alkaloid; sulfamides	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic antagonist
propacetamol propacetamol: prodrug for acetaminophen; structure given in UD; RN given refers to HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 5/90	6.88	4	4	alpha-amino acid ester
tianeptine tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.	4.41	6	0	dibenzothiazepine; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
diclofensine diclofensine: RN given refers to parent cpd(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
octapinol octapinol: structure in first source	3.07	5	0
vadocaine vadocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd	6.47	17	3
4-aminopyrimidine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aminopyrimidine
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.	2.53	2	0	quinolines
3-methylhistamine 3-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
4-phenylpiperidine [no description available]	4.56	26	0
n-benzoylpiperidine [no description available]	2.71	3	0	benzamides; N-acylpiperidine
3-chloroperbenzoic acid 3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; peroxy acid
glutarimide [no description available]	4.24	19	0	dicarboximide; piperidones
4,5-dicyanoimidazole imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
propipocaine propipocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms falicaine & Uricomb refers to HCl; structure	2.36	2	0	aromatic ketone
perisoxal perisoxal: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.44	5	1	aralkylamine
denaverine denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
nefiracetam [no description available]	3.12	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	2.69	3	0	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	5.42	61	0
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	1.98	1	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	4.47	23	0
emopamil emopamil: prevents renal injury after warm & cold ischemia; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
bromerguride bromerguride: dopamine antagonist; structure in first source	1.97	1	0
lazabemide lazabemide: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
atipamezole [no description available]	3.84	3	0
uk 68798 [no description available]	8.29	35	1	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
ljc 10627 biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.21	1	0	carbapenems; organic sulfide; pyrazolotriazole	antibacterial drug
pirodavir pirodavir: antipicornavirus agent; structure given in first source	8.55	25	2
binospirone mesylate binospirone mesylate: structure given in first source; a serotonin 1A receptor agonist; a putative 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist	2.38	2	0
ocaperidone ocaperidone: structure given in first source	3.25	6	0	pyridopyrimidine
dapoxetine [no description available]	4.61	1	1	naphthalenes
bindarit [no description available]	2.13	1	0
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	16.47	99	17	1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.	2.08	1	0	razoxane	antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.91	4	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.01	3	0	tocol
fenpiverinium fenpiverinium: RN given refers to bromide; structure	4.85	4	2	diarylmethane
2-phenylquinoline 2-phenylquinoline: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	7.5	7	2	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
fomocain fomocain: a basic ether with local anesthetic action & relative low toxicity & systemic effects; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PHENYL ETHERS (77-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	amine
bufuralol bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.21	1	0	benzofurans
sufotidine [no description available]	6.25	8	5	piperidines
seganserin seganserin: MW=471.55+72.92; MF=C29-H27-F2-N3-O. 2HCL; structure given in first source	3.36	7	0
buparvaquone buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
mdl 11939 alpha-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinemethanol: class III antiarrythmic agent; structure given in first source	7.21	35	1	primary amine
brl 46470 BRL 46470: a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and anxiolytic compound; BRL 46470A is the hydrochloride salt	1.99	1	0
parvaquone parvaquone: structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
buquineran buquineran: cardiac stimulant; structure	2.36	2	0
indorenate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
lamtidine lamtidine: structure given in first source	3.47	8	0	aromatic amine
metrenperone [no description available]	3.78	11	0
efaroxan efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0	1-benzofurans
perindoprilat perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.	2.44	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; L-alanine derivative; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fluparoxan fluparoxan: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
bamipine bamipine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.42	23	0	aromatic amine
octylonium octylonium: RN given refers to bromide; structure	4.1	4	0	benzamides
sr 95191 SR 95191: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
tiemonium iodide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aralkylamine
gr 117289 GR 117289: angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. zolasartan : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 3-bromo-1-benzofuran which is substituted by a 2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl group at position 2 and by a (2-butyl-5-carboxy-4-chloro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl group at position 5. It is an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonist and was in clinical trials for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).	1.98	1	0	1-benzofurans; biaryl; imidazolyl carboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; tetrazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
lf 1695 LF 1695: structure given in first source	4.45	7	0
fagomine fagomine: structure in first source	3.63	9	0	piperidines
7-hydroxystaurosporine [no description available]	9.07	19	0
hesperetin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	6.33	9	5	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.71	3	0
magnolol [no description available]	2.21	1	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	2.31	1	0	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.03	1	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
coptisine coptisine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	alkaloid	metabolite
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.02	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.55	2	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
leupeptin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
grepafloxacin grepafloxacin: structure in first source	3.1	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
onychine onychine: from Cleistopholis patens; structure given in first source; RN from Chem Abst. Index Guide 1986	2.08	1	0
2-aminobenzenesulfonamide [no description available]	3.35	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
xylenol orange xylenol orange: carboxylate anion which exhibits characteristic visible spectrum when attached to a metal	2.03	1	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.38	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.	1.99	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative
eperezolid [no description available]	2	1	0
o(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine O(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. O(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having O(6)-methylguanine as the nucleobase.	2.05	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
amperozide amperozide : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by ethyl and 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]piperazin-1-yl groups. An atypical antipsychotic which was in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance-related disorders. It is a potent 5-HT2A antagonist and used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs.	3.5	2	0	diarylmethane; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary carboxamide; ureas	anxiolytic drug; dopamine uptake inhibitor; geroprotector; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
1-thiohexadecyl-2-ethyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-thiohexadecyl-2-ethyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine: RN given refers to hydroxide, inner salt, 4-oxide, (+-)-isomer; cpd without isomeric designation not available 4/88	1.97	1	0
gliclazide 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor	2.41	2	0
dehydroleucodine dehydroleucodine: has antimicrobial activity; RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,9aalpha,9bbeta))-isomer	2.25	1	0
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	2.1	1	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
prochloraz Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.	2.05	1	0	amide fungicide; aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazoles; trichlorobenzene; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tetracyanoquinodimethane tetracyanoquinodimethane: structure. tetracyanoquinodimethane : A quinodimethane that is p-quinodimethane in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by cyano groups.	3.02	4	0	alicyclic compound; nitrile; quinodimethane
1-aminoisoquinoline [no description available]	2	1	0
trifluoromethanol trifluoromethanol: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
carbohydrazide carbohydrazide: structure. carbohydrazide : A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.. carbonyl dihydrazine : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between hydrazinecarboxylic acid and hydrazine.	2.25	1	0	carbohydrazide; one-carbon compound
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	11.25	68	2	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
glutamic acid diethyl ester glutamic acid diethyl ester: glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.97	1	0
2-naphthylamide naphthalene-2-carboxamide: structure in first source. naphthalene-2-carboxamide : A naphthalenecarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-naphthoic acid with ammonia.	2.15	1	0	naphthalenecarboxamide
lastar a lastar A: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.08	5	0
pyromellitic diimide pyromellitic diimide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
methylimidazoleacetic acid methylimidazoleacetic acid: urinary metabolite of histamine & end product of histamine metabolism; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl group.. 1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 1-methyl-4-imidazoleacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.43	2	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid	GABA agonist; metabolite
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.44	2	0	aminoalkylpyridine; primary amine	histamine agonist; metabolite
1-benzylpiperazine 1-benzylpiperazine: possesses psychomotor stimulant activity similar to dextroamphetamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-benzylpiperazine : A tertiary amino compound that is piperazine substituted by a benzyl group at position 1. It is a serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	2.99	4	0	N-alkylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-benzylpiperidine 1-benzylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	4.67	27	0
2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane: methoxychlor metabolite	2	1	0	bisphenol
proxyl nitroxide proxyl nitroxide: structure	2.11	1	0	aminoxyls; pyrrolidines	radical scavenger
bendamustine hydrochloride [no description available]	16.05	62	18
enpiperate enpiperate: RN given refers to parent cpd	8.43	63	1
salifungin multifungin: RN given for mixture of salicylic acid, 5-bromo-4'-chlorosalicylanilide (Salifungin) & bamipine	2.87	4	0	benzamides
monomethyl succinate monomethyl succinate: RN given refers to parent cpd. monomethyl succinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is succinic acid in which one of the carboxy groups has been converted to its methyl ester.	1.98	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate
1-benzylimidazole 1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase	1.96	1	0
rivastigmine [no description available]	20.9	337	36	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan [no description available]	6.34	9	0	carbazoles
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.	9.67	25	2	indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	14.06	37	13	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
norspermine 3,3,3-tetramine : A polyazaalkane consisting of a 13-membered straight chain alkane with aza-groups at the 1-, 5-, 9- and 13-positions.	1.99	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine
2-aminopyrazine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	pyrazines
3-tropinone 3-tropinone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.87	4	0
3-methylpiperidine 3-methylpiperidine: structure in first source	3.07	5	0
3,4-dimethoxybenzylamine 3,4-dimethoxybenzylamine: RN given for parent cpd; structure given in first source	6.93	1	0
lotrafiban [no description available]	8.74	16	4
1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene [no description available]	2.01	1	0
diethyl aminomalonate diethyl aminomalonate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
ethyl 3-amino-1h-pyrazole-4-carboxylate ethyl 3-amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
n,n-diisopropylethylamine N,N-diisopropylethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0	tertiary amino compound
bexarotene [no description available]	5.44	4	1	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
s20098 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	acetamides
flunisolide flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones	4.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
hypobromous acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	bromine oxoacid
n-toluoyl piperidine N-toluoyl piperidine: effective repellent against Aedes aegypti(L) mosquitoes; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified methyl-locant on benzoyl group; see also record for R-228, the meta-methyl cpd	2.65	3	0
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	3.3	6	0	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
d-aspartic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aspartic acid; D-alpha-amino acid	mouse metabolite
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	3.49	2	0	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
idremcinal Idremcinal: a motilin receptor agonist in human gastric antrum; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	7.58	12	4	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
4-aminoquinazoline 4-aminoquinazoline: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
disperse blue 124 Disperse Blue 124: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF. Disperse Blue 124 : A monoazo compound consisting of diazene with a 5-nitrothiazol-2-yl group attached to one nitrogen and a substituted 4-aminophenyl group attached to the other; used as a dye standard for the assay of allergy-releasing dyes in textiles.	2.1	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; monoazo compound; tertiary amine	allergen; dye; hapten
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.01	1	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
nordimaprit nordimaprit: effective agonist in the inhibition of lymphocyte activation	1.99	1	0
epidepride epidepride: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
spiroxamine spiroxamine: structure in first source. spiroxamine : The spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone with 3-[ethyl(propyl)amino]propane-1,2-diol. An inhibitor of ergosterol synthesis, it is a broad spectrum agricultural fungicide used particularly against powdery mildew in the production of cereals, bananas and grapes.	2.53	2	0	dioxolane; spiroketal; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
salmefamol salmefamol: beta adrenergic stimulant similar to albuterol; used as a bronchodilator with little effect on the cardiovascular system; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ETHANOLAMINES (77-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.4	2	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole 2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole: receptor H1 agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.91	4	0	1,3-thiazoles
2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro(4,5)decane-1,3-dione 2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro(4,5)decane-1,3-dione: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.09	3	1
gemfibrozil 1-o-acylglucuronide gemfibrozil 1-O-acylglucuronide: urinary metabolite of gemfibrozil; structure in first source	5.04	3	3
slaframine slaframine: biosynthesized in fungus, Rhizoctonia leguminicola; causes excessive salivation in animals; RN given is for parent cpd. slaframine : An indolizidine alkaloid that is octahydroindolizine substituted by an amino group at position 6 and an acetyloxy group at position 1.	2.39	2	0
5-thio-d-glucose 5-thio-D-glucose: RN given refers to 5-thio-D-glucose	1.96	1	0
gentiopicroside gentiopicroside: a secoiridoid in Gentiana with rearrangement to two pyran rings	2.1	1	0	glycoside
va 061 VA 061: a water-soluble radical initiator; structure in first source	2	1	0
kampirone 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	14.41	192	4	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
ignosterol ignosterol: structure	1.98	1	0
bay 93820 isocarbophos: an organophosphorus insecticide	2.17	1	0	isopropyl ester; organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester; salicylates	agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	8.1	29	3	iditol	fungal metabolite
1-(3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl)-2-methylpiperidine [no description available]	4.3	19	0
tandospirone tandospirone: structure given in first source. tandospirone : A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM).	3.16	5	0	bridged compound; dicarboximide; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyrimidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug
lupinine lupinine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1R-trans)-isomer; structure	7.04	1	0	quinolizidine alkaloid
lupanine lupanine: formed by coupling of lupinine with pyridine; lupinine is also available; RN given refers to parent cpd(7S-(7alpha,7abeta,14alpha,14aalpha))-isomer; structure. lupanine : The delta-lactam obtained by formal oxidation at the 2-position of sparteine. The major alkaloid from the seeds of Lupinus exaltatus, L. mexicanus and L. rotundiflorus, it is among the most important of the tetracyclic quinolizidine alkaloids.	2.13	1	0	delta-lactam; quinolizidine alkaloid; tertiary amine
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	2.46	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
goethite [no description available]	2.06	1	0
tetrahydroharmane [no description available]	1.95	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	4.52	23	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate 5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate	2.02	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	8.88	16	5	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.42	7	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
4-hydroxypropranolol 4-hydroxypropranolol: metabolite of propanolol; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.06	1	0	naphthols
2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)phthalimidine 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)phthalimidine: thalidomide analog; structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.94	1	0
salsolinol salsolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; EP to SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); on-line search SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); Index Medicus search ISOQUINOLINES (78-82). (S)-salsolinol : A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.	3.06	1	0	1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol	human urinary metabolite
gliquidone gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0	isoquinolines
2-methylhistamine 2-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 2 position on the ring.	2.9	4	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	histamine agonist; metabolite
deacetyldiltiazem deacetyldiltiazem: metabolite of diltiazem; RN given refers to (cis-(+-))-isomer	2.07	1	0	benzothiazepine
hydroxyflutamide [no description available]	2.38	2	0
pyrimethanil pyrimethanil: structure in first source. pyrimethanil : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6. A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.	2.03	1	0	aminopyrimidine; anilinopyrimidine fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
fenpropidine fenpropidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]piperidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-isobutylpiperidine in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a p-tert-butylphenyl group.. fenpropidin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenpropidin. A systemic fungicide, it is used for the control of foliar diseases in cereals and sugar beet.	3.9	12	0	piperidines; tertiary amine
sk&f 95282 zolantidine: structure given in first source	5.17	47	0	piperidines
tylophorine tylophorine: phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid	2.05	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
iodosobenzene iodosobenzene: oxygen donor	2.44	2	0
n(6)-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine N(6)-dimethylallyladenine : A 6-isopentenylaminopurine in which has the isopentenyl double bond is located between the 2 and 3 positions of the isopentenyl group.	3.5	2	0	6-isopentenylaminopurine	cytokinin
levobupivacaine Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.	6.4	5	3	1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide	adrenergic antagonist; amphiphile; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; local anaesthetic
1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4-chlorophenyl)xanthine [no description available]	2.43	2	0
melanotan-ii melanotan-II: synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer	2.51	2	0	organic molecular entity
mci 9038 [no description available]	7.1	29	0	peptide
lopinavir [no description available]	5.37	3	1	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
cryptopleurine cryptopleurine: plant bark alkaloid shown to inhibit protein synthesis; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure. cryptopleurine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is (14aR)-11,12,13,14,14a,15-hexahydro-9H-dibenzo[f,h]pyrido[1,2-b]isoquinoline substituted at positions 2, 3 and 6 by methoxy groups.	2.02	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; alkaloid; aromatic ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
nepetalactone nepetalactone: RN given for (4aS-(4aalpha,7alpha,7aalpha))-isomer; structure in first source. trans-cis-nepetalactone : A cyclopentapyran that is (4aS,7aS)-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran substituted at position 1 by an oxo group and at positions 4 and 7 by methyl groups, respectively (the 4aS,7S,7aS-diastereomer). An iridoid monoterpenoid isolated from several Nepeta plant species. It exhibits potent repellant activity against house dust mites and mosquitoes.	2.45	2	0
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	2.58	2	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
dextromoramide Dextromoramide: An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070). dextromoramide : An N-acylpyrrolidine arising by formal condensation of pyrrolidine with (3S)-3-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid. An opioid analgesic that is structurally related to methadone, it is more poweful than morphine but shorter acting. It has been used (particularly as the hydrogen tartrate salt) for the treatment of severe pain, but was discontinued in the UK in 2004.	6.37	7	2	morpholines; N-acylpyrrolidine	opioid analgesic
droxidopa Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension	2.49	2	0	catechols; L-tyrosine derivative	antihypertensive agent; prodrug; vasoconstrictor agent
isopelletierine isopelletierine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym pelletierine refers to (-)-isomer	3.98	14	0	citraconoyl group
quebrachamine quebrachamine: an indole alkaloid; isolated from Aspidosperma tree; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	alkaloid
glutamic acid dimethyl ester glutamic acid dimethyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.99	1	0	glutamic acid derivative
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.47	2	0
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
r 28935 R 28935: RN given refers to (R,S)-isomer; structure	2.35	2	0
fenpropimorph [no description available]	3.11	5	0	alkylbenzene
melamine formaldehyde [no description available]	2.41	1	0
4-(4-bromophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine 4-(4-bromophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine: a bromperidol metabolite; structure in first source	2.75	3	0
erythrose D-erythrose : The D-enantiomer of erythrose.	2.04	1	0	erythrose	plant metabolite
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2.9	4	0
quinidine gluconate quinidine gluconate: RN given refers to (9S)-isomer & ratio of [1:1]	3.35	1	1	D-gluconate adduct
pyrroline pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.	3.02	4	0	pyrroline
diprotin a [no description available]	2.08	1	0	peptide
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	5.91	7	1	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
imidazoleacetic acid imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure. imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.. imidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.	2.37	2	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,3,4-oxadiazole 1,3,4-oxadiazole: structure in first source	2.91	3	0
s-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.	1.99	1	0	glutathione conjugate
hydroxybenzindazole hydroxybenzindazole: structure	2.25	1	0
3,4-dehydroproline 3,4-dehydroproline: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation	1.98	1	0
(2-hydroxymethylcyclohexyl)acetic acid lactone [no description available]	3.37	7	0	benzopyran
benzpiperylone benzpiperylone: spelled benzopiperylone in title	1.94	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
trimeperidine Promedol: A narcotic analgesic similar to MEPERIDINE; it exists in four stereoisomers, two of which, the beta (isopromedol) and the gamma (trimeperidine) are active.	2.34	2	0
delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. A biosynthetic precursor to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant.	2.02	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	anti-inflammatory agent; biomarker; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidine [no description available]	3.1	5	0
1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine: metabolite of phencyclidine; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-1-hydroxychroman: a Vitamin E derivative. chromanol : Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups.	2.01	1	0
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs	2.41	2	0
calvatic acid calvatic acid: structure	2	1	0
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	1.93	1	0
combretastatin combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN	3.17	1	0
8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
aeroplysinin i aeroplysinin I: isolated from sponge Aplysina sp.; RN refers to (1S-trans)-isomer; structure given in second source	2.08	1	0	tertiary alcohol
corydaline [no description available]	2.15	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
pregnanetriol Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).	3.32	6	0	nitrile; phenols	estrogen receptor agonist
phenglutarimide phenglutarimide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.85	4	0	piperidines
ethyl-3-(n-n-butyl-n-acetyl)aminopropionate ethyl-3-(N-n-butyl-N-acetyl)aminopropionate: an insect repellent; structure in first source	7.81	21	1	acetamides; ethyl ester; tertiary carboxamide
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	9.25	18	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	4.5	24	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	10.52	35	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	4.52	23	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
monocrotaline pyrrole monocrotaline pyrrole: RN given refers to (13alpha,14alpha)-isomer	1.96	1	0
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	2.9	4	0
ici 164384 ICI 164384: structure given in first source. ICI-164384 : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.	4.47	7	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; tertiary carboxamide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination [no description available]	6.55	5	1
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	organic thiophosphate
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	3.28	6	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	4.66	27	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
fotemustine fotemustine: structure given in first source. fotemustine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fotemustine. It is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma.. diethyl (1-{[(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino}ethyl)phosphonate : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is ethyl diethylphosphonate in the hydrogen at position 1 of the ethyl group attached to the phosphorus has been replaced by a [(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino group.	3.31	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	3.53	8	0	oligopeptide
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	3.87	2	1
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	2.93	4	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	3.02	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
alphaxalone alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure	2.45	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
sr141716 [no description available]	24.43	1,930	59	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	7.12	46	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
bicuculline methiodide [no description available]	2.41	2	0
androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione: blocks aromatization of testosterone to estradiol; aromatase antagonist. androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione : An androstanoid that is androsta-1,4,6-triene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17.	1.96	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; androstanoid	EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.31	1	0
u 74389f U 74389F: a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant (lazaroids); inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
cp 96345 CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345	6.71	74	0
ly 117018 LY 117018: from Eli Lilly; less estrogenic & more estrogen-antagonistic than tamoxifen & trioxifene in rats & mice; LY 139478 is the HCl salt of LY 117018; LY 139478 is an estrogen agonist; structure in first source; a raloxifene analog. LY 117018 : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is raloxifene in which the piperidin-1-yl group has been replaced by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group.	4.46	7	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-alkylpyrrolidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	3.42	7	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
chlorethylclonidine chlorethylclonidine: RN refers to 2-chloroethyl derivative	2.02	1	0
sr 48968 SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968	11.24	326	2
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.71	3	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
1,n(6)-ethenoadenine 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine: biologically active fluorescent derivatives of this cpd potentially valuable in studies concerning interactions between adenine cpds & various enzymes for which they serve as substrates or co-factors; structure	4.61	1	1	imidazo[2,1-i]purine	mutagen
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source	2.67	3	0	beta-carbolines
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	3.76	3	0	aromatic ketone
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.17	1	0
beauvericin beauvericin: 18-membered cyclodepsipeptides. beauvericin : A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.	1.95	1	0
fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether fluoromethyl 2,2-difluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)vinyl ether: structure CF2=C(CF3)OCH2F; a vinyl ether	2.03	1	0	organofluorine compound
benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dione benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dione: a metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene; structure given in first source. benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione : An o-quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of both of the hydroxy groups of benzo[a]pyrene-cis-7,8-dihydrodiol. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione is a metabolite of the widespread carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene.	2.01	1	0	orthoquinones; pyrenes	genotoxin; xenobiotic metabolite
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.31	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	6.17	10	1
3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine: legal replacement for MDMA; RN given for (+-)-isomer; structure given in first source. 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-ethylpropan-2-amine : A secondary amino compound that is N-ethylisopropylamine in which a hydrogen of one of the isopropyl methyl groups has been replaced by a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group.	1.97	1	0	benzodioxoles; secondary amino compound
bradykinin, des-arg(9)- bradykinin, des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	oligopeptide	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer	3.61	9	0
indo-1 indo-1: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	2.69	3	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
pregnenolone sulfate pregnenolone sulfate: RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer	3.28	6	0	steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	3.64	9	0
3,4-dihydroxypyridine 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	4-pyridones; dihydroxypyridine
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	2.7	3	0
quin2-acetoxymethyl ester Quin2-acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
u 69593 U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.	2.94	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; organic heterobicyclic compound; oxaspiro compound	anti-inflammatory agent; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
n-benzylglucamine dithiocarbamate N-benzylglucamine dithiocarbamate: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	3.13	5	0
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	5.06	2	1	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	4.18	5	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
eudragit-e Eudragit-E: a cationic polymer, used as a embolic material for arteriovenous malformations and as a taste masker	2.05	1	0
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one 7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one: structure given in first source; RP 68651 is the inactive (3aS,7aS)-isomer; substance P antagonist	5.4	59	0
n,n-diallyl-tyrosyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-phenylalanyl-leucine [no description available]	2.67	3	0
bremazocine bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.99	5	0
cgp 35348 CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors	2.76	3	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	beta-carbolines
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
dihydroergocristine Dihydroergocristine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position of the molecule.. dihydroergocristine : Ergocristine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. It is used as the mesylate salt for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease.	2.11	1	0	ergot alkaloid	adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
inositol 1-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.	2	1	0
methoctramine methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.	7.26	127	0	hydrochloride	muscarinic antagonist
18,19-dihydroetorphine 18,19-dihydroetorphine: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha(R))-isomer; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
alpha-acetoxy-n-nitrosopyrrolidine alpha-acetoxy-N-nitrosopyrrolidine: structure in first source	2.39	2	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available]	2.03	1	0
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets	2.93	4	0
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer	7.48	84	0
gr 127935 GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	3.89	12	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.11	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fr 139317 FR 139317: endothelin receptor A antagonist; structure given in first source	4.86	34	0
l-pyroglutamyl-l-histidyl-3,3-dimethylprolinamide [no description available]	2.67	3	0
1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane 1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane: structure in first source	3.06	1	0
chlorodiethylenetriamine platinum chlorodiethylenetriamine platinum: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0
tryptoline tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.66	3	0	beta-carbolines
enkephalin, ser(2), leu(5), thr(6)- enkephalin, Ser(2), Leu(5), Thr(6)-: specific probe for the delta-opiate receptor subtype in brain membranes	1.99	1	0	oligopeptide
geniposide [no description available]	2.31	1	0	terpene glycoside
phorbol-12-myristate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	7.77	130	0	benzodiazepine
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	3.87	3	0	proanthocyanidin
perhydrohistrionicotoxin perhydrohistrionicotoxin: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha(R*),7 beta,8 alpha))-isomer; structure	7.66	3	0
sr 95531 [no description available]	4	13	0	methoxybenzenes
s 9788 S 9788: structure given in first source	9.54	41	4
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.08	1	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam 1-hydroxymethylmidazolam: metabolite of midazolam. 1-hydroxymidazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.	1.99	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	drug metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
4-desmethoxyverapamil [no description available]	2.66	3	0
ecopipam ecopipam: structure given in first source	2.72	3	0	benzazepine
solenopsin a Solenopsin A: structure	3.29	6	0
fk 888 FK 888: structure given in first source; a potent NK(1) receptor antagonist	4.44	22	0	peptide
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	2.99	4	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
triptolide [no description available]	2.86	3	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine [no description available]	4.61	10	0	N-arylpiperazine
3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-n-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide 3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide: a dopamine receptor imaging agent; RN refers to (S)-isomer; RN & structure given in first source	4.5	5	1
ramosetron [no description available]	4.31	4	1	indoles
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine: a potent agonst of metabotropic glutamate receptors	2.44	2	0	alpha-amino acid
1h-indene-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2- (carboxymethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-propoxy-, (1s,2r,3s)- 1H-Indene-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2- (carboxymethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-propoxy-, (1S,2R,3S)-: an ET(A) and ET(B) endothelin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	4.97	12	0
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole [no description available]	3.85	12	0	indoles
r 56865 R 56865: prevents electrical & mechanical signs of ouabain intoxication in guinea pig papillary muscle	8.88	70	1
alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazine butanol alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazine butanol: NM refers to free form; BMY 14802-1 is the HCl; structure given in first source	5.16	15	0	N-arylpiperazine
nimbin nimbin: from Neem seed (Azadirachta indica). nimbin : A limonoid found in Azadirachta indica.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic terpene ketone; enone; furans; limonoid; methyl ester; tetracyclic triterpenoid	pesticide; plant metabolite
disperse blue 106 disperse blue 106: monoazo textile dye used on polyester blouses; no other info available 12/85	2.1	1	0
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	2.04	1	0
parthenolide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	germacranolide
tryptoquivaline tryptoquivaline: tremor-producing metabolite from Aspergillus clavatus; tetrapeptide derived from tryptophan, anthranilic acid, valine, & methylalanine; structure & N1 names previously assigned to tryptoquivaline C & tryptoquivaline D found to be incorrect & are revised in third source; see also record for tryptoquivalone; structure in third source	2	1	0
rx 821002 2-methoxyidazoxan: 2-methoxy analog of idazoxan. 2-methoxyidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group.	2.01	1	0	benzodioxine; cyclic ketal; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
npc 12626 NPC 12626: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; NPC 17742, the (2R,4R,5S)-isomer, is the most potent isomer in the mixture NPC 12626	2.67	3	0
entonox Entonox: combination drug containing premixed 50% nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide) & 50% oxygen	3.14	1	0
dynorphin (1-8) dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin	1.97	1	0
pentacaine pentacaine: pentacaine is the (trans-(+-))-isomer; structure in first source	4.86	11	0
senktide [no description available]	5.5	65	0
kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.74	3	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	9.44	52	4	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
sr 140333 SR 140333: SR-140603 is the (R)-antipode of SR-140333; a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	8.13	227	0
zacopride [no description available]	3.6	9	0	benzamides
ci 988 PD 134308: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonist; inhibits growth of LoVo, a human colon cancer cell line; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	6.93	22	1
tadalafil [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethyl-alpha-phenylcyclopentylglycolate, 1-ethyl-3-piperidyl-alpha-phenylcyclopentylglycolate drug combination 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethyl-alpha-phenylcyclopentylglycolate, 1-ethyl-3-piperidyl-alpha-phenylcyclopentylglycolate drug combination: contains 70% 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethyl-alpha-phenylcyclopentylglycolate & 30% 1-ethyl-3-piperidyl-alpha-phenylcyclopentylglycolate	5.12	15	0
prolinamide prolinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-prolinamide : The carboxamide derivative of L-proline.	2.03	1	0	amino acid amide; L-proline derivative; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
anserine Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.	2.53	2	0	beta-alanine derivative; dipeptide; zwitterion	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
precirol precirol: octadecanoic acid esters; 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester mixed with 3-hydroxy-2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)propyl octadienoate & 2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)-1,3-propanediol; auxiliary in tableting; alpha glycerol palmitostearate	2.06	1	0
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione: isolated from Streptomyces griseoluteus fermentation broth; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.06	5	0
metaphit metaphit: site-directed acylating agent of phencyclidine receptors in rat brain; structure given in first source	3.23	6	0
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil 3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart	1.98	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	4.8	1	1	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	3.76	11	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
u 73343 U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122	2.42	2	0
trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-naphthalenediol trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-naphthalenediol: structure in first source. (1S,2S)-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol : The (1S,2S)-isomer of trans-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol.	4.04	4	0	trans-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol
selenomethylselenocysteine selenomethylselenocysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; selenocysteines	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite
3-deoxyglucosone 3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.	3.45	1	1	deoxyglucose; deoxyketohexose
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	2.71	3	0
n-n-propyl-n-phenylethyl-4(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride [no description available]	1.99	1	0
opc 21268 OPC 21268: structure given in first source; vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist	10.95	118	3
landiolol landiolol: structure given in first source; a highly cardioselective ultra short-acting beta-blocker	4.67	3	2	morpholines
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	2.72	2	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
pumiliotoxin c pumiliotoxin C: isolated from skin of Dendrobates pumilio (frog); see also records for pumiliotoxin A, pumiliotoxin B & pumiliotoxins	3.49	2	0
norbuprenorphine norbuprenorphine: metabolite of buprenorphine found in urine & feces; RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	phenanthrenes
bn 50739 BN 50739: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.07	1	0
s 14297 7-(N,N-dipropylamino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphtho(2,3-b)dihydro-2,3-furan: S-11566 is the (+-)-isomer; a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist	2	1	0
way 100135 WAY 100135: a selective antagonist at presynaptic & postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors; structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	piperazines
2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine [no description available]	3.12	5	0
fe(ii)-edta Fe(II)-EDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0	iron coordination entity
amarogentin amarogentin: secoiridoid glycoside. amarogentin : A secoiridoid glycoside that consists of (4aS,5R,6R)-5-ethenyl-6-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one having a 2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)carbonyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group attached at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.11	1	0	monosaccharide derivative; secoiridoid glycoside	EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; metabolite
ifosfamide [no description available]	3.53	1	1
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone: do not confuse with Pro-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl or with Phe-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl, both sometimes also referred to as PPACK	3.38	7	0
ym 9429 YM 9429: a potent and specific teratogen; induces cleft palate in CD rats; inhibits dehydrocholesterol reductase	3.09	5	0
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
bn 52063 BN 52063: mixture of ginkolide A derivatives; platelet activating factor antagonist isolated from Ginkgo biloba tree	3.07	1	0
ginkgolide a [no description available]	2.21	1	0	diterpene lactone
fk 224 FK 224: tachykinin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.68	3	0
sc 58125 1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole: a COX-2 inhibitor	2.02	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
sophocarpine [no description available]	2.45	2	0
perospirone perospirone: structure given in first source	3.65	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
bw 373u86 BW 373U86: a nonpeptidic delta opioid receptor agonist	3.8	3	0	diarylmethane
7-methoxytacrine [no description available]	2.8	3	0
6-methylene-4-pregnene-3,20-dione 6-methylene-4-pregnene-3,20-dione: inhibits prostatic growth	1.97	1	0
3-n-methylspiperone 3-N-methylspiperone: (11(C))-labeled cpd used in positron tomography; dopamine agonist & dopamine receptor ligand; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0	aromatic ketone
efonidipine efonidipine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.. 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethanol.	2.07	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxylic ester; dihydropyridine; tertiary amino compound
clofarabine [no description available]	4.77	5	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
sr 48692 SR 48692: structure in first source; a neurotensin receptor-1 antagonist	4.16	16	0	N-acyl-amino acid
u 99194a (5,6-dimethoxyindan-2-yl)dipropylamine: has 20-fold preference for D3 versus D2 dopamine receptors	3.4	7	0
4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol 4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol: structure in first source	2.41	2	0	piperidines
ginsenoside rh2 ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.17	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
afdx 384 [no description available]	3.79	11	0
foropafant Foropafant: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.01	1	0
mozavaptan mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	7.07	45	0	benzamides	aquaretic
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	4.75	5	0
gr 113808 GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.	4.51	23	0	indolyl carboxylate ester; piperidines; sulfonamide	serotonergic antagonist
3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole 3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole: structure in first source	3.1	1	0
n,n-dipropyl-2-(4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl)ethylamine monohydrochloride N,N-dipropyl-2-(4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl)ethylamine monohydrochloride: structure given in first source; a sigma receptor ligand	5.06	13	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.42	2	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dopachrome dopachrome: cyclization product of L-DOPA	2.13	1	0	orthoquinones
ah 6809 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD	2.07	1	0	xanthones
4-o-methyl-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
argipressin, deaminopenicillamine(1)-o-methyl-tyr(2)- argipressin, deaminopenicillamine(1)-O-methyl-Tyr(2)-: vasopressin antagonist; RN refers to (L-Tyr-L-Arg)-isomer	2	1	0
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	3.89	12	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
renzapride [no description available]	6.61	16	1
mosapride 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.	5.09	10	1	aromatic ether; benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound
ru 39411 RU 39411: inhibits tamoxifen-stimulated growth of an MCF-7 tumor variant; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
deramciclane deramciclane: structure in first source; RN refers to (exo-EGYT 3886)-isomer	3.19	1	0
gr 73632 GR 73632: neurokinin receptor agonist	4.36	20	0
rb 101 RB 101: structure given in first source; inhibits enkephalinase and aminopeptidases; biologically cleaved at disulfide to produce inhibitors of both aminopeptidase N and neutral endopeptidase	2.05	1	0
parecoxib parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.	6.99	4	3	isoxazoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
libexin libexin: RN given refers to mono-HCl; structure	6.05	9	1
alphaprodine Alphaprodine: An opioid analgesic chemically related to and with an action resembling that of MEPERIDINE, but more rapid in onset and of shorter duration. It has been used in obstetrics, as pre-operative medication, for minor surgical procedures, and for dental procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1067)	3.18	6	0	piperidines
pitofenone pitofenone: structure	5.55	9	2	benzophenones
4,4-dimethyloxazoline 4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
wr 99210 BRL 6231: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM & N1 refer to HCl; synonym BRL 51084 refers to (mono-HBr); structure	1.96	1	0
sr 46349b SR 46349B: potent & selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.5	7	0
293b cpd 6-cyano-4-(N-ethylsulfonyl-N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylchromane: RN given for (trans-(+-))-isomer	4.42	21	0	1-benzopyran
brl 44408 BRL 44408: has selectivity for adrenergic alpha-2A receptors; BRL 48962 is the R-enantiomer; BRL 48553 is the R-enantiomer	2.07	1	0
sch 39370 Sch 39370: RN given refers to (D)-hydroxy-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 9/89; structure given in first source; inhibits neutral metalloendopeptidase	2.4	2	0
y 26763 Y 26763: structure given in first source; an active metabolite of Y 27152	2.03	1	0	1-benzopyran
l 692429 L 692429: stimulates release of growth hormone; RN refers to (R)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.52	2	0
sb 204070a SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist	4.92	36	0
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source	7.68	15	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
egta acetoxymethyl ester EGTA acetoxymethyl ester: membrane-permeable form of EGTA	2.96	4	0
4-trans-2-carboxy-5,7-dichloro-4-phenylaminocarbonylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 4-trans-2-carboxy-5,7-dichloro-4-phenylaminocarbonylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure given in first source; selective antagonist for the glycine site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor	2.39	2	0
dup 734 DuP 734: structure given in first source	4.34	20	0
methylthio-adp [no description available]	2.41	2	0
bw a868c BW A868C: a selective DP receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
nip 121 NIP 121: structure given in first source	4.38	21	0
sgb 1534 SGB 1534: RN given refers to mono-HCl	1.96	1	0
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole [no description available]	2.43	2	0
rc 3095 bombesin (6-14), Tpi(6)-Leu(13)-psi(CH2NH)-Leu(14)-: an antagonist of bombesin	2.1	1	0
dx 9065a (2S)-2-(4-(((3S)-1-acetimidoyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-(7-amidino-2-naphtyl)propanoic acid: structure given in first source	4.02	4	0
2-(n,n-dimethylamino)-6,7-dihydroxytetralin [no description available]	5.2	16	0
substance p (6-11) substance P (6-11): C-terminal hexapeptide of substance P	3.52	8	0
chapso chapso: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha,12alpha)-isomer	1.97	1	0
pd 142893 PD 142893: functional antagonist of endothelin-stimulated vasoconstriction	4.35	6	0
saclofen saclofen: GABA-A receptor antagonist	2.02	1	0	organochlorine compound
kadsurenone kadsurenone: platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist from Chinese herbal plant, haifenteng; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2s-(2alpha,3beta,3aalpha))-isomer	2.13	1	0	benzofurans
2-(n,n-dipropyl)amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin 2-(N,N-dipropyl)amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.37	2	0
uh 301 UH 301: structure given in first source	2	1	0
nifekalant hydrochloride [no description available]	5.08	10	1	amine
rti 121 RTI 121: structure given in first source; selectively binds to dopamine transporters	2.05	1	0
ru 24926 RU 24926: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to HCl; structure in first source	2.38	2	0
tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-lysinamide tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-lysinamide: dermorphin analog	2.4	2	0
neurokinin a(4-10) neurokinin A(4-10): bronchospastic agent	3.24	6	0
3-quinuclidinyl-4-iodobenzilate [no description available]	3.4	1	1
hexaamminecobalt(ii) hexaamminecobalt(II): RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
ici 169369 2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)thio)-3-phenylquinoline: structure & RN given in first source	2.67	3	0
efegatran efegatran: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd (D)-isomer	4.86	4	0
5-(dimethylamino)-n-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide 5-(dimethylamino)-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: structure in first source; endothelin receptor antagonist	3.38	7	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
butyryl-coenzyme a [no description available]	2.06	1	0	butanoyl-CoAs	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
argiotoxin-636 argiotoxin-636: from the venom of Argiope aurantia; blocks neuromuscular transmission in insects; structure in first source.	1.98	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
acetylphenylalanyl-prolyl-boroarginine Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH : A C-terminal boronic acid petide that is N-acetyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine in which the C-termnal carboxy group has been replaced by a borono (-B(OH)2) group. A thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor, thereby acting as an anticoagulant.. DuP-714 : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH and hydrogen chloride. A thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor, thereby acting as an anticoagulant.	3.49	2	0	acetamides; C-terminal boronic acid peptide; guanidines	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
emoxypine succinate emoxypine succinate: has antihypoxic effects	2.1	1	0
a 68930 A 68930: D-1 dopamine receptor agonist	2.08	1	0	2-benzopyran
pd 128042 PD 128042: structure given in first source	2	1	0	anilide
aj 76 5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(n-propylamino)tetralin: RN given refers to cis-(+)-isomer; structure given in first source. (1S,2R)-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(propylamino)tetralin : A secondary amino compound that consists of tetralin bearing methyl, propylamino and methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 5 respectively. Dopamine receptor antagonist with preferential action at presynaptic receptors (pKi values are 6.95, 6.67, 6.37, 6.21 and 6.07 at hD3. hD4, hD2S, hD2L and rD2 receptors respectively).	1.96	1	0	secondary amino compound; tetralins	dopaminergic antagonist
efaproxiral efaproxiral: RN & structure given in first source; allosteric effector of hemoglobin	2.44	2	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.52	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
benzyne benzyne: structure in first source. benzyne : 1,2-didehydrobenzene and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.46	2	0	aryne; benzyne
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	3.53	8	0	carbene; methanediyl
squaric acid diethyl ester squaric acid diethyl ester: structure	2.04	1	0
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	5.47	4	1	nitrogen oxoacid
1,3-indandione 1,2-indanedione: use for detection of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.08	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	13.66	62	6	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.	6.52	11	0	indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
tecastemizole [no description available]	4.72	9	0
mk 0663 [no description available]	2	1	0	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	3.01	3	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	13.24	47	4	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
t-kinin T-kinin: from rat plasma	2.39	2	0	peptide
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	4.06	4	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine 1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine: structure given in first source. 1-[1-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)cyclohexyl]piperidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and benzothiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A potent dopamine re-uptake inhibitor with a behavioral profile different from that of phencyclidine (PCP) and similar to that of cocaine.	1.98	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2--(di-n-propylamino)tetralin methyl ether UH 232: RN given refers to cis-isomer; RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	2.9	4	0
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline (3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline: potent agonist at dopamine receptors mediating neuronal inhibition; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in UD indicates phenyl-imino group	2.03	1	0
met-enkephalinamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
7,8-(methylenedioxy)-14-hydroxyberbane 7,8-(methylenedioxy)-14-hydroxyberbane: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
nnc 711 NNC 711: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one: structure. 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one : A cholestanoid consisting of a cholesterol core having an oxo group at the 3-position, a C=C bond at the 4,5-position and an alpha-hydroxy group at the 7-position.	2.17	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; cholestanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
substance p, methyl ester- substance P, methyl ester-: COOH-terminal amide of substance P replaced with methyl ester	3.5	8	0
norketamine norketamine: metabolite of ketamine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.06	1	0	organochlorine compound
changrolin changrolin: structure	1.97	1	0
neurotensin (8-13) neurotensin (8-13): binds in human brain to the same site as neurotensin but with higher affinity	2	1	0
proctolin proctolin: neurotransmitter in arthropods or invertebrates	1.97	1	0
ru-28362 11,17-dihydroxy-6-methyl-17-(1-propynyl)androsta-1,4,6-triene-3-one: glucocorticoid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (11beta,17beta)-isomer	2.05	1	0
deltorphin ii, ala(2)- deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors	2.47	2	0
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain	2.51	2	0
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	2.05	1	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	2.57	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine 2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors	2.49	2	0
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	2.25	1	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dihydrotetrabenazine dihydrotetrabenazine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	5.34	7	2	isoquinolines
hoe 694 3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl guanidine: structure given in first source; a potent inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger	3.1	1	0
small cardioactive peptide b small cardioactive peptide B: neuropeptide from Aplysia	1.96	1	0
cyclic adp-ribose Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.	3.55	2	0	cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleotide-sugar	metabolite; ryanodine receptor agonist
h-d-phe-pip-arg-pna S 2238: chromogenic substrate for thrombin; used in amidolytic assay; patterned after N-terminal portion of A alpha chain of fibrinogen; synonym S-2238 refers to di-HCl	2.4	2	0
4-iodoamphetamine 4-iodoamphetamine: used as tracer with iodine radioisotopes for local cerebral blood flow in rats	2.42	2	0
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate: structure given on p.19451 of first source. sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate : A crown compound that is 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane in which the hydrogens of the amino groups at position 7 and 13 are replaced by 2-(2,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-1-benzofuran-6-yl groups. It is a cell-impermeant fluorescent sodium indicator.	2.69	3	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; crown compound; tetracarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
tak 044 TAK 044: endothelin receptor antagonist	3.61	9	0
bradykinin, leu(8)-des-arg(9)- bradykinin, Leu(8)-des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.98	1	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	1.98	1	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
rmi 12330a RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure	2.44	2	0
n(omega)-hydroxyarginine N(omega)-hydroxyarginine: can cause vasorelaxation of bovine intrapulmonary artery; structure given in first source. N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine : An N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine in which the double bond has Z-configuration.	1.98	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-[(E)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[(hydroxyamino)(imino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]-L-ornithine; N(5)-[amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithine; N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine
bq 610 BQ 610: endothelin A receptor antagonist; endothelin-1 antagonist	5.23	49	0
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide 4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source	5.75	10	0	diarylmethane
methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate: used as a cross-linking agent to study ribosomal proteins, by making disulfide linkages; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	organonitrogen compound; oxoacid derivative
neurokinin a (4-10), beta-ala(8)- neurokinin A (4-10), beta-Ala(8)-: selective NK-2 tachykinin receptor	4.3	19	0
naadp nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate : A nicotinic acid dinucleotide that is NADP(+) in which the carboxamide group on the pyridine ring is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.06	1	0	nicotinic acid dinucleotide	calcium channel agonist; metabolite; signalling molecule
pd 145065 PD 145065: a non-selective endothelin(A)/endothelin(B) antagonist	3.62	9	0
vadimezan vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.	3.14	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; xanthones	antineoplastic agent
mr 2034 MR 2034: UM 1071 is active stereoisomer; 28 salts & isomers in Chemline; MR 2034 active isomer; MR 2035 less active isomer	1.96	1	0
zd 7288 ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function	3.17	5	0
subecholine subecholine: dicholinic ester of suberic acid; structure	1.98	1	0
neurokinin a(4-10), tyr(5)-trp(6,8,9)-lys(10)- neurokinin A(4-10), Tyr(5)-Trp(6,8,9)-Lys(10)-: tachykinin receptor antagonist	4.08	15	0
gr 65630 GR 65630: serotonin receptor ligand. GR 65630 : A member of the class of methylindoles that is 1-methylindole substituted at position 3 by a 3-(4-methylimidazol-5-yl)propanoyl group.	2.92	4	0
cp 93129 3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)pyrrolo(3,2-b)pyrid-5-one: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	pyrrolopyridine
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	11.35	25	8	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
hexahydrodifenidol hexahydrodifenidol: muscarinic antagonist; RN from Toxlit	4.68	9	0
iguratimod iguratimod: an immunosuppressive agent	2.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
dabequin dabequin: 4-amino substituted benzoquinoline	1.95	1	0
4-hydroxymidazolam 4-hydroxymidazolam: metabolite of midazolam; structure given in first source. 4-hydroxymidazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is the minor hydroxylated metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.	1.99	1	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organic hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	drug metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
z 300 Z 300: structure given in first source	3.24	6	0
5-iodobenzovesamicol 5-iodobenzovesamicol: radiotracer for mapping cholinergic neurons of the brain; structure given in first source; RN given is for (2R-trans) isomer	6.1	16	2
2,5-dihydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine 2,5-dihydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	dihydroxypyrrolidine
4-methylpiperazine-2,6-dione 4-methylpiperazine-2,6-dione: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
n-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer	1.97	1	0
solutol hs 15 Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous RN 105109-85-1	2.17	1	0	aliphatic alcohol
3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid [no description available]	3.11	1	0
picaridin picaridin: picaridin is the (R,S)-isomer; an insect repellent	13.72	87	7	carboxylic acid; piperidines
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.39	2	0
desacetylnantradol desacetylnantradol: active metabolite of nantradol; use STEREOISOMERS if levo cpd is discussed	2.69	3	0
n-octadecylphosphocholine n-octadecylphosphocholine: substrate analog for phospholipase A2	1.99	1	0
2-(n,n-dipropyl)amino-6,7-dihydroxytetralin 2-(N,N-dipropyl)amino-6,7-dihydroxytetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
4-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy 4-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
l 687384 L 687384: a high-affinity sigma receptor ligand	2.68	3	0
4-carboxamidopiperidine-n-dithiocarboxylate 4-carboxamidopiperidine-N-dithiocarboxylate: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd; cadmium antagonist	3.47	8	0
5-(4-piperidyl)isoxazol-3-ol 5-(4-piperidyl)isoxazol-3-ol: structure given in first source; a partial agonist at the GABA-A receptor on cultured hippocampal neurones; antagonizes muscimol-stimulated benzodiazepine binding to rat cortical membranes	6.1	15	0	piperidines
l 687414 L 687414: RN given refers to (3S-cis)-isomer	2.71	3	0
blonanserin [no description available]	14.69	99	21	organic molecular entity
pyrrolidin-3-yl-methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0
butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanine butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: formyl peptide antagonist and lipoxin A4 receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0
hw 165 [no description available]	4.45	7	0
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptylphenyl)cyclohexan-1-ol) CP 47497: cannabimimetic agent; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: RN given refers to cis-isomer; RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
n(alpha)-tosyl-(3-amidinophenyl)alanine piperidide N(alpha)-(4-toluenesulfonyl)-3-amidinophenylalanylpiperidine: binds to thrombin & trypsin; structure given in first source	3.59	9	0
btm 1042 BTM 1042: RN given refers to (cis-(-))-isomer di-HCl; 87687-13-6 is BTM 1086; 72293-40-4 is BTM 1042; 72293-46-0 is BTM 1041; 72293-22-2 is BTM 1018	2.38	2	0
bd 1008 BD 1008: structure in first source	2.68	3	0	primary amine
pre 084 2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source	3.72	9	0	morpholines
furamidine furamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; WR 199385 refers to di-HCl; pafuramidine is a prodrug of this	2.03	1	0
3-(4-(4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl-1)-butyl)indole 3-(4-(4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridyl-1)-butyl)indole: dopamine receptor agonist; RN refers to unspecified HCl	1.96	1	0
cp 46665 CP 46665: immunomodulator; RN given refers to di-HCl	4.04	15	0
1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethane [no description available]	1.97	1	0
lestaurtinib [no description available]	4.64	4	0	indolocarbazole
amthamine amthamine: histamine H2 receptor agonist; structure & RN given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.69	3	0	thiazoles
gyki 53655 GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist	2.41	2	0
sb 200646 N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-pyridyl)urea: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(1C) receptor antagonist; SB-200646 is the HCl salt	2.69	3	0	indoles
methotrexate [no description available]	21.68	191	66	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	3.33	6	0	aromatic ether
cgp 361a isamoltane: structure given in first source	3.26	6	0
r 61837 R 61837: antirhinovirus cpd; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
11-hydroxy-n-(n-propyl)noraporphine 11-hydroxy-N-(n-propyl)noraporphine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; (R)-isomer is a dopamine agonist; (S)-isomer is a dopamine antagonist	1.97	1	0
ro 32-0432 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphate 3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphate: a competitive NMDA antagonist; RN given refers to (+)-isomer	1.99	1	0
acea 1011 ACEA 1011: a glycine site NMDA receptor antagonist; produces analgesia during the late phase of subcutaneous formalin injection in mice	2.05	1	0
fluoroclebopride fluoroclebopride: structure given in first source; a dopamine D1 and D2 receptor-based imaging agent	4.72	9	0
4-fluorobenzyltrozamicol 4-fluorobenzyltrozamicol: a vesamicol receptor ligand; RN refers to (trans-(+))-stereoisomer	3.62	9	0
4-iodo-n-piperidinoethylbenzamide 4-iodo-N-piperidinoethylbenzamide: a malignant melanoma imaging agent; structure given in first source	2.9	4	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
vb 20b7 2-(1-(4-piperonyl)piperazinyl)benzothiazole: a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and 5-HT4 receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
(2-methoxy-5-tetrazol-1-ylbenzyl)(2-phenylpiperidin-3-yl)amine (2-methoxy-5-tetrazol-1-ylbenzyl)(2-phenylpiperidin-3-yl)amine: structure given in first source	3.5	8	0
1-(3-fluoropropyl)-4-(4-cyanophenoxymethyl)piperidine 1-(3-fluoropropyl)-4-(4-cyanophenoxymethyl)piperidine: selective sigma-1 receptor ligand; structure in first source	2.7	3	0
1-methyl-4-piperidyl 4'-fluorobenzoate 1-methyl-4-piperidyl 4'-fluorobenzoate: unsuccessful radiotracer of acetylcholinesterase; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
dioctanoylphosphatidic acid dioctanoylphosphatidic acid: structure given in first source	2	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate; octanoate ester
alpha-ethyl, alpha-methyl-thiobutyrolactone [no description available]	2	1	0	tetrahydrothiophenes
salvinorin a salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum	3.44	7	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound	metabolite; oneirogen
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	2.31	1	0
1,1'-((1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diylbis(2-hydroxy-2,1-ethanediyl))bis(1,4-dimethylpiperidinium) 1,1'-((1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diylbis(2-hydroxy-2,1-ethanediyl))bis(1,4-dimethylpiperidinium): RN refers to diiodide; structure given in first source	3.36	7	0
uh-ah 37 UH-AH 37: an ileal-selective muscarinic antagonist; RN from Toxlit	2.39	2	0
bk 129 BK 129: RN given refers to the parent compound	1.98	1	0
tamsulosin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
ly 243670 LY 243670: Ly 243670 is a mixture of four isomers having a trans-3,4-dimethyl configuration; structure of LY 255582 given in first source	3.95	13	0
(hydroxy-2-naphthalenylmethyl)phosphonic acid (hydroxy-2-naphthalenylmethyl)phosphonic acid: a protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
ku 1257 KU 1257: structure given in first source	2.9	4	0	piperidines
l 670596 L 670596: thromboxane and prostaglondin endoperoxide receptor antagoist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	carbazoles
n-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-4-iodobenzamide N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-4-iodobenzamide: RN refers to unlabled cpd	2.39	2	0
l 670548 L 670548: structure given in first source; muscarinic receptor agonist	2	1	0
9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
win 56291 Win 56291: anti-rhinoviral drug; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
n-(4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)benzyl)-3,4-dimethoxybenzmide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
antiprimod azaspirane: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
dau 6285 [no description available]	2.68	3	0
aq-ra 741 AQ-RA 741: tricyclic cpd; structure given in first source	5.85	18	0	benzodiazepine
silahexocyclium silahexocyclium: structure given in first source	2.89	4	0
r 78206 R 78206: stabilizer of poliovirus virions & procapsids; structure given in first source	3.08	5	0
calphostin d calphostin D: structure given in first source; isolated form Cladosporium cladosporioides; see also record for calphostin complex	2.02	1	0
sulbactam [no description available]	2.41	1	0	penicillanic acids
fr 900482 FR 900482: isolated from Streptomyces sandaensis; structure given in above source	3.19	1	0
1,n(2)-ethenodeoxyguanosine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
1-methyl-4-(methylpyrrol-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-methyl-4-(methylpyrrol-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
pd 128483 PD 128483: structure given in first source; a potential antipsychotic drug candidate found to be a potent frameshift mutagen	1.98	1	0
wy 50324 WY 50324: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
dau 6236 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
(endo-n-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-ethyl-2-oxo-1h-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide (endo-N-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-ethyl-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide: potent agonist at the 5-HT(4) receptor positively coupled to adenylate cyclase in brain; structure given in first source	3.6	9	0
tryptamine-4,5-dione tryptamine-4,5-dione: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
e 5880 E 5880: platelet activating factor antagonist; RN given refers to chloride; RN for parent cpd not avail 2/92; structure given in first source	6.51	25	2
agatoxin-489 agatoxin-489: structure given in first source; anhydrous MW 489 Da; isolated from Agelenopsis aperta	2.05	1	0
diconal diconal: contains 10 mg dipipanone.HCl & 30 mg cyclizine.HCl	1.95	1	0
bd 737 BD 737: structure given in first source; BD737 and 738 are enantiomers; have high affinity for sigma receptors	3.25	6	0
4-chloro-2-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)isoindoline 4-chloro-2-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)isoindoline: acts as partial agonist at the postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors of the rat anococcygeus muscle & as antagonist at the presynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors of the rat vas deferens	2	1	0
n-(2-chloroethyl)-4-piperidinyl diphenylacetate N-(2-chloroethyl)-4-piperidinyl diphenylacetate: structure given in first source; forms an aziridinium ion that binds irreversibly to muscarinic receptors; do not confuse this cpd with 4-DAMP (4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium)	6.21	26	0
em 139 EM 139: EM-170 is the (17'alpha)-isomer	1.97	1	0
n-(3-phenyl-n-propyl)-1-phenyl-2-aminopropane N-(3-phenyl-n-propyl)-1-phenyl-2-aminopropane: sigma receptor ligand	2.39	2	0
5-(dipropylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4h-imidazo-(5,1ij)quinolin-2(1h)-one 5-(dipropylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo-(5,1ij)quinolin-2(1H)-one: structure given in first source; U 86170F is the monohydrobromide hydrate	2.39	2	0
gi 90291 GI 90291: major metabolite of remifentanil	6.47	10	1
5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindan 5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindan: structure given in first source; RN given is for (+-)-isomer	2.02	1	0
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride 4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source	6.14	29	1
ly 274614 LY 235959: RN refers to (3S-(3alpha,4aalpha,6beta,8aalpha))-isomer	2.72	3	0
sch 42495 [no description available]	2.92	1	0
mdl 28133a [no description available]	3.08	5	0
l 694247 L 694247: a 5-HT(1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.4	2	0	tryptamines
way 123398 WAY 123398: structure given in first source	4.2	5	0
bp 2-94 BP 2-94: BP-2-94 is the (R)-(-)-isomer; RN given for the (R)-isomer; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
quilostigmine quilostigmine: RN given for (3aS,cis)-isomer; structure in first source	2	1	0	pyrroloindole
sc 53116 SC 53116: serotonin agonist; pyrrolizidine cpd but not alkaloid; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
rti 82 RTI 82: structure given in first source; a photoaffinity label for the dopamine transporter of rat striatal membranes	2	1	0
l 703606 L 703606: structure given in first source	3.12	5	0
5-(2,3,5-trichlorophenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine ethane sulfonate [no description available]	3.5	2	0
bibn 99 BIBN 99: structure given in first source; a highly selective M2 antagonist	3.49	2	0
sc 51089 SC 51089: structure in first source; dinoprostone antagonist	2	1	0
4-(benzodioxan-5-yl)-1-(indan-2-yl)piperazine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
fk 633 ((4-(4-amidinophenoxy)butanoyl)aspartyl)valine: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist	4.06	14	0
l 733060 3-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyloxy)-2-phenylpiperidine: RN given refers to (2S-cis)-isomer; L-733,061 is pharmacologically inactive; structure in first source	6.6	62	0	piperidines
l 368899 L 368899: a selective oxytocin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.81	3	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	5.87	23	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
pd 85639 PD 85639: sodium channel blocker; structure given in first source	4.18	5	0
iodoproxyfan iodoproxyfan: structure given in first source	2.92	4	0
tripitramine tripitramine: structure given in first source; preferentially binds to M2 receptors	2.68	3	0
u-91356 5-propylamino-5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo(4,5,1-ij)quinolin-2(1H)-one: an imidazoquinolinone dopamine D2 agonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
rpr 100893 RPR 100893: a non-peptide selective antagonist of human NK1 receptors; a 7,7,4-triarylperhydroisoindol-4-ol; RPR 103253 is an enantiomer of RPR 100893; Dapitant is tradename	3.09	5	0
abiraterone [no description available]	7.67	5	2	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
pd 151242 PD 151242: endothelin receptor antagonist	2.69	3	0
n-(n-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-iodobenzamide N-(N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-iodobenzamide: structure given in first source	3.52	8	0	piperidines
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	3.68	3	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
l 741742 L 741742: selective toward D4 receptors; structure in first source	2.93	4	0	primary amine
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
rupatadine rupatadine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to trihydrochloride	5.81	3	2	benzocycloheptapyridine
ml-3000 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
rs 67506 [no description available]	2.42	2	0
avitriptan avitriptan: an anti-migraine agent; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	tryptamines
3-hydroxyphencyclidine 3-hydroxyphencyclidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
n(alpha)-(4-toluenesulfonyl)-4-amidinophenylalanylpiperidine N(alpha)-(4-toluenesulfonyl)-4-amidinophenylalanylpiperidine: binds to thrombin & trypsin; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0
3-(mercaptomethyl)-2-oxo-1-piperidineacetic acid [no description available]	1.96	1	0
(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate (1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate: thiol-specific spin label; structure given in first source. (1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate : An aminooxyl that is pyrroline substituted by an oxidanediyl group at position 1, by methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 5 and 5, and by a [(methylsulfonyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3. It is a highly reactive thiol-specific spin label.	3.06	1	0	aminoxyls; pyrroline; thiosulfonate ester	spin label
l 741626 3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source	5.22	47	0	piperidines
fr 66973 FR 66973: antitumor antibiotic from Streptomyces sandaensis; more potent against B16 melanoma & P388 leukemia than mitomycin C; structure given in first source	3.19	1	0
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	2.11	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
pixantrone pixantrone: an immunosuppressant; structure given in first source	3.71	2	0	isoquinolines
2-n,n-di-n-propylamino-4,7-dimethoxyindan 2-N,N-di-n-propylamino-4,7-dimethoxyindan: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
carbapenems [no description available]	4.54	7	0
ly 106737 LY 106737: RN given refers to (cis(+-)-isomer); structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
butoxamine Butoxamine: A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS.	2.21	1	0
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	2.06	1	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
aspartame [no description available]	2.02	1	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
calcium borate calcium borate: RN given refers to cpd with MF CaB4O7	4.61	1	1
cm 57493 CM 57493: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
pomalidomide 3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source	4.69	4	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
ici 170809 ICI 170809: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
imet 3146 IMET 3146: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.95	1	0
ethylketocyclazocine Ethylketocyclazocine: A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.	2.66	3	0
sk&f 94482 [no description available]	5.67	7	3
bicyclo(3.3.1)nonane bicyclo(3.3.1)nonane: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
fulvene fulvene: structure. fulvene : An organic cyclic compound that consists of cyclopentadiene bearing a methylene substituent. The parent of the class of fulvenes.	2.08	1	0	fulvenes
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	2.74	3	0	quinomethane
dithiane dithiane: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	dithiane
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	8.65	9	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
m 8218 M 8218: structure given in first source	3.8	1	1
sperm motility inhibitor 2 [no description available]	2.49	2	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	13.26	64	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pitrazepin pitrazepin: effects are not tissue specific; induced a bursting discharge pattern in cultures derived from hippocampus & hypothalamus; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate: may also contain chlorocresol (UD 25:22R)	2.25	1	0
8-chloroadenosine 8-chloroadenosine: active metabolite of 8-chloro-cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate	2.13	1	0
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.	2.31	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	14.02	47	17	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
perifosine [no description available]	3.85	3	0	ammonium betaine; phospholipid	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
bdp 12 1-(quinoxalin-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: modulates AMPA receptor desensitization ; an analog of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine	12.91	53	6	N-acylpiperidine
lonafarnib lonafarnib: inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase. lonafarnib : A 4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide that has R configuration. It is used as oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor.	19.25	196	37	4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
ym 872 YM 872: structure in first source	3.11	1	0
tariquidar [no description available]	4.57	4	0	benzamides
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2.02	1	0
n-(2,6-dimethylergoline-8-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide N-(2,6-dimethylergoline-8-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.67	3	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	4.97	2	1	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
iodomycin iodomycin: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	6.69	5	2	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	4.49	3	1	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
alpha-methylhistidine alpha-methylhistidine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is histidine in which the methyl group is located at the Calpha-position.. alpha-methyl-L-histidine : An alpha-methylhistidine that has L-configuration.	2.43	2	0	alpha-methylhistidine
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-propanol 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-propanol: metabolite of fenfluramine; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
n-methylserotonin N-methylserotonin: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-methylserotonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is serotonin in which one of the hydrogens attached to the primary amino group is replaced by a methyl group.	1.98	1	0	phenols; tryptamines	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-3-methylpiperidine 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-3-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation 7/29/83	2.89	4	0
2-methyl-1,1-diphenyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)-1-propanol 2-methyl-1,1-diphenyl-3-(1-piperidinyl)-1-propanol: structure given in first source	3.14	5	0
cilomilast [no description available]	2.02	1	0	methoxybenzenes
conivaptan conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).	4.2	5	0	benzazepine	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2	1	0
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	4.74	5	0
5-methoxy-n,n-diisopropyltryptamine 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	tryptamines	hallucinogen
vatalanib [no description available]	7.85	13	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
glycero-manno-heptose glycero-manno-heptose: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to (L-glycero-D-manno)-isomer	2.03	1	0
tyrosinamide tyrosinamide: RN given refers to (S)-isomer. L-tyrosinamide : An amino acid amide that is L-tyrosine in which the carboxy OH group is replaced by NH2.	2.05	1	0	amino acid amide; L-tyrosine derivative
altritol altritol: structure given in first source. D-altritol : A hexitol that is hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having (2R,3R,4S,5R) configuration; the D-enantiomer of altritol.	2.05	1	0	hexitol	algal metabolite; marine metabolite
1-methyl-4-piperidyl acetate 1-methyl-4-piperidyl acetate: radiotracer for acetylcholinesterase; structure in first source	7.29	23	5
4-aminopyridine methiodide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrroline n-oxide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-amidinophenylpyroracemic acid amidinophenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
5-hydroxypipecolic acid 5-hydroxypipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 5-hydroxypipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is pipecolic acid with a hydroxy substituent at position 5.	2.34	2	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid	metabolite
4-hydroxypipecolic acid 4-hydroxypipecolic acid: an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid 5-phenyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
thyroxine glucuronide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
1-(2,3-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane 1-(2,3-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.13	1	0
(2-benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium (2-benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	8.72	8	6	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
mn(iii) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(n-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin [no description available]	2.15	1	0
l 738167 L 738167: structure in first source	2	1	0
ruboxistaurin ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source	3.51	2	0
bazedoxifene [no description available]	5.71	6	0	phenylindole
centchroman Centchroman: A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties.	3.1	5	0
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2.01	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
menisdaurilide menisdaurilide: from Ouratea reticulata structure in first source	2.04	1	0	benzofurans
schizandrin a schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities	2.08	1	0
cyanopindolol [no description available]	3.08	5	0	indoles
spinosin spinosin: isolated from seeds of Ziziph spinosa; structure given in first source. spinosin : A flavone C-glycoside that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4', a methoxy group at position 7 and a 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 6 via a C-glycosidic linkage.	2.25	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; flavone C-glycoside; monomethoxyflavone	anxiolytic drug; plant metabolite
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.	3.08	1	0	morpholines
desmethylastemizole desmethylastemizole: astemizole metabolite in dog plasma; structure given in first source	2	1	0	benzimidazoles
b 669 B 669: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
acetylneurotensin (8-13) acetylneurotensin (8-13): shortest analog with full binding & pharmacological activities	2	1	0
besonprodil besonprodil: CI-1041 is also known as PD19680; NMDA receptor antagonist for treatment of Parkinson's disease; structure in first source	3.9	12	0
ym 09151-2 nemonapride: structure in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. nemonapride : A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.. (2R,3R)-nemonapride : An optically active form of nemonapride having (2R,3R)-configuration.	3.48	8	0	N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)benzamide
chloroethylnorapomorphine chloroethylnorapomorphine: irreversible dopamine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	8.03	15	2	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketanserinol ketanserinol: major ketanserin metabolite; structure given in first source	2.65	3	0
canertinib [no description available]	3.58	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
birb 796 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; morpholines; naphthalenes; pyrazoles; ureas	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	4.31	19	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
lubazodone hydrochloride lubazodone hydrochloride: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
lubiprostone [no description available]	5.18	4	0
satavaptan satavaptan: a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.02	4	0
bis(4-piperidinophenol)diimidonaphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid dibenzosulfoethylate ritetronium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	8.57	38	1
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	2.17	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
edotreotide Edotreotide: DOTA - 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanetetracetic acid; structure given in first source; may be labelled with various radioisotopes	2.04	1	0
nps-568 N-(2-chlorophenylpropyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylamine: NPS-568 is the ((R), HCl salt)-isomer; calcimimetic compound and calcium-sensing receptor agonist	2.41	2	0
adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphate adenosine 3',5'-bismonophosphate : An adenosine bisphosphate having two monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions.	2.01	1	0	adenosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
tipifarnib [no description available]	9.76	27	1	imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
homonojirimycin homonojirimycin: inhibits alpha-glucosidase; RN given for (2R-(2alpha,3alpha,4beta,5alpha,6beta))-isomer; structure in first source	3.1	5	0
cdri 85-287 CDRI 85-287: structure given in first source; an antiestrogen and antiimplantation agent	4.35	20	0
philanthotoxin 343 philanthotoxin 343: structure given in first source (see article's footnote); identical to philanthotoxin 433 except that the number of methylene groups between the respective amine moieties is 3,4,3 instead of 4,3,3	2.4	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
atrasentan Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.	5.01	12	0	pyrrolidines
hirudonine hirudonine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
indium trichloride indium trichloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.35	1	1
desmethylcyproheptadine desmethylcyproheptadine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	3.9	12	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
5-hydroxytryptoline 5-hydroxytryptoline: results from the action of an enzymatic preparation from human brain on 5-hydroxytryptamine; structure	1.95	1	0	beta-carbolines	metabolite
ketobemidone, n,n-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-methylallylamine drug combination ketobemidone, N,N-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-methylallylamine drug combination: contains ketobemidone & N,N-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-methylallylamine	1.95	1	0
ly 56110 LY 56110: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
miltirone miltirone: from Salvis miltiorrhiza Bunge; central benzodiazepine receptor ligand; structure given in first source	2.21	1	0	abietane diterpenoid
timepidium bromide timepidium bromide: structure	3.84	12	0	organic molecular entity
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.4	2	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	7.88	32	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	3.98	4	0	carbodiimide
2-diphenylmethylpiperidine 2-diphenylmethylpiperidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	5.05	7	0
beta-mercaptolactate beta-mercaptolactate: structure. 3-mercaptolactic acid : A (2R)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of lactic acid having a sulfanyl group at the 3-position.	2.08	1	0	monosaccharide
ferric ferricyanide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
triperiden triperiden: RN given refers to HCl	5.01	13	0
adepren adepren: Bulgarian preperation	3.34	1	1
methylselenic acid methylseleninic acid : An organoselenium compound that is seleninic acid in which the hydrogen attached to selenium is replaced by a methyl group.	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organoselenium compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite
homocysteinesulfinic acid homocysteinesulfinic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	alpha-amino acid
2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone [no description available]	2	1	0	ribonolactone	metabolite
4,4'-(2-(4-methylpiperidyl)-1-hydroxyethyl)biphenyl 4,4'-(2-(4-methylpiperidyl)-1-hydroxyethyl)biphenyl: RN given refers to dibromide; RN for parent cpd not in Chemline 8/4/83; structure	3.36	7	0
4(n)-(2-chloroethyl-n-methylamino)benzylamine 4(N)-(2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)benzylamine: structure in first source	1.97	1	0
ag 3-5 icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8	2.07	1	0	C-nitro compound
ai 3-35765 [no description available]	3.08	5	0
ml 1035 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
norlorcainide norlorcainide: structure given in first source	4.85	8	1
11-nor-delta(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0
benzimidazol-2-one benzimidazol-2-one: non-catechol D1 & D2 dopamine receptor agonists; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
tempocholine [no description available]	2.87	4	0
tibalosin tibalosin: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.	7	15	0	5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
naphthalenesulfonamide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
substance p, pro(9)- substance P, Pro(9)-: RN given refers to the (L-Pro)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/91	2.39	2	0
neurokinin a (4-10), nle(10)- [no description available]	3.09	5	0
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)- substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist	5.02	40	0
opc 4392 OPC 4392: agonist of presynaptic dopamine D(2) receptor; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0
4-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate 4-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate: structure given in first source	3.02	4	0
bradykinin, sar-(d-phe(8))des-arg(9) [no description available]	1.98	1	0
bn 50726 BN 50726: platelet activating factor inhibitor; antagonizes PAF receptor binding	3.07	1	0
tinuvin 770 Tinuvin 770: used as a light stabilizer for polyolefins; an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker; structure given in first source	5.76	20	1
jmv 449 JMV 449: amino acid sequence given in first source; a pseudopeptide analog of neurotensin (8-13)	2.42	2	0
aminopotentidine aminopotentidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the oxalate. aminopotentidine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 1-(2-aminoethyl)-2-cyano-3-{3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl}guanidine.	3.5	8	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; guanidines; nitrile; piperidines; substituted aniline	H2-receptor antagonist
ly 300164 talampanel: AMPA receptor antagonist	2	1	0	benzodioxoles
tau 284 bepotastine besilate: an antiallergic agent; structure in first source. bepotastine besylate : An organosulfonate salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of bepotastine and benzenesulfonic acid. A topical, selective and non-sedating histamine (H1) receptor antagonist used for treatment of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis.. bepotastine : An ether that is (S)-(4-chlorophenyl)(pyridin-2-yl)methanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is substituted by a 1-(3-carboxypropyl)piperidin-4-yl group. A topical, selective and non-sedating histamine (H1) receptor antagonist used (as its benzenesulfonate salt) for treatment of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis.	13.81	46	16	organosulfonate salt	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
sedridine sedridine: RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer; allosedridine is the (R,S)-isomer	3.1	5	0
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	3.74	2	1
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	2.02	1	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
dihydrocorynantheol dihydrocorynantheol: alkaloid from Mitragyna species; isomer of corynantheidol;	2.03	1	0
delta-1-piperidine-6-carboxylic acid delta-1-piperidine-6-carboxylic acid: intermediate in Pseudomonas lysine metabolism; structure. 1-piperideine-6-carboxylic acid : A tetrahydropyridine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine having a carboxy group at the 2-position.	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; tetrahydropyridine	mammalian metabolite
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	1.95	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
n-tetradecylphosphorylcholine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	1.96	1	0
delta(9-11)-tetrahydrocannabinol delta(9-11)-tetrahydrocannabinol: RN given refers to (trans)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
5-bromowillardiine 5-bromowillardiine: acts as a kainate-like agonist on chick EAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.03	1	0
4, alpha-dimethyl-3-tyramine 4, alpha-dimethyl-3-tyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.37	2	0
4-methyl-alpha-ethyl-m-tyramine 4-methyl-alpha-ethyl-m-tyramine: serotonin-releasing agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.66	3	0
heptane-1,7-bis(dimethyl-3'-phthalimidopropylammonium) heptane-1,7-bis(dimethyl-3'-phthalimidopropylammonium): RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
amedin amedin: acetylcholine antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.02	1	0
2-naphthoylethyltrimethylammonium 2-naphthoylethyltrimethylammonium: structure given in first source; RN given refers to iodide	1.99	1	0
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	2.31	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
pregnane-20-one pregnane-20-one: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; progesterone metabolite	2.04	1	0
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	7.88	15	0
s(8) [no description available]	3.33	4	0
4-(5,6-dimethyl-2-benzofuranyl)piperidine 4-(5,6-dimethyl-2-benzofuranyl)piperidine: selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake in rat brain; NM refers to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.1	16	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	3.64	9	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxyma [no description available]	2.17	1	0
bw 501c [no description available]	2.88	4	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	12.22	79	6	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
dipiperidinoethane-di-n-oxide dipiperidinoethane-di-N-oxide: oxidized neurotoxic dipiperidinoethane deriv; structure given in first source	3.98	4	0
substance p (1-4) substance P (1-4): N-terminal tetrapeptide fragment of substance P	2	1	0
3-methyladenosine 3-methyladenosine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
lixivaptan [no description available]	3.11	1	0
2,10,11-trihydroxy-n-n-propylnoraporphine 2,10,11-trihydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine: has dopaminergic action	2.01	1	0
gr 144053 GR 144053: structure given in first source	5.7	19	1	piperazines
1-(3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)propyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidine 1-(3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)propyl)-4-hydroxy-4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0
ahr 5333 [no description available]	3.07	5	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	15.13	460	19
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	11.21	33	11	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
2-butene-1,4-diol penitricin C: metabolite of penitricin; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
migalastat migalastat: a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis	4.56	4	0	piperidines
sb 203580 [no description available]	4.57	24	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indoles; maleimides
enzastaurin [no description available]	2.52	2	0	indoles; maleimides
gacyclidine gacyclidine: non-competitive NMDA antagonist	8.51	36	1
zm 241385 ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor	3.83	11	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	13.1	40	4	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
agn 2979 AGN 2979: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
roxifiban roxifiban: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
lu 135252 [no description available]	4.19	5	0
piboserod Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.	6.95	38	2
l 767679 L 767679: structure in first source	2	1	0
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	2.72	3	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	8.2	31	1	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
l 734217 L 734217: fibrinogen receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0
bms 181101 BMS 181101: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
zeneca zd 6169 Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
l 733560 L 733560: a semisynthetic pneumocandin; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).	2.43	2	0	pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
orbofiban orbofiban: structure in first source	6.57	6	0
enrasentan enrasentan: decreases ischemic brain injury; an endothelin A and B receptor antagonist; structure in first source. enrasentan : A member of the class of indanes that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene which is substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group, carboxy group, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl group and a propoxy group at positions 1S, 2R, 3S and 5, respectively. It is an orally active mixed endothelin A/B receptor antagonist with a 100-fold greater affinity for the endothelin A receptor. The drug was being developed by GSK for the treatment of congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension (clinical trials discontinued).	2.41	2	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; indanes; monocarboxylic acid; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
ly 353381 LY 353381: structure in first source	15.14	68	12
asimadoline asimadoline: structure in first source	2	1	0
limonin [no description available]	3.21	1	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
ceric ammonium nitrate cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate: a catalyst	2.1	1	0
iodoaminopotentidine iodoaminopotentidine: histamine H2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	3.74	2	1	very long-chain fatty acid
3-hydroxyglutaric acid 3-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 3 hydroxy carboxylic acid that is glutaric acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a diagnostic marker for glutaric aciduria type I.	2	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
terkuronii terkuronii: russian drug; structure	1.96	1	0
3-(piperidine-1-yl)propyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate hydrochloride 3-(piperidine-1-yl)propyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate hydrochloride: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist	3.63	9	0
u 54494a U 54494A: RN given refers to (trans)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
rs 67333 RS 67333: 5-HT(4) receptor agonist; structure in first source	5.26	48	0	aromatic ketone
tak 779 [no description available]	3.74	10	0
melagatran [no description available]	3.39	7	0	azetidines; carboxamidine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
bilastine [no description available]	18.33	96	40	benzimidazoles
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	3.25	6	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
ah 7921 AH 7921: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.27	1	0
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.63	27	0
1,4,7-triazacyclononane 1,4,7-triazacyclononane: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
tetrazomine tetrazomine: from actinomycete strain Y-09194L; MF C24-H35-N4-O5; structure given in first source	3.09	5	0
isospaglumic acid isospaglumic acid: mediator in the sensitivity of animals to hyperbaric oxygenation; Naaxia is the tradename; apparently can have both a neuroprotective and a neurotoxic effect. Ac-Asp-Glu : A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.	5.79	4	2	dipeptide	human metabolite
bd 1047 N-(2-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethandiamin: sigma receptor ligand; putative sigma receptor antagonist with antidystonic activity	3.74	10	0	primary amine
aspartimide aspartimide: formed under acid or basic conditions in the synthesis of aspartic acid-containing peptides	2.7	3	0	dicarboximide; primary amino compound; pyrrolidinone	Maillard reaction product
ceronapril ceronapril: structure given in first source; RN given for (S)-isomer	2.02	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
1-oxoisoindole 1-oxoisoindole: structure	2.11	1	0
phenserine phenserine: a carbamate analog of physostigmine; a long-acting inhibitor of cholinesterase	4.51	5	1
3,7-diazabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane 3,7-diazabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane: 7-aza analog of azabicyclane; structure	2.47	2	0
cassine cassine: RN given for (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6alpha))-isomer	3.93	12	0	citraconoyl group
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	5.2	3	1	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
aziridine-2-carboxylic acid aziridine-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
etravirine [no description available]	2.72	3	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
hoe 166 Hoe 166: structure given in first source	4.33	6	0
maduramicin maduramicin: isolated from Actinomadura rubra	2.7	3	0
l 163255 L 163255: a growth hormone secretagogue; RN given for (R)-isomer; structure in first source	5.49	12	0
rs 127445 2-amino-4-(4-fluoronaphth-1-yl)-6-isopropylpyrimidine: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
nantenine nantenine: from Nandina domestica Thundberg; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	oxoaporphine alkaloid	metabolite
latrepirdine latrepirdine: structure	2.05	1	0	methylpyridines; pyridoindole	geroprotector
biperiden lactate [no description available]	2.4	2	0
fe(iii)-edta Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	iron coordination entity
pipethiaden pipethiaden: used in treatment of migraine; structure given in first source	3.07	5	0
cgp 54626 CGP 54626: RN given for (S-(R,R))-isomer	2.49	2	0
3-hydroxy-5-estrane-17-carbonitrile 3-hydroxy-5-estrane-17-carbonitrile: RN refers to (3alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure given in first source	2	1	0
repinotan hydrochloride repinotan hydrochloride: 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
glucovance Glucovance: Glyburide/metformin (Glucovance) for type 2 diabetes	2.46	2	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	4.1	3	1	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
maropitant maropitant: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for treatment and prevention of emesis	2.11	1	0
diphenylprolinol diphenylprolinol: a psychoactive drug; structure in first source	4.09	2	0
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	10.32	22	0	anabasine
muraglitazar muraglitazar: has glucose- and lipid-lowering activities; structure in first source; molecule composed of benzyloxazole-phenoxy-oxybenzylglycine-phenoxyl having structural analogy to PHENOXYBENZAMINE	3.13	1	0	1,3-oxazoles
abikoviromycin abikoviromycin: structure	2.01	1	0
diphenidine diphenidine: a psychoactive substance with dissociative effects; structure in first source	4.29	16	0	stilbenoid
tesaglitazar tesaglitazar: structure in first source	3.13	1	0
lapatinib [no description available]	4.78	9	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
fk 1052 FK 1052: a serotonin 3 & 4 dual receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. fabesetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 8,9-dihydropyrido[1,2-a]indol-6(7H)-one substituted by a (5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl group at position 7R and a methyl group at position 10. It is a dual 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors antagonist whose clinical development was terminated in phase II. It was being developed for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis and irritable bowel syndrome.	2	1	0	imidazoles; organic heterotricyclic compound	antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist
bifeprunox bifeprunox: an antipsychotic agent	2.44	2	0	biphenyls
bmy 7378 [no description available]	2.71	3	0
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	3.18	4	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
dofequidar dofequidar: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
azd2563 posizolid: an antitubercular agent; structure in first source	3.41	1	0
eglumetad eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source	3.13	5	0	L-alpha-amino acid
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	3.44	1	1	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
cp 424391 CP 424391: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source	10.95	30	9
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	3.08	4	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.51	2	0	benzodioxoles
tolvaptan [no description available]	2.46	2	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib [no description available]	15.19	84	5	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	16.21	49	14	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
lasofoxifene Lasofoxifene: structure in first source. lasofoxifene : A member of the class of tetralins that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 6 are replaced by 4-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl and phenyl groups, respectively (the 5R,6S-stereoisomer). It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator indicated for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.	7.79	12	0	aromatic ether; N-alkylpyrrolidine; naphthols; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; estrogen receptor agonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
l 778,123 L 778,123: prenyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. L-778,123 hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of L-778,123. It is a dual inhibitor of FPTase and GGPTase-I (IC50 of 2nM and 98nm, respectively) and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	6.11	7	0	hydrochloride	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.59 (protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	3.89	2	1	isoquinolines
n-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamide N-(3-chloro-7-indolyl)-1,4-benzenedisulphonamide: structure in first source. indisulam : A chloroindole that is 3-chloro-1H-indole substituted by a [(4-sulfamoylphenyl)sulfonyl]nitrilo group at position 7. It is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and a potential anti-cancer agent currently in clinical development.	3.12	1	0	chloroindole; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
beta-methyl-6-chloromelatonin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
opc 28326 OPC 28326: a hindlimb vasodilator; structure in first source	5.01	9	1
roxindole [no description available]	2.02	1	0	indoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic drug
cp 101,606 traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source	11.02	76	6
salophen salphen: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	2.37	2	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.47	8	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.41	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	3.37	7	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
adrenosterone adrenosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene carrying three oxo-substituents at positions 3, 11 and 17.	2.08	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; marine metabolite
vacquinol-1 [no description available]	4.6	7	0
ml 204 ML 204: modulates both TRPC4 and TRPC5 channels; structure in first source	3.92	11	0
2-methylthioadenosine [no description available]	2	1	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.84	11	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
propargylamine propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.36	6	0
lanosterol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nsc 74859 NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.	2.21	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; tosylate ester	STAT3 inhibitor
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	4.2	16	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	12.28	120	1
potassium bromide potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.04	1	0	potassium salt
benzarone benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure	1.96	1	0	1-benzofurans
norfentanyl norfentanyl: metabolite of fentanyl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. norfentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(N'-phenyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. A major metabolite of fentanyl.	2.25	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	drug metabolite; opioid analgesic
lupeol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	2.42	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
solanine Solanine: A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.. solanine : A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol].	3.04	5	0
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	4.32	5	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
elesclomol [no description available]	3.31	1	0	carbohydrazide; thiocarbonyl compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
pnu 120596 1-(5-chloro-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)urea: an alpha7nAChR agonist; structure in first source	2.79	3	0	ureas
wortmannin [no description available]	3.72	10	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
ibogaine Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.	2.42	2	0
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	3.03	4	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole: inhibits transcript elongation	2.01	1	0
nsc 366140 NSC 366140: a 9-methoxypyrazoloacridine; structure given in first source	2	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	5.45	4	1
phyllanthin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	lignan
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	3.11	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
5-((4-(4-(diethylamino)butyl)-1-piperidinyl)acetyl)-10,11-dihydrobenzo(b,e)(1,4)diazepine-11-one 5-((4-(4-(diethylamino)butyl)-1-piperidinyl)acetyl)-10,11-dihydrobenzo(b,e)(1,4)diazepine-11-one: structure given in first source; a dibenzo derivative of AQ-RA 741; a m2-selective muscarinic antagonist	2.91	4	0
lobetyolin lobetyolin: from Herba Lobeliae Chinensis	2.1	1	0
tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.77	3	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	14.64	54	8	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	3	4	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	9.06	8	4	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
mrs 1191 MRS 1191: a selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	cinnamate ester
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	6.96	39	0
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.42	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
3-(1-dimethylaminoethyl)phenol 3-(1-dimethylaminoethyl)phenol: a rivastigmine metabolite; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-quinolinyl)(2-piperidinyl)methanol (2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-quinolinyl)(2-piperidinyl)methanol: reverses multidrug resistance; NSC 23925b is an isomer. structure in first source	4.58	7	0
permanganate [no description available]	4.61	1	1	manganese oxoacid
4-aminopiperidine 4-aminopiperidine: structure in first source	6.35	36	1
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	3.13	5	0
carboplatin [no description available]	12.19	22	14
tetrachloropalladium tetrachloropalladium: RN given refers to ion(2-); see also record for palladium chloride RN: 7647-10-1	1.97	1	0
rimiterol rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol	10.33	29	19	catechols
mr 1452 Mr 1452: antagonist of morphine and endorphin; kappa opiate receptor antagonist	1.96	1	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	5.7	25	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	1.96	1	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.	1.99	1	0	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate	mouse metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	5.16	18	0
arabinose [no description available]	2.94	4	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.94	4	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	5.03	5	2	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	10.06	70	1	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	4.57	1	1
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.71	3	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	7.3	17	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	3.5	8	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	5.45	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	5.62	9	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
formiminoglutamic acid Formiminoglutamic Acid: Measurement of this acid in the urine after oral administration of histidine provides the basis for the diagnostic test of folic acid deficiency and of megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy.. N-formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid : The N-formimidoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid	1.98	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-glutamic acid derivative
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	2.4	2	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.83	3	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	6.37	52	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
theanine theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.	3.17	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine	geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
7-dehydrocholesterol [no description available]	2.17	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid; Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	4.08	15	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	7.85	70	1	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
amastatin amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence	2.39	2	0	tetrapeptide	EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor; protease inhibitor
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.31	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
xylobiose xylobiose: RN given refers to D-xylose. xylobiose : A glycosylxylose that is D-xylopyranose having a beta-D-xylopyranosyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic bond.	2.7	3	0	glycosylxylose	bacterial metabolite
desmosterol Desmosterol: An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.. desmosterol : A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol.	2.53	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2.08	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	8.19	6	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	2.07	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
nicotinamide-beta-riboside N-ribosylnicotinamide : A pyridine nucleoside consisting of nicotinamide with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.	2.85	3	0	N-glycosylnicotinamide; pyridine nucleoside	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	5.12	44	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
5-methyldeoxycytidine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	2'-deoxycytidine
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.43	2	0
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.21	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
eriodictyol eriodictyol: structure. eriodictyol : A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.31	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; tetrahydroxyflavanone
arabinofuranose arabinofuranose: structure in first source. L-arabinofuranose : The five-membered ring form of L-arabinose.	2.21	1	0	L-arabinose
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	4.46	5	1	cellotriose
iduronate Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.	1.99	1	0	idopyranuronic acid; L-iduronic acid
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	4.73	31	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	18.09	68	11	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.31	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2.35	2	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	4.34	20	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	4.57	8	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	1.98	1	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	7.71	61	3	benzazocine
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	6.72	12	2	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	15.8	94	45	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; acetate ester; androstane; morpholines; quaternary ammonium ion; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	2.73	3	0
trimethaphan camsylate trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.	1.98	1	0
miglitol [no description available]	5.97	5	0	piperidines
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	5.25	4	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
norpseudoephedrine norpseudoephedrine: major metabolite of diethylpropion in man under acidic urine conditions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;. cathine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).	1.96	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.05	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
indican [no description available]	2.39	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	4.98	12	0
ginsenoside re [no description available]	2.63	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
brucine brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94	2	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound
phorbol phorbol: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9b beta))-isomer; synonym isophorbol refers to (4a alpha)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7143. phorbol : A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.	2.01	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
decursin decursin: activates protein kinase C; isolated from the root of Angelica gigas; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	coumarins
farrerol farrerol: expectorant principle isolated from leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L; structure	2.31	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
naringin [no description available]	3.19	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
phenylpropanolamine fawcettimine: from Lyopodium; structure in first source	3.17	1	0	azaspiro compound
deoxynupharidine deoxynupharidine: RN given refers to (1alpha,4beta,7beta,9aalpha,1R)-isomer; structure.	2.42	2	0	quinolizines
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.42	2	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
theasinensin a theasinensin A: a tea polyphenol formed from (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, suppresses antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. theasinensin A : A biflavonoid that is obtained by coupling of two molecules of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate resulting in a bond between positions C-2 of the hydroxyphenyl ring. It is a natural product found in oolong tea.	2.41	1	0	biflavonoid; gallate ester; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; melanin synthesis inhibitor; plant metabolite
ammodendrine ammodendrine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer. ammodendrine : A piperidine alkaloid that is piperidine substituted by a 1-acetyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl group at position 2 (the 2R-stereoisomer).	3.11	5	0	acetamides; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid	plant metabolite; teratogenic agent
gamma-coniceine gamma-coniceine: isolated from seeds of Conium maculatum (poison hemlock); structure given in first source	2.89	4	0	tetrahydropyridine
lentiginosine lentiginosine: from Astragalus lentiginosus	2.04	1	0	indolizines
sedamine sedamine: piperidine alkaloid; structure in first source	4.89	11	0	citraconoyl group
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	5.17	8	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
securinine securinine: a quinolizine pseudoalkaloid (not from amino acid) from Securinega suffurutiosa or Securinini nitras	9.32	83	1	indolizines
alpha-chaconine alpha-chaconine: glycoside of solanidine; structure in 5th source	3.04	5	0	glycoalkaloid; steroid saponin
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.93	4	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.71	9	0
bq 485 BQ 485: an endothelin ET(A)receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.14	16	0	peptide
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	16.46	374	17	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	3.41	7	0	tripeptide
phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide: a drug efflux pump inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	peptide
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	2.38	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
teprotide Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.	2.01	1	0	peptide
sb 221284 SB 221284: 5-HT(2C/2B) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
diprenorphine Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.	2.93	4	0	morphinane alkaloid
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
daunorubicinol daunorubicinol: main metabolite of daunomycin. (13S)-13-dihydrodaunorubicin : The (13S)-diastereomer of 13-dihydrodaunorubicin.	1.99	1	0	13-dihydrodaunorubicin
gestonorone caproate Gestonorone Caproate: A long-acting potent progestogen structurally related to PROGESTERONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1185)	1.95	1	0	organic molecular entity
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	3.05	5	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
medigoxin Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).	1.96	1	0	cardenolide glycoside
dironyl dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	5.29	10	0	organic molecular entity
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.67	3	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
lephetamine lephetamine: RN given refers to (R)-(-)-isomer; structure	2.13	1	0	stilbenoid
tibolone tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.	5.81	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	bone density conservation agent; hormone agonist
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	9.15	8	5	organic molecular entity
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	4.55	9	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	5.49	24	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	2.06	1	0	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.4	2	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.88	3	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	8.27	6	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.73	3	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	6.39	12	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
equilenin Equilenin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of five double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of equilenin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.. equilenin : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estrone which carries two double bonds at positions 6 and 8. It is found in the urine of pregnant mare's and extensively used for estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.	2.07	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	antioxidant; mammalian metabolite
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	6.69	71	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.73	3	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.	2.75	3	0	olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.42	2	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	4.83	33	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.	3.27	1	0	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	11.54	30	5	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	3.56	2	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitoleic acid hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.44	2	0	hexadec-9-enoic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.75	10	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
l 685818 L 685818: structure given in first source; the C18-hydroxy, C21-ethyl analog of FK-506; binds to FKBP-12; antagonizes FK-506 and rapamycin	1.99	1	0
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	10.8	35	4	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
farnesyl pyrophosphate farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.	2.41	2	0	farnesyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.81	3	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	5.61	5	1	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	5.03	3	1	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	13.81	254	4	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	2	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist. (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist.	3.13	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	4.42	21	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	10.1	15	6	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
tetragastrin Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.	4.1	3	1	peptidyl amide; tetrapeptide	anxiogenic; human metabolite
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	3.61	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	2.41	2	0
gw 6471 GW 6471: a PPARalpha antagonist; structure in first source	3.17	5	0
lycopene [no description available]	4.54	2	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	3.51	1	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.5	2	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
neocarzinostatin chromophore neocarzinostatin chromophore: nonprotein chromophore of neocarzinostatin; antibiotic activity of Neocarzinostatin depends on wholy on chromophore interaction with DNA; Chrom A & Chrom B are separated by HPLC; Chrom C is derived from Chrom A; Chrom D is inactive minor component. neocarzinostatin chromophore : A naphthoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-methyl-1-naphthoic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of (1aS,5R,6R,6aE,9aR)-5-hydroxy-1a-[(4R)-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-2,3,8,9-tetradehydro-1a,5,6,9a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[5,6]cyclonona[1,2-b]oxiren-6-yl 2,6-dideoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-D-galactopyranoside. The chromophoric part of neocarzinostatin, it is tightly and non-covelently bound to a 113-membered apoprotein, which serves to protect it and release it to the target DNA.	1.98	1	0	cyclopentacyclononaoxirene; D-galactosaminide; dioxolane; monosaccharide derivative; naphthoate ester	antineoplastic agent
isofagomine [no description available]	5.01	39	0	piperidines
obeticholic acid obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.	2.15	1	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	farnesoid X receptor agonist; hepatoprotective agent
epothilone b [no description available]	2.41	2	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-stabilising agent
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	3.78	10	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	2.93	4	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	7.78	17	2	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	3.59	9	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
bms 214662 7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.	6.66	10	0	benzenes; benzodiazepine; imidazoles; nitrile; sulfonamide; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	2.72	3	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
eptifibatide [no description available]	7.35	5	1	homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide	anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime: structure in first source. 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin substituted at position 6 by a bromo group and in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.	2.05	1	0
purvalanol b purvalanol B: protein kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	purvalanol	protein kinase inhibitor
cp-640186 CP-640186: a potent inhibitor of mammalian Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylases & can reduce body weight and improve insulin sensitivity in test animals; structure in first source	3.02	4	0	anthracenes; bipiperidines; morpholines; N-acylpiperidine
roflumilast [no description available]	3.99	3	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	4.1	15	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	5.35	18	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	5.2	15	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	3.06	5	0	oligopeptide
decitabine [no description available]	3.89	2	1	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
steviol steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	bridged compound; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid; tertiary allylic alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.72	3	0
troxacitabine troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity	3.11	1	0	carbohydrate derivative; nucleobase-containing molecular entity
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.71	3	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
diclazuril [no description available]	2.7	3	0	nitrile
bm 212 BM 212: anti-mycobacterial agent; structure in first source	3.38	1	1
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.95	13	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.63	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
bevirimat bevirimat: an HIV inhibitor; disrupts late step in processing HIV Major Core Protein p24, preventing the capsid precursor p25 from being converted to mature capsid p24. bevirimat : A pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained by the formal condensation of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of betulinic acid. It is isolated from the Chinese herb Syzygium claviflorum. The first in the class of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors to be studied in humans, bevirimat was identified as a potent HIV drug candidate and several clinical trials were conducted, but development into a new drug was plagued by numerous resistance-related problems.	3.15	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	HIV-1 maturation inhibitor; metabolite
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	4.01	5	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	3.23	6	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
bgugaine bgugaine: a pyrrolidine alkaloid from tuber, Arisarum vulgare that is a strong hepatoxin in liver cell cultures	2.05	1	0
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	5.8	29	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.96	4	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.01	1	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	3.83	2	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.	3.12	1	0	C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.41	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
iqp-0528 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
efinaconazole efinaconazole: an antifungal agent; structure in first source. efinaconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-methylenepiperidin-1-yl groups, respectively (the 2R,3R stereoisomer). It is an antifungal drug used for the topical treatment of onychomycosis (a nail infection caused mainly by dermatophytes).	2.1	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
mg 262 MG 262: a proteasome inhibitor	2.02	1	0
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	3.76	2	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	1.98	1	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
2,3-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide conoidin A: inhibits the peroxiredoxin TgPrx11; structure in first source	4.61	1	1
bx 471 BX 471: a CC chemokine receptor-1 antagonist; structure in first source	10.22	31	3
tyrosine o-sulfate O(4')-sulfo-L-tyrosine : An O-sulfoamino acid that is L-tyrosine in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.	2.05	1	0	aryl sulfate; L-tyrosine derivative; O-sulfoamino acid	human metabolite
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	2.67	3	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	6.42	7	2	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium cyanate sodium cyanate: used in treatment of sickle cell anemia; RN given refers to cyanic acid, Na salt	1.98	1	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	7.55	2	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
tempace tempace: structure in first source	2.69	3	0	aminoxyls; piperidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide	radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
di-t-butyl nitroxide di-tert-butyl nitroxide : An aminoxyl that is N-tert-butyl-2-methylpropan-2-amine carrying an oxidanediyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2	1	0	aminoxyls	spin label
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl: Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent.. 4-oxo-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an oxo group at position 4.	4.1	16	0	aminoxyls; piperidones	radical scavenger
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	8.91	51	13	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
n-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-n-phenylacetamide N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacetamide: a psychoactive street drug; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
oxazolidine oxazolidine: structure given in first source	3.86	3	0	oxazolidine
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	3.27	6	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane [no description available]	2.05	1	0
calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source	2.81	3	0
dihydropinidine dihydropinidine: structure in first source	8.41	7	0
tris(perfluorophenyl)borane tris(perfluorophenyl)borane: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
amiridine amiridine: do not confuse with neuromedin	3.79	3	0	aminoquinoline
tolfenamic acid tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.	4.03	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	4.21	5	0	triterpenoid
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	5.11	9	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
geraniol [no description available]	3.13	4	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	4.85	2	1	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
tropacocaine tropacocaine: RN given refers to (exo)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0
glycosides [no description available]	6.01	21	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	3.85	3	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.58	65	0	isomethyleugenol
piplartine piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source	5.95	18	0	cinnamamides; dicarboximide
s18986-1 S18986-1: a positive AMPA receptor modulator	2.03	1	0
crotononitrile crotononitrile: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0	nitrile
phenyllithium phenyllithium: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	4.21	2	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
beta-ionone beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.	2	1	0	ionone	antioxidant; fragrance
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	20.04	788	32	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.37	2	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	11.71	37	3	stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.72	3	0
antofine antofine: structure in first source. (-)-antofine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is (13aR)-9,11,12,13,13a,14-hexahydrodibenzo[f,h]pyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinoline substituted at positions 2, 3 and 6 by methoxy groups. It is an alkaloid produced by relatives of the milkweed family and exhibits antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiadipogenic and antitumorigenic activities.	2.44	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; alkaloid; aromatic ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
xanthohumol xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; chalcones; polyphenol	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
prolinol prolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. prolinol : An amino alcohol formed by reduction of the amino acid proline.	9.6	4	0
ilepcimide ilepcimide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	5.94	14	2	benzodioxoles
n-boc-pyrrolidine N-Boc-pyrrolidine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.05	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
ricinoleic acid ricinoleic acid: RN given refers to (R-(Z))-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8005. ricinoleic acid : A (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid in which the 12-hydroxy group has R-configuration..	1.97	1	0	(9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.65	3	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	12.79	65	2	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
11-hydroxy-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol 11-hydroxy-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol: metabolite of marijuana; structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 11-hydroxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A phytocannabinoid that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in which the methyl group at C-11 has been hydroxylated . Major metabolite of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol.	4.37	1	1	phytocannabinoid	human xenobiotic metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	2	1	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	7.63	17	1	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	3.78	2	1	cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	8.25	86	1	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
sea 0400 SEA 0400: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.35	2	0	diphosphate ion
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	4.26	6	0	benzamides
s 1033 [no description available]	6.09	11	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
azidopine azidopine: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0	benzamides
amygdalin [no description available]	3.51	1	0
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	3.49	8	0
bucillamine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
transfluthrin transfluthrin: an insecticide. transfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol.	2.15	1	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester insecticide
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	4.88	35	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
benidipine benidipine: RN refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer	2.07	1	0
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	3.78	2	1	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
xe 991, anthracenone 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source	2.48	2	0	anthracenes
tram 34 TRAM 34: inhibits IKCa1; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	organochlorine compound
alphaxalone RU 5135: powerful antagonist of GABA stimulation of diazepam binding; structure in first source	2.37	2	0	11-oxo steroid
n-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-n-(3-((2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl)methylamino)propyl)-4-nitrobenzamide hydrochloride BRL 32872: structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	organic molecular entity
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2	1	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine [no description available]	12.79	36	8	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	2.68	3	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	10.55	60	2
r 59949 R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor	6.34	49	0	diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	3.11	5	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	7.71	38	0
chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.	6.04	9	1	chlorprothixene
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	14.31	36	17	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	4.04	4	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
vasicine vasicine: RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2.4	2	0
sb 366791 N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source	5.28	19	0
bemesetron [no description available]	4	14	0
1-methyltryptophan 1-methyltryptophan: an immunomodulator. 1-methyltryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan carrying a single methyl substituent at position 1 on the indole.	2.05	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	1.98	1	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	1.97	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
(e)-3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-n-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide 3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and antihyperalgesic agent; structure in first source	3.82	10	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.15	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
methyl caffeate methyl caffeate: from plant Gaillardia pulchella. methyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester formed by the formal condensation of caffeic acid with methyl alcohol.	2.02	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester; methyl ester
captax captax: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol : 1,3-Benzothiazole substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.	1.96	1	0	aryl thiol; benzothiazoles	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
alpha-naphthyl thiourea alpha-naphthyl thiourea: structure	1.96	1	0	naphthalenes
2-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenol 2-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenol: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
2,4,6-trimethyl-n-(meta-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzenesulfonamide 2,4,6-trimethyl-N-(meta-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzenesulfonamide: stimulates phospholipase C; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide
n-(n-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide N-(N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide: structure in first source	2.4	2	0
urb 754 URB 754: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	3.81	4	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
rhododendrol rhododendrol: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
virosecurinine virosecurinine: isomer of the securinine group of alkaloids; isolated from plant Securinega virosa	3.72	10	0
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	5.6	24	0	diarylmethane
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	3.93	4	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
tetrahydropalmatine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	15.39	119	17	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
n-(1-benzyl-4-piperidinyl)-2,4-dichlorobenzamide N-(1-benzyl-4-piperidinyl)-2,4-dichlorobenzamide: inhibits the betaine-GABA transporter 1; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
glipin glipin: RN given refers to (endo)-isomer	1.99	1	0
hc 030031 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker	3.39	6	0
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	2.03	1	0	thiazolidinone
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	5.18	4	3	diarylmethane
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.41	2	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	8.25	7	3
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.03	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
urb 597 cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	7.61	125	0	biphenyls
snap 37889 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid: has been shown to exhibit unprecedented positive allosteric activity for ACh binding as well as inherent agonist activity at the M1 muscarinic receptor; structure in first source	3.48	2	0
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	2.37	2	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.74	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	15.35	360	9	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	3.6	9	0
metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.	2	1	0	imidazoles
levocetirizine [no description available]	9.09	7	3	diarylmethane
aurapten aurapten: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. auraptene : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties.	2	1	0	coumarins; monoterpenoid	antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; dopaminergic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; gamma-secretase modulator; gastrointestinal drug; hepatoprotective agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; PPARalpha agonist; vulnerary
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	8.29	6	0
caryophyllene oxide caryophyllene oxide: has butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity; structure in first source. epoxide : Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.	2.11	1	0	epoxide	metabolite
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	5.79	6	1	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	3.58	2	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	2.48	2	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	8.81	88	1	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	2.1	1	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	8.14	16	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	3.87	12	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	9.65	27	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
4-maleimido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl 4-maleimido-TEMPO : A member of the class of piperidines that is TEMPO carrying a maleimido group at position 4.	1.95	1	0	aminoxyls; dicarboximide; maleimides; piperidines	radical scavenger; spin label
5-doxylstearate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aminoxyls
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	10.2	21	5	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
selectfluor selectfluor: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ccg 1423 CCG 1423: inhibits RhoA signaling; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
n-hydroxy-n'-(4-butyl-2-methylphenyl)formamidine HET0016: 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid synthesis inhibitor	2.45	2	0	toluenes
ytterbium(iii) triflate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	8.12	87	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.03	1	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	15.03	149	3	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
nadp [no description available]	7.01	28	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.9	3	0
ethyl trifluoropyruvate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
hc-067047 HC-067047: a TRPA1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	2.81	3	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
stattic [no description available]	3.66	2	0	1-benzothiophenes; C-nitro compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; radiosensitizing agent; STAT3 inhibitor
srpin340 SRPIN340: Serine-Arginine-Rich Protein Kinase Inhibitor	3.77	9	0
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole 2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole: an amyloid imaging agent; structure in first source	4.16	3	1
sirtinol [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aldimine; benzamides; naphthols	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
4,6-dimorpholino-n-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine 4,6-dimorpholino-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine: an mTOR activator; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
monastrol monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.	2.11	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; phenols; racemate; thioureas	antileishmanial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
hby 097 HBY 097: a quinoxaline derivative	2.04	1	0
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	1.94	1	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nabam mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.	2.05	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids
rhyncophylline rhyncophylline: an oxindole; RN given refers to (7beta,16E,20alpha)-isomer	2.03	1	0
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.88	4	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	12.93	61	22	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.73	3	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	15.67	114	38	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
aplaviroc aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source	4.05	4	0
maraviroc [no description available]	3.16	5	0	tropane alkaloid
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	6.1	10	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
2'-deoxytubercidin 2'-deoxytubercidin: structure given in first source. 2'-deoxytubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the ribose moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen.	2.05	1	0	deoxyribonucleoside; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.36	19	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
vicriviroc vicriviroc: structure in first source	3.82	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).	2.03	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug
mk 0608 7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine: an antiviral agent	2.1	1	0
femoxetine femoxetine: serotonin uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer	10.01	51	13	piperidines
sq-641 SQ-641: a MurX inhibitor with antitubercular activity; structure in first source	3.41	1	0
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.05	1	0
pica Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.	2.94	4	0
6-oxopiperidine-2-carboxylate 6-oxopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid: associated with penicillin V from Penicillium chrysogenum; structure given in first source. 6-ketopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid : A delta-lactam that is piperidine-2-carboxylic acid substituted at position 6 by an oxo group.	2.1	1	0	delta-lactam; monocarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
stenusin stenusin: secretion from collecting bladders of beetles of genus Stenus comma; RN is from 9th CI; structure. stenusine : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising of four stereoisomers, (2'R,3R)-, (2'S,3R)-, (2'S,3S)-, and (2'R,3S)-stenusine. It is a natural product found in Stenus comma, Stenus bimaculatus and Stenus similis.. 1-ethyl-3-(2-methylbutyl)piperidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by ethyl and 2-methylbutyl groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively.	3.45	7	0	piperidine alkaloid; tertiary amino compound
norcisapride norcisapride: metabolite of cisapride	1.97	1	0	benzamides
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	4.66	26	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
bms 387032 N-(5-(((5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl)methyl)thio)-2-thiazolyl)-4-piperidinecarboxamide: a CDK2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. N-(5-{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of piperidine-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-{[(5-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}-1,3-thiazol-2-amine. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of CDK2, CDK7 and CDK9 kinases and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	5.06	7	0	1,3-oxazoles; 1,3-thiazoles; organic sulfide; piperidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	9.81	64	2	alkali metal atom
an-1792 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
thiamylal Thiamylal: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919). thiamylal : A member of the class of barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.	4.08	3	1	barbiturates; organosulfur compound	sedative
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.05	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
thiobutabarbital thiobutabarbital: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.31	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	4.95	2	1	nitrogen oxide
maneb Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.	2.05	1	0
thiouridine Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.	2.41	2	0	nucleoside analogue; thiouridine	affinity label; antimetabolite
hydroxylysine Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	1.93	1	0	5-hydroxylysine; hydroxy-L-lysine	human metabolite
burimamide Burimamide: An antagonist of histamine that appears to block both H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It has been used in the treatment of ulcers.	3.37	7	0	imidazoles
carnidazole carnidazole: structure in second source	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
dezocine dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.	2.15	1	0	phenols; primary amino compound	opioid analgesic
adrafinil [no description available]	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
nizatidine Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.	6.7	7	1
altanserin altanserin: structure given in first source; a radioligand for PET studies of serotonin S2 receptors	2.96	4	0	quinazolines
droloxifene [no description available]	5.44	8	0	stilbenoid
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	8.67	51	3	salicylamides
dolasetron [no description available]	5.95	5	2	indolyl carboxylic acid
almokalant almokalant: structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
bn 50730 BN 50730: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.07	1	0
meclonazepam [no description available]	1.97	1	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	11.86	62	2	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene idoxifene: structure given in first source	4.71	5	0	stilbenoid
quinine [no description available]	8.72	33	1	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
mitragynine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	3.89	12	0
mr 2266 MR 2266: RN refers to (2R-(2 alpha,6 alpha,11R*))-isomer; structure kappa opioid receptor antagonist	2.37	2	0
3-hydroxy-1-nitrosopyrrolidine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	pyrrolidines
tat 59 TAT 59: structure given in first source	3.5	2	0	aryl phosphate
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
nitrosochloramphenicol nitrosochloramphenicol: possible mediator in chloramphenicol-induced aplastic anemia	2.11	1	0
mdl 72527 MDL 72527: RN given refers to di-HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 6/85; polyamine oxidase inhibitor	1.98	1	0
norpseudopelleterine-n-oxyl [no description available]	2.36	2	0
ici 154129 ICI 154129: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
deltorphin deltorphin: isolated from skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has affinity to opioid receptor; note deltorphin I and deltorphin II are available, they have Ala in position 2	2.11	1	0	peptide
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.94	4	0
u 71184 U 71184: RN given refers to (7bR)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
e 6123 E 6123: platelet activating factor antagonist	2.41	2	0
2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene sulfonic acid [no description available]	2.94	4	0
fk 838 FK 838: an adenosine subtype-1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
mdl 100453 4-oxo-5-phosphononorvaline: structure given in first source; competitive glutamate antagonist at the NMDA receptor complex; RN given refers to (R)-isomer	1.97	1	0
7-azidoketanserin 7-azidoketanserin: structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
7-chloro-thiokynurenate 7-chlorothiokynurenic acid: glycine site antagonist of NMDA receptor	2.7	3	0
4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl)piperidine 4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl)piperidine: a potent ligand for sigma receptors; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	piperidines
e 7010 E 7010: inhibits tubulin polymerization; structure given in first source	3.14	1	0	sulfonamide
triptorelin iodophenpropit: structure given in first source	3.61	9	0	organoiodine compound
(3-iodobenzyl)trozamicol (3-iodobenzyl)trozamicol: a high-affinity vesamicol receptor ligand; RN refers to (trans-(-))-isomer; structure given in first source	3.5	8	0
n,n'-methylene-bis(2-amino-5-sulfhydryl-1,3,4-thiadiazole) bismerthiazol: a bactericide and fungicide	2.6	1	0
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
4-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine 4-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine: structure in first source	5.25	49	0	piperidines
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	11.74	376	1	primary aliphatic amine
5-amino-5-deoxygalactopyranose 5-amino-5-deoxygalactopyranose: structure given in first source	2	1	0
neurokinin a (3-10), lysyl(3)-glycyl(8)-r-lactam-leucine(9)- neurokinin A (3-10), lysyl(3)-glycyl(8)-R-lactam-leucine(9)-: neurokinin receptor agonist	3.38	7	0
arg-(3-hyp-5-thi-7-tic-9-oic)-9-desarg-bradykinin HOE 140, desArg(10)-: a potent B1 bradykinin antagonist	2.07	1	0
5-o-methyldihydrotetrabenazine 5-O-methyldihydrotetrabenazine: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
cystine [no description available]	3.97	4	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	4.42	21	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
mcn 5652 McN 5652: only McN 5662-X-68 (6S,10R-enantiomer) is biologically active; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	isoquinolines
7-azidoactinomycin d [no description available]	1.97	1	0
ospemifene Ospemifene: structure in first source. ospemifene : An organochlorine compound that is a selective estrogen receptor modulator; used for treatment of dyspareunia.	4.37	3	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor modulator
ly335979 [no description available]	3.51	2	0	carbopolycyclic compound
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	4.16	15	0	benzazepine
azidoiodoketanserin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
biricodar biricodar: a non-macrocyclic ligand for FKBP12; structure in first source	10.66	22	7	alpha-amino acid ester
lamifiban lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass	5.62	5	0	N-acylglycine
bp 897 BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	naphthalenecarboxamide
fospropofol [no description available]	5.05	2	0	alkylbenzene
amiflamine amiflamine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.37	2	0
isothaz isothaz: muscimol antagonist	1.98	1	0
sr140333b SR140333B: a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	3.46	7	0
panamesine [no description available]	7.16	8	4
freedom Freedom: The rights of individuals to act and make decisions without external constraints.	4.89	6	0
prucalopride prucalopride: a 5-HT4 agonist enterokinetic compound	6.53	13	0	benzamides
rasagiline [no description available]	3.15	1	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
ketazocine ketazocine: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,6alpha,11S*))-isomer	1.96	1	0
robalzotan robalzotan: structure given in first source	2.95	4	0
9,10-dihydroergosine 9,10-dihydroergosine: deriv of peptide ergot alkaloids; RN given refers to (5' alpha,10 alpha)-isomer	1.97	1	0
safingol safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R,S))-isomer	2.05	1	0	amino alcohol
4-(3-3,4-p-menthadien-(1,8)-yl)olivetol 4-(3-3,4-p-menthadien-(1,8)-yl)olivetol: has vasodilating activity	3.16	5	0
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	9.85	21	3	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vuf 8430 S-(2-guanidylethyl)isothiourea: a histamine H4 receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
nco 650 NCO 650: RN given refers to (trans)-isomer	2.39	2	0
ly 303070 GYKI 53784: a 2,3-benzodiazepine cpd	2	1	0
homoquinolinic acid homoquinolinic acid: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
glycyllysine glycyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-Lys : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-lysine residues.	2.17	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
2,3,4-tri-o-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate 2,3,4-tri-O-acetylarabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate: RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer	2.41	1	0
argipressin, beta-mercapto(beta,beta)-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-ile(2,4)- argipressin, beta-mercapto(beta,beta)-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-Ile(2,4)-: RN refers to (L-Ile-D-Ile-L-Arg)-isomer; vasopressin and vasopressin (2) receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-phenylalanine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ici 197067 ICI 197067: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (monohydrochloride, (S))-isomer; RN for parent cpd not available 3/89	1.99	1	0
preussin preussin: from Aspergillus ochraceus	2.05	1	0
npc 17731 NPC 17731: bradykinin receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0
sr 144528 SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).	10.09	148	0	bridged compound; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles; secondary carboxamide	CB2 receptor antagonist; EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	23.58	556	98	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
naloxazine naloxazine: RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
bis(phenanthrenequinonediimine)(bipyridyl)rhodium(iii) bis(phenanthrenequinonediimine)(bipyridyl)rhodium(III): structure given in first source; photofootprinting reagent	2	1	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.81	3	0
spinorphin spinorphin: heptapeptide which is a potent inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzymes from the spinal cord or brain; does not show inhibitory activity toward enkephalin-degrading enzymes from kidney or blood; member of the opioid hemorphin family	2	1	0	oligopeptide
n,n'-bis(dodecyldimethyl)-1,2-ethanediammonium N,N'-bis(dodecyldimethyl)-1,2-ethanediammonium: inhibits germination of bacterial spores; RN given refers to dibromide	1.96	1	0
uk 66914 UK 66914: Class III antiarrhythmic agent; structure given in first source; RN from Toxlit	2.89	4	0
ici 199441 ICI 199441: structure given in first source; RN refers to (monohydrochloride, (S))-isomer; a potent & selective kappa agonist	2.05	1	0
18-crown-6 2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid 18-crown-6 2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid: structure in first source; RN given for (2R,3R,11,12)-isomer	2.03	1	0
sanorg 34006 idraparinux: a synthetic analogue of the pentasaccharide sequence in heparins	2	1	0
lenabasum lenabasum: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
pulcherriminic acid pulcherriminic acid: structure. pulcherriminic acid : A pyrazine N-oxide that is pyrazine-1,4-dioxide substituted at positions 2 and 5 by hydroxy groups and at positions 3 and 6 by isobutyl groups. Formed by oxidative aromatisation of cyclo(L-leucyl-L-leucyl).	2.38	2	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.37	2	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	3.1	5	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.94	13	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
neurotensin (1-10) [no description available]	3.4	1	1
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	4.14	5	0
quinagolide quinagolide: structure & RN given in first source; a non-ergot dopamine D(2)-agonist	2.17	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	3.18	5	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
zamifenacin zamifenacin: zamifenacin is the (R)-isomer; RN given for (+-)-isomer; structure in first source	7.8	16	4	diarylmethane
yya-021 YYA-021: an HIV entry inhibitor; structure in first source	2.51	2	0
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	2.41	2	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
sb 258585 SB 258585: is a high affinity ligand at 5-HT(6) receptors; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	piperazines
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	5.99	41	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.	2.04	1	0	1,2-thiazoles; indoles; ureas	receptor modulator; serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	5.4	58	0
epoxiconazole epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	2.05	1	0	epoxide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; triazoles
gw 7647 GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.	2.21	1	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; ureas	PPARalpha agonist
nafadotride nafadotride: structure given in first source. nafadotride : A naphthalenecarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 4-cyano-1-methoxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 1-(1-butylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methanamine. It is a highly potent, competitive, preferential dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, centrally active upon systemic administration.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenecarboxamide; nitrile; pyrrolidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	4.5	5	1	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
sto 609 STO 609: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	naphthoic acid
rn 1734 RN 1734: a TRPV4 antagonist; structure in first source	2.57	2	0
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.71	3	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
sb 242084 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source	5.7	30	0
2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine 2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine: activates mGlu(5) receptors; structure in first source	2.75	3	0
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	2.45	2	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	5.09	42	0	quinoxaline derivative
3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3h)-quinazolinone 3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone: a mitochondrial division inhibitor	2.25	1	0
sb 225002 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	nitrophenol
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	4.11	15	0	quinoxaline derivative
alizarin red s Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt	histological dye
cp 94253 [no description available]	3.82	3	0	pyrrolopyridine
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.98	14	0
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.49	2	0	benzenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
2-ethynylaniline 2-ethynylaniline: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
sb 415286 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	C-nitro compound; maleimides; monochlorobenzenes; phenols; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
dm 235 DM 235: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	4.16	16	0
4-(5-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(6-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid 4-(5-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(6-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
jhw 015 [no description available]	4.04	14	0	indolecarboxamide
gr 103691 GR 103691: dopamine D3 receptor antagonist	2.8	3	0	aromatic ketone
am 281 AM 281: radioligand for cannabinoid CB1 receptors; structure in first source	5.82	28	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
am 630 iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	8.5	123	0	N-acylindole
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	1.99	1	0
sb 408124 SB 408124: a hypocretin receptor type 1 (HcrtR1) antagonist	2.06	1	0	organohalogen compound; quinolines
2-(2-(5-bromo-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(1-methylethoxyphenyl)-4-(3h)-quinazolinone 2-(2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(1-methylethoxyphenyl)-4-(3H)-quinazolinone: CCK2 receptor antagonist	2.08	1	0	quinazolines
lupitidine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	4.42	6	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.74	3	0
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	7.63	217	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
flosequinan [no description available]	3.08	1	0	quinolines
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	2.13	1	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	3.84	11	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.8	3	0
tcn 201 [no description available]	3.74	9	0
jnj 7777120 1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.46	7	0
np 118809 1-(4-benzhydrylpiperazin-1-yl)-3,3-diphenylpropan-1-one: an N-type calcium channel blocker; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
alsterpaullone alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.	2.02	1	0	C-nitro compound; caprolactams; organic heterotetracyclic compound	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
palladium oxide palladium oxide: RN given refers to PdO	2.31	1	0
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	2.83	3	0	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
6-iodonordihydrocapsaicin 6-iodonordihydrocapsaicin: a TRPV1 antagonist	2.49	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzimidazole 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzimidazole: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
3-(trimethylsilyl)propanesulfonic acid 3-(trimethylsilyl)propanesulfonic acid: used as a hydrophobic probe for proton magnetic resonance studies of apolar sites on proteins; RN given refers to Na salt	2.05	1	0	organosulfonic acid	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ro 60-0175 Ro 60-0175: a 5HT 2C receptor agonist. 1-(6-chloro-5-fluoroindol-1-yl)-propan-2-amine : A member of the class of indoles that is 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 2-aminopropyl group.	5.51	15	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound
tropylium tropylium: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	monocyclic arene
tak-220 TAK-220: structure in first source	2.95	4	0
jtk-303 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
ku 55933 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	5.44	19	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	6.82	32	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	6.08	11	3	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	8.31	89	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	5.66	25	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.77	3	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	2.04	1	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3.16	5	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	5.5	4	1	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	3.15	5	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.69	3	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
quercitrin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.89	4	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	3.54	2	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	3.29	6	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	4.31	19	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	4.77	7	1	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	5.65	25	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	3.49	7	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
luteolin-7-glucoside luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.03	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
apigetrin apigetrin: structure given in first source. apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.03	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dihydroxyflavone; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antibacterial agent; metabolite; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alprostadil [no description available]	5.73	11	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	1.97	1	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.15	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	6.72	3	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	7.25	12	3	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.95	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	3.09	5	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	2	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	7.29	13	2	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	2.45	2	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	2.17	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.46	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	1.96	1	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	6.33	20	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	5.26	9	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	8.68	8	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	5.03	8	1	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.	7.94	12	6	isoquinolines
kava Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains ALKALOIDS; LACTONES; kawain, methysticin, mucilage, STARCH, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots.	2.41	2	0
carboprost Carboprost: A nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of PREGNANCY.. carboprost : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydrogen at position 15 is substituted by methyl (S configuration). It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.	1.96	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	abortifacient; oxytocic
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	4.91	2	1	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.	2	1	0	carotenone	biological pigment; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fungal metabolite
fucoxanthin fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.	3.21	1	0
cucurbitacin b [no description available]	3.13	1	0	cucurbitacin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
genistin genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein	1.99	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
toxiferine Toxiferine: A curare alkaloid that is a very potent competitive nicotinic antagonist at the neuromuscular junction.	7.14	11	1	alkaloid
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	1.98	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	7.33	19	1	alpha-humulene
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	2.1	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
agathisflavone agathisflavone: bis-apigenin coupled at 6 and 8 positions; isolated from the plant Canarium manii; has hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. agathisflavone : A biflavonoid that is obtained by oxidative coupling of two molecules of apigenin resulting in a bond between positions C-6 and C-8 of the two chromene rings.	2.17	1	0	biaryl; biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
baicalein [no description available]	5.71	5	1	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	2.79	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
fisetin [no description available]	3.07	4	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.05	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
quercetagetin quercetagetin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. quercetagetin : A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.08	1	0	flavonols; hexahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.08	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: hydroxystilbene oxyresveratrol	2.21	1	0	stilbenoid
pterostilbene [no description available]	2.11	1	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	3.04	4	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
shogaol shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	enone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.78	3	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.58	2	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	6.15	13	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
soraphen a [no description available]	2.11	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; ether; macrolide; olefinic compound	bacterial metabolite; EC 6.4.1.2 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) inhibitor; teratogenic agent
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	2.48	2	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	12.44	418	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
l 683590 immunomycin: from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure given in first source	3.36	7	0	ether; lactol; macrolide; secondary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
arachidonyl dopamine arachidonyl dopamine: a ligand for the vanilloid receptor VR1	3.84	11	0	catechols; fatty amide; N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine; secondary carboxamide
n-oleoyldopamine N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.	2.15	1	0	catechols; fatty amide; N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine; secondary carboxamide	TRPV1 agonist
lafutidine lafutidine: structure given in first source	12.86	98	27	organic molecular entity
gefarnate Gefarnate: A water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue.	3.76	3	0	organic molecular entity
geranylgeranylacetone geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).	3.53	2	0
tak 147 TAK 147: structure given in first source	3.61	9	0
sofalcone sofalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is benzene in which the hydrogens at positions 1,2 and 5 are replaced by carboxymethoxy, (1E)-1-{4-[(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxy]phenyl}-3-oxoprop-1-en-3-yl, and (3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxy groups, respectively. It is a gastrointestinal drug currently used for treatment of gastritis and gastric ulcers in Japan and South Korea.	3.11	1	0	aromatic ether; chalcones; monocarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; antibacterial agent; gastrointestinal drug; plant metabolite
travoprost Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	3.53	2	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	2.68	3	0	stilbenoid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.45	2	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
l 735821 L 735821: inhibits KCNQ2 channels	2.92	4	0	N-acyl-amino acid
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	11.49	211	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
1-arachidonyl monoglyceride 1-arachidonyl monoglyceride: causes platelet aggregation	2.42	2	0	1-acylglycerol 20:4
ro 61-8048 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	4.1	4	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	3.8	2	1
olopatadine hydrochloride Olopatadine Hydrochloride: An antihistamine with mast-cell stabilizing properties used as eye drops in the treatment of ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS.	7.67	13	4	dibenzooxazepine
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	3.5	2	0	cinnamic acids
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	8.04	12	4	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
fondaparinux Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.	3.12	1	0	amino sugar; oligosaccharide sulfate; pentasaccharide derivative	anticoagulant
pibutidine hydrochloride IT 066: structure in first source. pibutidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of pibutidine. It is a H2 receptor antagonist which was developed for the treatment of peptic ulcers and duodenal ulcers. It was in phase III clinical trials in Japan (now discontinued).	5.57	17	1	hydrochloride	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	4.73	6	1	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.	2.39	2	0
13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: chemorepellant factor which maintains blood vessel wall thromboresistance; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer	1.96	1	0	octadecadienoic acid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	3.1	5	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	6.01	15	2	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (5Z,8Z,11Z)-14,15-dihydroxyicosatrienoic acid : A DHET obtained by formal dihydroxylation across the 14,15-double bond of arachidonic acid.	2.52	2	0	DHET; diol; secondary allylic alcohol	mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	4.03	5	0	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.47	2	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
oleylamide oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.	3.87	11	0	primary fatty amide	human metabolite; plant metabolite
n-arachidonylglycine N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide	2.04	1	0	fatty amide; N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.	6.2	17	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1	EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	2.79	3	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	4.61	1	1
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	4.12	4	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholesteryl oleate cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate.	2.03	1	0	CE(18:1); cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate	mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	12.29	58	17	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
perhexiline maleate [no description available]	5.79	22	1
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	7.4	10	5	hydrochloride
beta-nitrostyrene beta-nitrostyrene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.1	1	0
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	3.94	3	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
acrivastine acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.	5.68	3	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	2.38	2	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.44	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	1.96	1	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	3.64	2	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	7.14	33	1	aromatic amide; indazoles
hydrocodone Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.	2.65	3	0	morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	6.76	7	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	4.34	5	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
niclofolan Niclofolan: Proposed fasciolacide. Synonyms: Dertil; Bilevon; Bay 9015.	1.95	1	0	polychlorobiphenyl
nabilone nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4	4	0
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	3.52	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	5.75	17	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	16.72	262	14	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	8.13	16	5	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	3.45	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	2.42	2	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	14.39	51	10	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	7.95	13	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
menaquinone 7 menaquinone-7 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains seven isoprene units in an all-trans-configutation.	4.61	1	1	menaquinone	bone density conservation agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.74	3	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	21.76	537	68	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	6.14	6	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
gw 5638 3-(4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenyl)acrylic acid: exhibits estrogen agonist activity in bone and estrogen antagonist activity in uterus; structure in first source	4.02	4	0
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.	2.1	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	Hsp90 inhibitor
lobeline Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.	3.87	12	0
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	21.2	493	116	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
aftin-4 aftin-4: increases production of amyloid-beta protein (1-42)	2.11	1	0
trans-metanicotine metanicotine: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.13	1	0
a 85380 A 85380: structure given in first source; A-85380 is the S-enantiomer; A-159470 is the R-enantiomer	2.03	1	0
3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine: an alpha7nAChR nicotinic receptor agonist	2.52	2	0	dimethoxybenzene
7-benzylidenenaltrexone 7-benzylidenenaltrexone: structure given in first source; a highly selective delta1-opioid receptor antagonist	2.15	1	0	phenanthrenes
a 192621 A 192621: ET(B) receptor antagonist	2.73	3	0
adp beta s adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd	1.99	1	0
ah 13205 AH 13205: an EP(2) receptor agonist and leukotriene B4 antagonist	2.02	1	0
ah 23848 AH 23848: thromboxane antagonist. AH23848 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (1R,2R,5S)- and (1S,2S,5R)-enantiomers of (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid. The hemicalcium salt is a potent, specific thromboxane receptor-blocking drug that is orally active and has a long duration of action.. (1R,2R,5S)-AH23848 : A (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid in which the stereocentres at positions 1, 2 and 5 have R-, R- and S-configuration respectively.	2.07	1	0	(4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).	7.15	58	0	fatty amide; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; synthetic cannabinoid	CB1 receptor agonist; CB2 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
arachidonylcyclopropylamide arachidonylcyclopropylamide: a potent and selective agonist of neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source	4.17	15	0
atosiban [no description available]	2.4	2	0	oligopeptide
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	2.35	2	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
beta-funaltrexamine beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.95	4	0	morphinane alkaloid
bimatoprost Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent
(endo-n-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo-(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-isopropyl-2-oxo-1h-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide (endo-N-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo-(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-isopropyl-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide: potent agonist at the 5-HT(4) receptor positively coupled to adenylate cyclase in brain; structure given in first source	3.08	5	0
bw 723c86 1-(5-(2-thenyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine: a 5-HT(2B) agonist	2.72	3	0
istradefylline [no description available]	3.06	4	0	oxopurine
cicaprost cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R,4R),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer	2.02	1	0	monoterpenoid
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	3.95	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
cloprostenol Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.	2.03	1	0	prostanoid
cp 99994 3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer	9.53	211	2
denopamine denopamine: structure given in first source	3.47	2	0	dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	7.66	10	2	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	20.19	155	83	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	2.95	4	0	oligopeptide
endomorphin 2 endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain	2.78	3	0
olvanil [no description available]	3.31	6	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
sb 277011 SB 277011: structure in first source	3.7	9	0
ly 344864 LY 344864: has selective affinity for the 5-HT1F receptor; structure in first source	3.62	2	0	carbazoles
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	9.06	9	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	2.69	3	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cp 481715 quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (4-carbamoyl-1-(3-fluorobenzyl)-2,7-dihydroxy-7-methyloctyl)amide: a CCR1 antagonist and NSAID; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.02	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
preclamol preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors	12.57	332	5
irl 2500 IRL 2500: Endothelin-B receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.94	4	0
j 113397 J 113397: an opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1), orphanin FQ, and nociceptin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	6.75	74	0
l 745870 3-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine: selective for D(4) receptors; structure in first source	3.88	12	0	piperazines
l 365260 L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively	2.68	3	0	benzodiazepine
l 372662 L 372662: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.03	1	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
enprostil Enprostil: A synthetic PGE2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. It has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.	3.5	2	0
ly 320135 LY 320135: cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source	4.91	11	0	benzofurans
ly 334370 4-fluoro-N-(3-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)benzamide: 5-HT(1F) receptor agonist	4.35	3	0
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.52	2	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	3.23	6	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	16.01	344	8
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.1	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
ml 10302 2-piperidinoethyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate: structure in first source	3.41	7	0
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	9.16	8	3	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	14.19	72	9	phenylalanine derivative
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	9.86	186	1
neurokinin b Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.	5.18	47	0	polypeptide
n-(4-amino-2-methylquinolin-6-yl)-2-(4-ethylphenoxymethyl)benzamide N-(4-amino-2-methylquinolin-6-yl)-2-(4-ethylphenoxymethyl)benzamide: a nociceptin antagonist; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	aminoquinoline
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	2.48	2	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
piflutixol piflutixol: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym piflutixol refers to (Z)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2.41	2	0
l803087 L803087: structure in first source. L-803087 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole substituted by phenyl, 4-{[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-methoxy-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino}-4-oxobutyl, fluoro and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a selective nonpeptidic agonist of the somatostatin subtype-4 (SST4) receptor with Ki of 0.7 nM.	2.11	1	0	benzenes; fluoroindole; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; phenylindole; secondary carboxamide	somatostatin receptor agonist
u 44069 U 44069: has contractile effect on rat pulmonary veins & arteries; a thromboxane-A2 mimetic	2.42	2	0	prostanoid
r 715 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
rapacuronium rapacuronium: 16-N-allyl-17-beta-propionate analog of vecuronium; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	steroid ester
sb 207710 SB 207710: structure given in first source	4.2	17	0
sb 223412 SB 223412: SB-223412 is the (S)-(-)-isomer; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	5.2	15	0
sb 234551 SB 234551: a selective nonpeptide endothelin receptor antagonist	2	1	0
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	2.41	2	0
sr 142948 SR 142948: structurally similar to SR-48692	2.93	4	0	N-acyl-amino acid
stiripentol stiripentol: structure	3.35	1	0
alpha-methylserine-o-phosphate monophenyl ester alpha-methylserine-O-phosphate monophenyl ester: a group II/III antagonist	2.01	1	0
cl 316243 disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	3.32	6	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
gr 218231 GR 218231: a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.71	3	0
silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	indolecarboxamide
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	2.4	2	0	piperazines
sb 271046 SB 271046: 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.01	4	0
sulprostone sulprostone: structure	2.1	1	0	prostanoid
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.04	1	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.58	2	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
cannabigerol cannabigerol: RN given refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. cannabigerol : A member of the class of resorcinols that is resorcinol which is substituted by a (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group at position 2 and by a pentyl group at position 5. It is a natural product found in Cannabis sativa and Helichrysum species.	3.01	4	0	phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antioxidant; appetite enhancer; cannabinoid receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
syringin syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.04	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dimethoxybenzene; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
linarin linarin: flavone glycoside isolated from leaves of Linaria japonica MIQ	2.1	1	0
pellitorine pellitorine: consists of piper sylvaticum Roxb.; structure	4.43	6	0	fatty amide	metabolite
andrographolide [no description available]	2.52	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isopetasin isopetasin: inhibits biosynthesis of cysteinyl-leukotriene; from Petasites formosanus Kitamurai; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
luteolin 4'-o-glucoside luteolin 4'-O-glucoside: from Kummerowia striata. luteolin-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from Olea europaea.	2.08	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
2-oleoylglycerol 2-oleoylglycerol : A 2-monoglyceride where the acyl group is (9Z)-octadecenoyl.	2.47	2	0	2-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol
rhapontigenin rhapontigenin: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	stilbenoid
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.53	2	0
acetaldehyde oxime acetaldehyde oxime: structure. (E)-acetaldehyde oxime : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetaldehyde oxime.. acetaldehyde oxime : An aldoxime derived from acetaldehyde.	2.6	1	0	acetaldehyde oxime
thebaine Thebaine: A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.55	8	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	11.58	27	7	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	3.01	4	0
ly2066948 LY2066948: a selective estrogen receptor modulator; structure in first source	3.13	5	0
ag 99 tyrphostin A46: epidermal growth factor-urogastrone receptor antagonist	2	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	3.77	10	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
bosutinib 4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.31	5	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; N-methylpiperazine; nitrile; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	3.8	3	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	2.02	1	0
su 11248 [no description available]	12.79	52	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib [no description available]	8.2	9	2	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	3.19	1	0
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.25	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
hemiasterlin hemiasterlin: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	5.41	4	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.71	3	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
sulindac sulfide sulindac sulfide: sulfated analog of indomethacin & inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulindac sulfide : An aryl sulfide that is a metabolite of sulindac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which also has anticancer activity.	2.49	2	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2.42	2	0
13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z)-isomer; RN for unspecified isomer not in Chemline 8/12/83. 13-HPODE : An HPODE (hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroperoxy group is at position 13.	1.96	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.13	1	0
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.04	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
bay 11-7085 BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.	2.15	1	0	benzenes; nitrile; sulfone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	2.63	2	0	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.37	2	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	5.57	27	0
n-(aminocarbonyl)-2-ethyl-2-butenamide [no description available]	2.85	4	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	2.7	3	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	3.25	6	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	5.74	28	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
mevinphos Mevinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	2.03	1	0
muconic acid muconic acid: a metabolite of benzene; reported to be a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene; structure given in first source. trans,trans-muconic acid : The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.. muconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid with unsaturation at positions 2 and 4.	2.05	1	0	muconic acid	biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	3.37	7	0	alkali metal atom
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2.42	2	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	5.2	16	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	5.95	8	1	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	5.59	5	1	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	7.99	9	5	metal atom; pnictogen
levallorphan Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)	3.06	5	0	morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.	1.95	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.86	7	1	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	3.75	2	1	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	14.77	110	5	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.47	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	9.74	40	5	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
dextrorphan Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.	3.23	6	0	morphinane alkaloid
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	3.67	10	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
oxilorphan oxilorphan: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	5.78	4	2	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
methylnaltrexone methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer	12.15	30	2	phenanthrenes
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	2.11	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	4.78	7	1	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
batimastat batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.	2.13	1	0	hydroxamic acid; L-phenylalanine derivative; organic sulfide; secondary carboxamide; thiophenes; triamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	7.42	15	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
glyceryl behenate 1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.	2.52	2	0	1-monoglyceride; fatty acid ester	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	2.48	2	0	azoxy compound
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.74	3	0
2-cyano-n-((ethylamino)carbonyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamide 2-cyano-N-((ethylamino)carbonyl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)	7.7	21	1	styrenes
2,3-oxidosqualene 2,3-oxidosqualene: an oxidized derivative of SQUALENE that can fold in several ways: chair-boat-chair-boat to LANOSTEROL; chair-chair-chair-boat to dammarane; or all chair to hopane and on to cycloartenol; RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer. 2,3-epoxysqualene : A squalene triterpenoid obtained by formal epoxidation across the 2,3 C=C bond of squalene.	1.99	1	0	epoxide; squalene triterpenoid
methoprene Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.	2.48	2	0	isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; isopropyl ester	juvenile hormone mimic
ethyl arachidonate ethyl arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.	2.04	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
piperic acid piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).	2.86	3	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; benzodioxoles	plant metabolite
plastoquinone [no description available]	2.53	2	0	plastoquinone
cpp 199 norzimelidine: pharmacologically active N-demethylated metabolite of zimelidine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.66	3	0
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	2.67	3	0	alkaloid
puerarin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
deplancheine deplancheine: from Alstonia deplanchei; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	4.22	5	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	5.98	14	2	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.36	2	0
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	3.19	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.71	3	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
deoxyribose [no description available]	2.37	2	0	deoxypentose	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	10.34	33	11	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	2.73	3	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
astatine Astatine: Astatine. A radioactive halogen with the atomic symbol At, and atomic number 85. Its isotopes range in mass number from 200 to 219 and all have an extremely short half-life. Astatine may be of use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism because it emits ALPHA PARTICLES.	2.43	2	0	elemental astatine
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	7.52	40	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	4.89	8	1	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
oripavine oripavine: from, Papaver orientale L. & P. bacterium Lindl; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6707; RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer. oripavine : A morphinane alkaloid with formula C18H19NO3. It is the major metabolite of thebaine.	1.96	1	0	ether; morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic hydroxy compound; tertiary amino compound	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; opioid analgesic
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	7.28	18	2	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.71	3	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	6.1	23	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	1.97	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
ramiprilat ramiprilat : A dipeptide that is the active metabolite of ramipril. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.	2	1	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
lavandulol lavandulol: defensive pheromone of the red-lined carrion beetle and additive in perfumes; structure in first source. lavandulol : A monoterpenoid alcohol that is hepta-1-5-diene which is substituted at positions 2 and 6 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group. It is commonly found in lavender oil.	2.08	1	0	lavandulol
imidaprilat imidaprilat: structure given in first source; active metabolite of imidapril. imidaprilat : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is imidapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding acid group. It is the active metabolite of imidapril used to treat hypertension.	2	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
demethoxycurcumin demethoxycurcumin: corresponds to curcumin with one methoxy group replaced by hydrogen; isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa. demethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior.	2.11	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
cinanserin Cinanserin: A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.. cinanserin : An aryl sulfide that is (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(2-sulfanylphenyl)prop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. It is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication.	3.99	14	0	aryl sulfide; cinnamamides; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
naphthylvinylpyridine Naphthylvinylpyridine: 4(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine hydrochloride. Cholinesterase inhibitor. Synonym: YuB 25.	2.67	3	0
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	2.42	2	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
phytochlorin phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source	2.21	1	0
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	4.33	15	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
l 685458 L 685458: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; structure in first source. L-685,458 : A peptide and carboxamide that is L-leucyl-L-phenylalaninamide, L-Leu-L-Phe-NH2, which has been acylated on the N-terminus by a Phe-Phe hydroxyethylene dipeptide isotere, 2R-benzyl-5S-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4R-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid. Compounds based on the structure of L-685,458 are potent inhibitors of gamma-secretase, which mediates the final catalytic step that generates the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), which assembles into the neurotoxic aggregates in the brains of sufferers of Alzheimer's disease.	2.51	2	0	carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; peptide; secondary alcohol	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor; peptidomimetic
ancriviroc Ancriviroc: CCR5 receptor antagonist	8.25	28	2	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
pafuramidine pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine	2.03	1	0
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	6.05	27	0	isoquinolines
binaltorphimine binaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	3.38	7	0	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
morphine-3-glucuronide morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.47	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
dermorphin dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin	2.13	1	0	oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	5.63	28	0
n-methylnaloxone N-methylnaloxone: quaternary derivative of naloxone	2.72	3	0
chlornaltrexamine chlornaltrexamine: RN given refers to (5alpha,6beta)-isomer	1.97	1	0
licostinel licostinel: a glycine site NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
6-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1h,4h)-quinoxalinedione 6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedione: inhibits AMPA receptor binding; structure given in first source	2	1	0
troxerutin troxerutin: used in treatment of venous disorders; structure; venoruton & oxerutin is a mixture of hydroxyethyl rutinosides	1.96	1	0
sch 32615 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
enkephalinamide-leu, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Leu, Ala(2)-: RN given refers to (L-leucinamide)-isomer	2.1	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	5.44	7	2	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	5.06	3	1
gr 94800 GR 94800: a selective NK2 heptapeptide antagonist	3.1	5	0
disprocynium 24 disprocynium 24: a cyanine-type inhibitor of extraneuronal monoamine transport	2.01	1	0
alvimopan anhydrous alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain	21.07	182	45	peptide
baohuoside i baohuoside I: structure given in first source; isolated from the herb Epimedium davidii	2.11	1	0	glycosyloxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
n(alpha)-phosphorylalanylproline N(alpha)-phosphorylalanylproline: inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.02	1	0
ro 48-3657 sibrafiban: prodrug of Ro-44-3888; structure in first source	13.55	40	13	N-acylglycine
delphinidin-3-rutinoside delphinidin-3-rutinoside: anthocyanin from eggplant skin	2.02	1	0	anthocyanidin glycoside
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	6.43	5	3	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
1,6-dihydroxyxanthone 1,6-dihydroxyxanthone: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
2-tert-butyl-9-fluoro-3,6-dihydro-7h-benz(h)imidazo(4,5-f)isoquinoline-7-one 2-tert-butyl-9-fluoro-3,6-dihydro-7H-benz(h)imidazo(4,5-f)isoquinoline-7-one: a janus-activated kinase inhibitor. 2-tert-butyl-9-fluoro-1,6-dihydrobenzo[h]imidazo[4,5-f]isoquinolin-7-one : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,6-dihydrobenzo[h]imidazo[4,5-f]isoquinolin-7-one bearing additional tert-butyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2 and 9 respectively.	2.67	3	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
vx680 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
bms 806 BMS 806: prevents entry of HIV into cells by binding HIV envelope protein gp120; no further info available 4/2002	3.89	4	0
oleoyl-coenzyme a oleoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.06	1	0	octadecenoyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-acetylsphingosine N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.	2.4	2	0	N-acylsphingosine
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	4.06	14	0	isoquinolines
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source	3.47	2	0
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	4.57	25	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	2.06	1	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
phenyldehydroalanine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	3.34	6	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
virodhamine virodhamine: arachidonic acid and ethanolamine joined by an ester linkage, like anandamide with oxygen and nitrogen reversed; an endocannabinoid from rat; structure in first source	3.54	2	0	fatty acid ester
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	2.11	1	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	2.01	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
cyprodime cyprodime: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0
viroxime [no description available]	2.52	2	0
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	2.25	1	0
cgp 37849 2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer	3.26	6	0
ajmaline Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.	4.82	6	0
aurachin d aurachin D: extracted from myxobacterium, Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15; MF: C25-H33-N-O; MW: 363; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2.42	2	0
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.64	3	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
7-hydroxy-2-(n-n-propyl-n-(3-iodo-2'-propenyl)-amino)tetralin 7-hydroxy-2-(N-n-propyl-N-(3-iodo-2'-propenyl)-amino)tetralin: D3 dopamine receptor ligand; structure given in first source. 2-{[(2E)-3-iodoprop-2-en-1-yl](propyl)amino}tetralin-7-ol : A tertiary amino compound that consists of 2-amino-7-hydroxytetralin in which the two amino hydrogens are substituted by 2E)-3-iodoallyl and propyl groups. This ligand has uniquely high affinity and selectivity for the D3 receptor.	2.1	1	0	organoiodine compound; phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	dopamine agonist
am-356 methanandamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (all-Z)-(+-)-isomer	5.42	59	0	fatty amide
sk&f 93479 SK&F 93479: inhibits nocturnal acid secretion	1.96	1	0
monorden monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II	2.01	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antifungal agent; metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
iodoresiniferatoxin iodoresiniferatoxin: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist	3.88	4	0
naloxone benzoylhydrazone naloxone benzoylhydrazone: structure given in first source	2	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	8.61	196	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	2.4	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.	2.05	1	0
tris(trimethylsilyl)silane [no description available]	2.43	2	0
radium Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.	1.94	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	4.5	22	0
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture	4.98	3	3
clovoxamine [no description available]	5.71	3	2	5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime; monochlorobenzenes	antidepressant
alginate, aluminium hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate, sodium bicarbonate drug combination alginate, aluminium hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate, sodium bicarbonate drug combination: foaming antacid containing aluminum hydroxide gel, magnesium trisilicate, sodium bicarbonate & alginic acid	5.94	4	2
palonosetron Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.	6.84	5	4	azabicycloalkane; delta-lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound	antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	2.72	3	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
cgp 39551 CGP 39551: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.11	5	0
fk 409 FK 409: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces griseoporeus	2.4	2	0
mevalonolactone mevalonolactone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. mevalonolactone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-mevalonolactone and (S)-mevalonolactone.	3.33	2	0	4-hydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-one	fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	2.66	3	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	10.63	315	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.69	2	0	amidobenzoic acid
proxyfan [no description available]	2.47	2	0	benzyl ether
ciproxifan [no description available]	4.06	14	0	aromatic ketone
cyclo(gln-trp-phe-gly-leu-met) cyclo(Gln-Trp-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met): tachykinin and neurokinin-2 receptor antagonist	2.67	3	0
pregnanediol [no description available]	2.1	1	0
imidafenacin imidafenacin: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	diarylmethane
clazosentan clazosentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist used for cerebral vasospasm; structure in first source;	2.07	1	0
radolmidine radolmidine: an alpha2-adrenergic agonist; radolmidine is the HCl salt	2.1	1	0
era-923 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1-(4-(2-piperidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-benzyl)-1H-indol-5-ol: structure in first source	4.09	3	1
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	azoxy compound
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	5.2	4	3
bambermycins Bambermycins: Antibiotic complex obtained from Streptomyces bambergiensis containing mainly Moenomycins A and C. They are used as feed additives and growth promoters for poultry, swine, and cattle.	1.96	1	0
bongkrekic acid Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.	2	1	0	ether; olefinic compound; tricarboxylic acid	apoptosis inhibitor; ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; toxin
pumiliotoxin a pumiliotoxin A: see also records for pumiliotoxin B, pumiliotoxin C & pumiliotoxins	4.71	9	0	alkaloid
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.1	1	0
ozolinone ozolinone: active metabolite of etozolin; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; structure in first source	3.46	8	0
latrunculin b latrunculin B: 14-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin A; structure given in first source. latrunculin B : A macrolide consisting of a 14-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica.	2.05	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.77	3	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
himbacine himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R,6S)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. himbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.	7.43	64	0	gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; piperidine alkaloid	muscarinic antagonist
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
ro 13-6298 ethyl-p-((E)-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: used in psoriasis therapy; structure given in first source	2	1	0
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.	1.98	1	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
pumiliotoxin b pumiliotoxin B: saturated indolizidine alkaloid from skin of panamanian frog Dendrobates pumilio; see also records for pumiliotoxin A, pumiliotoxin C & pumiliotoxins	4.33	20	0
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid SDZ EAA 494: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	3.7	10	0
histrionicotoxin histrionicotoxin: toxin isolated from Colombian frog, Dendrobates histrionicus; structure. histrionicotoxin : An azaspiro compound that is 1-azaspiro[5.5]undecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8, a but-1-en-3-yn-1-yl group at position 7 and a pent-3-en-1-yn-5-yl group at position 2 (the 2S,6R,7S,8S stereoisomer).	4.44	7	0
manoalide manoalide: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; sesterterpene from marine sponge L. variabilis; structure given in first source. manoalide : A sesterterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Luffariella variabilis and which has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity towards phospholipase A2.	2.31	1	0	butenolide; lactol; sesterterpenoid	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; metabolite
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
ly 53857 LY 53857: RN given refers to maleate[1:1](8beta)-isomer	3.68	10	0
cgp 39653 CGP 39653: NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.39	7	0
sphingosine phosphorylcholine sphingosine phosphorylcholine: a wound healing agent	2	1	0
bm 15766 BM 15766: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase antagonist	1.99	1	0
gephyrotoxin gephyrotoxin: alkaloid from Colombian frog Dendrobates histrionicus	3.06	1	0
sufoxazine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
bryostatin 2 bryostatin 2: semisynthetic cpd from Ectoprocta (Bryozoa); activates protein kinase C. bryostatin 2 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is bryostatin 1 in which the acetoxy group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	bryostatins; cyclic hemiketal; enoate ester; methyl ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite; protein kinase C agonist
kt 362 KT 362: structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
concanamycin a concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.	2.02	1	0	carbamate ester; concanamycin	antifungal agent; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-(beta)(2-(di-n-butylamino)-6-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium betaine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
manumycin manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source. manumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.	2.46	2	0	enamide; epoxide; organic heterobicyclic compound; polyketide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol	antiatherosclerotic agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; marine metabolite
igmesine [no description available]	2.9	4	0
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials	2.02	1	0
bwa 4c [no description available]	2.01	1	0
squalestatin 1 squalestatin 1: structure given in first source; inhibits both mammalian and fungal squalene synthetase; from fungus Phoma sp (Coelomycetes). zaragozic acid A : A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; oxabicycloalkane; polyketide; tertiary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.21 (squalene synthase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
viprostol viprostol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5Z,11alpha,13E)-isomer	1.96	1	0
ici 192605 ICI 192605: structure given in first source; thromboxane receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
epiderstatin epiderstatin: structure given in first source; isolated from Streptomyces pulveraceus subsp. epiderstagenes; inhibits mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor	2.38	2	0
broussochalcone a broussochalcone A: RN given for (E)-isomer; inhibits neutrophil respiratory burst; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
tmk 777 [no description available]	3.23	6	0
tmk 688 TMK 688: structure given in first source	3.6	9	0
dv 7028 DV 7028: selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist	3.69	10	0
e 3330 E 3330: structure given in first source; MW 378.47	2.17	1	0
mci 826 MCI 826: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist; inhibits late asthmatic response; structure in first source	2	1	0
l 689660 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor	2.07	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
dehydropipernonaline dehydropipernonaline: coronary vasodilator from Piper longum L; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0	benzodioxoles
disufenton sodium disufenton sodium: a nitrone benzene bissulfonate in development for stroke; has neuroprotective activity; structure in first source	3.13	1	0
rupintrivir rupintrivir: a rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitor	2.5	2	0
sanshool sanshool: isolated from the stem bark of Zanthoxylum liebmannianum; RN given for (E,E,Z,E)-isomer; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	fatty amide
valerenic acid valerenic acid: a saturated oplopanone type indene from Valeriana officinalis. valerenic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 3 by a 3,7-dimethyl-2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-yl group. A bicyclic sesquiterpenoid constituent of the essential oil of the Valerian plant.	2.21	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; sesquiterpenoid	GABA modulator; plant metabolite; sedative; volatile oil component
acuminatin acuminatin: from Epimedium acuminatum; Chemline give RN 41744-39-2 for acuminatin, but the compound has a different structure than the one given in journal. acuminatin : A neolignan that is 5-[(1E)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran carrying additional 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, methyl and methoxy substituents at positions 2, 3 and 7 respectively.	2.13	1	0	1-benzofurans; dimethoxybenzene; neolignan; olefinic compound; ring assembly	fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
everolimus [no description available]	10.3	18	3	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
guineensine guineensine: an Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, from the fruits of Piper longum; structure in first sourc	2.49	2	0	benzodioxoles
riligustilide riligustilide: isolated from Angelica sinensis; structure in first source	3.35	1	0
mycophenolic acid glucuronide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
amphidinolide a amphidinolide A: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	2.06	1	0
oleoylimidazolide [no description available]	2.08	1	0
ixabepilone [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
ekb 569 EKB 569: an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor	3.55	2	0	aminoquinoline; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	protein kinase inhibitor
arvanil arvanil: structure in first source	3.12	5	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
axitinib [no description available]	8.67	15	1	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
laniquidar laniquidar: structure in first source	3.11	1	0
indiplon indiplon: structure in first source	2.46	2	0	pyrimidines
ibutamoren mesylate ibutamoren mesylate: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source	4.02	4	0
s 1360 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	2.03	1	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
cx 614 2H,3H,6aH-pyrrolidino(2'',1''-3',2')1,3-oxazino(6',5'-5,4)benzo(e)1, 4-dioxan-10-one: an ampakine (AMPA receptor modulator); structure in first source	4.07	4	0
netupitant netupitant: orally active neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist. netupitant : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoic acid with the secondary amino group of N-methyl-4-(2-methylphenyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-amine; an antiemetic used in combination with palonosetron hydrochloride (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.	3.93	2	1	aminopyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; toluenes	antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist
l 744832 L 744832: a CaaX peptidomimetic; a specific farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitor; structure given in first source. L-744,832 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(2S,3S)-2-{[(2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropyl]amino}-3-methylpentyl]oxy}-3-phenylpropanoic acid with the amino group of propan-2-yl (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfonyl)butanoate. It is a farnesyltransferase inhibitor that exhibits anticancer properties.	2.44	2	0	benzenes; ether; isopropyl ester; secondary carboxamide; sulfone; thiol	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; geroprotector
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	2.15	1	0
dansyl-arginine-methylpiperidine amide [no description available]	2.36	2	0
sudoterb sudoterb: an antibacterial active against M. tuberculosis; structure in first source	3.41	1	0
noladin ether noladin ether: a cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist; structure in first source. 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether : A monoalkylglycerol that is glycerol which is substituted by a (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraen-1-yl group at position 2.	3.65	9	0	2-alkylglycerol; endocannabinoid; monoalkylglycerol
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	4.25	5	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
fm1 43 FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source	2.92	4	0	organic bromide salt; pyridinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt; tertiary amine	fluorochrome
manzamine a manzamine A: RN given refers to (1R-(1R,9Z,13S,13aR,20aR,21aR*)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92. manzamine A : An alkaloid of the class of beta-carbolines isolated from Haliclona and Acanthostrongylophora. It exhibits inhibitory activity against Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (EC 2.7.11.26).	3.35	1	0	alkaloid; beta-carbolines; isoquinolines	animal metabolite; anti-HSV-1 agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; marine metabolite
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
paclobutrazol paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.	2.08	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	2.66	3	0
a 77636 A 77636: structure given in first source; a selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist. (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol : An isochromene that is 3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol bearing additional aminomethyl and 1-adamantyl substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively (the 1R,3S-diastereomer). Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.	2	1	0	adamantanes; catechols; isochromenes; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
l 750667 L 750667: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	piperazines
mdl 105519 MDL 105519: a potent ligand at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-associated glycine recognition site; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
sb 222200 [no description available]	3.63	9	0	quinolines
cr 2945 CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	1.96	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
suloctidil Suloctidil: A peripheral vasodilator that was formerly used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is hepatotoxic and fatalities have occurred. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	1.96	1	0
am 404 [no description available]	7.34	79	0	anilide
sb 218795 SB 218795: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	quinolines
ro 25-6981 Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.	10.99	195	0	benzenes; phenols; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
sb 269970 SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source	3.99	13	0	sulfonamide
dinitrofluorobenzene 3,3'-difluorobenzaldazine: a selective positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5 activity; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
omdm-2 cpd OMDM-2 cpd: structure in first source	2.96	4	0
sb 334867-a 1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist	3.7	9	0	naphthyridine derivative
iem 1460 IEM 1460: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
lactacystin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
echinocystic acid echinocystic acid: aglycone moiety of saponin chrysantellin	2.07	1	0
hydroxyachillin hydroxyachillin: isolated from Tanacetum microphyllum; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	gamma-lactone
bicuculline methobromide [no description available]	2.67	3	0
6 beta-hydroxycortisol 6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.	4.32	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 6beta-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; probe
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	4.86	8	1
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	3.63	3	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	9.49	39	1	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	9.46	72	2	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	3.4	7	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.78	11	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
fk 866 N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source	12.13	161	3	benzamides; N-acylpiperidine
17-n,n-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-azaandrostane-3-one 17-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-azaandrostane-3-one: inhibitor of testosterone 5-alpha reductase, receptor binding & nuclear uptake of androgens in the prostate	1.97	1	0
fumagillin [no description available]	3.58	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.44	2	0
tiapamil hydrochloride Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.	2	1	0
oxitropium oxitropium: RN given refers to bromide; structure	1.99	1	0
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer	2	1	0
bufogenin bufogenin: respiratory stimulant; from toad; structure. bufogenin : A steroid lactone of Chan su (toad venom), a Chinese medicine obtained from the skin venom gland of toads. A specific Na/K-ATPase protein inhibitor, it is used as a cardiotonic and central nervous system (CNS) respiratory agent, an analgesic and anesthetic, and as a remedy for ulcers.	1.95	1	0	epoxy steroid; steroid lactone	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
vapiprost vapiprost: thromboxane receptor antagonist; prostaglandin receptor antagonist	2	1	0
dexniguldipine niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance	2.42	2	0	diarylmethane
itasetron itasetron: a potent 5HT-3 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
2,8-dimethyl-3-methylene-1-oxa-8-azaspiro(4,5)decane 2,8-dimethyl-3-methylene-1-oxa-8-azaspiro(4,5)decane: structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	3.19	1	0	organic molecular entity
eaa-090 EAA-090: a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
perfosfamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
napsagatran napsagatran: structure given in first source	7.59	17	3
hexarelin hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6	2.77	3	0
ganaxolone ganaxolone: a selective, high-affinity, steroid modulator of the GABA(A) receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer	3.35	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
vilazodone hydrochloride [no description available]	2.54	2	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
l 371257 L 371257: structure given in first source	6.07	14	0
vofopitant [no description available]	10.16	68	8
oleoyl-estrone oleoyl-estrone: induces the loss of body fat in rats	2.44	2	0
beta-elemene beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.	2	1	0	beta-elemene	antineoplastic agent
pd 174494 PD 174494: structure in first source	3.65	9	0	piperidines
lergotrile lergotrile: RN given refers to parent cpd(8beta)-isomer	1.96	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
pd 184352 2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source	4.38	3	0	aminobenzoic acid
rwj-333369 S-2-O-carbamoyl-1-o-chlorophenyl-ethanol: neuromodulator/Antiepileptic Agent; structure in first source	3.61	2	0	organochlorine compound
isavuconazole isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.	4.27	3	1	1,3-thiazoles; conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor; orphan drug
voclosporin voclosporin: semi-synthetic cyclosporine A analog & calcineurin inhibitor; FDA approved use to treat lupus nephritis.	3.15	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	2.5	2	0	diarylmethane
jwh-133 1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.	4.45	21	0	benzochromene; dibenzopyran; organic heterotricyclic compound	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; CB2 receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; vasodilator agent
bibx 1382bs BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001	2.02	1	0	substituted aniline
vildagliptin [no description available]	11.22	33	2	amino acid amide
tm 723 TM 723: similar in chem struct to kassein R, component of pueraria root (popular in China & Japan as crude drug)	1.97	1	0
belinostat [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxamic acid; olefinic compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sb 399885 SB 399885: 5-HT6 receptor antagonist	2.1	1	0
ro4368554 Ro4368554: the selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist Ro4368554 restores memory performance in cholinergic and serotonergic models of memory deficiency in the rat	2.04	1	0
xct790 XCT790: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	cinnamamides
panobinostat Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.	3.94	3	0	cinnamamides; hydroxamic acid; methylindole; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.21	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
tryptophanol tryptophanol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.21	1	0
n-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidine N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source	3.14	5	0
lysylglycine lysylglycine: structure in first source. Lys-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and glycine residues.	2.17	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
5-ht-moduline 5-HT-moduline: isolated from rat brain; interacts specifically with HT 1B/1D receptors	2.02	1	0
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	10.4	50	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	3.33	7	0
kopsinine kopsinine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2alpha,3beta,5alpha)-isomer; has hepatoprotective properties	2.07	1	0	indole alkaloid	metabolite
cyclo(leucyl-prolyl) cyclo(leucyl-prolyl): structure in first source. cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) : A homodetic cyclic peptide composed from leucyl and prolyl residues.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide; homodetic cyclic peptide; pyrrolopyrazine	bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite
loa lithocholic acid acetate: structure in first source	1.92	1	0
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	3.83	2	1	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	3.98	4	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	5.44	5	3	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
9h-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-n-(1-methylethyl)- 9H-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-N-(1-methylethyl)-: an epichaperome (purine-scaffold) inhibitor; structure in first source	2.54	2	0
sl 327 SL 327: a MEK inhibitor. SL-327 : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen attached to the same carbon as the cyano group has been replaced by an o-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group, while the remaining hydrogens of the ethenyl group have been replaced by amino and (4-aminophenyl)sulfanyl groups. The configuration of the double bond is not specified. It is an inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2.	2.47	2	0
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.67	3	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	5.39	19	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.71	3	0
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	3.53	1	1	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
ropizine ropizine: structure	2.89	4	0
1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-((1-ethyl-3-piperidyl)amino)-6-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl)guanidine 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-((1-ethyl-3-piperidyl)amino)-6-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl)guanidine: structure	1.95	1	0
milameline milameline: a candidate drug for the treatment of age-related disorders of cognition; RN refers to the E-isomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
azimilide azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride	3.38	7	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
pirsidomine pirsidomine: a sydnonimine with direct vasodilating and nitric oxide-donating properties; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
naloxonazine naloxonazine: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source	2.94	4	0
sabcomeline sabcomeline: selective for M1 receptors; RN refers to (R,S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	quinuclidines
chlorhexidine gluconate, lidocaine drug combination chlorhexidine gluconate, lidocaine drug combination: combination gel of lidocaine & chlorhexidine gluconate	1.95	1	0
impentamine impentamine: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
fpl 15896ar [no description available]	3.05	4	0
3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)piperidine 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)piperidine: an excitatory amino acid antagonist	4.29	17	0
clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone: active metabolite of lactacystin; inhibits 20 S proteasome; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
pridopidine pridopidine: a dopamine stabilizer; structure in first source	19.1	60	10
osu 6162 OSU 6162: reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesias without inducing akinesia	10.23	45	7
iniparib [no description available]	3.97	3	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
ssr180711 SSR180711: a selective alpha7 acetylcholine nicotinic receptor (n-AChRs) partial agonist; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
dibutyl phthalate 6-((3-cyclobutyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-7-yl)oxy)-N-methyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide: GSK-189254 is the HCl salt; an H3 receptor antagonist; putative cognitive enhancer; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
CB-13 naphthalen-1-yl-(4-pentyloxynaphthalen-1-yl)methanone: has antihyperalgesic activity; structure in first source	2.51	2	0	benzophenones
l 745337 L 745337: a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2	2.05	1	0
ns 7 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
gw 311616 GW 311616: structure in first source	3.55	8	0
win 51708 WIN 51708: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	2.4	2	0
sm 130686 SM 130686: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
macimorelin [no description available]	2.66	2	0
ym 60828 YM 60828: YM-466 is the mesylate salt	5.41	19	0
rs 14203 RS 14203: a type IV cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; structure in first source	2	1	0
braco-19 BRACO-19: structure in first source	2.44	2	0	acridines; N-alkylpyrrolidine
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	2.15	1	0
sr 142801 SR 142801: SR 142806 is the (R)-enantiomer; structure given in first source; neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist	9.47	124	1
l 760735 L 760735: an NK1 receptor antagonist	2.7	3	0
tabimorelin tabimorelin: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
timcodar timcodar: a mutlidrug resistance inhibitor; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
plitidepsin plitidepsin: a cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Aplidium albicans; has a pyruvoyl-proline residue instead of the lactyl-proline residue found in the linear peptide moiety of didemnin B. plitidepsin : A didemnin that is didemin B in which the hydroxy group of the 1-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-L-prolinamide moiety has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. It was originally isolated from the Mediterranean tunicate Aplidium albicans.	2.03	1	0	didemnin	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
bms345541 4(2'-aminoethyl)amino-1,8-dimethylimidazo(1,2-a)quinoxaline: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
pachastrissamine pachastrissamine: a cytotoxic anhydrophytosphingosine from a marine sponge, Pachastrissa sp. ; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
s 22153 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
n-(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-fluorobenzamide N-(1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl)-4-fluorobenzamide: structure in first source	3.33	6	0
benzonitrile, 4-(2-(2-((2r)-2-methyl-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl)-5-benzofuranyl)- [no description available]	2.75	3	0
1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)indazole-3-carbohydrazide [no description available]	3.16	1	0
cp 293019 CP 293019: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
sc 57461 SC 57461: a leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
niravoline niravoline: a kappa-opioid agonist	1.99	1	0
(2s,3s)-2-phenyl-3-((5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino)piperidine (2S,3S)-2-phenyl-3-((5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino)piperidine: structure given in first source	6.84	24	3
r 121919 [no description available]	2.07	1	0
s 16924 S 16924: structure in first source	2	1	0
abiraterone acetate Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.	3.07	3	0	pyridines; sterol ester	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor; prodrug
amesergide amesergide: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	6.99	14	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
kb r7943 2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source	2.72	3	0
ispronicline ispronicline: a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator; has antidepressant, neuroprotective, and cognitive effects; structure in first source	3.86	2	1
ono 8711 ONO 8711: a prostaglandin E receptor EP1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
n-(4-(2-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)-n-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfonyl)pyrid-3-ylmethylamine N-(4-(2-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfonyl)pyrid-3-ylmethylamine: a metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor potentiator; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	2.08	1	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
anamorelin anamorelin: a ghrelin receptor agonist for treatment of cachexia; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	6	10	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
lu 28-179 Lu 28-179: sigma(2) ligand and lysosomotropic agent; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide: a proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptide; SL-NH2 is NOT Ser-Leu-NH2 here	2.73	3	0
ipamorelin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
vestipitant [no description available]	8.91	11	4
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	4.32	19	0	oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine- vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source	2.91	4	0
avibactam avibactam : A member of the class of azabicycloalkanes that is (2S,5R)-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxamide in which the amino hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a sulfooxy group. Used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftazidime pentahydrate for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis.	3.23	4	0	azabicycloalkane; hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; ureas	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
ucb 34714 brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.	2.15	1	0	gamma-lactam; non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative	anticonvulsant
mgs 0028 MGS 0028: a group II mGluR agonist; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
gt 2016 4-(1-cyclohexylpentanoyl-4-piperidyl)-1H-imidazole: structure given in first source	2	1	0
etomoxir [no description available]	2.81	3	0	aromatic ether
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	1.97	1	0
2-propyl-4,5,5a,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-thia-5-azacyclopent-1-ena(c)phenanthrene-9,10-diol A 86929: a selective dopamine D1 agonists; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
ro 64-6198 Ro 64-6198: an orphanin FQ/nociceptin receptor agonist; structure in first source	3.75	10	0
cp 55244 CP 55244: RN given refers to the (2alpha,4abeta,6alpha,8alpha,8aalpha)-(+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol hemisuccinate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
sch 44342 SCH 44342: inhibits farnesyl protein transferase; structure in first source	2.9	4	0
muromonab-cd3 xestospongin C: was indexed to xestospongin A; from Xestospongia sponge; empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release. xestospongin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua.	2.78	3	0	alkaloid; macrocycle; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; IP3 receptor antagonist; marine metabolite
l 772405 L 772405: an h5-HT(1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.77	3	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ah 1058 AH 1058: structure in first source	4.71	9	0
sr 147778 surinabant: structure in first source	7.61	9	2	pyrazoles; ring assembly
wck 771 WCK 771: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
ly 306740 LY 306740: LY-307679 is the inactive enantiomer	2.91	4	0
sdz nkt 343 SDZ NKT 343: structure in first source	2.4	2	0
orvepitant [no description available]	9.2	8	5
zd 6021 ZD 6021: structure in first source	2.71	3	0
akr 501 avatrombopag: enhances megakaryocytopoiesis; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	7.62	14	1	1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine
bms201038 BMS201038: an anticholesteremic agent and microsomal triglycide transfer protein inhibitor. lomitapide : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 9-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide. Used (as its mesylate salt) as a complement to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.	3.14	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; fluorenes; piperidines	anticholesteremic drug; MTP inhibitor
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	6.06	16	2	organic molecular entity
rwj-56110 RWJ-56110: a PAR-1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
cangrelor cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.	2.46	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; aryl sulfide; nucleoside triphosphate analogue; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cabazitaxel cabazitaxel: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. cabazitaxel : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.	2.17	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-stabilising agent
fluticasone furoate fluticasone furoate: a glucocorticoid; structure in first source. fluticasone furoate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	6.5	3	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid ester; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; prodrug
flag peptide FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.	2.43	2	0	peptide
ogt2378 sinbaglustat: an antineopl agent; structure in first source	4.95	4	2
cgs 35066 CGS 35066: an endothelin-converting enzyme-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
f 13640 befiradol: a selective serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist	6.08	36	0
pbox-6 PBOX-6: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	6.68	50	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.	2.08	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic amide; ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide	beta-adrenergic agonist
sc 236 4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: SC58236 = SC236 re email from Harris, Ray	2.42	2	0
t-226296 T-226296: structure in first source	3.83	3	0
jte 907 JTE 907: a cannabinoid CB2 receptor ligand; structure in first source	4.23	3	0	aromatic amide; quinolines
remimazolam remimazolam: sedative; structure in first source	8.89	8	3
s 33084 S 33084: a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.13	5	0
biphenyl-indanone a biphenyl-indanone A: an mGluR2 agonist; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	biphenyls
cilobradine cilobradine: has bradycardic activity	4.92	13	0
jnj 10397049 JNJ 10397049: a selective orexin receptor-2 antagonist	2.47	2	0
ajm300 AJM300: an alpha4 integrin antagonist	3.23	1	0
em 800 EM 800: EM-800 is the prodrug of EM-652; EM-800 and EM-776 are (S)- and (R)-isomers, respectively; structure in first source	4.7	5	0
tak 475 1-((1-(3-acetoxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-7-chloro-5-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-4,1-benzoxazepin-3-yl)acetyl)piperidine-4-acetic acid: inhibits squalene synthase; structure in first source	11.24	28	0
tmc-95a TMC-95A: produced by Apiospora montagnei Sacc.TC 1093; structure in first source. TMC-95A : A 17-membered macrocyclic lactam that incorporates a phenol and a substituted indole moiety. It includes a R-hydroxy group at position 11 and a (3-methyl-2-oxopentanoyl)amino group at position at position 18 with a S-methyl group. It acts as a proteasome inhibitor and is obtained from Apiospora montagnei Sacc. TC 1093, isolated from a soil sample.	2.02	1	0	indoles; lactam; macrocycle; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; fungal metabolite; proteasome inhibitor
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.41	1	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
azd 7009 AZD 7009: an anti-arrhythmia agent; no further info available 10/2006	2.03	1	0
men 11420 [no description available]	5.17	18	0
n-((1s,trans)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl)adenosine N-((1S,trans)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl)adenosine: structure given in first source; an adenosine A1 receptor agonist	2.03	1	0	purine nucleoside
bts 67582 [no description available]	3.1	1	0
slv 313 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
dapagliflozin [no description available]	4.16	1	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
hmr 1556 HMR 1556: an I(Ks) channel blocker; structure in first source	2.74	3	0
nnc 05-2090 NNC 05-2090: structure given in first source	2.95	4	0	carbazoles
sm 19712 SM 19712: an endothelin converting enzyme inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
s 24795 S 24795: acetylcholine agonist	2.04	1	0
arc111 topovale: topoisomerase I-targeting anticancer drug; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
vuf 2274 5-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-2,2-diphenylpentanenitrile: an inverse agonist of human cytomegalovirus; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
xestospongin a xestospongin A: blocks inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors; structure in first source; from Xestospongia sponge	2.42	2	0
ggti 2147 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
6-(6-(4-hydroxypiperidinyl)hexyloxy)-3-methylflavone hydrochloride 6-(6-(4-hydroxypiperidinyl)hexyloxy)-3-methylflavone hydrochloride: a potent, selective & orally active sigma site ligand; has no effect on dopamine turnover; structure fiven in first source	3.08	5	0
ngb 2904 NGB 2904: a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.49	2	0	fluorenes
tak 637 TAK 637: structure in first source	2.69	3	0
zd 6126 [no description available]	2.42	2	0
mart-1 antigen MART-1 Antigen: A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.	2.15	1	0
shu 9119 SHU 9119: an agouti mimetic; structure in first source	2.45	2	0
2-((aminocarbonyl)amino)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide 2-((aminocarbonyl)amino)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide: an IKK-2 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.66	2	0	aromatic amide; thiophenes
ro 48-8587 Ro 48-8587: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
sr 14150 SR 14150: mixed NOP and mu-opioid receptor ligand and antinociceptive; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
cps 49 CPS 49: has antineoplastic activity	2.47	2	0
mdl 105725 MDL 105725: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
tgx 221 TGX 221: a platelet aggregation inhibitor	2.15	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
flb 457 FLB 457: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
ah 11110a AH 11110A: structure in first source	2.93	4	0
l 838,417 L 838,417: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
dmp 696 DMP 696: a CRF(1) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
sb 705498 SB 705498: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
psd 502 Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination: A topical local anesthetic preparation that is composed of a mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine. It is used to provide anesthesia during minor surgery and for the treatment of PREMATURE EJACULATION.	2.43	2	0
avosentan Avosentan: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
selexipag selexipag: prostacyclin receptor agonist. selexipag : A member of the class of pyrazines that is N-(methanesulfonyl)-2-{4-[(propan-2-yl)(pyrazin-2-yl)amino]butoxy}acetamide carrying two additional phenyl substituents at positions 5 and 6 on the pyrazine ring. An orphan drug used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is a prodrug for ACT-333679 (the free carboxylic acid).	2.15	1	0	aromatic amine; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	orphan drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prodrug; prostacyclin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
hki 272 [no description available]	4.46	6	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
sr 144190 SR 144190: structure in first source	2.92	4	0
casopitant [no description available]	14.51	39	17	piperidines
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	4.61	1	1	fatty acid ester
perampanel perampanel : A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.	2.17	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	AMPA receptor antagonist; anticonvulsant
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	28.75	1,614	343	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ly 392098 LY 392098: structure in first source	2.41	2	0
ly 404187 LY 404187: structure in first source	2.92	4	0
ac 260584 4-(3-(4-butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl)-7-fluoro-4H-benzo(1,4)oxazin-3-one: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source	3	4	0	piperazines; pyridines
(1-((1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl)-1h-indol-3-yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone (1-((1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone: a cannabinergic agent; structure in first source	2.77	3	0
olesoxime olesoxime: drug candidate for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
n-(4-chloro-2-((1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2h-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide N-(4-chloro-2-((1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide: a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
rucaparib AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source	8.35	31	0	azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
cediranib [no description available]	6.71	13	0	aromatic ether
l 706000 L 706000: a spirobenzopyran piperidine; structure given in first source	4.54	24	0
gw0742 GW 610742: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
6h-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine-6-acetamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-, (6s)- [no description available]	2.53	2	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
eht 1864 [no description available]	2.51	2	0
terutroban terutroban: a thromboxan receptor antagonist	2.13	1	0
ssr 146977 SSR 146977: a tachykinin NK3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
dnk 333 DNK 333: a dual neurokinin NK1/NK2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
elobixibat elobixibat: inhibits ileal bile acid transporter	3.18	1	0
cc 1065 CC 1065: from Streptomyces zelensis; structure in second sourc	1.97	1	0
sr 142948a SR 142948A: structure in first source	3.1	5	0
neuromedin n neuromedin N: peptide from porcine spinal cord with amino acid sequence homologous to COOH-terminal sequence of neurotensin	2.69	3	0
zeolites [no description available]	2.87	3	0
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	15.75	68	14	organochlorine compound
3,4-dihydro-5-(4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy)-1(2h)-isoquinolinone [no description available]	4.78	30	0
npi 2358 NPI 2358: antineoplastic; structure in first source. plinabulin : A member of the class of 2,5-diketopiperazines that is piperazine-2,5-dione substituted by benzylidene and (5-tert-butyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylidene groups at positions 3 and 6, respectively. It is a vascular disrupting agent and a microtubule destabalising agent which was in clinical trials (now discontinued) for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.	2.05	1	0	2,5-diketopiperazines; benzenes; imidazoles; olefinic compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-destabilising agent
tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure	2	1	0	xanthene dye
cetilistat cetilistat: lipase inhibitor in randomized, placebo-controlled study of weight reduction in obese patients (3/2007)	3.17	1	0	benzoxazine
gr 159897 GR 159897: a selective non-peptide antagonist at tachykinin NK2 receptors; structure given in first source	3.99	13	0	tryptamines
ns 3623 NS 3623: structure in first source	2.98	4	0
cgp 55845a CGP 55845A: GABA-B receptor antagonist; RN refers to cpd with no isomeric designation; CGP 55845 is the (1S,2S)-isomer	3.57	8	0
1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride SA 4503: a sigma(1) receptor agonist; structure in first source	4.69	6	1
me 3277 ME 3277: structure in first source	2.7	3	0
2-iodophenyl-(1-(1-methylpiperidin-2-ylmethyl)-1h-indol-3-yl)methanone 2-iodophenyl-(1-(1-methylpiperidin-2-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone: a CB1 cannabinoid receptor radioligand; structure in first source	3.13	5	0
z 338 Z 338: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
vortioxetine Vortioxetine: A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.. vortioxetine : An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.	3.6	2	0	aryl sulfide; N-arylpiperazine	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonergic agonist; serotonergic antagonist
tacamonine tacamonine: structure in first source	2.43	2	0
pipernonaline pipernonaline: derived from long pepper, Piper longum; structure in first source	4.55	7	0	benzodioxoles
2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-n-((2-methoxyphenyl)methyl)ethanamine Cimbi-36: a PET radioligand; structure in first source	2.53	2	0
madangamine a madangamine A: from sponge Xestospongia ingens; structure in first source	3.35	1	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	4.8	1	1
rs 102895 [no description available]	3.88	11	0	benzoxazine
brl 52974 [no description available]	2.68	3	0
amg 3 AMG 3: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
cgp 20712a CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A	2.68	3	0
hyacinthacine a2 hyacinthacine A2: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
methyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpiperidine-3-carboxylate methyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpiperidine-3-carboxylate: a dopamine transporter ligand; structure in first source; do not confuse with CPCA cpd	3.08	5	0
n-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide N-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide: structure in first source	4.84	2	1
arachidonoylserotonin arachidonoylserotonin: an NSAID with antinociceptive activity; fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source. N-arachidonoylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the primary amino group of serotonin.	3.75	10	0	N-acylserotonin; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; capsaicin receptor antagonist; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; human metabolite; signalling molecule
fidaxomicin Fidaxomicin: A narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION.. fidaxomicin : An 18-membered macrolide that is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. A narrow spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related infections.	3.18	1	0
bicuculline methochloride bicuculline methochloride: guaternary analog of bicuculline; specific GABA antagonist in spinal cord; structure	2.66	3	0
pimavanserin pimavanserin: A 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist; ACP-103 is the dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) salt. It is used to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PARKINSON DISEASE; structure in first source.. pimavanserin : A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease.	17.5	128	22	aromatic ether; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; ureas	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist; antipsychotic agent; serotonergic antagonist
masitinib [no description available]	17.5	109	21	1,3-thiazoles; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorapaxar vorapaxar: has antiplatelet activity; structure in first source. vorapaxar : A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.	2.04	1	0	carbamate ester; lactone; naphthofuran; organofluorine compound; pyridines	cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	2.41	2	0
troparil [no description available]	1.97	1	0
n-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide: inhibits rat renal microsomal arachidonic acid epoxidation	2.15	1	0
ageladine a Ageladine A: an antiangiogenic matrixmetalloproteinase inhibitor from the marine sponge Agelas nakamurai; structure in first source. ageladine A : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-amine substituted by a 4,5-dibromo-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group at position 4. It is an alkaloid isolated from a marine sponge Agelas nakamurai and acts as an inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinases, the key enzymes involved in tumour growth, migration, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.	3.31	1	0	alkaloid; aromatic amine; imidazopyridine; organobromine compound; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; metabolite
ly-2157299 LY-2157299: an orally active transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGF-beraR) kinase inhibitor. LY-2157299 : A pyrrolopyrazole that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 6-methylpyridin-2-yl and 6-(aminocarbonyl)quinolin-4-yl groups, respectively. A Transforming growth factor-betaRI (TGF-betaRI) kinase inhibitor, it blocks TGF-beta-mediated tumor growth in glioblastoma.	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; methylpyridines; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolopyrazole; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; TGFbeta receptor antagonist
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	9.35	27	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate	4.62	3	2
huprine y huprine Y: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	8.84	15	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sepantronium sepantronium: a survivin suppressant with antineoplastic activity. sepantronium : An organic cation that is 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione in which the nitrogen at position 3 of the napthoimidazole moiety has been alkylated by a pyrazin-2-ylmethyl group.	2.31	1	0	organic cation
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	5.09	7	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
5-chloro-2-methyl-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1h-indole 5-chloro-2-methyl-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-indole: a 5-HT6 agonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	indoles
coumaperine coumaperine: from Piper nigrum (white pepper); structure in first source	3.02	4	0	N-acylpiperidine
5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-hexyl-1h-1,2,4-triazole 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole: a neutral cannabinoid receptor antagonist with antiobesity effects; structure in first source	3.84	3	0
am 1241 AM 1241: a CB(2) receptor-selective agonist; no further information available 11/2001	4.45	8	0
odanacatib odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source	3.25	1	0
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	2.74	3	0
heptakis(2,6-o-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)beta-cyclodextrin: stimulant for Bordetella pertussis Phase I	2.07	1	0
af 150 1-methylpiperidine-4-spiro-(2'-methylthiazoline): a selective and efficacious M1 agonist no further information	4.86	6	0
ns 1643 1,3-bis(2-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethylphenyl)urea: an antiarrhythmic agent that activates HERG channels; structure in first source	3	4	0
apixaban [no description available]	2.59	2	0	aromatic ether; lactam; piperidones; pyrazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
bibw 2992 [no description available]	3.59	7	0	aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vilanterol [no description available]	3.21	1	0	benzyl alcohols; dichlorobenzene; ether; phenols; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
ly 379268 LY 379268: group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source. LY 379268 : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is (1R,5S)-2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane carrying amino, carboxy, and carboxy groups at positions 4R, 4R and 6R, respectively. It is a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 (EC50 = 2.69 nM and 4.48 nM, respectively) that exhibits antipsychotic-like action in animal models of schizophrenia.	2.77	3	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; bridged compound; organic heterobicyclic compound	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
sb674042 SB674042: nonpeptide antagonist to the human orexin-1 receptor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1h-indole 2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-indole: an imidazoline compound; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.15	1	0
77-lh-28-1 77-LH-28-1: a CNS penetrant, selective M1 muscarinic receptor agonist, structure in first source	3.77	10	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
fauc 365 FAUC 365: a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
binimetinib binimetinib : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positions 4, 5, and 6 by fluorine, (4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)nitrilo, and N-(2-hydroxyethoxy)aminocarbonyl groups, respectively. It is a MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor (IC50= 12 nM). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation in combination with encorafenib.	6.19	9	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sb-649915 SB-649915: potent 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B autoreceptor antagonist and 5-HT re-uptake inhibitor	4.05	4	0
sotrastaurin sotrastaurin: a potent protein kinase C-selective inhibitor; structure in first source. sotrastaurin : A member of the class of maleimides that is maleimide which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group and at position 4 by a quinazolin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted at position 2 by a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C and has been investigated as an immunosuppresant in renal transplant patients.	5.68	7	0	indoles; maleimides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	anticoronaviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
saracatinib [no description available]	3.6	2	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; diether; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; oxanes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	5.11	12	0
az10606120 AZ10606120: a P2X7 receptor antagonist	2.15	1	0
rolapitant [no description available]	3.59	1	1	azaspiro compound; ether; organofluorine compound; piperidines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist
jnj-5207787 N-(1-Acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-6-yl)-3-(3-cyano-phenyl)-N-(1-(2-cyclopentyl-ethyl)-piperidin-4yl)acrylamide: structure in first source	4.11	4	0
eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)	2.02	1	0	peptide
1-azafagomine 1-azafagomine: inhibits processing glycosidase; structure in first source	2.7	3	0
alpha-monofluoromethyldopa alpha-monofluoromethyldopa: structure given in third source; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	1.98	1	0
crenolanib [no description available]	12.21	46	4	aminopiperidine; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; oxetanes; quinolines; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
jwh 018 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole: structure in first source	3.73	9	0	indolecarboxamide
2-furoyl-ligrlo-amide 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide: a potent and selective proteinase-activated receptor 2 agonist	2.07	1	0
prosidol prosidol: A Russian narcotic analgesic	2	1	0
spectaline spectaline: structure in first source	3.76	10	0
r-138727 R-138727: an active metabolite of CS-747 (prasugrel, LY640315) and P2Y12 receptor inhibitor; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	organofluorine compound
omdm-1 cpd OMDM-1 cpd: structure in first source	2.43	2	0
anabaenopeptin b anabaenopeptin B: from cyanobacteria Planktothrix (Oscillatoria) rubescens	2.1	1	0
substance p [no description available]	2	1	0
substance p [no description available]	2.41	2	0
galidesivir [no description available]	2.52	2	0
jnj 10191584 JNJ 10191584: histamine H4 receptor antagonist	2.48	2	0	benzimidazoles
3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)benzonitrile 3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)benzonitrile: a serotonin transporter antagonist; structure in first source	3.01	4	0
ambasilide ambasilide: class III antiarrhythmic agent	1.99	1	0
sb 215505 SB 215505: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor	2.7	3	0
kmup 1 KMUP 1: a potassium channel opener and stimulator of the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway; structure in first source	4.99	36	0
ipragliflozin [no description available]	3.51	1	1	glycoside
volasertib BI 6727: a polo-like kinase inhibitor with broad antitumor activity; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
lobelane lobelane: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
jwh-073 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	indolecarboxamide
etc-1002 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid: inhibits ATP citrate lyase (ACL); has anti-atherosclerotic activity. bempedoic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is pentadecanedioic acid which is substituted by methyl groups groups at positions 2 and 14, and by a hydroxy group at position 8. It is a drug used for the treatment of high LDL cholesterol, which is sometimes referred to as 'bad cholesterol'.	2.31	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	antilipemic drug; EC 2.3.3.8 (ATP citrate synthase) inhibitor; prodrug
halicyclamine a halicyclamine A: structure in first source	2.96	4	0
3-dihydroxy-6-methyl-7-(phenylmethyl)-4-propylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid 3-dihydroxy-6-methyl-7-(phenylmethyl)-4-propylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid: inhibits lactate dehydrogenase A	2.31	1	0
6-deacetylnimbin 6-deacetylnimbin: structure in first source. 6-deacetylnimbin : A limonoid that is nimbin in which the acetyloxy group at position 6 is replaced by a hydroxy hroup. It has been isolated from Azadirachta indica.	2.05	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; diester; enone; furans; limonoid; methyl ester; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antifeedant; insect growth regulator; plant metabolite
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	11.49	152	4
tmc-95b TMC-95B: produced by Apiospora montagnei Sacc.TC 1093; structure in first source. TMC-95B : A 17-membered macrocyclic lactam that incorporates a phenol and a substituted indole moiety. A stereoisomer of TMC-95A, it has a [(3R)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoyl]amino group at position 18. It acts as a proteasome inhibitor and is isolated from Apiospora montagnei Sacc. TC 1093, isolated from a soil sample.	2.02	1	0	indoles; lactam; macrocycle; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; proteasome inhibitor
sch 442416 SCH 442416: an adenosine A2A receptor ligand	2.05	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
ly 341495 LY 341495: structure in first source	3.75	10	0
digalactosyldiacylglycerol digalactosyldiacylglycerol: two Galactoses bound to diacylglycerol; the mono Gal MGDG is also available; constitutes 20% of plant chloroplast lipids; see also 1,2-distearoyldigalactosyldiglyceride	2.06	1	0
aloperine aloperine: RN refers to (7,alpha,9alpha)-isomer; from Sophora alopecuroides; structure given in first source	6.24	40	0
n-dodecyl-l-lysine amide N-dodecyl-L-lysine amide: a G-protein activator	2.07	1	0
1-(2,4-difluorophenethyl)-4-(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperidine 1-(2,4-difluorophenethyl)-4-(4-fluorophenylsulfonyl)piperidine: a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	3.51	8	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	2.67	3	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
urb602 URB602: inhibitor of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-deactivating enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase, structure in first source	4.01	13	0
1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine [no description available]	2.46	2	0
retrofractamide a retrofractamide A: structure in first source	2.46	2	0	benzodioxoles
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	5.57	5	1
n-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1h-pyrazole-3-carboxamide N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide: a brain cannabinoid receptor ligand; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
horsfiline horsfiline: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
norsecurinine norsecurinine: isolated from Phyllanthus niruri; structure given in first source	3.37	7	0
cariprazine cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.	3.96	3	0
2-methyllysine 2-methyllysine: inhibits lysine uptake in E coli & Bacillus sphaericus; RN given refers to HCL(DL)-isomer	2.08	1	0
regorafenib [no description available]	8.62	8	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; hepatotoxic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lodoxamide tromethamine lodoxamide tromethamine: an orphan drug; structure	1.98	1	0
calpain inhibitor iii calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug	2.42	2	0
4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)phenol 4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidin-3-yl)phenol: a selective estrogen receptor modulator	4.37	18	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl heptanoate 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl heptanoate: structure in first source	2.95	4	0	fatty acid ester
wp1066 [no description available]	2.1	1	0
gamendazole gamendazole: Spermatogenesis Blocking Agents; structure in first source. gamendazole : A member of the class of indazoles that is 3-(indazol-3-yl}prop-2-enoic acid carrying additional 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 1 and 6 respectively. An orally active antispermatogenic compound with antifertility effects that is a potential male contraceptive drug.	3.16	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; dichlorobenzene; indazoles; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	antispermatogenic agent; eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1alpha 1 inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; synthetic oral contraceptive
hippodamine hippodamine: structure in first source	3.63	2	0
n-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide N-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(3-cyanophenyl)-1-methylpropyl)-2-methyl-2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)propanamide: MK-0364 is the (1S,2S)-isomer; a cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source	5.61	9	0	stilbenoid
abt-737 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
uamc00039 UAMC00039: dipeptidyl peptidase II inhibitor; structure in first source	2.73	3	0
tedizolid DA 7157: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. tedizolid : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a 2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl group at position 2 and by a 2-fluoro-4-[(5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl group at position 5. It is used as its phosphate pro-drug used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.	2.25	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone; primary alcohol; pyridines; tetrazoles	antimicrobial agent; drug metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
brivanib [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoroindole; pyrrolotriazine; secondary alcohol	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	5.12	14	0
lurasidone hydrochloride Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	7.19	16	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
epiquinamide epiquinamide: quinolizidine alkaloid and nicotinic agonist from an Ecuadoran poison frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
pnu-282987 [no description available]	2.58	2	0
3-cyano-n-(1,3-diphenyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide: affects mGluR5 receptors; structure in first source	3.02	4	0
eluxadoline [no description available]	3.25	1	0	amino acid amide; benzamides; imidazoles; L-phenylalanine derivative; methoxybenzoic acid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; gastrointestinal drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist
dutogliptin [no description available]	3.16	1	0
sb 742457 3-benzenesulfonyl-8-piperazin-1-ylquinoline: a 5-HT6 receptor antagonist	5.06	3	1
bis(1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)decandioate bis(1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)decandioate: an antioxidant and antidiabetic agent	5.17	14	0
arbaclofen placarbil arbaclofen placarbil: an R-baclofen prodrug; may improve the treatment of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, spasticity; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
rgb 286638 RGB 286638: a protein kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.11	1	0	nystatins
pirarubicin [no description available]	3.78	3	0	anthracycline
methimepip methimepip: histamine H3 agonist	2.52	2	0
telcagepant telcagepant: structure in first source	2.63	2	0
bms-690514 [no description available]	8.24	14	5
er-086526 eribulin: a halichondrin B derivative that suppresses microtubule growth and acts as an antimitotic agent; structure in first source. eribulin : A fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of marine sponge natural products. Inhibits growth phase of microtubules via tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism, which leads to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage	2.58	2	0	cyclic ketal; cyclic ketone; macrocycle; polycyclic ether; polyether; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
ponesimod ponesimod: structure in first source	4.16	2	0
tesofensine Tesofensine: an appetite suppressant	3.57	2	0
cay 10471 CAY 10471: a prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
inno-406 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	biaryl
mitoquinone mitoquinone: has antineoplastic activity	2.49	2	0
vx 765 belnacasan: a NSAID	2.25	1	0	dipeptide
nutlin-3a nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source	2.51	2	0	stilbenoid
alogliptin alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.	21.24	272	80	nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
rpr260243 RPR260243: small molecule activator of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) cardiac K+ channel; structure in first source	3.96	12	0
cp 154526 CP 154526: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
tavaborole tavaborole: has antifungal activity; structure in first source. tavaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborole substituted at position 5 by a fluoro group. A topical antifungal agent used for the treatment of onychomycosis (fungal infection of the toenails and fingernails).	2.1	1	0	benzoxaborole; organofluorine compound	antifungal agent; EC 6.1.1.4 (leucine--tRNA ligase) inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
ly2183240 LY2183240: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	biphenyls
pf 00299804 dacomitinib: a pan-ERBB inhibitor. dacomitinib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 7-methoxyquinazoline-4,6-diamine in which the amino group at position 4 is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl group and the amino group at position 6 is substituted by an (E)-4-(piperidin-1-yl)but-2-enoyl group.	4.25	4	0	enamide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pyrazolone pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.	2.03	1	0
methylphenidate N-phenyl-4-(quinolin-2-ylmethyl)piperazine-1-carboxamide: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
aclidinium bromide aclidinium bromide: a long-acting, inhaled antimuscarinic; in phase I trial 8/2008. aclidinium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt that is the bromide salt of aclidinium. A muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor antagonist, for the long-term maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.08	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	bronchodilator agent; muscarinic antagonist
snap7941 SNAP7941: structure in first source	5.97	19	0
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
ulimorelin ulimorelin: ghrelin agonist; an 18-membered macrocycle containing 3 amide bonds and a secondary amine as well as 4 stereogenic centers; belongs to macrocyclic peptidomimetics	2.1	1	0	oligopeptide
ibodutant 6-methylbenzo(b)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (1-(2-phenyl-((1-(tetrahydropyran-4-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-ylmethyl)carbamoyl)ethylcarbamoyl)cyclophenyl)amide: a tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	4.08	4	0
quisinostat [no description available]	2.66	2	0	indoles
ro 31-8425 Ro 31-8425: structure given in first source	2	1	0
hu 308 HU 308: a specific agonist for CB(2), a peripheral cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. HU-308 : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2, a 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl group at position 4, and two methyl groups at position 6 (the 1S,4S,5S stereoisomer). A highly selective and effective cannabinoid type-2 agonist and the enantiomer of HU-433.	3.17	5	0	aromatic ether; bridged compound; carbobicyclic compound; primary allylic alcohol; synthetic cannabinoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; CB2 receptor agonist
carfilzomib [no description available]	8.28	13	4	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl)urea 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl)urea: structure in first source	5.01	11	0
apremilast [no description available]	9.31	21	1	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
mrk 560 MRK 560: a gamma-secretase inhibitor; MRK-560 is the (cis)-isomer; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	14.11	58	6
gw9508 GW9508: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	aromatic amine
7-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzene)piperazinyl)ethyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine 7-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzene)piperazinyl)ethyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine: vasorelaxant; structure in first source	3.45	7	0
cannabidivarin cannabidivarin: from Cannabis sativa	2.08	1	0	monoterpenoid
col-144 lasmiditan: a high-affinity, highly selective serotonin 5-HT(1F) receptor agonist; structure in first source	19.76	106	52
pf 573228 6-(4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)benzylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	quinolines
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	4.66	28	0
tozadenant tozadenant: an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist	2.1	1	0	benzothiazoles
vu 1545 4-nitro-N-(1-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide: a metabotropic glutamate-5 receptor modulator; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
incb3619 INCB3619: ADAM inhibitor; structure in first source	3.31	6	0
idelalisib idelalisib: an antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor; structure in first source. idelalisib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	14.85	95	3	aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; purines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	19.25	188	31	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
atl 313 ATL 313: A2A adenosine receptor agonist	4.53	23	0
chir-265 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.	4.6	4	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant
fostamatinib fostamatinib: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, metabolized to R406	6.98	13	0
gw1100 GW1100: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
ru 66647 telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;	3.84	2	1
trametinib [no description available]	13.06	49	5	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mln8054 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzazepine
pha 767491 PHA 767491: a Cdc7 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	pyrrolopyridine
gpi 15427 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
2-((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine 2-((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
alpha-conhydrine alpha-conhydrine: structure in first source	3.52	8	0
abexinostat abexinostat: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	benzofurans
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	4.06	4	0
4-iododexetimide 4-iododexetimide: 4-iododexetimide is the (S)-isomer; 4-iodolevetimide is the (R)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
azinomycin a azinomycin A: from Streptomyces griseofuscus S42227; structure given in first source; (but Biochemistry. 2000 Dec 5;39(48):14968-75 says Azinomycin B = carzinophilin A)	2.02	1	0
d-arg-dmt-lys-phe-nh2 [no description available]	2.07	1	0
streptazolin streptazolin: from culture of Streptomyces sp.; structure in first source	4.85	10	0
td-5108 TD-5108: a selective 5-HT(4) receptor agonist with high intrinsic activity; structure in first source	9.23	48	2
empagliflozin [no description available]	7.04	4	1	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
lc15-0444 LC15-0444: Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors; orally active small molecule for the treatment of type II diabetes	3.19	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
moxestrol moxestrol: RN given refers to (11beta,17alpha)-isomer; structure	2.38	2	0	3-hydroxy steroid
technetium tc 99m exametazime Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime: A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.	7.09	9	4
at 13387 (2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)-(5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)methanone: structure in first source. onalespib : A member of the class of isoindoles that is isoindole in which the amino group has been acylated by a 2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylbenzoyl group and in which position 5 of the isoidole moiety has been substituted by a (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl group. A second-generation Hsp90 inhibitor.	2.21	1	0	benzamides; isoindoles; N-alkylpiperazine; resorcinols; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; Hsp90 inhibitor
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	4.28	19	0	benzoxazole
dihydroouabain dihydroouabain: RN given refers to (1beta,3beta,5beta,11alpha,20xi)-isomer. dihydroouabain : A cardenolide glycoside that is ouabain in which the double bond in the lactone ring has been reduced to a single bond. It is a cardiac glycoside and a derivative of ouabain which is used as a sodium pump antagonist and exhibits ionotropic effects.	2.02	1	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	3.61	2	0
veliparib [no description available]	6.06	10	0	benzimidazoles	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
sar 1118 lifitegrast: An LFA-1 (LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1) antagonist that is used in the treatment of DRY EYE SYNDROMES.. lifitegrast : An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[2-(1-benzofuran-6-carbonyl)]-5,7-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-(methanesulfonyl)-L-phenylalanine. Used for treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome).	2.15	1	0	1-benzofurans; isoquinolines; L-phenylalanine derivative; N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 antagonist
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate: (L)-isomer is the biologically active form; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.99	1	0	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	1.98	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	6.93	6	3	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	12.73	197	12
methylamphotericin b methylamphotericin B: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.15	1	0	macrolide; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; metabolite
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	2.54	2	0	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
brexpiprazole brexpiprazole: a serotonin agent; structure in first source	4.49	3	0	N-arylpiperazine
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	10.64	56	5
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	2.37	2	0
benzoyl-ile-glu-gly-arg-p-nitroanilide benzoyl-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide: p-nitroanilide deriv of portion of peptide sequence in prothrombin molecule cleaved by Factor X	2.38	2	0
bacitracin methylenedisalicylic acid bacitracin methylenedisalicylic acid: RN given refers to Bacitracin, methylenebis(2-hydroxybenzoate)	1.95	1	0
sazetidine-a sazetidine-A: a ligand that desensitizes alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors without activating them; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
n4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4h-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-n2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor; structure in first source	3.51	7	0
rm-493 setmelanotide: an anti-obesity agent	2.31	1	0
4-cyano-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-n-(piperidin-1-yl)-1h-pyrazole-3-carboxamide 4-cyano-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide: a CB1 cannabinoid receptor radioligand for PET imaging	4.36	7	0
mk-1597 MK-1597: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
thienopyridine thienopyridine: patients were treated with thienopyridine after percutaneous coronary intervention; Antiplatelet Agents. thienopyridine : Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.	4.47	2	0
coerulescine coerulescine: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
24-hydroxycholesterol 24-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 24.	2.63	2	0	24-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol
rifamycins [no description available]	3.79	3	0
thienopyrimidine thienopyrimidine: structure in first source. thienopyrimidine : A class of aromatic heterobicyclic compounds each of which contains a pyrimidine ring ortho fused to a 5-membered thiophene ring.	2.06	1	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.02	1	0
decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid: contains GABA moiety; RN given refers to HCl, (4a alpha,5 alpha,8a alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.8	3	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.67	3	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	6.84	21	1
3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexane 3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexane: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	4.24	18	0
ifoxetine ifoxetine: RN given is for cis isomer	4.47	5	1
3-hydroxyquinidine 3-hydroxyquinidine: RN given refers to (9S)-isomer	5.29	2	2
alpha-fluoromethylhistamine alpha-fluoromethylhistamine: RN given refers to (S)-iosmer	1.97	1	0
4,17-dimethyltrilostane 4,17-dimethyltrilostane: orally active interceptive agent in rats & monkeys; preferential inhibitor of ovarian/placental steroidogenesis in primates	1.96	1	0
org 26576 Org 26576: AMPA receptor potentiator	2.07	1	0
3-hydroxypipecolic acid 3-hydroxypipecolic acid: glycosidase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.75	3	0
levoxadrol [no description available]	4.11	16	0
etoxadrol etoxadrol: was heading 1975-94 (see under PIPERIDINES 1975-90); use PIPERIDINES to search ETOXADROL 1975-90; dissociative anesthetic with some cardiovascular effects	3.53	2	0	ketal
felypressin Felypressin: A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.. felypressin : A synthetic nonapeptide comprising cysteinyl, phenylalanyl, phenylalanyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, cysteinyl, prolyl, lysyl, and glycinamide residues in sequence, with a disulfide bridge joining the two cysteine residues. Its antidiuretic effects are less than those of vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthetic injections for dental use, and is an ingredient of preparations that have been used for treatment of pain and inflammation of the mouth.	1.94	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	vasoconstrictor agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
isolongifolenone isolongifolenone: natural compound found in the Tauroniro tree (Humiria balsamifera) of South America, Insecticide for mosquito control	2.07	1	0
1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoylglycerol 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoylglycerol : A 1,2-diglyceride in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specifed as stearoyl and arachidonoyl respectively.	2.05	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
cgs 15855a CGS 15855A: dopamine receptor D2 agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (trans(+-))-isomer	1.97	1	0
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	2.02	1	0
6-o-desmethyl donepezil 6-O-desmethyl donepezil: structure in first source	3.49	7	0	piperidines
neurotensin [no description available]	2.01	1	0
physalaemin Physalaemin: An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.	3.69	10	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	6.46	22	0
jaw [no description available]	5.02	3	1	indolecarboxamide
sch 51866 SCH 51866: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
pulcherrimine pulcherrimine: structure in first source	3.56	8	0
benzovesamicol benzovesamicol: structure in first source	3.32	6	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	11.71	116	2	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desmosine Desmosine: A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.	1.99	1	0	aromatic amino acid
radicamine b radicamine B: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
vonoprazan 1-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine: a proton pump inhibitor; structure in first source	3.56	1	1	pyrroles
trelagliptin trelagliptin: a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor	9.03	6	3	benzenes; nitrile
n-(3-fluorophenyl)-1-((4-(((3s)-3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl)phenyl)acetyl)-4-piperidinamine N-(3-fluorophenyl)-1-((4-(((3S)-3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl)phenyl)acetyl)-4-piperidinamine: a small molecule motilin receptor agonist; structure in first source	8.97	11	6	acetamides
n-(3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodophenylamino)-6-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfonamide N-(3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodophenylamino)-6-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)cyclopropane-1-sulfonamide: a MEK inhibitor; structure in first source	3.21	1	0
vu0092273 VU0092273: mGlu(5) positive allosteric modulator	2.81	3	0
macitentan [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; pyrimidines; ring assembly; sulfamides	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist; orphan drug
toceranib phosphate toceranib phosphate: a tyrosine kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.38	3	0
nvp-tae684 [no description available]	3.58	2	0	piperidines
5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: an excitatory amino acid antagonist; structure in first source	5.11	41	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	4.22	17	0
mf63 compound MF63 compound: a phenanthrene imidazole identified as a potent, selective, and orally active mPGES-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
alx 1393 ALX 1393: a GlyT2 inhibitor	3.31	1	0
gw 4869 GW 4869: inhibits neutral sphingomyelinase; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
bisaramil [no description available]	1.97	1	0
calcitonin [no description available]	2	1	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	2.39	2	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.39	2	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	9.3	36	5
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	3.28	6	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	8.9	21	4
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	6.12	29	0
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	4.7	5	0	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	3.82	11	0	polypeptide
enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.	4.03	4	0
hirugen hirugen: amino acid sequence given in first source	2.41	2	0
cys(11)-cys(15)-endothelin-1 (11-21) Cys(11)-Cys(15)-endothelin-1 (11-21): antagonist of endothelin B receptor	2.92	4	0
gr 82334 GR 82334: tachykinin NK-1 receptor antagonist	3.69	10	0
13-leu-motilin [no description available]	2	1	0
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.15	1	0
endothelin 1, ala(1,3,11,15)- endothelin 1, Ala(1,3,11,15)-: alanyl residues substituted for cysteinyl in endothelin-1; RN given refers to (all-L)-isomer; has been used as a radioligand, highly selective for ET(B) receptor	2.01	1	0
thrombin receptor peptide (42-55) thrombin receptor peptide (42-55): tethered ligand exposed by cleavage of platelet thrombin receptor by thrombin, activates platelets and induces platelet activation; amino acid sequence given in first source; do not confuse with other TRAP (CD40L, MtrB, TRAP protocol, or thrombospondin related anonymous protein)	4.08	3	1
nociceptin [no description available]	6.58	62	0	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
galantide galantide: consists of 20-amino acid residues, 12 AA from the N-terminal of galanin and the C-terminal part of Substance P; blocks the galanin-mediated inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.05	1	0
neurotensin, trp(11)- neurotensin, Trp(11)-: analog of neurotensin in which Tyr(11) has been replaced with Trp; neurotensin antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.06	1	0
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	2.38	2	0
tachykinin neuropeptide gamma tachykinin neuropeptide gamma: potentiates substance P-induced salivation; lacks residues (3-17) of neuropeptide K; derived from gamma-preprotachykinin	2.68	3	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	8.22	32	10
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.65	3	0
cobrotoxin Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins: Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.	2.06	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	8.98	30	3	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	6.45	16	3
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	8.06	27	1
conotoxin gv conotoxin GV: NMDA antagonist from Conus geographus	4.62	8	0
pancreastatin pancreastatin: A 49 residue post-translational fragment of chromogranin A that inhibits insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source; the 49-amino acid peptide is from pig; human pancreastatin has 52 amino acids (hCgA 250-310) ; see also record for human pancreastatin	2.38	2	0
s6c sarafotoxin sarafotoxins s6: several isotoxins from Atractaspis engaddensis; has strong cardiotoxic activity; all contain 21 amino acid residues; see also endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor	5.59	71	0
echistatin echistatin: 49 amino acid residues given in first source; from the venom of the viper Echis	2.01	1	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	4.03	14	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2.99	4	0
cucurbit(8)uril cucurbit(8)uril: a macrocyclic polymer compound comprising 8 GLYCOLURIL units with methylene bridges	2.05	1	0
astressin astressin : A 30-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence D-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Nle-Ala-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Glu-Ala-His-Lys-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu-Nle-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 19 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 22.	2.05	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist; neuroprotective agent
bq 3020 [no description available]	4.2	17	0
cortistatin 14 cortistatin: a cortical neuropeptide; shows strong structural similarity to somatostatin; a neuronal depressant; has sleep-modulating activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.03	1	0
irl 1620 sovateltide: a potent, specific ligand for the endothelin-B receptor	7.81	65	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.65	3	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	8.49	40	0
liraglutide [no description available]	7.45	12	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
ziconotide ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.	2.42	2	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	16.29	78	7
insulin detemir Insulin Detemir: A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.03	1	0
acyline [no description available]	2.02	1	0
hirudin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	10.21	21	1
conantokin-t conantokin-T: from cone snail Conus tulipa; a 21-amino acid peptide which induces sleep-like symptoms in young mice; has N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.46	2	0
motilin, nle(13)- motilin, Nle(13)-: linear analog of motilin; increase gastric motility & pepsin output; synthetic	2.05	1	0
msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha- [no description available]	2.11	1	0	polypeptide	dermatologic drug
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	8.37	20	18
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	2.01	1	0
exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4	2.8	3	0
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	2.78	3	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	8.67	30	2	glycoside
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	1.98	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	15.75	455	13
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	6.16	43	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	8.42	7	4	21-hydroxy steroid
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.31	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
gdc-0973 cobimetinib: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. cobimetinib : A member of the class of N-acylazetidines obtained by selective formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodoanilino)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group from the azetidine ring of 3-[(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]azetidin-3-ol. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is used (as its fumarate salt) in combination with vemurafenib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.	19.32	197	39	aromatic amine; difluorobenzene; N-acylazetidine; organoiodine compound; piperidines; secondary amino compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
amikacin [no description available]	8.14	82	0
buparlisib NVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	6.3	3	1	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; morpholines; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.03	1	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
bismuth subsalicylate bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.	4.32	2	2
dibutyltin dilaurate dibutyltin dilaurate: used in prevention of parasitic dieases in cattle and sheep	2.38	2	0
vendex Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.	1.99	1	0	organotin acaricide
pevonedistat pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.	3.31	1	0	cyclopentanols; indanes; pyrrolopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; sulfamidate	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
fedratinib fedratinib: a selective small-molecule inhibitor of JAK2	3.96	3	0	sulfonamide
cevine cevine: RN refers to (3alpha,4alpha,16beta)-isomer; structure given in first source. cevine : A steroid consisting of cevane having an oxygen bridge between positions 4 and 9 and carrying seven additional hydroxy substituents.	1.93	1	0	steroid	insecticide
9-methylstreptimidone 9-methylstreptimidone: structure	2.36	2	0
sp 203 3-fluoro-5-(2-(2-(fluoromethyl)thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)benzonitrile: a radioligand for mGlu5 receptor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
14-methyl-20-oxa-5,7,14,26-tetraazatetracyclo(19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12))heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8(27),9,11,16,21,23-decaene 14-methyl-20-oxa-5,7,14,26-tetraazatetracyclo(19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12))heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8(27),9,11,16,21,23-decaene: has antineoplastic activity; also inhibits Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3; structure in first source	2.55	2	0
respirantin respirantin: from Streptomyces sp. No. 4403; cyclodepsipeptide; structure in first source. respirantin : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Streptomyces and Kitasatospora and has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and antineoplastic activity.	2.03	1	0	benzamides; cyclodepsipeptide; formamides; phenols	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
nocistatin nocistatin: a peptide that blocks nociceptin action in pain transmission; amino acid sequence in first source	2.46	2	0
adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.	2.17	1	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.44	2	0
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	3.19	5	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	3.55	8	0
gsk 1004723 GSK 1004723: structure in first source	7.67	6	0
pinoresinol pinoresinol: in plants; a furo[3,4-c]furan created from dimer of coniferyl alcohol. pinoresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl groups.	2.17	1	0
a-836339 A-836339: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
d13-9001 D13-9001: structure in first source	3.2	5	0
1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3h)-one 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
robenidine Robenidine: An anticoccidial agent mainly for poultry.	3.08	5	0
rs 39604 RS 39604 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of RS 39604 with hydrochloric acid. A potent and selective 5-HT4 antagonist, with a pKi of 9.1 at 5-HT4 receptors in guinea pig striatal membranes and greater than 1000-fold selectivity over 5-HT1A, 2C, 3 and D1, D2, M1, M2, AT1, B1 and alpha1C receptors. The ketone group gives RS 39604 a relatively long half life; it is also orally active and so suitable for in vivo studies.. RS 39604 : An aromatic ether that is the 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl derivative of N-(2-{4-[3-(4-amino-5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl)methanesulfonamide. A potent and selective 5-HT4 antagonist, with a pKi of 9.1 at 5-HT4 receptors in guinea pig striatal membranes and greater than 1000-fold selectivity over 5-HT1A, 2C, 3 and D1, D2, M1, M2, AT1, B1 and alpha1C receptors. The ketone group gives RS 39604 a relatively long half life; it is also orally active and so suitable for in vivo studies.	4.13	15	0	hydrochloride	serotonergic antagonist
aminoindanol aminoindanol: structure in first source	2.49	2	0
alcaftadine alcaftadine : An imidazobenzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][3]benzazepine substituted at position 3 by a formyl group and at position 11 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. An antihistamine used for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.	6.18	4	2	aldehyde; imidazobenzazepine; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
alpha-amanitin Alpha-Amanitin: A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.. alpha-amanitin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.	2.15	1	0
cimetropium [no description available]	1.98	1	0
k-strophanthin-beta strophanthin K: induces arrhythmias; see also K-strophanthin-beta	1.97	1	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid aldehyde
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	4.47	8	0
sodium cyanoborohydride sodium cyanoborohydride: reagent for preparing biologically active nitroxides	2.38	2	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2	1	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	3.4	2	0
cpu 23 CPU 23: structure given in first source; naming is inconsistent, may be 2-(2-(6-methoxyl)) group instead of 1(1-(6-methoxyl))	2.9	4	0
23-hydroxybetulinic acid 23-hydroxybetulinic acid: structure in first source	3	4	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
triazacyclononane triazacyclononane: structure in first source	5.05	38	0
chitosan [no description available]	8	19	2
icotinib [no description available]	3.31	1	0
nnc 55-0396 NNC 55-0396: a calcium channel blocker with high selectivity for CaV3 channels over high voltage activated channels; structure in first source. NNC 55-0396 dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of NNC 55-0396. It is a stable analogue of mibefradil and a highly selective T-type calcium channel blocker.	2.17	1	0	hydrochloride	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; potassium channel blocker; T-type calcium channel blocker
septide [no description available]	4.3	19	0
technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.	5.4	4	1
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	2.92	4	0
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2 15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2	2.06	1	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2.7	3	0
delta7-dafachronic acid delta7-dafachronic acid: structure in first source. (25S)-Delta(7)-dafachronic acid : A Delta(7)-dafachronic acid that has S configuration at position 25 (the carbon attached to the carboxy group).	2.21	1	0	Delta(7)-dafachronic acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
butaclamol Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.	3.48	8	0
4-amino-8-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-n-propylcinnoline-3-carboxamide [no description available]	2.08	1	0
yil 781 YIL 781: an appetite suppressant and weight loss promoter; structure in first source	4	12	0
p276-00 P276-00: antineoplastic, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	1.98	1	0	organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	6.88	6	1
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.99	14	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.01	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.38	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
litalgin litalgin: combination of pitofenon, metamizole & dimethylaminoethylbenzilate (benzacine)	3.34	1	1
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	5.29	3	1	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
merocyanine dye merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure	2.05	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.49	2	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	3.38	1	1
tmpmgcl.licl TMPMgCl.LiCl: TMP -2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl	2.11	1	0
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	1.95	1	0
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	2.66	2	0	organic molecular entity
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	3.48	8	0
cym51010 CYM51010: structure in first source	2.86	3	0
arginine Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.	1.98	1	0
borrelidin treponemycin: isolated from Streptomyces albovinaceous; active against Treponema hyodysenteriae. borrelidin : A macrolide that is isolated from several Streptomyces species and displays antibiotic, antineoplastic and antimalarial properties.	3.27	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; diol; macrolide; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	antifungal agent; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
olaparib [no description available]	9.04	53	0	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
almorexant almorexant: a dual orexin receptor antagonist for treatment of insomnia	4.39	3	0	isoquinolines
ck-2017357 CK-2017357: a fast-skeletal-troponin activator; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
thiostrepton Thiostrepton: One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders.. thiostrepton : A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.	2.42	2	0
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	2	1	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.45	2	0
2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine 2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
cx 4945 [no description available]	2.52	2	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.67	3	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
af-219 Gefapixant: a P2X3 receptor antagonist	3.35	1	0
lde225 sonidegib: specific Smoothened/Smo antagonist. sonidegib : A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.	2.52	2	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ether; benzamides; biphenyls; morpholines; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist
gdc 0449 HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity	3.21	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist; teratogenic agent
cep-9722 CEP-9722: a prodrug of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor CEP-8983	3.27	1	0
gsk1325756 danirixin: structure in first source	9.67	12	9
gdc-0068 ipatasertib: an Akt kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.62	1	1	N-arylpiperazine
bms 777607 N-(4-(2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-4-ethoxy-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide: a Met kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	aromatic amide
valbenazine valbenazine: inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2); used to treat tardive dyskinesia; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
1-(1-(1-methylcyclooctyl)-4-piperidinyl)-2-((3r)-3-piperidinyl)-1h-benzimidazole 1-(1-(1-methylcyclooctyl)-4-piperidinyl)-2-((3R)-3-piperidinyl)-1H-benzimidazole: anxiolytic agent; structure in first source	3	4	0
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	5.52	26	0
canagliflozin canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.	4.54	2	0	C-glycosyl compound; organofluorine compound; thiophenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
2',3'-o-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate: analog of ATP; do not confuse with TNP-ATP record	2.01	1	0	C-nitro compound; spiroketal	antagonist
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	28.08	1,787	296	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ponatinib [no description available]	5.02	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; acetylenic compound; benzamides; imidazopyridazine; N-methylpiperazine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	2.48	2	0	glycoside
insulin, isophane Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.	9.75	9	5
arabinogalactan [no description available]	2.42	2	0
mk-1775 adavosertib: a Wee1 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	piperazines
tak-875 [no description available]	2.63	2	0	biphenyls
cgi 1746 CGI 1746: inhibits Bruton's protein kinase (Btk); structure in first source	2.13	1	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	2.47	2	0
apalutamide [no description available]	6.05	2	2
quizartinib [no description available]	5.75	7	0	benzoimidazothiazole; isoxazoles; morpholines; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; necroptosis inhibitor
niraparib niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.	20.05	178	49	2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
mk 2206 MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent	2.84	3	0	organic heterotricyclic compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
suvorexant suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.	5.42	5	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; aromatic amide; diazepine; organochlorine compound; triazoles	central nervous system depressant; orexin receptor antagonist
navitoclax [no description available]	3.21	1	0	aryl sulfide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; piperazines; secondary amino compound; sulfone; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
vu0357017 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
jzl 184 JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source	8.11	145	0	benzodioxoles
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	3.1	1	0
lucitanib E-3810: a multi-kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. E-3810 : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 6-({7-[(1-aminocyclopropyl)methoxy]-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl}oxy)-N-methyl-1-naphthamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. E-3810 is a dual VEGFR and FGFR inhibitor. E-3810 free base : A naphthalenecarboxamide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of aminocyclopropyl)methoxy]-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl}oxy)-1-naphthoic acid with methylamine.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; naphthalenecarboxamide; primary amino compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.78	3	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	9.54	29	2	fumarate salt
n-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide: a Janus kinase 1 and Janus kinase 2 inhibitor; structure in first source. momelotinib : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{2-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl}benzoic acid with the primary amino group of aminoacetonitrile. It is an ATP-competitive JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with IC50 of 11 nM and 18 nM, respectively. Used for the treatment of patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis.	2.21	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; morpholines; nitrile; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-anaemic agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	11.85	48	7
rimorphin rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin	2.01	1	0
dynorphins dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)	2.11	1	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	6.57	47	1	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
substance p, phe(5)-trp(7,9)-leu(11)- substance P, Phe(5)-Trp(7,9)-Leu(11)-: substance P antagonist; bombesin antagonist	2.1	1	0
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	4.47	5	1
substance p, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)- substance P, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-: substance P antagonist	1.96	1	0
substance p, pro(2)-phe(7)-trp(9)- substance P, Pro(2)-Phe(7)-Trp(9)-: RN given refers to all (D)-isomer; substance P antagonist	1.98	1	0
protein kinase c [no description available]	2.01	1	0
zp120 ZP120: a nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor ligand	2.01	1	0
cabozantinib cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.	9.95	36	1	aromatic ether; dicarboxylic acid diamide; organofluorine compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
defactinib [no description available]	2.17	1	0
dora-22 DORA-22: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	4.64	9	0
incb-018424 [no description available]	14.75	56	4	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mk-6096 MK-6096: antagonist of orexin receptors 1 and 2; structure in first source	10.58	14	4
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	3.26	6	0	tartrate salt
entrectinib entrectinib: inhibits TRK, ROS1, and ALK receptor tyrosine kinases; structure in first source. entrectinib : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by [4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzoyl]amino and 3,5-difluorobenzyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of TRKA, TRKB, TRKC, ROS1, and ALK (IC50 values of 0.1 to 1.7 nM), and used for the treatment of NTRK, ROS1 and ALK gene fusion-positive solid tumours.	2.69	2	0	benzamides; difluorobenzene; indazoles; N-methylpiperazine; oxanes; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
mannans [no description available]	4.89	4	2
cobicistat [no description available]	2.31	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; ureas	P450 inhibitor
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	2.41	1	0	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
pf 3845 PF 3845: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase	6.07	40	0	piperidines
pf 750 N-phenyl-4-(quinolin-3-ylmethyl)piperidine-1-carboxamide: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	quinolines
glasdegib glasdegib: a smoothened inhibitor. glasdegib : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a (2R,4S)-4-{[(4-cyanophenyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methylpiperidin-2-yl group at position 2. It is a hedgehog signalling pathway inhibitor that acts by binding to Smoothened (SMO) receptors and blocking signal transduction (IC50 = 5 nM). It is used in combination with low-dose cytarabine, for the treatment of newly-diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adult patients (aged >= 75 years), or who have medical conditions that prevent the use of standard chemotherapy.	3.31	1	0	benzimidazoles; nitrile; phenylureas; piperidines	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist
gsk 2126458 omipalisib: inhibitor of mTOR protein. omipalisib : A member of the class of quinolines that is quinoline which is substituted by pyridazin-4-yl and 5-[(2,4-difluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl)amino]-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl groups at positions 4 and 6, respectively. It is a highly potent inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR developed by GlaxoSmithKline and was previously in human phase 1 clinical trials for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and solid tumors.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; difluorobenzene; pyridazines; pyridines; quinolines; sulfonamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
emd1214063 tepotinib: MET inhibitor	14.35	44	13
gsk 1838705a [no description available]	3.15	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
ixazomib ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.	2.31	1	0	benzamides; boronic acids; dichlorobenzene; glycine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; orphan drug; proteasome inhibitor
fit-039 FIT-039: CDK9 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
englerin b englerin B: from Phyllanthus engleri; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
ver 155008 VER 155008: structure in first source	2.41	1	0	purine nucleoside
jnj-40411813 1-butyl-3-chloro-4-(4-phenyl-1-piperidinyl)-(1H)-pyridone: an mGlu2 receptor modulator; structure in first source	7.19	5	2
sb 649868 N-((1-((5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)carbonyl)-2-piperidinyl)methyl)-4-benzofurancarboxamide: antagonist of both orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors; for treating insomnia; structure in first source	4.39	3	0
(1-(4-(naphthalen-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methanamine WAY-262611: a wingless beta-catenin agonist; structure in first source	2.85	3	0	naphthalenes
nitrogenase Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.	2.41	1	0
guanidinosuccinic acid guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.01	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid anion
3-(1-(3-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-1h-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1h-indole-5-carboxylic acid 3-(1-(3-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indole-5-carboxylic acid: an SHP2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
azd2014 vistusertib: potent and selective dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
(5-(2,4-bis((3s)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol (5-(2,4-bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol: a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor with in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	benzyl alcohols; morpholines; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; mTOR inhibitor
cicutoxin cicutoxin: highly unsaturated higher alcohol that is poisonous substance in water hemlock (Ciculata maculata); structure	1.97	1	0	long-chain fatty alcohol
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid 11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.	2.17	1	0	11,12-EET	human xenobiotic metabolite
ss220 SS220: Insect Repellent	4.67	6	1
n-arachidonoylalanine N-arachidonoylalanine: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase; structure in first source. N-arachidonoyl-L-alanine : An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-alanine with the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.13	1	0	N-(fatty acyl)-L-alpha-amino acid; N-acyl-L-alanine	mammalian metabolite
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	4.32	2	2
plx4032 [no description available]	17.88	128	22	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
a 967079 A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
gsk 1363089 GSK 1363089: a multikinase inhibitor that acts on Met, RON, Axl, and VEGFR; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether
GDC-0623 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydroxamic acid ester; imidazopyridine; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
mk-7655 relebactam: structure in first source	2.98	3	0
ly2456302 Aticaprant: a kappa opioid receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.63	2	0
gw 1000 nabiximols: a combination of the above cpds for treatment of multiple sclerosis pain	2.11	1	0
n,n-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-cyanophenylthio)benzylamine N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-cyanophenylthio)benzylamine: structure in first source	2.99	4	0
glycolipids [no description available]	5.86	7	1
pf 04929113 [no description available]	2.31	1	0
ddd 85646 DDD 85646: a trypanocidal agent for treating African sleeping sickness; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
elafin Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.	2.31	1	0
baricitinib [no description available]	12.85	80	0	azetidines; nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	4.56	4	0
l 366509 L 366509: oxytocin antagonist; considered for treatment of preterm labor; structure given in first source	3.1	5	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	10.01	34	4
no. 407 No. 407: RN in Chemline for preparation 407: 60267-56-3; structure in first source	1.95	1	0
dabrafenib [no description available]	12.55	36	4	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
mrt67307 MRT67307: IKK (IκB(inhibitor of NF-κB (nuclear factor κB)) kinase) family inhibitor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	aromatic amine
anagliptin anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound	5.3	3	1	amino acid amide
azd9164 AZD9164: structure in first source	7.19	5	3
ulixacaltamide Z944: a T-type calcium channel antagonist	4.23	15	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; secondary carboxamide	non-narcotic analgesic; T-type calcium channel blocker
hemopressin hemopressin: hemoglobin alpha-chain fragment	4.71	8	0
an2728 crisaborole: NSAID, Dermatologic Agent; structure in first source. crisaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 5-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxaborole in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyanophenyl group. A phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that is used for treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adults.	4.52	3	0	aromatic ether; benzoxaborole; nitrile	antipsoriatic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
4-(cyclopropylamino)-2-((4-(4-(ethylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide 4-(cyclopropylamino)-2-((4-(4-(ethylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide: a protein kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
siponimod siponimod: S1P receptor modulator	2.13	1	0
pf-04455242 2-methyl-N-((2'-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)propan-1-amine: has antidepressant activity; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
gsk2586184 GSK2586184: a Janus kinase inhibitor	3.06	1	0
thiopental sodium [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organochlorine compound; piperazines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gsk2245035 GSK2245035: a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist	7.68	6	4
ribociclib ribociclib: inhibits both CDK4 and CDK6	3.63	2	0
oclacitinib [no description available]	6.04	4	0
mm 77 MM 77: InChIKey: MQHOGPLXAXSQAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N	2.42	2	0
apatinib apatinib: reverses multidrug resistance by inhibiting the efflux function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
jwh-210 4-ethylnaphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone: a cannabimimetic; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	indolecarboxamide
gx 15-070 obatoclax: a pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor potentially useful in treating mantle cell lymphoma	4.08	4	0
fosinopril Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.	2.02	1	0
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor	4.61	1	1	benzoxazole
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	8.88	23	0
bufadienolide bufadienolide: isolated from liushen pills; RN given for (14beta)-isomer. bufadienolide : The simplest member of the class of bufadienolides that is bufanolide with unsaturation at positions 20 and 22.	1.98	1	0	bufadienolides
3-fluoro-5-((6-methylpyridin-2-yl)ethynyl)benzonitrile 3-fluoro-5-((6-methylpyridin-2-yl)ethynyl)benzonitrile: an mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
ly2784544 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	pyridazines
pf 3084014 nirogacestat: an antineoplastic agent. nirogacestat : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment.	2.1	1	0
jzl195 JZL195: inhibits both fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1 and monoglyceride lipase; structure in first source	4.07	13	0
englerin a [no description available]	2.54	2	0	cinnamate ester; glycolate ester; guaiane sesquiterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
nicotinate mononucleotide nicotinate D-ribonucleotide(2-) : Dianion of nicotinic acid D-ribonucleotide arising from deprotonation of carboxylic acid and phosphate functions.	2.52	2	0	organophosphate oxoanion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rn486 RN486: a selective Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor	3.25	1	0
am6545 AM6545: structure in first source	4.9	10	0
dinaciclib [no description available]	5.24	8	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
gilteritinib gilteritinib: an FLT3/AXL protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. gilteritinib : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine-2-carboxamide which is substituted by {3-methoxy-4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]phenyl}nitrilo, (oxan-4-yl)nitrilo and ethyl groups at positions 3,5 and 6, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of FLT3 and AXL tyrosine kinase receptors (IC50 = 0.29 nM and 0.73 nM, respectively). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in patients who have a FLT3 gene mutation.	5.41	6	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxybenzene; N-methylpiperazine; oxanes; piperidines; primary carboxamide; pyrazines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
alectinib [no description available]	21.53	398	55	aromatic ketone; morpholines; nitrile; organic heterotetracyclic compound; piperidines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
glpg0634 [no description available]	10.64	22	1
aripiprazole lauroxil [no description available]	3.35	1	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; dodecanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	H1-receptor antagonist; prodrug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
evacetrapib [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzazepine
nms-p118 NMS-P118: a PARP-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
abt-199 venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.	18.41	137	24	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
ipi-145 [no description available]	7.18	8	2	isoquinolines
delgocitinib delgocitinib: a Janus kinase inhibitor. delgocitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by a (3S,4R)-1-(cyanoacetyl)-3-methyl-1,6-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-6-yl group at position 4. It is a pan-Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor and is approved for treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Japan.	4.27	2	0	azaspiro compound; N-acylazetidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory drug; antipsoriatic; antiseborrheic; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
encorafenib encorafenib: a BRAF inhibitor	5.07	4	0
vu0409106 VU0409106: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
pf-670462 PF-670462: inhibitor of casein kinase I epsilon; structure in first source. PF-670462 : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the formal reaction of 3-[(3-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. It is a selective inhibitor of the delta- and epsilon-isoforms of casein kinase 1 (CK1delta and CK1epsilon).	2.17	1	0	hydrochloride	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.93	4	0
butyrolactone i butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source	3.08	1	0	butenolide
fr 264205 ceftolozane: cephalosporin anti-bacterial agent with enhanced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ceftolozane : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (5-amino-4-{[(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-2-ium-2-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria that have become resistant to conventional antibiotics.	2.41	1	0
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.	2.04	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.	2.88	3	0	aminopyrimidine; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	4.34	20	0
n-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)nicotinamide N-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)nicotinamide: an mGlu5 agonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	8.57	16	6	polypeptide
ysk05 YSK05: a pH-sensitive chemical for aiding in delivery of siRNA; structure in first source	5.87	16	0
acy-1215 ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
pf 956980 PF 956980: structure in first source. PF-956980 : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by a methyl[(3R,4R)-4-methyl-1-(pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl)piperidin-3-yl]nitrilo group. It is a potent JAK3-selective chemical probe.	3	1	0	N-acylpiperidine; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
(r)-n-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-1-tosylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (R)-N-(4-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-1-tosylpiperidine-2-carboxamide: structure in first source	3.77	9	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	6.93	13	1
incb039110 INCB039110: a JAK1 inhibitor; structure in first source	3.69	2	0
AM2201 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole: a cannabimimetic; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	indolecarboxamide
urb937 URB937: a peripherally restricted inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase	3.35	6	0
oleoyl ethyl amide oleoyl ethyl amide: also known as OEtA; inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase	2.5	2	0
lesinurad lesinurad: a uric acid reabsorption inhibitor. lesinurad : A member of the class of triazoles that is [(3-bromo-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]acetic acid substituted at position 1 of the triazole ring by a 4-cyclopropylnaphthalen-1-yl group. Used for treatment of gout.	2.55	2	0	aryl sulfide; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; triazoles	uricosuric drug
neuromedin b neuromedin B: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord	1.99	1	0
trifloxystrobin trifloxystrobin : The methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino)[2-({[(E)-{1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino]oxy}methyl)phenyl]acetic acid. A foliar applied fungicide for cereals which is particularly active against Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Oomycetes	2.13	1	0
aza-pinacol aza-pinacol: structure in first source	2	1	0
cudc-907 [no description available]	2.21	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	7.42	34	4	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	2-pyranones
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.17	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	3.76	3	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.65	3	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	7.07	12	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	10.2	26	5	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.65	3	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	3.53	8	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	3.16	5	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
laquinimod [no description available]	4.99	4	0	aromatic amide
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2.04	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	11.24	45	5	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
sch 37224 Sch 37224: structure in first source; inhibits leukotriene formation; inhibits thromboxane B2 release	2	1	0
bromfenacoum [no description available]	3.13	1	0	benzenes; naphthalenes; ring assembly
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	1.96	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
citrinin Citrinin: Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.	2.03	1	0
l 701324 L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist	3.4	7	0	quinolines
teriflunomide [no description available]	2.77	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
s 0139 S 0139: structure given in first source; ET(A) receptor antagonist	2.41	2	0
omadacycline omadacycline: demonstrated in vitro activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and select Gram-negative pathogens; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	tetracyclines
lfm a13 LFM A13: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	3.74	3	0
s 1 (combination) S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer	6.44	4	1
sar127303 SAR127303: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source	2.54	2	0
ml289 ML289: metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 probe	2.07	1	0
AZD3463 AZD3463 : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a 2-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-2-methoxyanilino]-5-chloropyrimidin-4-yl group at position 3. It is an orally bioavailable dual inhibitor of ALK and IGF1R with Ki value of 0.75 nM for ALK.	2.25	1	0	aminopiperidine; aminopyrimidine; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
byl719 [no description available]	5.37	3	1	proline derivative
rpx7009 RPX7009: a beta-lactamase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	5.31	55	0
omega-agatoxin iva omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.	3.38	7	0
snx 230 omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.4	2	0
toxin ii (anemonia sulcata) toxin II (Anemonia sulcata): toxic polypeptide closely related to anthopleurin A with potent cardiac stimulant activity from Anemonia sulcata; do not confuse with altertoxin II which is also abbreviated ATX II	2.97	4	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	9.05	27	1
d-4f peptide D-4F peptide: an apo A-I mimetic peptide synthesized from D-amino acids; may play a role in reducing inflammatory responses to influenza virus in mice; may also have anti-atherosclerotic properties	3.54	2	0
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	3.09	5	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	3.25	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	5.81	8	1	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.46	2	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-phe(6)-leu(17)- vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-Phe(6)-Leu(17)-: VIP receptor antagonist	2.04	1	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	4.03	14	0
rhodostomin rhodostomin: amino acid sequence given in first source; an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing polypeptide purified from the venom of Calloselasma rhodostoma	2.01	1	0
lead radioisotopes Lead Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of lead that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Pb atoms with atomic weights 194-203, 205, and 209-214 are radioactive lead isotopes.	1.93	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	8.77	60	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	4.73	5	0
2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone 2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone: structure in first source. 2-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone : A phylloquinone that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing a phytyl group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	phylloquinones
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	1.96	1	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
naloxegol naloxegol: A peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist specific for mu-opioid receptors. Used to decrease the constipating effects of opioids.. naloxegol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone in which the keto group is replaced by a PEG moiety. Used for treatment of opioid-induced constipation.	5.07	4	0	aromatic ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; phenols; polyether; tertiary alcohol	cathartic; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
vuf 2274 VUF 2274: structure in first source	3.18	5	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	4.17	16	0	ketal
niferidil niferidil: structure in first source	6.76	6	3
cep 33779 [no description available]	2.31	1	0
entecavir [no description available]	2.81	3	0	benzamides; N-acylpiperidine
phosphatidylethanol phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.	1.99	1	0
ceritinib ceritinib: an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor. ceritinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.	14.88	55	6	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; piperidines; secondary amino compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
vu0364572 VU0364572: muscarinic agonist; structure in first source	3.04	1	0
sts-135 N-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide: a synthetic cannabinoid; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	indolecarboxamide
AKB48 N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide: a synthetic cannabinoid; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
xlr-11 XLR-11: synthetic cannabinoid; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
wnt-c59 2-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)acetamide: a PORCN acyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
(1-(3-isopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl methanesulfonate (1-(3-isopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl methanesulfonate: a GPR119 agonist	3.47	1	1
gs-458967 6-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)pyridine: an anti-arrhythmia agent that inhibits late sodium current; structure in first source	2.63	2	0
cc-292 spebrutinib: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	2.58	2	0
xl 888 XL 888: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
bay 94-8862 finerenone: a potent, selective, and orally available nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source	4.11	2	1
sr-3029 SR-3029: highly selective casein kinase 1delta/1epsilon inhibitor with potent antiproliferative properties; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	4.99	12	0
jd5037 JD5037: a cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source	3.61	2	0
pf-543 PF-543: Sphingosine Kinase 1 Selective Inhibitor; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	sulfonamide
am4113 AM4113: a cannabinoid CB1 receptor neutral antagonist	5.42	18	0
g007-lk G007-LK: potent and specific small-molecule tankyrase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
gsk-2816126 GSK-2816126: inhibits EZH2 methyltransferase; structure in first source	2.61	2	0	piperazines; pyridines
n-((3-isopropylisoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-4-methoxy-3-((1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)oxy)benzamide N-((3-isopropylisoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-4-methoxy-3-((1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)oxy)benzamide: inhibits the presynaptic choline transporter; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
bgp 15 BGP 15: A PARP (poy(ADP)-ribose polymerase) inhibitor; structure in first source; do not confuse with BGP-15 calcipotriene cpd	8.64	39	2
acp-196 acalabrutinib: inhibits Bruton’s tyrosine kinase; has antineoplastic activity. acalabrutinib : A member of the class of imidazopyrazines that is imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine substituted by 4-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl, (2S)-1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl, and amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 8, respectively. It is an irreversible second-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that is approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) who have received at least one prior therapy.	15.4	65	7	aromatic amine; benzamides; imidazopyrazine; pyridines; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide; ynone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
gsk343 GSK343: an EZH2 methyltransferase inhibitor. GSK343 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1-isopropyl-1H-indazole-4-carboxamide in which the nitrogen of the carboxamide group is substituted by a (6-methyl-2-oxo-4-propyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl group and in which the indazole ring is substituted at position 6 by a 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-4-yl group. A highly potent and selective EZH2 inhibitor (IC50 = 4 nM).	2.21	1	0	aminopyridine; indazoles; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyridone; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.1.1.43 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) inhibitor
aod 9604 AOD 9604: an N-tyrosyl analog of the lipolytic fragment of human growth hormone	3.25	1	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	2.51	2	0
leiurotoxin i leiurotoxin I: 3.4kDa peptide from Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus venom; potent apamin binding inhibitor; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.06	1	0
fti 277 FTI 277: a ras CAAX (C - Cys; A - aliphatic amino acid; X - Ser or Met) peptidomimetic; inhibits farnesyltransferase; blocks Ras oncogenic signaling by accumulating Ras/Raf complexes in the cytoplasm; structure given in first source	2	1	0
maitotoxin [no description available]	2.17	1	0
selinexor selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1	5.6	5	1
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	6.02	16	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	6.09	6	1
cb-839 [no description available]	2.21	1	0
laponite laponite: a synthesized hectorite; chemical formula in first source	2.49	2	0
ivosidenib ivosidenib: an inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). ivosidenib : A tertiary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S)-1-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of (2S)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-(3,3-difluorocyclobutyl)-2-[(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)amino]acetamide. It is approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients with an isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) mutation.	3.76	2	0	cyanopyridine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrrolidin-2-ones; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
n-(1-adamantyl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide N-(1-adamantyl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide: a cannabinoid receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.53	2	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
mjn110 MJN110: structure in first source	3.27	5	0
pf-06463922 lorlatinib: inhibits both anaplastic lymphoma kinase and c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) protein. lorlatinib : A cyclic ether that is 16,17-dihydro-2H-8,4-(metheno)pyrazolo[4,3-h][2,5,11]benzoxadiazacyclotetradecin-15(10H)-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 10R, and by cyano, amino and fluoro groups at positions 3, 7 and 12 respectively. It is a small molecule inhibitor of ALK and ROS1 kinase developed by Pfizer for the treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.	7.47	24	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ether; azamacrocycle; benzamides; cyclic ether; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
atogepant atogepant : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (3'S)-2'-oxo-1',2',5,7-tetrahydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]pyridine-6,3'-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (3S,5S,6R)-3-amino-6-methyl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-5-(2,3,6-trifluorophenyl)piperidin-2-one. It is a selective oral, small-molecule antagonist of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor that has been approved for the treatment of migraine.	14.57	33	17	azaspiro compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; piperidones; secondary carboxamide; trifluorobenzene	calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist
6,8-diethyl-5-propylindolizidine 6,8-diethyl-5-propylindolizidine: isolated from the skin of Dendrobates pumilio; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	8.84	29	2
imetelstat [no description available]	7.07	12	0
glutaminase [no description available]	3.99	3	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	6.28	54	0
bf 227 2-(2-(2-dimethylaminothiazol-5-yl)ethenyl)-6-(2-(fluoro)ethoxy)benzoxazole: a putative amyloid PET imaging probe; structure in first source	3.13	1	0
contraceptives, postcoital Contraceptives, Postcoital: Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.	1.97	1	0
22-thiocyanatosalvinorin a 22-thiocyanatosalvinorin A: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
astressin b [no description available]	2.03	1	0
unc2025 UNC2025: inhibits both MER and FLT3 kinases; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
lysophosphatidylinositol [no description available]	3.16	5	0
onc201 TIC10 compound: a TRAIL-dependent antitumor agent; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	3.1	5	0
ly 2140023 LY 2140023: prodrug of LY-404039	2.05	1	0
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.	5.63	5	4
gamma2-msh gamma2-MSH: The 11-residue peptide that is without amidation.	2.11	1	0
cefiderocol cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.	2.41	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; siderophore
vt-464 VT-464: a CYP17A1 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.41	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.64	3	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	3.17	1	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
tetraphenylporphine tetraphenylporphyrin: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
donecopride donecopride: a dual serotonin subtype 4 receptor agonist/acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with potential interest for Alzheimer's disease treatment; structure in first source	3.06	4	0
g(m3) ganglioside G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).	2.1	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide; sialodiosylceramide; sialotriaosylceramide	mouse metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.94	4	0
fsl-1 lipoprotein, synthetic FSL-1 lipoprotein, synthetic: a synthetic lipoprotein based on the 44-kDa lipoprotein from Mycoplasma salivarium	2.03	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	3.4	7	0
enasidenib [no description available]	2.31	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; aminopyridine; aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	2.04	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	2.1	1	0
snx 482 SNX 482: from venom of tarantula, Hysterocrates gigas; amino acid sequence in first source	2.06	1	0
conantokin r conantokin R: isolated from Conus radiatus; amino acid sequence in first source	2	1	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	3.15	5	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
pladienolide b pladienolide B: structure in first source	3.15	1	0
contrast agent p792 contrast agent P792: a gadolinium macrocyclic compound based on a Gd-DOTA structure substituted by hydrophilic arms; rapid clearance blood pool agent for magnetic resonance imaging; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	4.15	6	0
n-(1-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridazin-3-amine N-(1-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridazin-3-amine: structure in first source	7.73	11	6
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	3.4	7	0
sbi-0206965 SBI-0206965: inhibits ULK1 kinase; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
mesotocin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
lipofectamine Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent	2.25	1	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.46	2	0
muraymycin a1 muraymycin A1: a uridyl peptide; muraymycins have a core skeleton consisting of an unusual nucleotide disaccharide and a lipophilic derivative of glycine linked to a unique dipeptide urea; inhibits MraY synthesis of peptidoglycan; in vitro activity against Gram-positive bacteria; found in Streptomyces; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
sta 2 STA 2: thromboxane A2 agonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	3.79	3	0
gibberellins [no description available]	3.59	9	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	2.08	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	5.96	10	1
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	5.73	20	1
refludan lepirudin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.	1.99	1	0
tropenziline bromide tropenziline bromide: RN given refers to bromide; structure	3.34	1	1
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	8.93	10	3
oblimersen oblimersen: targets the Bcl-2 oncogene good efficacy with low toxicity tumour regressions	4.66	3	0
insulin degludec [no description available]	2.55	2	0
ggti-2133 GGTI-2133: an inhibitor of geranylgeranyltransferase, inhibits infiltration of inflammatory cells into airways in mouse experimental asthma. GGTI-2133 : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixing of equimolar amounts of GGTI-2133 free base and trifluoroacetic acid. An inhibitor of geranylgeranyltransferase type I.	2.1	1	0	organoammonium salt	EC 2.5.1.59 (protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I) inhibitor
s 8932 [no description available]	2.72	2	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
dBET6 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	organic molecular entity
ged0301 GED0301: a Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide	4.78	3	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	4.35	3	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	4.74	9	0
glutamyl-valyl-glycine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	peptide
margatoxin [no description available]	2.01	1	0
lysergic acid lysergic acid : An ergoline alkaloid comprising 6-methylergoline having additional unsaturation at the 9,10-position and a carboxy group at the 8-position.	2.65	3	0
rifamycin s rifamycin S: structure	2.02	1	0
a3080 thiofentanil oxalate: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	12.23	63	5
saponite [no description available]	2.04	1	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.35	2	0
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.58	2	0
triciribine triciribine: structure. triciribine : A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.	2.66	2	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.96	4	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	4.39	6	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	3.57	2	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.53	2	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.89	4	0
protopanaxadiol protopanaxadiol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; has antineoplastic activity; acid hydrolysis results in panaxadiol. protopanaxadiol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng) that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.08	1	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	4.99	2	1
oxysophocarpine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
edetic acid solasodine: RN given refers to (3beta,22alpha,25R)-isomer; structure. solasodine : An oxaspiro compound and steroid alkaloid sapogenin with formula C27H43NO2 found in the Solanum (nightshade) family. It is used as a precursor in the synthesis of complex steroidal compounds such as contraceptive pills.	1.95	1	0
tomatine Tomatine: An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed). tomatine : A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose.	1.95	1	0
haloperidol diphenylprolinol silyl ether: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
rs100642 RS100642: sodium channel blocker, neuroprotectant and anti-seizure agent in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion	2.01	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	3.88	3	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.4	2	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	3.79	11	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.36	7	0
kutkin kutkin: alcoholic extract of the root and rrhizome of Picrorhiza kurrooa; has heptatoprotective activity; contains picroside I, kutkoside, and a small amount of other minor glycosides of P. kurrooa	2.04	1	0
cord factors Cord Factors: Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.	2.21	1	0
nusinersen nusinersen: an antisense oligonucleotide that induces SMN protein expression	2.57	2	0
h 261 H 261: RN given refers to (2S-(2R,4R,5R*))-isomer; (OH) denotes a hydroxyethylene (-(S)CHOH-CH2-) transition-state isostere in the scissile bond surrogate	1.97	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	7.28	22	1
amyloid beta-peptides [no description available]	3.18	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.8	3	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	4.67	3	2
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	2.05	1	0
narasin narasin: related to salinomycin & A28086B; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0
trehalose monomycolate trehalose monomycolate : Any trehalose bearing a single O-mycolate substituent; obtained via extraction of the cell wall of Mycobacterium bovis.	2.21	1	0
akt-i-1,2 compound Akt-I-1,2 compound: an aminopeptidase P inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
tetra(4-n-methylpyridyl)porphine tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine: structure in first source	2.95	4	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	3.08	4	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
nu 1025 NU 1064: structure in first source	2.51	2	0	phenols; quinazolines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	6.17	5	2	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin 2-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)-7,8-dihydropteridin-4-one : A dihydropterin that is 7,8-dihydropteridin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 6 by amino and hydroxymethyl groups respectively.. 2-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)-7,8-dihydropteridin-4-ol : A dihydropterin that is 7,8-dihydropteridin-4-ol substituted at positions 2 and 6 by amino and hydroxymethyl groups respectively.	2.31	1	0	dihydropterin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	7.95	75	1	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	5.94	24	1	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
7,8-dihydroneopterin 7,8-dihydroneopterin: an antioxidant. 7,8-dihydroneopterin : A neopterin where positions C-7 and C-8 have been hydrogenated.	2.02	1	0	dihydropterin; neopterins	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydrofolate dihydrofolic acid : A folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division and is targeted by various drugs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis.	2.04	1	0	dihydrofolic acids	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxyinosine monophosphate 2'-deoxyinosine-5'-monophosphate : A deoxyinosine phosphate that is 5'-inosinic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2' by a hydrogen atom.	2	1	0	deoxyinosine phosphate; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.9	12	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	5.84	18	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	10.5	48	3	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	3.79	3	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.71	3	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	1.99	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	2.39	2	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	7.73	17	2	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.54	2	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	6.26	138	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
7-methylguanine 7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.	2.37	2	0	7-methylguanine
neopterin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	12.3	49	13	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	16.01	158	12	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	12.3	30	5	dacarbazine
ganciclovir [no description available]	2.86	3	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	14.14	54	13	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
pralidoxime pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.	2.4	2	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	4.7	3	0	triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed [no description available]	3.11	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
ro 3306 RO 3306: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	7.14	16	1	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
noc 7 3-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-propanamine: inhibits the secretion of adrenal catecholamines induced by splanchnic nerve stimulation through activation of BK(Ca) channels	1.99	1	0
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	4.17	17	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	2.63	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
8-hydroxyguanosine 8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	purine nucleoside
7-deazaguanine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	organic molecular entity
4-hydroxyquinazoline 4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: structure in first source	2	1	0	quinazolines
forodesine forodesine: structure in first source	2.48	2	0	dihydroxypyrrolidine; pyrrolopyrimidine
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	7.31	13	1	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.	2.44	2	0	dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines	delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	3.45	7	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	10.28	12	5	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
bw 540c [no description available]	1.97	1	0
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	3.85	11	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	2.11	1	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	7.26	20	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.	3.5	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; phosphoramide; triazoles	antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; prodrug
hymenialdisine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
vardenafil dihydrochloride Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.	2.54	2	0
quazinone [no description available]	2.92	1	0
ac 3933 5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1,6-naphthyridine: a cognitive enhancer; structure in first source does not agree with name	2.1	1	0
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	3.25	6	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	3.64	9	0	oxopurine
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	3.1	5	0
nintedanib nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.	5.33	6	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.46	2	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	2.51	2	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	5.78	20	1	guanosines	biomarker
bms 536924 BMS 536924: inhibits insulin-like growth factor I receptor kinase; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
asoxime chloride [no description available]	2.66	3	0
clozapine n-oxide clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source	2.52	2	0	dibenzodiazepine
immucillin g immucillin G: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	dihydroxypyrrolidine; pyrrolopyrimidine
7-ethylguanine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	oxopurine
l 742694 L 742694: a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.7	3	0
amg531 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
centpiperalone [no description available]	1.95	1	0
prodigiosin Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.	2.21	1	0
hgg 12 HGG 12: used therapeutically in organophosphate poisoning; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
noc 9 NOC 9: nitrogen oxide releaser	2	1	0
papa nonoate [no description available]	2	1	0	alkylamine
l 2286 2-((2-piperidin-1-ylethyl)thio)quinazolin-4(3H)-one: structure in first source	3.77	10	0
bay 73-6691 BAY 73-6691: potent and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 9; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
sta 9090 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	ring assembly; triazoles
bmn 673 talazoparib: inhibits both PARP1 and PARP2; structure in first source	7.22	17	0
bay 80-6946 copanlisib: an antineoplastic agent with PI3K inhibitory activity; structure in first source. copanlisib : An imidazoquinazoline that is 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline substituted by (2-aminopyrimidine-5-carbonyl)amino, methoxy, and 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 8, respectively. It is a intravenous pan-class I PI3K inhibitor used for the treatment of relapsed follicular lymphoma in patients who have received at least 2 prior systemic therapies.	6.03	2	1
trimedoxime bromide Trimedoxime: Cholinesterase reactivator used as an antidote in alkyl phosphate poisoning.	1.96	1	0
defibrotide defibrotide: Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION	2.15	1	0
thymidylyl-(3',5')-2'-deoxyguanosine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
fenobam fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate	2.81	3	0	ureas
teicoplanin aglycone teicoplanin aglycone: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
diazo-2 diazo-2: calcium chelator	1.99	1	0
hgg 42 HGG 42: used therapeutically in organophosphate poisoning; structure	2.37	2	0
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.73	3	0
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	1.97	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiotriphosphate) [no description available]	1.99	1	0
sotorasib sotorasib: a KRAS(G12C) inhibitor. sotorasib : A pyridopyrimidine that is pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one substituted by 4-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl, (2S)-2-methyl-4-(prop-2-enoyl)piperazin-1-yl, fluoro and 2-fluoro-6-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 1, 4, 6 and 7, respectively. It is approved for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer having KRAS(G12C) mutations.	2.41	1	0	acrylamides; methylpyridines; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phenols; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent
batrachotoxinin a 20-alpha-benzoate [no description available]	2.43	2	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.21	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	4.04	3	1
eye [no description available]	7.35	12	4
mitotempo MitoTEMPO: an antioxidant	7.14	97	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	4.61	1	1
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	8.03	15	2
at 7867 AT 7867: inhibits Akt and p70 S6 kinase; has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	3.04	4	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	4.04	14	0
technetium tc 99m bicisate [no description available]	2.94	4	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.91	4	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	3.07	5	0
octaarginine octaarginine: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	3.63	9	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	13.13	56	8
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	19.48	124	8
res 701-1 RES 701-1: a cyclic polypeptide consisting of 16 amino acids; isolated from Streptomyces sp RE-701; amino acid sequence given in first source; an ET(B) endothelin receptor antagonist	3.09	5	0
mk 0852 MK 0852: a cyclic heptapeptide antagonist of the platelet GP IIb/IIIa; structure given in first source	3.38	1	1
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	5.86	31	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	29.99	1,853	1,512
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	29.99	1,853	1,512
Buruli Ulcer Disease [description not available]	3.33	5	0
Buruli Ulcer A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.	3.33	5	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	15.84	423	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	20.84	423	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	25.49	813	92
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	25.49	813	92
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	4.53	6	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	4.53	6	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	27.5	1,206	365
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	25.9	603	52
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	27.5	1,206	365
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	25.11	1,745	128
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	14.91	65	19
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	14.91	65	19
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	33.18	3,192	2,034
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	33.18	3,192	2,034
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	5.03	9	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	5.03	9	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	24.42	443	206
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	24.42	443	206
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	21.64	277	90
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	21.64	277	90
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	26.69	672	401
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	26.69	672	401
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	15.03	48	13
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	21.25	241	103
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	15.03	48	13
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	21.25	241	103
Rubeola [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	2.72	2	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	27.16	1,476	354
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	27.16	1,476	354
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	19.65	197	35
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	19.65	197	35
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	24.73	556	149
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	25.26	766	162
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	24.73	556	149
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	25.26	766	162
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	14.49	45	15
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	14.49	45	15
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	27.8	975	205
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	27.8	975	205
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	21.24	435	111
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	21.24	435	111
Polyarthritis [description not available]	4.47	22	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	4.47	22	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	11.3	65	2
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	4.46	5	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	10.98	29	7
Infection [description not available]	25.84	748	35
Granuloma Annulare Benign granulomatous disease of unknown etiology characterized by a ring of localized or disseminated papules or nodules on the skin and palisading histiocytes surrounding necrobiotic tissue resulting from altered collagen structures.	6.47	4	1
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	25.84	748	35
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	18.08	130	33
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	18.08	130	33
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	3.2	4	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	15.36	72	18
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	15.36	72	18
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	15.76	89	23
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	15.76	89	23
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	18.34	118	22
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	28.67	1,414	1,335
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	28.67	1,414	1,335
Epilepsy Syndromes [description not available]	5.07	2	1
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	3.03	4	0
Aura [description not available]	13.09	99	9
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	6.29	3	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	13.69	232	7
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy Sudden death in a patient with EPILEPSY associated with SEIZURES and seizure-related symptoms (e.g., APNEA; HYPOXEMIA) without other identifiable accidental causes (e.g., DROWNING; WOUNDS AND INJURIES).	2.31	1	0
Epileptic Syndromes EPILEPTIC SEIZURES that are of similar type and age of onset and have other similar features (e.g., clinical course, EEG findings, genetic association and neuropathology).	5.07	2	1
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	3.03	4	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	13.09	99	9
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	6.29	3	1
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	13.69	232	7
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	18.98	172	31
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	2.31	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	18.98	172	31
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	16.64	97	17
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	10.37	28	8
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	10.37	28	8
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	20.58	463	84
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	15.12	45	14
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	9.77	15	1
Weight Reduction [description not available]	17.76	137	28
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	15.63	93	21
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	17.76	137	28
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	10.66	21	13
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	6.74	21	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	21.5	548	95
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	20.43	436	39
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	20.43	436	39
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	3.12	5	0
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue [description not available]	11.15	15	8
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.	11.15	15	8
Apoplexy [description not available]	23.38	306	28
Nerve Pain [description not available]	12.76	115	2
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	12.76	115	2
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	23.38	306	28
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	19.06	152	30
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	19.06	152	30
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	10.57	71	4
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	10.57	71	4
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	8.91	27	3
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	8.91	27	3
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	8.57	20	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	8.57	20	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	13.19	37	6
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	13.19	37	6
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	6.18	6	2
Duncan Disease [description not available]	8.36	19	2
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	6.18	6	2
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	8.36	19	2
Breast Cancer [description not available]	20.4	337	50
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	20.4	337	50
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	15.96	236	19
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	14.44	61	17
Astrocytosis [description not available]	6.1	10	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	14.44	61	17
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	7.62	21	3
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	11.36	70	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	11.36	70	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	11.48	46	6
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	11.48	46	6
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	27.35	497	65
Recrudescence [description not available]	22.56	325	177
Aphthae [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	2.41	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	5.61	9	2
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	5.61	9	2
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	24.25	442	162
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	11.46	24	7
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	11.46	24	7
Carcinomatous Meningitis [description not available]	4.84	10	0
Meningeal Carcinomatosis Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.	4.84	10	0
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	8.07	10	2
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	12.2	22	6
Atypical Cluster Headache [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	10.99	56	1
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	3.55	8	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	10.99	56	1
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	3.55	8	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	13.71	65	11
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	13.71	65	11
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	13.96	142	5
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	10.92	144	2
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	13.03	111	6
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	13.96	142	5
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	13.03	111	6
B-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	9.25	12	2
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	15.74	85	29
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	15.74	85	29
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	4.96	2	1
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	11.59	16	9
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	22.02	260	138
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	11.59	16	9
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	14.12	30	16
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	12.07	26	16
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	12.07	26	16
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	14.12	30	16
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	9.15	14	3
Autoimmune Disease Models, Nervous System [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral [description not available]	4.47	5	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	3.23	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	17.36	145	24
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	17.36	145	24
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	15.94	83	6
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	2.58	2	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	17.67	94	15
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	15.77	65	33
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	15.94	83	6
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	2.58	2	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	17.67	94	15
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	15.77	65	33
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	13.52	32	19
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	22.62	571	185
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	22.62	571	185
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	15.71	92	21
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	8.08	11	3
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	15.71	92	21
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	8.08	11	3
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	12.71	80	9
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	18.93	175	16
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	12.71	80	9
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	18.93	175	16
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	19.66	288	58
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	19.66	288	58
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease [description not available]	3.2	4	0
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.	3.2	4	0
Ache [description not available]	23.51	690	218
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	23.51	690	218
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	12.42	76	1
A-Thalassemia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	12.42	76	1
alpha-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.	2.41	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	12.76	46	3
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	12.76	46	3
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	14.91	96	25
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	14.91	96	25
Allodynia [description not available]	25.18	592	152
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	21.54	204	139
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	21.54	204	139
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	12.74	70	10
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	14.4	105	16
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	12.74	70	10
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	14.4	105	16
Itching [description not available]	15.18	81	28
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	15.18	81	28
Hyper IgD Syndrome [description not available]	3.75	3	0
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency Autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the mevalonate kinase gene. Because of the mutations cholesterol biosynthesis is disrupted and MEVALONIC ACID accumulates. It is characterized by a range of symptoms, including dysmorphic FACIES, psychomotor retardation, CATARACT, hepatosplenomegaly, CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, elevated IMMUNOGLOBULIN D, and recurrent febrile crises with FEVER; LYMPHADENOPATHY; ARTHRALGIA; EDEMA; and rash.	3.75	3	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	9.32	27	3
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	9.32	27	3
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	7.38	7	2
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	18.19	168	35
Anasarca [description not available]	16.86	139	49
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	18.19	168	35
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	16.86	139	49
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	9.59	20	5
Amazon Black Fever [description not available]	5.74	7	0
Hepatitis D INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	5.74	7	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	9.59	20	5
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	15.61	73	18
Cockayne-Touraine Disease [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.	2.41	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	29.07	1,450	1,342
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	29.07	1,450	1,342
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	8.28	20	2
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	5.21	18	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	8.28	20	2
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	11.14	49	3
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	15.39	89	4
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	11.14	49	3
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	15.39	89	4
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	8.96	25	6
Cirrhosis [description not available]	9.54	86	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	8.96	25	6
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	9.54	86	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	7.85	35	2
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	19.08	141	47
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	13.29	27	16
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	16.02	76	32
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	19.08	141	47
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	21.84	304	193
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	13.29	27	16
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	16.02	76	32
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	7.85	35	2
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	4.27	3	1
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	2.85	3	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	9.53	82	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	17.68	317	51
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	17.68	317	51
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	10.71	34	3
Lymphoma, Primary Effusion A rare neoplasm of large B-cells usually presenting as serious effusions without detectable tumor masses. The most common sites of involvement are the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. It is associated with HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8, most often occurring in the setting of immunodeficiency.	2.59	2	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	8.43	16	3
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	5.73	7	1
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	5.73	7	1
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2.93	4	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	5.51	16	0
Metastase [description not available]	17.77	114	40
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	17.77	114	40
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	7.9	13	1
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	7.9	13	1
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	14.55	42	14
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	9.42	49	1
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	14.55	42	14
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	4.85	7	1
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	7.75	62	1
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	7.75	62	1
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	7.88	13	1
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	6.61	7	1
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	7.88	13	1
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	6.61	7	1
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.69	10	1
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Necrobiosis Lipoidica A degenerative disease of the dermal connective tissue characterized by the development of erythematous papules or nodules in the pretibial area. The papules form plaques covered with telangiectatic vessels. More than half of the affected patients have diabetes.	2.41	1	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	16.41	119	34
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	16.41	119	34
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	15.75	109	17
Chromosome Instability Syndromes [description not available]	4.21	2	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	15.75	109	17
HPV Infection [description not available]	4.31	6	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	4.67	10	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	11.91	31	6
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	4.67	10	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	11.91	31	6
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	4.31	6	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	4.94	7	1
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	3.81	11	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	13.46	63	9
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	4.94	7	1
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	3.81	11	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	17.26	141	34
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	7.34	24	2
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	3.77	3	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	17.26	141	34
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	6.51	16	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	6.51	16	1
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	2.4	2	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	5.39	4	1
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	15.99	59	21
Cataleptic Attacks [description not available]	13.8	28	11
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	15.99	59	21
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	3.09	4	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	3.09	4	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	6.45	15	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	11.77	33	13
Cancer of Head [description not available]	10.8	35	5
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	10.8	35	5
Hives [description not available]	17.46	81	30
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	17.46	81	30
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	4.81	10	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	6.17	31	1
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	13.21	26	12
Lassitude [description not available]	20.91	189	167
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	11.24	18	5
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	20.91	189	167
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	11.24	18	5
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	13.21	26	12
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	12.88	49	5
Chronic Delta Hepatitis [description not available]	14.06	23	14
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	12.88	49	5
Congenital Immunodeficiency Disease [description not available]	4.07	2	1
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Genetic immunologic deficiency diseases and syndromes due to mutations in genes involved in IMMUNITY generally characterized by an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. They are often associated with AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE manifestations.	4.07	2	1
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	7.4	8	1
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	7.4	8	1
Bleb [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	18.25	109	35
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	3.07	5	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	4.2	16	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	18.25	109	35
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	3.07	5	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	4.2	16	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	10.46	34	2
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	10.55	37	2
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	10.55	37	2
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	10.46	34	2
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	3.35	6	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	10.54	56	5
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	10.54	56	5
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	7.68	11	2
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	7.68	11	2
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	5.3	12	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	5.3	12	0
Disseminated Fungal Infection [description not available]	5.36	17	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	10.07	52	6
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	10.07	52	6
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	8.24	4	3
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	8.24	4	3
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	7.95	17	1
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	7.95	17	1
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	6.7	5	2
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	11.09	45	7
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	11.09	45	7
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	11.72	28	2
Histiocytosis General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.	4.37	3	1
B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	4.41	6	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, B-Cell A neoplasm of prolymphocytes affecting the blood, bone marrow, and spleen. It is characterized by prolymphocytes exceeding 55% of the lymphoid cells in the blood and profound splenomegaly.	4.41	6	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	13.46	44	6
Lymphoma, Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Anaplastic lymphoma of the skin which develops as a primary neoplasm expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. It is characterized by solitary nodules or ulcerated tumors.	3.23	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	13.46	44	6
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	10.88	32	10
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	10.88	32	10
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	7.57	51	0
Granulomatosis, Lipid [description not available]	3.12	4	0
Erdheim-Chester Disease A rare form of non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL) with onset in middle age. The systemic disease is characterized by infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.	3.12	4	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	5.48	23	0
Congenital Poikiloderma [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.48	23	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	15.78	83	29
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	15.78	83	29
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	8.81	17	5
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	22.77	538	103
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	8.81	17	5
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	23.73	384	35
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	23.73	384	35
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	5.82	14	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Zoster [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.72	3	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	6.78	11	2
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	6.53	6	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	17.85	227	29
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	6.53	6	1
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	5.54	5	1
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	5.18	10	1
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	3.32	6	0
Acinar Carcinoma [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)	2.41	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.	2.76	2	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	2.41	1	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	2.4	2	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	11.09	60	9
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	11.09	60	9
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	2.46	2	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus [description not available]	4.55	7	0
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)	4.55	7	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	25.56	507	279
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	25.56	507	279
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	23.15	227	119
Kahler Disease [description not available]	13.73	59	11
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	13.73	59	11
Amentia [description not available]	19.85	240	39
Psychoses [description not available]	18.08	216	42
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	19.85	240	39
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	18.08	216	42
Thrombopenia [description not available]	15.07	57	29
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	15.07	57	29
Feline Infectious Peritonitis Common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (CORONAVIRUS, FELINE). The disease is characterized by a long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal enlargement. Infection of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be essential in FIP pathogenesis.	2.61	2	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	7.04	9	2
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	3.21	5	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	4.86	4	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	10.5	43	1
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	4.44	19	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	4.44	19	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.89	3	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	4.86	4	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	10.5	43	1
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	15.85	99	34
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	15.85	99	34
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	6.36	14	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	6.36	14	0
Opiate Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of an OPIOID in excess of normal dosage. It includes overdose for prescription and illicit opioids.	2.76	2	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	15.98	131	19
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	15.98	131	19
Immune Reconstitution Disease [description not available]	2.98	3	0
Bites [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.97	4	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	12.95	80	6
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	12.95	80	6
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	16.51	134	38
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	16.51	134	38
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	8	11	3
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	8	11	3
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	5.39	4	1
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	5.39	4	1
Abetalipoproteinemia An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.	3.71	3	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	8.37	32	1
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	9.8	17	7
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	9.8	17	7
C gattii Infection [description not available]	4.81	10	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	4.81	10	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	4.13	5	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	14.81	40	30
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	4.13	5	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	13.28	23	11
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	13.28	23	11
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	11.34	58	11
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	11.34	58	11
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	4.08	4	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	4.08	4	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	11.51	30	9
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	11.51	30	9
Chronic Illness [description not available]	21.4	354	159
Sleepiness Compelling urge to sleep.	3.57	2	0
Autoimmune Urticaria [description not available]	6.42	6	2
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	15.18	53	31
Asialia [description not available]	6.48	9	2
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	21.4	354	159
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	15.18	53	31
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	6.48	9	2
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	7.91	5	4
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	7.91	5	4
Berger Disease [description not available]	3.51	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	3.51	2	0
Aplasia Pure Red Cell [description not available]	3.18	4	0
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.	3.18	4	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	8.77	11	2
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	8.77	11	2
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	4	4	0
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	4	4	0
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)	2.41	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	8.36	10	1
Muscle Pain [description not available]	9.88	9	5
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	8.36	10	1
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	9.88	9	5
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	17.29	202	35
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	16.64	97	58
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	16.64	97	58
Shingles [description not available]	22.34	502	61
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	22.34	502	61
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	7.34	7	2
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	4.03	14	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	4.03	14	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	5.73	19	1
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	5.73	19	1
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	7.68	19	1
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	7.68	19	1
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	8.05	23	4
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	8.05	23	4
Bunyaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BUNYAVIRIDAE.	2.41	1	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	4.94	8	1
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	4.94	8	1
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	5.08	3	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	5.08	3	1
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	5.4	14	1
Action Tremor [description not available]	10.87	48	7
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	10.87	48	7
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	13.32	47	5
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	13.32	47	5
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	17.34	86	73
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	3.64	2	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	7.3	30	4
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	5.84	11	2
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	5.84	11	2
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	6.23	13	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	15.2	113	19
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	15.2	113	19
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	8.03	18	1
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	8.03	18	1
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	14.1	50	12
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	14.1	50	12
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	11.03	54	10
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	11.03	54	10
Canine Diseases [description not available]	10.69	39	5
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	6.1	5	2
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	4.51	9	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	4.51	9	0
Endocarditis, Loeffler [description not available]	3.55	2	0
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.	3.55	2	0
Emesis [description not available]	18.01	176	66
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	21.03	176	99
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	18.01	176	66
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	2.41	1	0
Impotence [description not available]	4.54	9	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	4.54	9	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	6.46	6	1
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	6.46	6	1
Lichen Ruber Planus [description not available]	4.53	7	0
Lichen Planus An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.	4.53	7	0
Cerebral Nocardiosis [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	9.7	40	3
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	9.7	40	3
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	4	4	0
Lymphomatoid Papulosis Clinically benign, histologically malignant, recurrent cutaneous T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by an infiltration of large atypical cells surrounded by inflammatory cells. The atypical cells resemble REED-STERNBERG CELLS of HODGKIN DISEASE or the malignant cells of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA. In some cases, lymphomatoid papulosis progresses to lymphomatous conditions including MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; HODGKIN DISEASE; CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA; or ANAPLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA.	3.33	1	0
Exanthem [description not available]	14.03	37	14
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	14.03	37	14
Schnitzler Syndrome An extremely rare condition manifested as monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN M dysproteinemia without features of lymphoproliferative disease, but with chronic urticaria, fever of unknown origin, disabling bone pain, hyperostosis, and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate.	3.41	5	0
Aortitis Syndrome [description not available]	4.19	12	0
Takayasu Arteritis A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.	4.19	12	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	4.13	5	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	6.95	19	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	6.95	19	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	9.62	57	3
Viral Diseases [description not available]	4.91	8	1
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	9.62	57	3
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	4.91	8	1
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	6.28	5	1
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	6.28	5	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.66	26	0
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	2.93	4	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	3.39	7	0
Amaurotic Familial Idiocy An outdated term for Tay-Sachs disease.	2.41	1	0
Tay-Sachs Disease An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the onset in infancy of an exaggerated startle response, followed by paralysis, dementia, and blindness. It is caused by mutation in the alpha subunit of the HEXOSAMINIDASE A resulting in lipid-laden ganglion cells. It is also known as the B variant (with increased HEXOSAMINIDASE B but absence of hexosaminidase A) and is strongly associated with Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry.	2.41	1	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	4.88	7	1
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	4.88	7	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute [description not available]	3.34	5	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	8.37	23	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).	3.34	5	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	8.37	23	1
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	12.29	73	10
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	9.12	34	1
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	12.29	73	10
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	9.12	34	1
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	12.36	67	9
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	12.36	67	9
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	6.41	25	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	6.41	25	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	4.85	12	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	4.85	12	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.68	3	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	20.64	242	170
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	5.04	13	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	5.04	13	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	11.86	39	5
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	11.86	39	5
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	7.83	22	2
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	7.83	22	2
SAPHO Syndrome [description not available]	3.67	7	0
Acquired Hyperostosis Syndrome Syndrome consisting of SYNOVITIS; ACNE CONGLOBATA; PALMOPLANTAR PUSTULOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; and OSTEITIS. The most common site of the disease is the upper anterior chest wall, characterized by predominantly osteosclerotic lesions, hyperostosis, and arthritis of the adjacent joints. The association of sterile inflammatory bone lesions and neutrophilic skin eruptions is indicative of this syndrome.	3.67	7	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	6.68	86	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	13.17	55	11
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	13.17	55	11
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	13.43	68	15
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	13.43	68	15
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	7	5	2
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7	5	2
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	4.78	5	1
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	10.9	37	3
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	10.9	37	3
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	13.54	45	37
Pouch Ileitis [description not available]	3.4	5	0
Pouchitis Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).	3.4	5	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	3.01	2	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	3.01	2	0
Splenic Rupture Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.	3.14	4	0
Black Fever [description not available]	3.44	7	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	3.44	7	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	17.11	88	37
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	17.11	88	37
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome [description not available]	6.1	2	2
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	5.56	3	2
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	5.56	3	2
Lennox Gastaut Syndrome A childhood-onset epilepsy syndrome.	6.1	2	2
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	12.7	51	11
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	10.08	21	5
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	2.41	1	0
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Ciliopathies Genetic disorders caused by defects in genes related to the primary CILIUM; BASAL BODY; or CENTROSOME. Primary features may include obesity, SKELETAL DYSPLASIA; POLYDACTYLY and malformations that primarily involve the liver, eye or kidneys.	2.41	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	3.71	9	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	3.71	9	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	9.91	41	4
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	9.91	41	4
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	8.19	95	1
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	6.53	17	1
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	6.53	17	1
Tumour Lysis Syndrome [description not available]	12.39	23	14
Tumor Lysis Syndrome A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.	12.39	23	14
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	7.27	7	1
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	12.81	31	25
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	12.81	31	25
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	8.89	12	7
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	8.89	12	7
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	8.56	24	3
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	18.27	200	62
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	8.56	24	3
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	10.74	26	11
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	2.69	2	0
Skin Diseases, Vascular Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.	2.98	3	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	15.09	49	16
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	15.09	49	16
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	3.57	2	0
Tracheal Stenosis A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.	4.71	6	1
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	7.13	16	2
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.	7.13	16	2
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	14.54	62	13
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	14.54	62	13
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	4.55	9	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	4.55	9	0
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	4.41	4	1
Dizzyness [description not available]	17.7	57	26
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	17.7	57	26
Presbycusis Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.	2.55	2	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	12.93	61	9
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	12.93	61	9
Surgical Incision [description not available]	5.44	4	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	4	5	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	4	5	0
Acute Onset Aura Migraine [description not available]	4.77	2	1
Migraine with Aura A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	4.77	2	1
Dysphagia [description not available]	8.33	18	1
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	8.33	18	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	11.28	32	8
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	11.28	32	8
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	11.17	38	5
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	11.17	38	5
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	5.41	10	0
Carditis [description not available]	5.35	7	2
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	5.35	7	2
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis [description not available]	4.53	4	0
Scleroderma, Diffuse A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.	4.53	4	0
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep [description not available]	4.69	6	1
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)	4.69	6	1
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	4.13	5	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	4.13	5	0
Beuren Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	6.06	15	2
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	6.06	15	2
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	20.56	234	203
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	20.56	234	203
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	9.39	51	5
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	9.39	51	5
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	11.89	23	17
Erythema Nodosum An erythematous eruption commonly associated with drug reactions or infection and characterized by inflammatory nodules that are usually tender, multiple, and bilateral. These nodules are located predominantly on the shins with less common occurrence on the thighs and forearms. They undergo characteristic color changes ending in temporary bruise-like areas. This condition usually subsides in 3-6 weeks without scarring or atrophy.	2.41	1	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	7.15	13	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	7.15	13	0
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	8.65	13	3
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	8.65	13	3
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	13.47	40	6
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	13.47	40	6
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	3.28	5	0
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	3.28	5	0
Prurigo A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	4.52	5	1
Forestier-Certonciny Syndrome [description not available]	6.51	5	2
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell [description not available]	5.46	4	1
Polymyalgia Rheumatica A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with GIANT CELL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.	6.51	5	2
Giant Cell Arteritis A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)	5.46	4	1
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	14.97	89	30
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	14.97	89	30
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	8.33	15	3
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	3.39	7	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	3.63	8	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	3.63	8	0
Enthesopathy A disorder occurring at the site of insertion of TENDONS or LIGAMENTS into bones or JOINT CAPSULES.	5.01	3	2
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	10.26	41	6
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	10.26	41	6
Acantholysis Bullosa [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Acquired Form of Epidermolysis Bullosa [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.	2.6	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by trauma-induced, subepidermal blistering with no family history of the disease. Direct immunofluorescence shows IMMUNOGLOBULIN G deposited at the dermo-epidermal junction.	2.6	1	0
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	7.56	10	1
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	7.56	10	1
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	3.28	6	0
Pemphigoid [description not available]	3.53	6	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	3.53	6	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	9.04	59	2
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	9.04	59	2
Lymphocytosis Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion.	9.69	18	2
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	15.89	63	26
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	15.89	63	26
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	2.82	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	6.32	14	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	6.32	14	1
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	3.32	6	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous [description not available]	4.21	2	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.	4.21	2	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	12.91	45	9
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	12.91	45	9
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	21.34	193	16
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	21.34	193	16
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	3.23	5	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	3.23	5	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	16.81	83	18
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	4.14	16	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	4.14	16	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	16.81	83	18
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	8.76	59	2
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	7.43	10	1
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	7.43	10	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	15.61	196	21
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	15.61	196	21
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	6.33	14	3
Mucorales Infection [description not available]	4.08	4	0
Mucormycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.	4.08	4	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	14.56	56	9
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	14.56	56	9
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	2.82	2	0
Arthritis, Spinal [description not available]	6.97	5	1
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Myositis Ossificans A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.	2.6	1	0
Great Pox [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	2.4	2	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	5.68	32	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	10.74	21	8
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	11.56	33	9
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	10.74	21	8
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	11.56	33	9
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial [description not available]	4.05	4	0
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.	4.05	4	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	10.38	19	10
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	10.38	19	10
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	15.62	687	20
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	6.86	24	1
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	12.18	57	9
Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	12.18	57	9
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	7.66	10	4
Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)	2.84	3	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	7.91	17	2
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	7.91	17	2
Bechterew Syndrome [description not available]	5.18	6	0
Spondylarthropathies Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features. They are associated with the HLA-B27 ANTIGEN and some with a triggering infection. Most involve the axial joints in the SPINE, particularly the SACROILIAC JOINT, but can also involve asymmetric peripheral joints. Subsets include ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; and others.	5.18	6	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	9.73	15	4
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	9.73	15	4
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	10.81	16	6
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	10.81	16	6
Abnormal Karyotype A variation from the normal set of chromosomes characteristic of a species.	3.11	4	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	5.12	3	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	15.29	91	6
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	15.29	91	6
Blood Diseases [description not available]	11.73	21	12
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	11.73	21	12
Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid [description not available]	7.8	5	4
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	8.33	9	5
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	8.33	9	5
Carcinoma, Endometrioid An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.	7.8	5	4
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	17.86	194	67
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	4.25	18	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	17.86	194	67
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	2.21	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	4.73	6	1
Cryoglobulinemia A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.	2.61	2	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	4.73	6	1
Lymphangiomyomatosis [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).	2.54	2	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	4.18	3	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	12.91	66	2
Co-infection [description not available]	4.82	4	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	4.16	3	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	10.27	41	7
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	10.27	41	7
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	8.33	20	1
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	8.33	20	1
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	8.78	50	1
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	12.7	52	1
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	12.7	52	1
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)	2.21	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	11.51	27	4
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	6.17	12	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	11.51	27	4
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	6.17	12	0
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever [description not available]	3.61	3	0
West Nile Fever A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)	3.61	3	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	12.1	42	2
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	11.45	43	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	12.1	42	2
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	11.45	43	0
Thyroid Nodule A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).	4.2	3	1
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	22.06	338	113
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	10.39	70	7
Cardiac Conduction Defect [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	16.77	59	18
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	10.09	42	2
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	16.77	59	18
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	2.79	3	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	8.92	51	1
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	2.97	4	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.25	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	4.93	15	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	3.49	8	0
Atheroma [description not available]	5.97	8	1
Breathlessness [description not available]	9.91	18	11
Destombes-Rosai-Dorfman Syndrome [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	9.91	18	11
Histiocytosis, Sinus Benign, non-Langerhans-cell, histiocytic proliferative disorder that primarily affects the lymph nodes. It is often referred to as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.	2.66	2	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	7.44	13	4
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	7.44	13	4
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	15.87	124	6
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	9.35	47	5
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	15.36	148	15
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	15.36	148	15
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	6.6	7	3
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	17.11	217	31
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	5.91	9	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	9.15	20	2
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	3.35	6	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	11.03	25	5
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	11.03	25	5
Discitis Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.	2.25	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	6.45	10	5
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	6.45	10	5
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	4.06	14	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	5.24	6	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	2.21	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	13.19	90	4
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	13.19	90	4
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	13.78	80	13
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	13.78	80	13
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	7.41	10	3
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	7.41	10	3
Day Blindness [description not available]	6.47	16	0
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	2.21	1	0
Myositis, Multiple [description not available]	3.86	3	0
Polymyositis Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)	3.86	3	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	10.28	61	4
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	10.28	61	4
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	6.12	11	1
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	10.34	19	6
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	10.34	19	6
Stunted Growth [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	2.5	2	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	9.59	22	2
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	10.97	38	13
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	10.97	38	13
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	9.59	22	2
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	7.65	12	2
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	15.2	41	20
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	7.65	12	2
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	2.25	1	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	14.62	44	16
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	11.68	35	10
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available]	4.05	4	0
Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.	4.05	4	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	3.3	6	0
Chronic Esophagitis, Eosinophilic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Eosinophilic Esophagitis Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens.	2.21	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	10.48	17	4
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	10.48	17	4
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	6.76	16	4
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	3.95	12	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	5.37	13	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.39	19	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	3.95	12	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	5.37	13	1
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	8.23	13	5
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	7.72	15	2
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	7.72	15	2
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.25	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2.25	1	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	3.02	4	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	8.33	19	7
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	8.33	19	7
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	2.94	4	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	7.18	6	2
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	7.18	6	2
Aerobic Glycolysis, Oncologic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	8.16	42	1
Ganglioglioma Rare indolent tumors comprised of neoplastic glial and neuronal cells which occur primarily in children and young adults. Benign lesions tend to be associated with long survival unless the tumor degenerates into a histologically malignant form. They tend to occur in the optic nerve and white matter of the brain and spinal cord.	2.93	3	0
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.	2.59	2	0
Fungal Lung Diseases [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	5.91	9	1
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	5.91	9	1
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	12.13	34	9
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	2.74	3	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	2.69	3	0
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	2.25	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	8.99	17	2
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	8.99	17	2
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	3.11	5	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	2.25	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Oncogene Addiction The dependence of tumor cells on a single oncogenic pathway or protein for their continued proliferation and survival.	2.61	2	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	5.96	9	1
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	13.95	64	11
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	13.95	64	11
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	5.41	7	2
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	5.41	7	2
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	2.59	2	0
Cutaneous Mastocytosis [description not available]	9.86	11	9
Infection, Wound [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Adult-Onset Still Disease [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Still's Disease, Adult-Onset Systemic-onset rheumatoid arthritis in adults. It differs from classical rheumatoid arthritis in that it is more often marked by acute febrile onset, and generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are more prominent.	2.94	3	0
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	13.32	21	3
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	13.32	21	3
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	8.45	13	4
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	8.45	13	4
Central Nervous System Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	6.04	28	1
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	4	2	1
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.74	3	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	13.73	62	4
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	13.73	62	4
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	7.8	22	1
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	7.8	22	1
17p11.2 Monosomy [description not available]	7.79	11	1
Smith-Magenis Syndrome Complex neurobehavioral disorder characterized by distinctive facial features (FACIES), developmental delay and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Behavioral phenotypes include sleep disturbance, maladaptive, self-injurious and attention-seeking behaviors. The sleep disturbance is linked to an abnormal circadian secretion pattern of MELATONIN. The syndrome is associated with de novo deletion or mutation and HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY of the retinoic acid-induced 1 protein on chromosome 17p11.2.	7.79	11	1
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	3.59	8	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	3.59	8	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	3.49	8	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.11	5	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	4.01	14	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	4.01	14	0
Cancer of the Fallopian Tube [description not available]	10.97	12	8
Fallopian Tube Neoplasms Benign or malignant neoplasms of the FALLOPIAN TUBES. They are uncommon. If they develop, they may be located in the wall or within the lumen as a growth attached to the wall by a stalk.	10.97	12	8
Histiocytosis, Non-Langerhans-Cell Group of disorders which feature accumulations of active HISTIOCYTES and LYMPHOCYTES, but where the histiocytes are not LANGERHANS CELLS. The group includes HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS; SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS; xanthogranuloma; reticulohistiocytoma; JUVENILE XANTHOGRANULOMA; xanthoma disseminatum; as well as the lipid storage diseases (SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTE SYNDROME; and NIEMANN-PICK DISEASES).	2.31	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	7.92	6	4
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.83	3	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	7.92	6	4
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	2.59	2	0
DRESS Syndrome [description not available]	3.13	4	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	12.31	36	20
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	12.31	36	20
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	3.04	4	0
Leukokeratosis Leukoplakic lesions related to abnormal keratin fiber formation.	2.25	1	0
Leukoplakia A white patch lesion found on a MUCOUS MEMBRANE that cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is generally considered a precancerous condition, however its appearance may also result from a variety of HEREDITARY DISEASES.	2.25	1	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	12.06	25	11
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	12.13	28	11
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	12.06	25	11
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	3.45	2	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	4.15	5	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	5.88	17	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	5.4	13	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.25	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).	2.25	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	10.73	41	4
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	4.81	2	1
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	6.92	9	2
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	5.5	3	1
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	6.27	13	1
Dent Disease X-linked recessive NEPHROLITHIASIS characterized by HYPERCALCIURIA; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; and PROTEINURIA. It is associated with mutations in the voltage-gated chloride channel, CLC-5 (Dent Disease I). Another group of mutations associated with this disease is in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-5-phosphatase gene.	4.39	1	1
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	5.5	3	1
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	4.39	1	1
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	6.65	7	3
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	4.74	2	1
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	10.84	29	2
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	12.91	29	12
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	14.66	36	21
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	4.43	1	1
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	5.07	3	1
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	6.25	6	2
Amaurosis [description not available]	4.68	2	1
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	6.62	20	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	5.28	2	1
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	4.69	2	1
E coli Infections [description not available]	5.98	10	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	7.6	21	1
Hypermobility, Joint [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	12.43	36	8
Prediabetes [description not available]	7.12	10	2
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	7.75	15	2
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	4.8	2	1
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	5.93	9	1
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	15.7	70	17
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	6.76	6	4
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	4.43	1	1
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	4.77	2	1
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	7.55	14	4
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	4.68	2	1
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	5.28	2	1
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	6.56	4	2
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	4.69	2	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	5.98	10	1
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	7.6	21	1
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	12.43	36	8
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	7.12	10	2
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	7.75	15	2
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	4.8	2	1
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	4.43	1	1
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	15.7	70	17
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	6.76	6	4
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	10.84	29	2
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	12.91	29	12
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	4.43	1	1
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	6.25	6	2
Sex Disorders [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	2.4	2	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	8.02	31	1
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	8.02	31	1
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	3.09	4	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	3.09	4	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	5.62	12	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	5.62	12	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	5.72	6	1
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	5.72	6	1
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	4.73	11	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	4.73	11	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	5.67	28	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	4.96	8	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	4.96	8	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	6.92	15	1
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	6.92	15	1
Latent Tuberculosis The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.	3.47	2	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	8.63	14	4
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	8.63	14	4
Episcleritis [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Scleritis Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.	2.66	2	0
Fatigue, Mental [description not available]	4.56	2	2
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	4.3	3	1
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle A heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy that can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. There are many forms (called LGMDs) involving genes encoding muscle membrane proteins such as the sarcoglycan (SARCOGLYCANS) complex that interacts with DYSTROPHIN. The disease is characterized by progressing wasting and weakness of the proximal muscles of arms and legs around the HIPS and SHOULDERS (the pelvic and shoulder girdles).	3.06	4	0
Disseminated Fusariosis [description not available]	3.51	2	0
Fusariosis OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.	3.51	2	0
Diathesis [description not available]	7.48	19	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	5.81	22	1
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	5.81	22	1
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	9.94	28	1
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	9.94	28	1
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	12.79	27	15
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	12.79	27	15
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	7.33	15	3
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	7.33	15	3
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	4.23	6	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	9.71	17	2
Brugada ECG Pattern [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Brugada Syndrome An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.	2.31	1	0
Cerebral Cryptococcosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Meningitis, Cryptococcal Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)	2.25	1	0
Collodion Baby Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Ichthyosis, Lamellar A chronic, congenital ichthyosis inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Infants are usually born encased in a collodion membrane which sheds within a few weeks. Scaling is generalized and marked with grayish-brown quadrilateral scales, adherent at their centers and free at the edges. In some cases, scales are so thick that they resemble armored plate.	2.25	1	0
Teratogenesis The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.	3.17	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	8.08	38	1
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	5.06	5	2
Analgesic Overuse Headache [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	3.08	4	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	9.83	21	5
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	9.83	21	5
Acne Inversa [description not available]	3.6	2	0
Keratoacanthoma A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.	3.17	1	0
Hidradenitis Suppurativa A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.	3.6	2	0
Ecchymosis Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.	7.06	3	2
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	5.24	11	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	3.59	9	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	7.67	17	4
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	7.67	17	4
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	5.24	11	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, T Cell [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell A lymphoid leukemia characterized by a profound LYMPHOCYTOSIS with or without LYMPHADENOPATHY, hepatosplenomegaly, frequently rapid progression, and short survival. It was formerly called T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.87	3	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	2.75	3	0
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	4.35	7	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	4.35	7	0
Sycosis [description not available]	4.14	3	1
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	4.14	3	1
Choroid Neoplasms Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).	3.12	4	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	3.22	5	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	3.22	5	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	6.81	8	1
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	2.94	4	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.09	5	0
Ageusia Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of taste, frequently accompanied by OLFACTION DISORDERS.	3.17	1	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	4.94	2	1
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	7.14	12	3
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	4.94	2	1
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	7.14	12	3
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	4.19	6	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	13.77	31	17
Anal Cancer [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Anus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.	2.94	3	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	2.75	3	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	3.31	6	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	2.25	1	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	14.83	57	26
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	11.01	74	7
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	14.83	57	26
Latent Infection Delayed infection of the host by a dormant or inactive pathogen.	2.31	1	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	9.89	11	9
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	9.89	11	9
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	3.42	6	0
Hereditary Autoinflammation Diseases [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	3.42	6	0
Chronic Infantile Neurologic, Cutaneous, and Articular Syndrome [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes A group of rare autosomal dominant diseases, commonly characterized by atypical URTICARIA (hives) with systemic symptoms that develop into end-organ damage. The atypical hives do not involve T-cell or autoantibody. Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome includes three previously distinct disorders: Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome; Muckle-Wells Syndrome; and CINCA Syndrome, that are now considered to represent a disease continuum, all caused by NLRP3 PROTEIN mutations.	2.53	2	0
Common Migraine [description not available]	7.75	5	4
Migraine without Aura Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	7.75	5	4
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	12.46	93	14
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	12.46	93	14
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.96	6	1
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	5.71	7	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	5.71	7	0
Angiogranuloma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Auricular Syndrome of Ramsay Hunt [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Syndrome, VKH (Vogt Koyanagi Harada) [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome A syndrome characterized by bilateral granulomatous UVEITIS with IRITIS and secondary GLAUCOMA, premature ALOPECIA, symmetrical VITILIGO, poliosis circumscripta (a strand of depigmented hair), HEARING DISORDERS, and meningeal signs (neck stiffness and headache). Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a pattern consistent with MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p748; Surv Ophthalmol 1995 Jan;39(4):265-292)	2.66	2	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	10.75	39	7
Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	6.84	25	1
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	7.79	28	1
Deafness, Sudden Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.	3.17	1	0
Masked Hypertension Phenomenon where increased BLOOD PRESSURE readings taken in non-clinical settings (e.g., HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING) do not replicate in clinical settings.	3.17	1	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	10.75	39	7
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	7.79	28	1
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	12.8	73	11
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	12.8	73	11
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	6.28	6	0
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	6.28	6	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	3.24	6	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	3.58	9	0
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	5.03	3	1
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	4.62	1	1
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	4.7	2	1
Caries, Dental [description not available]	5.14	3	1
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	4.9	2	1
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	9.82	17	5
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	9.57	14	2
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Pericementitis [description not available]	7.68	11	2
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	4.62	1	1
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	4.62	1	1
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	6.55	17	1
Shoulder Injuries Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.	5.4	2	2
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	7.98	14	7
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	5.14	3	1
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	4.62	1	1
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	4.62	1	1
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	9.57	14	2
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	4.62	1	1
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	7.68	11	2
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	4.62	1	1
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	5.03	3	1
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	4.62	1	1
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	5.69	11	2
Neurogenic Bowel Loss or absence of normal intestinal function due to nerve damage or birth defects. It is characterized by the inability to control the elimination of stool from the body.	2.52	2	0
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	3.64	1	1
Skin Diseases, Viral Skin diseases caused by viruses.	2.63	2	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	3.53	7	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	4.54	24	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	4.54	24	0
Palsy [description not available]	6.41	16	1
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	6.41	16	1
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	4.33	3	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	7.25	8	3
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	7.25	8	3
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	17.62	432	2
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	8.27	9	4
Congenital Varicella Syndrome [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	8.27	9	4
Familial Turner Syndrome [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Cardio-Cutaneous Syndrome [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Noonan Syndrome A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.	3.17	1	0
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	7.47	16	2
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	7.47	16	2
Inclusion Body Myopathy, Sporadic [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Myositis, Inclusion Body Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)	2.31	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	5.22	11	1
Sinus Infections [description not available]	12.95	27	17
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	5.22	11	1
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	8.08	9	3
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	12.95	27	17
Plasmablastic Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	9.79	11	5
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	6.46	16	1
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	6.46	16	1
Abstinence Syndrome, Neonatal [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Fetal and neonatal addiction and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. Symptoms exhibited are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances.	2.25	1	0
BOOP [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Acneiform Eruptions Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575)	2.31	1	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	5.3	6	0
Emphysema, Subcutaneous [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Emphysema, Mediastinal [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	5.3	6	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Ecthyma An ulcerative pyoderma usually caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection at the site of minor trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.13	4	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.31	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	7.43	26	5
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	7.43	26	5
Brain Disorders [description not available]	8.4	29	1
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	8.4	29	1
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	3.82	11	0
Enterobiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ENTEROBIUS; E. vermicularis, the pinworm of man, causes a crawling sensation and pruritus. This condition results in scratching the area, occasionally causing scarification.	2.25	1	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	2.31	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.31	1	0
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	4.57	4	0
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	4.57	4	0
MODS [description not available]	3.47	7	0
Angiofollicular Lymph Hyperplasia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Castleman Disease Large benign, hyperplastic lymph nodes. The more common hyaline vascular subtype is characterized by small hyaline vascular follicles and interfollicular capillary proliferations. Plasma cells are often present and represent another subtype with the plasma cells containing IgM and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A.	2.25	1	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	3.47	7	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	8.34	13	4
Hyperthermia An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of inability to regulate core body temperature due to non-pathologic factors.	2.31	1	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	8.34	13	4
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	4.62	1	1
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	4.62	1	1
Livedo Reticularis A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming.	2.25	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	4.75	5	1
Atrial Remodeling Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.	2.89	3	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	2.44	2	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	2.44	2	0
Ghost Teeth [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.	2.31	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.89	3	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	5.56	27	0
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	3.99	4	0
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	3.99	4	0
Suffocation [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Asystole [description not available]	9.12	34	2
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	3.61	3	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	9.12	34	2
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders [description not available]	4.74	2	1
Combined Immunodeficiency, X-Linked [description not available]	2.25	1	0
X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases Forms of combined immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene for INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA SUBUNIT. Both severe and non-severe subtypes of the disease have been identified.	2.25	1	0
ACL Injuries [description not available]	4.21	3	1
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia, X-Linked [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Ectodermal Dysplasia 1, Anhidrotic An X-linked form of ectodermal dysplasia which results from mutations of the gene encoding ECTODYSPLASIN.	2.31	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	3.28	6	0
Diastasis, Muscle Abnormal separation of muscles.	2.31	1	0
Ventral Hernia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hernia, Ventral A hernia caused by weakness of the anterior ABDOMINAL WALL due to midline defects, previous incisions, or increased intra-abdominal pressure. Ventral hernias include UMBILICAL HERNIA, incisional, epigastric, and spigelian hernias.	2.31	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.81	3	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.69	3	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	7.65	18	2
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	7.65	18	2
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	3.31	6	0
Atrioventricular Conduction Block [description not available]	3.36	6	0
Atrioventricular Block Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.	3.36	6	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	3.21	5	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	3.21	5	0
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	12.02	40	9
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	12.02	40	9
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	16.28	84	26
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	7.84	24	2
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	12.73	45	12
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	12.73	45	12
Rheumatoid Nodule Subcutaneous nodules seen in 20-30% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. They may arise anywhere on the body, but are most frequently found over the bony prominences. The nodules are characterized histologically by dense areas of fibrinoid necrosis with basophilic streaks and granules, surrounded by a palisade of cells, mainly fibroblasts and histiocytes.	2.31	1	0
Febrile Neutropenia Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.	3.17	1	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	3.27	5	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	3.27	5	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	13.12	60	17
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	8.41	16	3
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	4.55	9	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	4.55	9	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	3.16	5	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2.5	2	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	10.81	12	9
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	10.81	12	9
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	5.68	31	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	5.68	31	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	17.71	191	40
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	17.71	191	40
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	5.92	9	1
Pyoderma Gangrenosum An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.	4.65	8	0
Infarct [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	8.11	39	1
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	8.11	39	1
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	2.31	1	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	4.58	2	2
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	4.58	2	2
Paronychia An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)	2.31	1	0
Prolymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Leukemia, Prolymphocytic A chronic leukemia characterized by a large number of circulating prolymphocytes. It can arise spontaneously or as a consequence of transformation of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.	2.9	3	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	4.33	6	0
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.	8.49	6	6
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	2.42	2	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	4.8	6	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	4.8	6	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	10.07	17	4
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	10.07	17	4
Eye Pain A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.	2.31	1	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	13	45	15
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	11.85	39	12
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	11.85	39	12
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	4.32	19	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	4.32	19	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	2.31	1	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	3.24	5	0
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Liposarcoma A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.31	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	8.71	48	1
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	8.71	48	1
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	5.47	8	2
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	5.47	8	2
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	7.02	15	0
Hyphema Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.	2.41	1	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	2.78	3	0
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	3.18	5	0
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	5.67	3	2
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	2.31	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	3.23	1	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	3.15	5	0
Eosinophilic Granuloma of Soft Tissue [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	4.45	5	1
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.31	1	0
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	3.02	4	0
Panuveitis Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.	3.55	2	0
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	5.3	4	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	3.23	1	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Acoustic Neurinoma, Bilateral [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	2.77	3	0
Neurofibromatosis 2 An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.	2.83	3	0
Chilblains Recurrent localized itching, swelling and painful erythema on the fingers, toes or ears, produced by exposure to cold.	2.63	2	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	2.54	2	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	7.42	14	1
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	7.42	14	1
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.78	9	0
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Craniopharyngioma A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)	2.48	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	2.31	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	8.01	14	7
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	11.08	27	5
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	11.08	27	5
Urge Incontinence [description not available]	4.56	2	2
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	7.88	21	4
Urinary Incontinence, Urge Involuntary discharge of URINE that is associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void. It is usually related to the involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle of the bladder (detrusor hyperreflexia or detrusor instability).	4.56	2	2
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)	2.31	1	0
Histiocytic Sarcoma Malignant neoplasms composed of MACROPHAGES or DENDRITIC CELLS. Most histiocytic sarcomas present as localized tumor masses without a leukemic phase. Though the biological behavior of these neoplasms resemble lymphomas, their cell lineage is histiocytic not lymphoid.	2.91	3	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	5.01	9	1
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	5.01	9	1
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	3.23	1	0
Laminopathies Congenital neuromuscular and muscular dystrophy diseases associated with mutations in the LAMIN TYPE A (Lamin A/C or LMNA gene). It includes CARDIOMYOPATHY, DILATED, 1A; CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE, type 2B1; EMERY-DREIFUSS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, types 2 and 3; HUTCHINSON-GILFORD PROGERIA SYNDROME; LIPODYSTROPHY, FAMILIAL PARTIAL, TYPE 2; Malouf syndrome; Mandibuloacral dysplasia; LMNA-related muscular dystrophy; Restrictive dermopathy, lethal; Heart-hand syndrome, Slovenian type.	3.23	1	0
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	3.48	7	0
High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions A cytological test finding that shows abnormal lesions of SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL cells.	2.31	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	3.57	8	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	3.57	8	0
Chylothorax The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.63	2	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	3.88	12	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	3.88	12	0
Tardive Dystonia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Tardive Dyskinesia Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., METOCLOPRAMIDE).	2.31	1	0
ANCA-Associated Vasculitides [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Allergic Angiitis [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Churg-Strauss Syndrome Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.	2.8	3	0
Microscopic Polyangiitis A primary systemic vasculitis of small- and some medium-sized vessels. It is characterized by a tropism for kidneys and lungs, positive association with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), and a paucity of immunoglobulin deposits in vessel walls.	2.31	1	0
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.	2.31	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	15.82	124	31
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	15.82	124	31
Duhring Disease [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	2.31	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	2.89	3	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	3.87	2	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	3.37	6	0
Labor Pain Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.	12.77	36	10
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	8.2	14	1
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	2.79	3	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	2.86	3	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	4.41	7	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	4.41	7	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	5.9	5	1
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	4.39	2	0
Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available]	4.37	4	1
Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).	4.37	4	1
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	7.95	10	1
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	7.95	10	1
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.71	3	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	7.49	9	2
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.71	3	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	7.49	9	2
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary [description not available]	7.81	7	6
Brain Stem Neoplasms Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.	7.81	7	6
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	2.75	3	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	2.53	2	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	6.2	4	3
Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.	6.7	4	3
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	6.2	4	3
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	8.09	6	2
Dry Eye [description not available]	6.69	6	2
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	6.69	6	2
Congenital Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2.15	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)	2.15	1	0
MEA 2a [description not available]	5.64	6	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	3.38	2	0
Hemisensory Neglect [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Perceptual Disorders Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.	3.77	2	1
Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available]	5.42	5	1
Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	5.42	5	1
Cerebromeningitis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	4.98	15	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	6.97	16	2
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	3.69	10	0
Inflammatory Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms Metastatic breast cancer characterized by EDEMA and ERYTHEMA of the affected breast due to LYMPHATIC METASTASIS and eventual obstruction of LYMPHATIC VESSELS by the cancer cells.	3.47	2	0
Central Serous Retinopathy [description not available]	5.14	3	1
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.	5.14	3	1
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	3.93	12	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	3.93	12	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	7.32	12	4
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	7.32	12	4
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	6.44	40	1
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	6.44	40	1
Hay Fever [description not available]	20.12	140	76
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	20.12	140	76
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.	2.55	2	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	3	4	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	4.23	3	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	4.23	3	0
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	4.16	3	1
Mole, Skin [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Agitated Emergence [description not available]	6.27	4	3
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	3.3	2	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	5.44	5	1
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	5.44	5	1
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	13.19	39	11
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	13.19	39	11
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Concussive Convulsion [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	4.99	9	1
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	6.96	8	4
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.82	10	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	5.03	9	1
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	5.03	9	1
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	11.71	24	22
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	2.83	3	0
Cerebral Microangiopathies [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	6.29	13	1
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	6.29	13	1
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.	2.15	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	18.09	193	80
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	18.09	193	80
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	3.88	12	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	2.54	2	0
Ritter Disease [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Molar, Fourth [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	3.5	8	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	3.5	8	0
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Binge Eating [description not available]	6.19	12	3
Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.	6.19	12	3
Binge-Eating Disorder A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	5.52	5	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	19.22	170	2
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	19.22	170	2
Flank Pain Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.	2.17	1	0
Inflammation, Perinephrium [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	3.03	4	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Apnea, Central [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Sleep Apnea, Central A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.	2.44	2	0
Myotonia Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.	3.58	3	0
Autism [description not available]	8.52	20	3
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	9.48	36	8
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	8.52	20	3
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	9.48	36	8
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Dissociation [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Inflammatory Pseudotumor [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Granuloma, Plasma Cell A slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells.	2.15	1	0
Aspiration, Respiratory [description not available]	5.07	3	1
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	7.31	11	4
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	16.18	150	48
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	16.18	150	48
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	2.17	1	0
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	2.58	2	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	7.86	10	1
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	7.86	10	1
Lethargy A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.	3.56	1	1
Drooling [description not available]	5.25	4	3
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	5.25	4	3
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	3.53	8	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	11.19	23	9
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	3.43	2	0
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	3.43	2	0
Pneumoperitoneum A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.	4.73	6	1
Cacosmia [description not available]	4.14	3	1
Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal Neonatal Form [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Peroxisomal Disorders A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; INFANTILE REFSUM DISEASE; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.	2.15	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	3.47	8	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	5.34	13	1
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	5.34	13	1
Demineralization, Tooth [description not available]	2.17	1	0
CACH Syndrome [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Snoring Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.	2.15	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	5.33	20	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	5.33	20	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	4.2	3	1
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.17	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	3.27	6	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	3.05	4	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	4.85	8	1
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	4.53	5	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	4.53	5	0
Allergy, Peanut [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Allergy, Nut [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Peanut Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to peanuts that is triggered by the immune system.	3.09	1	0
Nut Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to tree nuts that is triggered by the immune system.	3.09	1	0
Neurofibroma A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)	2.15	1	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.59	2	0
Aspergillosis, Nervous System Invasive [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Neuroaspergillosis Infections of the nervous system caused by fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS, most commonly ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS. Aspergillus infections may occur in immunocompetent hosts, but are more prevalent in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES. The organism may spread to the nervous system from focal infections in the lung, mastoid region, sinuses, inner ear, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. Sinus infections may be locally invasive and enter the intracranial compartment, producing MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; cranial neuropathies; and abscesses in the frontal lobes of the brain. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch 27, pp62-3)	2.89	3	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	4.93	4	2
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Central Nervous System Fungal Infections MYCOSES of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges which may result in ENCEPHALITIS; MENINGITIS, FUNGAL; MYELITIS; BRAIN ABSCESS; and EPIDURAL ABSCESS. Certain types of fungi may produce disease in immunologically normal hosts, while others are classified as opportunistic pathogens, causing illness primarily in immunocompromised individuals (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME).	2.17	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	13.16	38	14
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	3.09	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	3.12	5	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	11.38	122	10
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	3.03	4	0
Cranial Nerve V Injury [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	3.56	8	0
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	3.56	8	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	5.09	10	1
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	2.82	3	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	3.99	4	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	3.99	4	0
Constricted Pupil [description not available]	8.56	9	6
Miosis Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.	8.56	9	6
Ocular Hypotension Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).	2.71	3	0
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	3.23	6	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	2.17	1	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	4.82	4	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	4.01	1	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	4.01	1	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	4.82	4	0
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	8.06	12	5
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	8.06	12	5
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	3.53	8	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	3.09	4	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	4	5	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	3.53	8	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.73	3	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	5.69	3	2
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral [description not available]	4.9	2	1
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	5.69	3	2
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.	4.9	2	1
Gambling, Pathologic [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.	2.55	2	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Travel Sickness [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Polychondritis, Chronic Atrophic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Polychondritis, Relapsing An acquired disease of unknown etiology, chronic course, and tendency to recur. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of cartilage and can result in deformities such as floppy ear and saddle nose. Loss of cartilage in the respiratory tract can lead to respiratory obstruction.	2.21	1	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	2.77	3	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	10.97	25	7
Cancer of Lip [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Halo Nevi [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	3.38	7	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)	2.17	1	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	3.56	1	1
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	3.56	1	1
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	3.88	2	1
Food Intolerance Digestive system disorder where a particular food irritates the digestive tract or cannot be properly digested (i.e., due to a lack of a digestive enzyme). It differs from FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY which is an immune system disorder, usually due to specific proteins in food. http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/problem-foods-is-it-an-allergy-or-intolerance.	3.56	1	1
Heatstroke [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	2.17	1	0
Neutrophilic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Leukemia, Neutrophilic, Chronic A rare myeloproliferative disorder that is characterized by a sustained, mature neutrophilic leukocytosis. No monocytosis, EOSINOPHILIA, or basophilia is present, nor is there a PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME or bcr-abl fusion gene (GENES, ABL).	2.21	1	0
Acquired Aphasia with Convulsive Disorder [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome A syndrome characterized by the onset of isolated language dysfunction in otherwise normal children (age of onset 4-7 years) and epileptiform discharges on ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Seizures, including atypical absence (EPILEPSY, ABSENCE), complex partial (EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL), and other types may occur. The electroencephalographic abnormalities and seizures tend to resolve by puberty. The language disorder may also resolve although some individuals are left with severe language dysfunction, including APHASIA and auditory AGNOSIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp749-50; J Child Neurol 1997 Nov;12(8):489-495).	2.17	1	0
Long QT Syndrome 1 [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	3.09	1	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	3.42	7	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	4.42	4	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	2.65	3	0
Cannabis Abuse [description not available]	11.53	25	7
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.	11.53	25	7
Seasonal Affective Disorders [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Seasonal Affective Disorder A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.	3.4	2	0
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.	10.97	12	10
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	4.03	14	0
Neoplasms, Plasma Cell Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS.	3.3	2	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	2.17	1	0
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	2.61	2	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	5.93	14	2
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	5.93	14	2
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	16.18	64	22
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	16.18	64	22
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	3.59	1	1
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	5.55	28	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	2.86	3	0
Paralysis, Sleep [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	2.42	2	0
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	5.74	2	1
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	5.74	2	1
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	3.16	5	0
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	3.12	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma 2 [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. Alveolar refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	2.52	2	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	2.21	1	0
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	2.31	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	11.22	58	11
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	11.22	58	11
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Central Venous Catheter Thrombosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Addison's Disease [description not available]	4.85	4	2
Addison Disease An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.	4.85	4	2
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available]	5.09	5	2
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)	5.09	5	2
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	3.91	4	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	3.91	4	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	3.36	7	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	2.49	2	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	3.19	5	0
Iris Neoplasms Tumors of the iris characterized by increased pigmentation of melanocytes. Iris nevi are composed of proliferated melanocytes and are associated with neurofibromatosis and malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body. Malignant melanoma of the iris often originates from preexisting nevi.	2.57	2	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	2.57	2	0
Hemorrhagic Proctocolitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.57	2	0
Proctocolitis Inflammation of the RECTUM and the distal portion of the COLON.	2.21	1	0
Spondylitis Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.	2.39	2	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	18.61	47	4
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.7	3	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	2.71	3	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	5.74	7	1
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.21	5	0
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	2.17	1	0
Enterically-Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hepatitis E Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.	2.21	1	0
Diaphragmatic Paralysis [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	3.28	6	0
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Oophoritis Inflammation of the OVARY, generally caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix.	2.17	1	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	2.97	4	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.52	2	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.41	7	0
Fibromatosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Fibroma A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue.	2.21	1	0
Serositis Inflammation of a serous membrane.	2.21	1	0
Histiocytic Disorders, Malignant Distinctive neoplastic disorders of histiocytes. Included are malignant neoplasms of MACROPHAGES and DENDRITIC CELLS.	3.59	1	1
ADPKD [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	2.61	2	0
Bronchiolitis, Exudative [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.	2.21	1	0
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Dysautonomia, Familial An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)	2.66	3	0
Malassezia furfur Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	2.21	1	0
Tinea Versicolor A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).	2.21	1	0
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	2.8	3	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	5.49	4	4
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Aprosodia [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Langerhans Cell Sarcoma Rare malignant neoplasm of dendritic LANGERHANS CELLS exhibiting atypical cytology, frequent mitoses, and aggressive clinical behavior. They can be distinguished from other histiocytic and dendritic proliferations by immunohistochemical and ultrastructure studies. Cytologically benign proliferations of Langerhans cells are called LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS.	2.55	2	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	6.46	16	1
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	2.21	1	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	3.16	5	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	2.76	3	0
Charles Bonnet Syndrome Repetitive visual hallucinations experienced mostly by elderly with diminished visual acuity or visual field loss, with awareness of the fictional nature of their hallucinations. It is not associated with delusions and other sensory hallucinations.	2.21	1	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	6.69	4	1
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	2.53	2	0
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	5.37	2	2
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	5.37	2	2
a-Synucleinopathies [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	7.86	29	1
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	7.86	29	1
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	4.01	14	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	4.01	14	0
Adenitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Late Onset Diseases [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	4.39	7	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.89	4	0
Cyst [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	7.14	11	1
Auricular Flutter [description not available]	6.57	14	4
Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).	6.57	14	4
Phlegmon [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	3.17	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	4.08	5	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Neurovisceral Storage Disease with Vertical Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of CHOLESTEROL and SPHINGOMYELINS in cells of the VISCERA and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Type C (or C1) and type D are allelic disorders caused by mutation of the NPC1 gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol transport from LYSOSOMES. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. Type D is a variant in people with a Nova Scotia ancestry.	2.54	2	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	9.47	19	4
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	5.24	4	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	5.24	4	0
Infections, Hantavirus [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Acute respiratory illness in humans caused by the SIN NOMBRE VIRUS whose primary rodent reservoir is the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. First identified in the southwestern United States, this syndrome is characterized most commonly by fever, myalgias, headache, cough, and rapid respiratory failure.	3.73	3	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	3.12	1	0
Hantavirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.	3.12	1	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.71	3	0
Benign Mastocytoma [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.	2.57	2	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	4.06	3	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	4.22	3	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	4.22	3	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Haemonchiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus HAEMONCHUS, characterized by digestive abnormalities and anemia similar to that from hookworm infestation.	2.21	1	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	4.62	6	1
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	4.62	6	1
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	2.86	4	0
Hypersomnolence, CNS, Idiopathic [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Idiopathic Hypersomnia A sleep disorder of central nervous system origin characterized by prolonged nocturnal sleep and periods of daytime drowsiness. Affected individuals experience difficulty with awakening in the morning and may have associated sleep drunkenness, automatic behaviors, and memory disturbances. This condition differs from narcolepsy in that daytime sleep periods are longer, there is no association with CATAPLEXY, and the multiple sleep latency onset test does not record sleep-onset rapid eye movement sleep. (From Chokroverty, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, pp319-20; Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998 Apr:52(2):125-129)	3.46	2	0
Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis A form of systemic mastocytosis in which patients have impaired organ functions due to multifocal infiltrates of pathological MAST CELLS in bone marrow, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or skeletal system. The cytomorphology shows a low to high grade.	12.7	20	18
Mastocytosis, Systemic A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.	12.7	20	18
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	3.61	3	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	6.74	7	1
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	6.74	7	1
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	19.29	145	83
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	4.12	5	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	4.12	5	0
Paranasal Sinus Diseases Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.	10.82	11	9
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	5.8	8	1
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	4.18	6	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	6.89	18	0
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	2.97	4	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	2.08	1	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	7.59	16	4
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	7.59	16	4
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	3.27	6	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	3.86	4	0
Leukemia, Smoldering [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.	3.47	1	1
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	3.47	1	1
DDPAC [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	2.77	3	0
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	13.25	48	29
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	6.23	13	3
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	11.21	33	9
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	11.21	33	9
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	4.29	4	1
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	5.81	8	1
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	2.77	3	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	2.94	4	0
Aural Cholesteatoma [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Neuromuscular Blockade The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.	12.98	47	26
Audiogenic Epilepsy [description not available]	4.52	5	1
Epilepsy, Reflex A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)	4.52	5	1
Gouty Arthritis [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.	2.48	2	0
Extranodal NK-T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	11.98	35	11
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	3.79	2	1
Rotavirus Infections Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.	3.81	2	1
Delayed Awakening from Anesthesia [description not available]	6.04	5	2
Equine Diseases [description not available]	7.56	15	4
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	8.42	25	6
Angle's Classification [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Prognathism A condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.08	1	0
Craniofacial Dysarthrosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Malocclusion Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)	2.08	1	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	2.99	4	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	3.32	6	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.32	6	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.49	2	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	7.24	14	1
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	7.24	14	1
MEA 2b [description not available]	6.08	4	1
Hyperkyphosis [description not available]	4.14	3	1
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	4.88	4	2
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	8.71	22	1
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.08	1	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	8.18	17	7
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	8.18	17	7
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	4.4	1	1
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	4.4	1	1
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	9.7	9	9
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.	2.52	2	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	4.08	5	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	4.08	5	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	2.91	4	0
Acquired Communication Disorders [description not available]	3	1	0
Communication Disorders Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive LANGUAGE DISORDERS, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., MENTAL RETARDATION), psychiatric conditions, and HEARING DISORDERS.	3	1	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	6.91	14	2
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	6.91	14	2
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	2.44	2	0
Congenital Oculofacial Paralysis, Moebius [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	12.66	34	16
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	12.66	34	16
Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.	2.4	2	0
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Alexia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	2.96	4	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	5.97	24	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	5.97	24	0
Harelip [description not available]	6.49	6	3
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	7.57	15	4
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	6.49	6	3
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	7.57	15	4
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	2.46	2	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	6.47	16	3
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	6.47	16	3
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	5.08	10	1
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	5.08	10	1
Achalasia [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Esophageal Achalasia A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).	3.79	4	0
Respiratory Aspiration of Gastric Contents Inhaling refluxed gastric or duodenal contents.	3.92	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	9.78	17	10
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	9.78	17	10
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	7.08	12	3
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	7.08	12	3
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.34	7	0
Delusional Parasitosis A delusional disorder of belief in infestation by insects or other parasites. This FORMICATION is typically accompanied by dermatological manifestation such as PRURITUS that may lead to self-mutilation in order to remove the perceived parasites. It can be either primary or secondary to a somatic or psychiatric condition.	2.08	1	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	2.1	1	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	6.66	11	1
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	6.66	11	1
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	4.15	6	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	2.9	4	0
Dentin Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.47	1	1
ATLL [description not available]	4.54	5	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	4.54	5	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Atresia, Biliary [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Biliary Atresia Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.	2.1	1	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	2.1	1	0
Anterior Urethral Stricture [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Urethral Stricture Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.	3.63	3	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	2.52	2	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	2.71	3	0
Cancer of Endocrine Gland [description not available]	3	1	0
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.	3	1	0
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	5.2	4	3
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	5.2	4	3
Embryopathies [description not available]	8.62	12	5
Complete Breech [description not available]	9.99	11	11
Breech Presentation A malpresentation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR with the fetal cephalic pole in the fundus of the UTERUS. There are three types of breech: the complete breech with flexed hips and knees; the incomplete breech with one or both hips partially or fully extended; the frank breech with flexed hips and extended knees.	9.99	11	11
Infections, Tick-Borne [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Tick Bites The effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bites of TICKS.	3.01	1	0
As If Personality [description not available]	6.78	9	1
Adenoma, Oxyphilic A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.	2.1	1	0
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	6.55	6	3
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	6.55	6	3
Dyspareunia Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.	2.39	2	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	5.51	25	0
Facial Spasm, Unilateral [description not available]	4.43	2	2
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	6.43	3	3
Fibroid [description not available]	9.6	16	4
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	9.6	16	4
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	8.18	19	6
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	8.18	19	6
Bronchospasm [description not available]	12.58	42	16
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	12.58	42	16
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	6.18	18	2
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	6.18	18	2
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	2.49	2	0
Shoulder Pain Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.	4.13	3	1
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	2.1	1	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	4.4	1	1
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.34	6	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	3.34	6	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	3.11	5	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	13.02	37	26
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	2.11	1	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	2.11	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	6.47	17	1
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	8.49	26	2
Achondroplasia, Severe, With Developmental Delay And Acanthosis Nigricans [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Achondroplasia An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)	3.04	5	0
Avulsed Tooth [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	3.31	6	0
Refractory Depression [description not available]	5.88	4	2
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)	5.88	4	2
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	7.5	14	4
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia [description not available]	5.15	11	1
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.	5.15	11	1
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	2.5	2	0
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.	2.1	1	0
Connective Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	2.72	3	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	4.49	5	1
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	6.34	8	2
alpha-Dystroglycanopathies [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	6.34	8	2
Anesthesia Awareness [description not available]	9.51	11	4
Adult-Onset Dystonias [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Dystonic Disorders Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.	2.98	4	0
Lock Jaw [description not available]	4.34	4	1
Abscess, Periodontal [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.45	2	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.45	2	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	2.52	2	0
Acrocephaly Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.	5.42	5	1
Craniosynostoses Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.	5.42	5	1
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	2.42	2	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	4.28	4	1
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	4.28	4	1
Leanness [description not available]	5.73	7	1
Impotence, Arteriogenic [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Nevi, Melanocytic [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Nevus, Pigmented A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.	2.52	2	0
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.	2.1	1	0
Endometrial Hyperplasia Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.	2.1	1	0
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	3.51	1	1
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.1	1	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	2.1	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	4.65	6	1
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	4.65	6	1
Congenital Myasthenia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a congenital defect in neuromuscular transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This includes presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic disorders (that are not of autoimmune origin). The majority of these diseases are caused by mutations of various subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) on the postsynaptic surface of the junction. (From Arch Neurol 1999 Feb;56(2):163-7)	2.1	1	0
Fundus Flavimaculatus [description not available]	3.44	2	0
Stargardt Disease A juvenile-onset macular dystrophy characterized by progressive loss of VISUAL ACUITY with normal acuity in peripheral VISUAL FIELDS. Other associated clinical features may include LIPOFUSCIN fundus autofluorescence, atrophy of the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM, loss of color vision, PHOTOPHOBIA and PARACENTRAL SCOTOMA. Germline mutations in the ABCA4 gene have been identified in recessive and dominant diseases.	3.44	2	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	8.3	14	9
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	2.11	1	0
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	8.3	14	9
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.1	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	2.52	2	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	4.13	3	1
Labor, Premature [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	3.85	2	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	3.85	2	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	3.01	1	0
Sinusitis, Maxillary [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Maxillary Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	2.49	2	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	5.8	4	2
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	5.8	4	2
Separation Anxiety Disorder [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Anxiety, Separation Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.	2.94	4	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	8.14	24	2
Amnesia, Anterograde Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)	2.76	3	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	4.64	6	1
Causalgia Syndrome [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Causalgia A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)	2.45	2	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	4.64	6	1
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	4	5	0
Alogia [description not available]	6.17	4	1
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.	6.17	4	1
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	2.11	1	0
Ankylosis Fixation and immobility of a joint.	3.5	1	1
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	4.54	5	1
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	4.54	5	1
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	6.08	3	2
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Arbovirus Infections Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.	2.39	2	0
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	15.2	64	35
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	15.2	64	35
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	4.15	3	1
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	2.08	1	0
Prodromal Characteristics [description not available]	8.46	6	6
Grippe [description not available]	11.19	15	10
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	11.19	15	10
Envenomation, Scorpion [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	6.69	30	2
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	2.77	3	0
Dysgeusia A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.	2.11	1	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.93	4	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	7.47	26	2
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	7.47	26	2
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	8.63	20	4
Anticholinergic Syndrome Adverse drug effects associated with CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS. Clinical features include TACHYCARDIA; HYPERTHERMIA; MYDRIASIS, dry skin and dry mucous membranes, decreased bowel sounds and urinary retention in peripheral anticholinergic syndrome; and HALLUCINATIONS; PSYCHOSES; SEIZURES; and COMA in central anticholinergic syndrome.	2.11	1	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	8.63	20	4
Hiccough [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	3.31	6	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	5.82	8	1
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	5.82	8	1
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	9.82	10	9
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	9.82	10	9
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	8.16	8	3
Bradykinesia [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	3.9	13	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	3.9	13	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.06	24	4
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	3.86	4	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Gagging Contraction of the muscle of the PHARYNX caused by stimulation of sensory receptors on the SOFT PALATE, by psychic stimuli, or systemically by drugs.	4.64	3	2
Tuberculosis, Miliary An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.	2.11	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	3.62	9	0
Bruise [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	4.3	4	1
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	4.38	2	2
Papulosquamous Disorders [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	3.44	2	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	3.44	2	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	2.07	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	10.03	22	10
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	5.88	13	2
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	10.03	22	10
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	10.97	28	8
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	10.97	28	8
Claustrophobia [description not available]	9.38	20	9
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	9.38	20	9
Cold Injury A physical injury caused by exposure of the body to extremely low ambient temperatures that may lead to loss of body parts, or in extreme cases, death. Examples of cold injury are FROSTBITE and CHILBLAINS.	2.11	1	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	6.43	6	3
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	6.43	6	3
Blast Phase [description not available]	4.54	5	1
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	4.54	5	1
Coccidioides immitis Infection [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Coccidioidomycosis Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.	3.03	1	0
Root Resorption Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.11	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	2.11	1	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	5.7	5	4
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	5.7	5	4
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	5.69	19	1
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	5.69	19	1
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	10.43	38	20
Drop Attack [description not available]	7.17	19	2
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	10.43	38	20
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	7.17	19	2
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	4.6	6	1
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	4.6	6	1
Choked Disk [description not available]	3.46	8	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	3.46	8	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.48	2	0
Aggressive Natural Killer Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic A spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood LYMPHOCYTE populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. Subtypes develop from either CD3-negative NATURAL KILLER CELLS or CD3-positive T-CELLS. The clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease.	2.11	1	0
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Rare congenital lymphoid disorder due to mutations in certain Fas-Fas ligand pathway genes. Known causes include mutations in FAS, TNFSF6, NRAS, CASP8, and CASP10 proteins. Clinical features include LYMPHADENOPATHY; SPLENOMEGALY; and AUTOIMMUNITY.	2.11	1	0
Placenta Increta Invasion of CHORIONIC VILLI occurs deep into the MYOMETRIUM.	2.13	1	0
Placenta Accreta Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.	2.13	1	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	3.44	2	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	4.67	2	1
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	4.99	3	1
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	2.72	3	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	5.04	5	2
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	4.84	4	2
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	4.43	1	1
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	2.13	1	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	2.4	2	0
Erythroderma, Sezary [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Sezary Syndrome A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).	2.13	1	0
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Segond Fracture [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	2.97	4	0
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	2.77	3	0
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)	5.86	23	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	3.85	4	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	3.85	4	0
Post-Natal Depression [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	4.05	3	1
Oligohydramnios A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.	2.13	1	0
Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)	2.13	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	3.68	10	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	10.64	53	7
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	10.64	53	7
Cystic Angiomatosis Of Bone, Diffuse [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Amblyopia, Developmental [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Amblyopia A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.	3.04	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	3.7	3	0
Hair Diseases Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.	4.43	1	1
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	6.43	3	1
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cutaneous Fistula An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.	2.13	1	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	2.13	1	0
Jaw Cysts Saccular lesions lined with epithelium and contained within pathologically formed cavities in the jaw; also nonepithelial cysts (pseudocysts) as they apply to the jaw, e.g., traumatic or solitary cyst, static bone cavity, and aneurysmal bone cyst. True jaw cysts are classified as odontogenic or nonodontogenic.	4.41	2	2
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	4.42	8	0
Esophageal Perforation An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.	2.13	1	0
Diverticulitis Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.	4.07	3	1
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	2.97	4	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.79	11	0
Adult Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	6.61	5	4
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	3.05	5	0
Laryngeal Spasm [description not available]	4.35	4	1
Laryngismus A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.	4.35	4	1
Altidudinal Hemianopia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	8.45	20	3
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	13.45	20	3
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	4.01	14	0
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	2.76	3	0
Pyrosis [description not available]	8.48	16	10
Heartburn Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.	8.48	16	10
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.46	2	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	7.55	4	4
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	7.55	4	4
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	2.15	1	0
Azotaemia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Central Core Disease [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	3.51	1	1
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	5.25	4	1
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	5.25	4	1
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	4.05	3	1
Arachnidism [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Air Sickness [description not available]	6.33	11	4
Motion Sickness Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.	6.33	11	4
Malacoplakia The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.	2.13	1	0
Social Anxiety Disorder [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Phobia, Social Anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent and irrational fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social or performance situations.	3.51	1	1
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Machado-Joseph Disease A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)	2.48	2	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	4.88	4	2
Arteriovenous Malformations Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.	2.13	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	4.64	6	1
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	4.64	6	1
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	2.66	3	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	6.86	9	3
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	6.86	9	3
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Neoplasms, Skull [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	5.06	3	1
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.17	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	4.94	14	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	4.34	4	1
Leukemic Infiltration A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.	6.54	11	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	2.15	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	4.25	4	1
Adverse Effects, Long Term [description not available]	3.94	2	1
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	4.25	4	1
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	3.54	8	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	3.54	8	0
Chronic Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Actinic Keratosis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Keratosis, Actinic White or pink lesions on the arms, hands, face, or scalp that arise from sun-induced DNA DAMAGE to KERATINOCYTES in exposed areas. They are considered precursor lesions to superficial SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA.	2.13	1	0
Christmas Disease [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hemophilia B A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)	2.43	2	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	2.15	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	2.68	3	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	10.92	11	10
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	7.48	19	3
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	5	6	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	5	6	0
Childhood Tic Disorders [description not available]	5.02	3	1
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	3.12	5	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	2.15	1	0
Adenopathy [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Aphasia, Fluent [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Postherpetic Neuralgia [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Neuralgia, Postherpetic Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.	3.53	1	1
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.06	1	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	7.95	12	2
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	5.52	3	2
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	5.52	3	2
Capgras Syndrome A psychotic disorder characterized by the patient's belief that acquaintances or closely related persons have been replaced by doubles or imposters.	2.46	2	0
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	4.38	2	2
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.	4.38	2	2
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis [description not available]	4.2	6	0
Xanthoma [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	2.43	2	0
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	2.42	2	0
Cancer of ILEUM [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	9.67	31	8
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	3.36	7	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	5.12	17	0
Nanism [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Foot Deformities Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot.	2.04	1	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	2.04	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	4.17	6	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	2.67	3	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	7.97	13	3
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	7.97	13	3
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.04	1	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	2.04	1	0
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.04	1	0
Sinoatrial Block Disturbance in the atrial activation that is caused by transient failure of impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE to the HEART ATRIA. It is characterized by a delayed in heartbeat and pauses between P waves in an ELECTROCARDIOGRAM.	2.68	3	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	5.52	6	1
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	5.52	6	1
Hakim Syndrome [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)	2.96	1	0
Cancer of Muscle [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	4.73	7	1
Frigidity [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	4.12	3	1
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	2.67	3	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	4.66	6	1
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	4.66	6	1
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	4.14	16	0
Primary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	2.45	2	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.	2.04	1	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	2.69	3	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.71	3	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	7.79	37	2
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	7.79	37	2
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	3.61	3	0
Burning Mouth Syndrome A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.	5.04	3	1
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Brittle Bone Disease [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Osteogenesis Imperfecta COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.	2.44	2	0
Apraxia, Ideokinetic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	7.4	10	1
Hypocapnia Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.71	3	0
Cranial Epidural Hematoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Cleft Spine [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Eye Injuries, Penetrating Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.	2.05	1	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	5.99	10	1
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration A rare autosomal recessive degenerative disorder which usually presents in late childhood or adolescence. Clinical manifestations include progressive MUSCLE SPASTICITY; hyperreflexia; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; DYSTONIA; DYSARTHRIA; and intellectual deterioration which progresses to severe dementia over several years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p972; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp972-929)	2.05	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	13.9	127	58
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	13.9	127	58
ARSA Deficiency [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic An autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS) in the nervous system and other organs. Pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the GLIAL CELLS. There are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms.	2.05	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	7.01	10	2
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	7.01	10	2
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	3.12	5	0
Polyploid [description not available]	4.06	3	1
Leukoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	2.05	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	5.96	14	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	2.66	3	0
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	2.69	3	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	2.69	3	0
Fetal Malnutrition [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	5.06	3	1
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	2.73	3	0
Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	3.34	2	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	3.28	6	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.42	2	0
Budd-Chiari Syndrome A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.	2.05	1	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	5.69	4	1
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	2.42	2	0
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	5.69	4	1
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	4.87	35	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	5.01	3	1
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	7.48	4	4
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	5.43	8	2
Foot Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.	2.46	2	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	3.6	3	0
Acromegaly Due To Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Gigantism The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.	2.05	1	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	6.73	17	4
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Pseudohypoparathyroidism A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.	2.05	1	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	7.46	10	2
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	2.37	2	0
Eisenmenger Syndrome [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Eisenmenger Complex A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.	2.73	3	0
Cervical Dystonia A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.	3.38	7	0
Torticollis A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.	3.38	7	0
MELAS [description not available]	2.05	1	0
MELAS Syndrome A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)	2.05	1	0
Choledocholithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.	2.05	1	0
Allergy, Wheat [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Glenohumeral Dislocation [description not available]	5.31	2	2
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	2.97	4	0
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Leigh Disease A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).	2.44	2	0
Fasciculation Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)	4.89	4	2
Mitral Stenosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.	2.05	1	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Low Tension Glaucoma A form of glaucoma in which chronic optic nerve damage and loss of vision normally attributable to buildup of intraocular pressure occurs despite prevailing conditions of normal intraocular pressure.	2.05	1	0
Happy Puppet Syndrome [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Angelman Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)	2.73	3	0
Tracheal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.	3.07	5	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.	2.05	1	0
Benign Infratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Angioma, Cavernous A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.	2.05	1	0
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	2.05	1	0
Abnormalities, Mouth [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	5.24	4	1
Carcinoma, Lobular A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.	2.05	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	7.16	8	5
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	7.16	8	5
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	2.71	3	0
Colonic Diverticulosis [description not available]	13.56	26	25
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	3.84	12	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	2.05	1	0
Colitis, Ischemic Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.	2.72	3	0
Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Niemann-Pick Diseases A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.	2.05	1	0
Dry Macular Degeneration [description not available]	4.36	1	1
Geographic Atrophy A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.	4.36	1	1
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	3.34	2	0
Indigestion [description not available]	15.09	101	55
Esophageal Dysmotility [description not available]	6.35	8	2
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	15.09	101	55
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	6.15	12	1
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	6.15	12	1
Charcot's Joint [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Arthropathy, Neurogenic Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. It is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly TABES DORSALIS, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	5	3	1
Glenoid Labral Tears [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Rotator Cuff Injuries Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.	2.05	1	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	4.3	4	1
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Vocal Cord Paralysis Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.	3.36	2	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	6.69	12	2
Congenital Hypocupremia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome An inherited disorder of copper metabolism transmitted as an X-linked trait and characterized by the infantile onset of HYPOTHERMIA, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, SEIZURES, bony deformities, pili torti (twisted hair), and severely impaired intellectual development. Defective copper transport across plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes results in copper being unavailable for the synthesis of several copper containing enzymes, including PROTEIN-LYSINE 6-OXIDASE; CERULOPLASMIN; and SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. Pathologic changes include defects in arterial elastin, neuronal loss, and gliosis. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p125)	2.05	1	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	2.05	1	0
Autonomic Hyperreflexia [description not available]	4.74	2	1
Autonomic Dysreflexia A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)	4.74	2	1
ARSB Deficiency [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI Mucopolysaccharidosis with excessive CHONDROITIN SULFATE B in urine, characterized by dwarfism and deafness. It is caused by a deficiency of N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE-4-SULFATASE (arylsulfatase B).	2.05	1	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	2.72	3	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.47	8	0
Ectopic ACTH Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.	2.06	1	0
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	3.83	2	1
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	4.33	4	1
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	3.45	1	1
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	4.33	4	1
Rhabdoid Tumor A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)	2.74	3	0
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)	2.06	1	0
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))	2.05	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	4.42	8	0
Urethral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.	2.06	1	0
Acute Cholecystitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cholecystitis, Acute Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.	2.05	1	0
Mononeuritis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Mononeuropathies Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.	2.06	1	0
Acantholysis Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.	2.06	1	0
Xeroderma [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.	2.06	1	0
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	2.43	2	0
Bone Diseases, Developmental Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.	2.38	2	0
De Morsier Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Body Rocking [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Avian Flu [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	2.41	2	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	3.37	7	0
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome [description not available]	7.49	19	3
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.	7.49	19	3
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Cardiovascular Abnormalities Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.	2.46	2	0
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	9.57	9	7
Compartment Syndromes Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.	2.06	1	0
Congenital Micrognathia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	7.79	6	4
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	5.43	5	3
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	5.43	5	3
Liddle Syndrome Familial pseudoaldosteronism characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance of hypertension with HYPOKALEMIA; ALKALOSIS; RENIN and ALDOSTERONE level decreases. It is caused by mutations in EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS beta and gamma subunits. Different mutations in the same EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS subunits can cause PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM, TYPE I, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT.	2.06	1	0
Femoral Hernia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Leiomyomatosis The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.8	2	1
Dysuria Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.	2.98	1	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	2.06	1	0
Amyoplasia Congenita [description not available]	3.59	9	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	2.39	2	0
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	2.43	2	0
Fisher Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Esophageal Hernia [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	2.06	1	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	2.06	1	0
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	2.06	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	4.6	3	2
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Chemotherapy-Induced Acral Erythema [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Hand-Foot Syndrome Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies.	3.86	2	1
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.45	1	1
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	5.31	13	1
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cardiac Rupture, Post-Infarction [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	2.06	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	4.1	3	1
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	2.89	4	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	4.67	11	0
Addison Disease, X-Linked [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial Hereditary forms of Addison disease that may exhibit autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. They are characterized by severe neurological symptoms, APNEA; and death in infancy. OMIM: 240200	2.06	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.06	1	0
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.	2.06	1	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	5.29	2	2
Vulvitis Inflammation of the VULVA. It is characterized by PRURITUS and painful urination.	4.37	1	1
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	5.29	2	2
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	4.37	1	1
Facies The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2.06	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Injuries, Wrist [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	2.41	2	0
Alcohol-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	2.47	2	0
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	2.07	1	0
Asperger Disease [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Asperger Syndrome A disorder beginning in childhood whose essential features are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These symptoms may limit or impair everyday functioning. (From DSM-5)	2.45	2	0
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	7.5	4	4
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	7.5	4	4
HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)	2.46	2	0
Angioedema, Hereditary [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Angioedemas, Hereditary Inherited disorders that are characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal EDEMA in the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT and GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.07	1	0
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	2.07	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Mast-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Leukemia, Mast-Cell A form of systemic mastocytosis (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC) characterized by the presence of large numbers of tissue MAST CELLS in the peripheral blood without skin lesions. It is a high-grade LEUKEMIA disease with bone marrow smear of	2.07	1	0
Back Ache [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.	2.07	1	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	2.66	3	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Sheath [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.	3.46	1	1
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	3.46	1	1
Encephalitis, Viral Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.	2.07	1	0
Alpha Virus Infections [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Classic Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of GALACTOSYLCERAMIDASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as GALACTOSYLCERAMIDES and PSYCHOSINE. It is characterized by demyelination associated with large multinucleated globoid cells, predominantly involving the white matter of the central nervous system. The loss of MYELIN disrupts normal conduction of nerve impulses.	2.99	1	0
Ataxias, Hereditary [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	2.07	1	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	2.72	3	0
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Blood Vessel Tumors [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.07	1	0
Spondylisthesis [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	5.4	5	1
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	5.4	5	1
Antisocial Behavior Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others	3.78	4	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	6.96	11	3
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	2.48	2	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	5.43	8	2
Dysesthesia [description not available]	4.93	6	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	7.98	6	5
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)	2.07	1	0
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear [description not available]	5.06	5	2
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)	5.06	5	2
Atrophic Muscular Disorders [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.44	2	0
Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias Primary headache disorders that show symptoms caused by the activation of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. These autonomic features include redness and tearing of the EYE, nasal congestion or discharge, facial SWEATING and other symptoms. Most subgroups show unilateral cranial PAIN.	2.07	1	0
Phantom Limb Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)	2.99	1	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	6.7	8	1
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.08	1	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	2.43	2	0
Acoustic Perceptual Disorder [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	3.37	2	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	2.08	1	0
Ear Infection [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	8.18	17	7
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	8.18	17	7
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Meningitis, Pneumococcal An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)	2.7	3	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	2.92	4	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	2.68	3	0
Pus [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Acute Porphyria [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.	2.01	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Myotubular Myopathy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System Injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. Two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD) and adults (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ADULT). In children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. In adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy.	2.71	3	0
Cramp [description not available]	4.6	3	2
Acquired Language Disorders [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Language Disorders Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.	3.81	2	1
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	4.6	3	2
Aldosteronism [description not available]	5.38	5	3
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	5.38	5	3
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	5.24	4	3
Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	2.67	3	0
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	4.29	4	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	4.29	4	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	5.2	4	1
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	5.2	4	1
AIDS Nephropathy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.	2.01	1	0
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	2.39	2	0
Varices [description not available]	5	3	3
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	5	3	3
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Colon Diverticula [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Diverticulum, Colon A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.	2.01	1	0
Colles' Fracture Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.	2.01	1	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Athetoid Movements [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	5.17	11	1
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.01	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	5.03	5	2
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	5.03	5	2
Luft Disease [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Mitochondrial Myopathies A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.	2.01	1	0
Brain Injury, Chronic Conditions characterized by persistent brain damage or dysfunction as sequelae of cranial trauma. This disorder may result from DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; BRAIN EDEMA; and other conditions. Clinical features may include DEMENTIA; focal neurologic deficits; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; AKINETIC MUTISM; or COMA.	3.4	1	1
Costen's Syndrome [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	2.01	1	0
Erosive Duodenitis [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Duodenitis Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.	3.77	2	1
Infective Endocarditis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Bacterial Endocarditides, Subacute [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.	1.93	1	0
Hyperidrosis [description not available]	3.32	7	0
Sweat Gland Diseases Diseases of the SWEAT GLANDS.	2.34	2	0
Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.	3.32	7	0
Narcosis A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.	1.93	1	0
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	2.35	2	0
Pleural Diseases Diseases involving the PLEURA.	1.93	1	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	7.84	20	11
Psychoses, Alcoholic A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.	2.86	4	0
Lichen Simplex Chronicus [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Neurodermatitis An extremely variable eczematous skin disease that is presumed to be a response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus. It varies in intensity, severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. Neurodermatitis is believed by some to be psychogenic. The circumscribed or localized form is often referred to as lichen simplex chronicus.	1.93	1	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	3.74	11	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Athlete's Foot [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	2.34	2	0
Tinea Pedis Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.	1.93	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Frostbite Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.	2.35	2	0
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	2.34	2	0
Porphyria [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	1.93	1	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	5.27	7	2
Gallbladder Dyskinesia [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Biliary Dyskinesia A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.	2.34	2	0
Depth Intoxication [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	2.35	2	0
Paranoia [description not available]	8.48	28	6
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	2.34	2	0
Aspiculariasis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Acquired Adult Flatfoot Deformity [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Abscess, Amebic [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Amebiasis Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.	2.36	2	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	3.34	7	0
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	3.55	3	0
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	2.64	3	0
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).	4.81	4	2
Neuroses [description not available]	6.19	13	1
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	6.19	13	1
Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Paranasal Sinus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	1.94	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	4.16	17	0
Arboviral Encephalitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	10.27	26	14
Colonic Diverticulitis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	2.34	2	0
Postgastrectomy Syndromes Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.	5.84	5	1
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	5.64	7	3
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	8.31	20	7
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	2.36	2	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	1.93	1	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	8.36	16	9
Angiomatosis Retinae [description not available]	2.01	1	0
von Hippel-Lindau Disease An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.	2.01	1	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	2.02	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	3.26	6	0
Auditory Processing Disorder, Central [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	3.78	11	0
Chondrodysplasia Punctata A heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common character of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy. The group includes a severe autosomal recessive form (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC), an autosomal dominant form (Conradi-Hunermann syndrome), and a milder X-linked form. Metabolic defects associated with impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form.	2.01	1	0
Fetal Distress A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.	2.01	1	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Habit Chorea [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Tics Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)	2.93	1	0
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	3.8	2	1
Vasomotor Rhinitis [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Rhinitis, Vasomotor A form of non-allergic rhinitis that is characterized by nasal congestion and posterior pharyngeal drainage.	1.92	1	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Ganglioside Storage Diseases [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Gangliosidoses A group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders marked by the accumulation of GANGLIOSIDES. They are caused by impaired enzymes or defective cofactors required for normal ganglioside degradation in the LYSOSOMES. Gangliosidoses are classified by the specific ganglioside accumulated in the defective degradation pathway.	2.38	2	0
Cardiovirus Infections Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.	2.02	1	0
Clubfeet [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Jactatio Capitis Nocturna [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Beriberi, Cerebral [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	2.93	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	2.43	2	0
Angioma, Sclerosing [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)	2.02	1	0
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	4.04	3	1
Enterocolitis, Neutropenic A syndrome characterized by inflammation in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the ASCENDING COLON. It is observed in cancer patients with CHEMOTHERAPY-induced NEUTROPENIA or in other immunocompromised individuals (IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST).	2.93	1	0
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.	2.02	1	0
Impairment, Light Touch Sensation [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Familial Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)	2.02	1	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	3.76	2	1
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	3.12	5	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	2.63	3	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.4	2	0
Hypospadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.	3.4	1	1
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	4.45	5	1
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	3.39	7	0
Cross-Transfusion, Intrauterine [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	2.02	1	0
Adenitis, Salivary Gland [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	3.41	1	1
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	2.02	1	0
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	3.6	9	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	7.13	13	8
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	7.13	13	8
Hypermyotonia [description not available]	4.99	3	1
Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease A pathological condition caused by impaired blood flow in the basal regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA), such as INFARCTION; HEMORRHAGE; or ISCHEMIA in vessels of this brain region including the lateral lenticulostriate arteries. Primary clinical manifestations include involuntary movements (DYSKINESIAS) and muscle weakness (HEMIPARESIS).	2.02	1	0
Night Terrors A disorder characterized by incomplete arousals from sleep associated with behavior suggesting extreme fright. This condition primarily affects children and young adults and the individual generally has no recall of the event. Episodes tend to occur during stage III or IV. SOMNAMBULISM is frequently associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p391)	2.02	1	0
Arachnoid Cysts Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)	2.41	2	0
Absence of Corpus Callosum [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Eye Diseases, Hereditary Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.	2.02	1	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	2.02	1	0
Neurally Mediated Faint [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets [description not available]	2.02	1	0
HELLP Syndrome A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.	2.02	1	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)	2.43	2	0
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cerebral Arterial Diseases Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.	2.39	2	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	5	5	2
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	5	5	2
Otospongiosis [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Otosclerosis Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.	3.4	1	1
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	3.41	1	1
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.43	2	0
Borna Disease An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by BORNA DISEASE VIRUS.	2.02	1	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	2.65	3	0
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.	2.03	1	0
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	2.94	4	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	2.02	1	0
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	2.02	1	0
Congenital Stiff-Man Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Stiff-Person Syndrome A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)	2.02	1	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	2.43	2	0
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	4.36	2	2
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Broad Thumb-Hallux Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome A chromosomal disorder characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION, broad thumbs, webbing of fingers and toes, beaked nose, short upper lip, pouting lower lip, agenesis of corpus callosum, large foramen magnum, keloid formation, pulmonary stenosis, vertebral anomalies, chest wall anomalies, sleep apnea, and megacolon. The disease has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and is associated with deletions of the short arm of chromosome 16 (16p13.3).	2.41	2	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.02	1	0
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	2.02	1	0
Cranial Nerve Injuries Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.	2.44	2	0
Androgenization [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Barotrauma Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.	2.02	1	0
Atresia, Esophageal [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Esophageal Atresia Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.	2.41	2	0
Agnosia for Faces [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	2.38	2	0
Scrotal Hydrocele [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Abdominal Hernia [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Leukemia, Plasmacytic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leukemia, Plasma Cell A rare, aggressive variant of MULTIPLE MYELOMA characterized by the circulation of excessive PLASMA CELLS in the peripheral blood. It can be a primary manifestation of multiple myeloma or develop as a terminal complication during the disease.	2.02	1	0
Alexia Syndrome Without Agraphia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Diverticula [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Enterocele An intestinal HERNIA.	2.37	2	0
Hernia Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.	2.37	2	0
Rib Fractures Fractures of any of the RIBS.	2.02	1	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Amnesia, Pre-Ictal [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Atelectasis [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	3.96	5	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	3.41	1	1
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.4	2	0
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Adult GM1 Gangliosidosis [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Gangliosidosis, GM1 An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the absence or deficiency of BETA-GALACTOSIDASE. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of G(M1) GANGLIOSIDE and oligosaccharides, primarily in neurons of the central nervous system. The infantile form is characterized by MUSCLE HYPOTONIA, poor psychomotor development, HIRSUTISM, hepatosplenomegaly, and facial abnormalities. The juvenile form features HYPERACUSIS; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. The adult form features progressive DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; and MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp96-7)	2.94	1	0
Callous-Unemotional Traits [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Conduct Disorder A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.03	1	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Axonal Injury, Diffuse [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Epiphyses, Slipped A complete or partial separation of the EPIPHYSES from the DIAPHYSES.	2.03	1	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	6.13	7	1
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.94	1	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	3.82	2	1
Calcification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Injuries, Whiplash [description not available]	4.32	2	2
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Allergy, Latex [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	2.03	1	0
Cholesteatoma A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.	2.03	1	0
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Ebstein Anomaly A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle.	2.03	1	0
Laryngitis Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.	2.03	1	0
Hepatorenal Syndrome Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.	2.03	1	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	2.03	1	0
Pityriasis Rosea A mild exanthematous inflammation of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of salmon-colored maculopapular lesions. The most striking feature is the arrangement of the lesions such that the long axis is parallel to the lines of cleavage. The eruptions are usually generalized, affecting chiefly the trunk, and the course is often self-limiting.	2.03	1	0
Mediastinal Diseases Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.03	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	2.03	1	0
Hyperplasia of Thymus Gland [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Aphasia, Primary Progressive A progressive form of dementia characterized by the global loss of language abilities and initial preservation of other cognitive functions. Fluent and nonfluent subtypes have been described. Eventually a pattern of global cognitive dysfunction, similar to ALZHEIMER DISEASE, emerges. Pathologically, there are no Alzheimer or PICK DISEASE like changes, however, spongiform changes of cortical layers II and III are present in the TEMPORAL LOBE and FRONTAL LOBE. (From Brain 1998 Jan;121(Pt 1):115-26)	2.42	2	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	11.33	17	16
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	11.33	17	16
Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.	2.95	1	0
Yellow Fever An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.	2.03	1	0
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	2.03	1	0
Electric Injuries Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.	2.39	2	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Dysplasia Linguofacialis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	4.63	3	2
Cranial Nerve V Diseases [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Deficiency, Folic Acid [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Folic Acid Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	3.43	1	1
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	2.4	2	0
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	2.42	2	0
Armstrong Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.	2.44	2	0
Korsakoff Psychosis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.	3.42	1	1
Iris Diseases Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.	2.03	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.03	1	0
Brachial Plexopathy [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	2.38	2	0
Brachial Plexus Neuropathies Diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical manifestations include regional pain, PARESTHESIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS, and decreased sensation (HYPESTHESIA) in the upper extremity. These disorders may be associated with trauma (including BIRTH INJURIES); THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; NEOPLASMS; NEURITIS; RADIOTHERAPY; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)	2.03	1	0
CADASILM A subvariety of CADASIL characterized by the high frequency of MIGRAINE. The acronym stands for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts, Leukoencephalopathy, and Migraine.	4.75	2	1
CADASIL A familial, cerebral arteriopathy mapped to chromosome 19q12, and characterized by the presence of granular deposits in small CEREBRAL ARTERIES producing ischemic STROKE; PSEUDOBULBAR PALSY; and multiple subcortical infarcts (CEREBRAL INFARCTION). CADASIL is an acronym for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. CADASIL differs from BINSWANGER DISEASE by the presence of MIGRAINE WITH AURA and usually by the lack of history of arterial HYPERTENSION. (From Bradley et al, Neurology in Clinical Practice, 2000, p1146)	4.75	2	1
Brain Emboli [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Abnormalities, Maxillofacial [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Adnexal Diseases Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).	2.04	1	0
Flexor Tendon Entrapment [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Adult Onset Nemaline Myopathy [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Myopathies, Nemaline A group of inherited congenital myopathic conditions characterized clinically by weakness, hypotonia, and prominent hypoplasia of proximal muscles including the face. Muscle biopsy reveals large numbers of rod-shaped structures beneath the muscle fiber plasma membrane. This disorder is genetically heterogeneous and may occasionally present in adults. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1453)	2.04	1	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	2.04	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)	2.04	1	0
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Erythremia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	2.04	1	0
Abnormalities, Jaw [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cherubism A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination.	2.04	1	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.04	1	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Spasmophilia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available]	9.5	34	14
Nelson Syndrome A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY.	3.35	1	1
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	2.64	3	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	7.13	21	5
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	7.13	21	5
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	3.66	10	0
Diarrheogenic Islet Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Island Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	2.37	2	0
Alcoholic Hepatitis [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Hepatitis, Alcoholic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	3.79	4	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	5.63	10	2
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	5.63	10	2
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	5.65	7	3
Coagulation Factor 12 Deficiency [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dental Plaque A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.	3.06	5	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	2.65	3	0
Angel Dust Abuse [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	3.57	3	0
Pancreatic Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.	1.96	1	0
Dextro-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Transposition of Great Vessels A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.	1.96	1	0
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	3.07	5	0
Corridor Disease [description not available]	3.75	11	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	1.96	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	4.03	3	1
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	5.51	6	3
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	5.51	6	3
Air Embolism [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Sarcocystosis Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism.	1.96	1	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	1.96	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	4.59	6	1
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	4.26	4	1
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2.35	2	0
Bile Reflux Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.	3.34	1	1
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Sprains [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.36	2	0
Periarthritis Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	1.96	1	0
Flatus [description not available]	6.71	6	4
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	6.71	6	4
Click-Murmur Syndrome [description not available]	4.05	3	1
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.	1.96	1	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	1.96	1	0
Bowel Incontinence [description not available]	6.07	6	2
Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.	6.07	6	2
Belching [description not available]	5.64	5	4
Pregnancy, Prolonged A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.	1.96	1	0
Encephalitis Lethargica Type Parkinsonism [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic Parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (Von Economo Encephalitis). The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; TICS; MUSCLE SPASMS; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary PARKINSON DISEASE. Pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMUS; and HYPOTHALAMUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p754)	3.74	2	1
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	3.65	10	0
Absence of Voice [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	2.37	2	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	7.37	10	3
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	2.67	3	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	1.98	1	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	1.98	1	0
Urethral Obstruction Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.	1.98	1	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	1.98	1	0
Tracheal Diseases Diseases involving the TRACHEA.	2.66	3	0
Agoraphobia Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.	6.14	7	5
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	2.36	2	0
Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction Functional obstruction of the COLON leading to MEGACOLON in the absence of obvious COLONIC DISEASES or mechanical obstruction. When this condition is acquired, acute, and coexisting with another medical condition (trauma, surgery, serious injuries or illness, or medication), it is called Ogilvie's syndrome.	5.07	10	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	1.98	1	0
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	2.68	3	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	1.98	1	0
Galactorrhea Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.	1.98	1	0
Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to CATTLE recently transported. The major agent responsible for the disease is MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA and less commonly, PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA or HAEMOPHILUS SOMNUS. All three agents are normal inhabitants of the bovine nasal pharyngeal mucosa but not the LUNG. They are considered opportunistic pathogens following STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL and/or a viral infection. The resulting bacterial fibrinous BRONCHOPNEUMONIA is often fatal.	1.98	1	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	1.99	1	0
Fecal Impaction Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.	1.98	1	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Duodenal Reflux [description not available]	4.98	3	3
Bezoars Concretions of swallowed hair, fruit or vegetable fibers, or similar substances found in the alimentary canal.	1.99	1	0
Calcinosis-Raynaud Phenomenon-Sclerodactyly-Telangiectasia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia [description not available]	3.37	1	1
7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Deficiency [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder of CHOLESTEROL metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.	1.99	1	0
Astasia-Abasia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Deficiency, Factor II [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Deficiency of GP 2b 3a Complex [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	1.99	1	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	1.99	1	0
Childhood Eating and Feeding Disorders [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Cot Death [description not available]	4.28	4	1
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Neurologic Voice Disorder [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Voice Disorders Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.	1.99	1	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	1.99	1	0
Gastric Outlet Obstruction The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.	1.99	1	0
Endocardial Cushion Defect [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Endocardial Cushion Defects A spectrum of septal defects involving the ATRIAL SEPTUM; VENTRICULAR SEPTUM; and the atrioventricular valves (TRICUSPID VALVE; BICUSPID VALVE). These defects are due to incomplete growth and fusion of the ENDOCARDIAL CUSHIONS which are important in the formation of two atrioventricular canals, site of future atrioventricular valves.	1.99	1	0
Aggressive Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.	1.99	1	0
Dementia Multi-Infarct [description not available]	2	1	0
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	6	6	5
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	2	1	0
Injuries, Neck [description not available]	2	1	0
ACD-MPV [description not available]	2	1	0
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).	2	1	0
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.	2	1	0
Bladder Exstrophy A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.	2	1	0
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	2	1	0
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow [description not available]	2	1	0
Bone Marrow Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.	2	1	0
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	2.37	2	0
Aganglionic Megacolon [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Hirschsprung Disease Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.	2.91	4	0
Benedict Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial [description not available]	2	1	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	2	1	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	2	1	0
Foot Deformities, Acquired Distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth.	2	1	0
Infections, Respirovirus [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	2	1	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	2.41	2	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	4.04	3	1
Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical [description not available]	2	1	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	2	1	0
Cerebral Cholesterinosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Xanthomatosis, Cerebrotendinous An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder due to mutation of the gene CYP27A1 encoding a CHOLESTANETRIOL 26-MONOOXYGENASE. It is characterized by large deposits of CHOLESTEROL and CHOLESTANOL in various tissues resulting in xanthomatous swelling of tendons, early CATARACT, and progressive neurological symptoms.	2	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	3.29	2	0
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	2	1	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	2	1	0
Foot Ulcer Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.	2	1	0
Infections, Picornaviridae [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	5.89	3	3
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	5.89	3	3
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	9.62	9	9
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	9.62	9	9
Gastric Dilatation Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.	2	1	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	2	1	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	2	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2	1	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	4.31	1	1
AIDS, Feline [description not available]	2	1	0
Familial Periodic Paralysis [description not available]	2	1	0
Pyloric Stenosis Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.	4.64	3	2
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	2.01	1	0
Glandular Fever [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Infectious Mononucleosis A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.	2.01	1	0
Humeral Fractures Fractures of the HUMERUS.	2.37	2	0
Pruritus Vulvae Intense itching of the external female genitals.	2.35	2	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	2.64	3	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	3.2	6	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	2.64	3	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	2.35	2	0
Polyradiculitis [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.	2.64	3	0
Endothelioma, Vascular [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hemangioendothelioma A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	2.35	2	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	1.95	1	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	2.86	4	0
Cyst, Dental Root [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	1.95	1	0
Icterus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	1.95	1	0
Megacolon Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.	2.35	2	0
Dermal Sinus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	1.95	1	0
Cephalgia, Vascular [description not available]	5.17	4	1
Megacolon, Toxic An acute form of MEGACOLON, severe pathological dilatation of the COLON. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ULCERATIVE COLITIS; CROHN DISEASE; AMEBIC DYSENTERY; or CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS.	1.95	1	0
Black Water Fever [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hypochondriacal Neuroses [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	3.74	2	1
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	4.3	2	2
Microphthalmia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	2.36	2	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	2.36	2	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	2.37	2	0
Marasmus [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	2.38	2	0
Experimental High Pressure Neurological Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Connective Tissue Disease, Mixed [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Personality Disorder, Schizoid [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Dumping Syndrome Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.	2.38	2	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	2.65	3	0
Dejerine-Thomas Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Auriculotemporal Nerve Syndrome [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	1.97	1	0
Encopresis Incontinence of feces not due to organic defect or illness.	3.36	1	1
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	1.97	1	0
Tricuspid Incompetence [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Carcinoid Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of gastrointestinal CARCINOID TUMOR that metastasizes to the liver. Substances secreted by the tumor cells, including SEROTONIN, promote fibrous plaque formation in ENDOCARDIUM and its underlying layers. These deposits cause distortion of the TRICUSPID VALVE and the PULMONARY VALVE eventually leading to STENOSIS and valve regurgitation.	2.88	1	0
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.	1.97	1	0
Disgerminoma [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)	1.97	1	0
Infections, Togaviridae [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Duodenal Obstruction Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.	1.96	1	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	1.97	1	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	2.37	2	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	3.75	2	0
Pre-Excitation Syndromes A group of conditions in which HEART VENTRICLE activation by the atrial impulse is faster than the normal impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE. In these pre-excitation syndromes, atrial impulses often bypass the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE delay and travel via ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAYS connecting the atrium directly to the BUNDLE OF HIS.	2.88	1	0
Anal Atresia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cervix Incompetence [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cardiac Aneurysm [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Xerophthalmia Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.	1.96	1	0
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	1.94	1	0
Hebephrenic Schizophrenia [description not available]	5.28	7	2
Childhood Schizophrenia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	2.86	1	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Adhesive Capsulitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Bursitis Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.	1.94	1	0
Acquired Meningocele [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	1.95	1	0
Penile Diseases Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.	1.95	1	0
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	2.35	2	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	1.95	1	0
Injuries, Maxillofacial [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Parodontosis [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	3.33	1	1
Hysteria Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.	2.35	2	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	1.94	1	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	2.63	3	0
Pruritus Ani Intense chronic itching in the anal area.	1.94	1	0
Anus Prolapse [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Adjustment Disorder [description not available]	4.58	3	2
Adjustment Disorders Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.	4.58	3	2
Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Achromatopsia Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.	1.94	1	0
Color Vision Defects Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.	1.94	1	0
Bends [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Odontalgia [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Toothache Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.	3.33	1	1
Bodily Distress Disorder [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	3.33	1	1
Embolus [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	2.35	2	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	2.35	2	0
Serum Sickness Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses.	1.94	1	0
Hypertrichosis Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.	1.95	1	0
Craniofacial Pain Syndromes [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Afibrinogenemia A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.64	3	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Osteophytosis, Spinal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.	3.55	3	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	3.33	1	1
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	2.86	1	0
Dystocia Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.	1.94	1	0
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	1.94	1	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Freemartinism A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (TWIN, DIZYGOTIC) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in CATTLE. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female FETUSES permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, TESTICULAR HORMONES from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric female(CHIMERISM).	1.94	1	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	1.94	1	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	1.94	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	1.94	1	0
Iritis Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.	1.94	1	0
Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hyperemesis Gravidarum Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.	1.94	1	0
Anus Diseases Diseases involving the ANUS.	2.35	2	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	1.94	1	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	1.94	1	0
Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	1.94	1	0
Tuberculosis, Urogenital A general term for MYCOBACTERIUM infections of any part of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	1.94	1	0
Jaw Diseases Diseases involving the JAW.	1.94	1	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	1.94	1	0
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	1.94	1	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	2.86	4	0
Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.	3.33	1	1
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Edema, Laryngeal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Laryngeal Edema Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.	1.94	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	1.94	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Burns, Electric Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.	1.94	1	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	1.94	1	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	1.94	1	0
Abnormalities, Digestive System [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	2.34	2	0
Peritonitis, Tuberculous A form of PERITONITIS seen in patients with TUBERCULOSIS, characterized by lesion either as a miliary form or as a pelvic mass on the peritoneal surfaces. Most patients have ASCITES, abdominal swelling, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and other systemic symptoms such as FEVER; WEIGHT LOSS; and ANEMIA.	1.94	1	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Keratocysts [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Maxillary Fractures Fractures of the upper jaw.	1.94	1	0
Uterine Atony [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Uterine Inertia Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.	1.94	1	0
Gas Poisoning Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.	1.93	1	0
Thoracic Diseases Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.	1.94	1	0

piperidines

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (1)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (38,512)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 69.90

Study Types

piperidines

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (1)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Research

Studies (38,512)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 69.90

Study Types

Related Drugs (5,465)

Related Conditions (3,294)